QL Moi Truong

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG
1.1 Khi nim c bn v khoa hc, cng ngh mi trng 1.1.1 Khoa hc mi trng Khoa hc mi trng (Environmental Science) nghin cu mi quan h gia mi trng v con ngi trong qu trnh pht trin ca x hi. Hay ni mt cch khc khoa hc mi trng nghin cu mi trng sng trong cc mi quan h kinh t x hi nhm m bo hiu qu s dng, bo tn ti to v lm phong ph hn cht lng ca mi trng sng. Khoa hc mi trng l mt ngnh khoa hc rt rng ln, phc tp v c tnh lin ngnh cao, c da trn c s ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc t nhin, x hi v cng ngh nh sinh thi hc, sinh hc, th nhng hc, i dng hc, v.v.. 1.1.2 Cng ngh mi trng Cng ngh mi trng (Environmental Technology) l tng hp cc bin php vt l, ho hc, sinh hc nhm ngn nga v x l cc cht c hi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut v hot ng ca con ngi. Cng ngh mi trng bao gm cc tri thc di dng nguyn l, quy trnh v cc thit b k thut thc hin nguyn l v quy trnh . Trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi, con ngi tc ng vo ti nguyn, bin chng thnh cc sn phm cn thit s dng trong hot ng sng. Vic ny khng trnh khi phi thi b cc cht c hi vo mi trng, lm cho mi trng ngy cng nhim. cc nc pht trin, vn u t cho cng ngh x l cht thi chim t 10 - 40% tng vn u t sn xut. Vic u t cc cng ngh ny tuy cao nhng vn nh hn kinh ph cn thit khi cn phc hi mi trng b nhim. 1.2 Cht lng mi trng 1.2.1 nh ngha Cht lng mi trng c hiu theo nhiu ngha khc nhau (Charles, H.Southwick, 1976): - iu kin n , i li, vn ha, x hi ca con ngi. - y tin nghi cho cuc sng nh in, nc, lao ng, ngh ngi, khng kh trong lnh, nc sch, c nhiu cy ci t nhin, yn tnh, - Nhiu kin khng nh rng nhim khng kh, nc, ting n, gia tng dn s, thiu ht lng thc u lm gim cht lng cuc sng. H thng nht rng: cht lng mi trng chnh l cht lng ca cc iu kin t nhin, x hi bao quanh con ngi v c nh hng n sc khe, hot ng ca tng con ngi v cng ng. 1.2.2 Tiu chun mi trng Tiu chun mi trng l gii hn cho php ca cc thng s v cht lng mi trng xung quanh, v hm lng ca cht gy nhim trong cht thi c c quan nh nc c thm quyn quy nh lm cn c qun l v bo v mi trng. Mt khi chun mc hoc gii hn cc tc nhn gy nhim vt qu tiu chun th c th xem l b nhim mc d cha c bng chng v tc hi ca cc cht gy nhim. Tiu chun mi trng c quy nh c th cho tng vng v khng ging nhau mi ni, mi mc ch s dng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip
Tiu chun mi trng xc nh cc mc tiu mi trng v t ra cc gii hn s lng hay nng cho php ca cc cht c thi vo kh quyn, nc, t hay c php tn ti trong cc sn phm tiu dng. 1.2.3 Suy thoi mi trng "Suy thoi mi trng l s suy gim v cht lng v s lng ca thnh phn mi trng, gy nh hng xu i vi con ngi v sinh vt". Trong , thnh phn mi trng c hiu l cc yu t to thnh mi trng: khng kh, nc, t, m thanh, nh sng, lng t, ni, rng, sng, h bin, sinh vt, cc h sinh thi, cc khu dn c, khu sn xut, khu bo tn thin nhin, cnh quan thin nhin, danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s v cc hnh thi vt cht khc. 1.3 Khi nim v qun l mi trng 1.3.1 nh ngha - Hin nay cha c mt nh ngha thng nht v qun l mi trng. - Theo mt s tc gi, thut ng v qun l mi trng bao gm hai ni dung chnh: qun l Nh nc v mi trng v qun l ca cc doanh nghip, khu vc dn c v mi trng. Trong , ni dung th hai c mc tiu ch yu l tng cng hiu qu ca h thng sn xut (h thng qun l mi trng theo ISO 14000) v bo v sc khe ca ngi lao ng, dn c sng trong khu vc chu nh hng ca cc hot ng sn xut. - Phn tch mt s nh ngha, c th thy qun l mi trng l tng hp cc bin php thch hp, tc ng v iu chnh cc hot ng ca con ngi, vi mc ch chnh l gi hi ha quan h gia mi trng v pht trin, gia nhu cu ca con ngi v cht lng mi trng, gia hin ti v kh nng chu ng ca tri t -pht trin bn vng. - Nh vy, Qun l mi trng l mt lnh vc qun l x hi, nhm bo v mi trng v cc thnh phn ca mi trng, phc v s nghip pht trin bn vng v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin v x hi. - Qun l mi trng c thc hin bng tng hp cc bin php: lut php, chnh sch, kinh t, k thut, cng ngh, x hi, vn ha, gio dc... Cc bin php ny c th an xen, phi hp, tch hp vi nhau ty theo iu kin c th ca vn t ra. - Vic qun l mi trng c thc hin mi quy m: ton cu, khu vc, quc gia, tnh, huyn, c s sn xut, h gia nh,... 1.3.2 Mc tiu qun l mi trng Mc tiu ca qun l mi trng l PTBV, gi cho c s cn bng gia pht trin kinh t x hi v BVMT. Ni cch khc, pht trin kinh t x hi to ra tim lc kinh t BVMT, cn BVMT to ra cc tim nng t nhin v x hi mi cho cng cuc pht trin kinh t x hi trong tng lai. Ty thuc vo iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi, h thng php l, mc tiu pht trin u tin ca tng quc gia, mc tiu qun l mi trng c th thay i theo thi gian v c nhng u tin ring i vi mi quc gia. Theo Ch th 36 CT/TW ca B Chnh tr, Ban chp hnh trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam, mt s mc tiu c th ca cng tc qun l mi trng Vit Nam hin nay l: - Khc phc v phng chng suy thoi, nhim mi trng pht sinh trong cc hot ng sng ca con ngi. Trong giai on hin nay, cc bin php khc phc v phng chng nhim ch yu l: + Thc hin nghim chnh quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng trong vic xt duyt cp php cc quy hoch, cc d n u t. Nu bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng khng c chp nhn th khng cho php thc hin cc quy hoch, cc d n ny.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
+ i vi cc c s kinh doanh ang hot ng, cn c vo kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng, t cc b, cc ngnh, cc tnh, cc thnh ph t chc phn loi cc c s gy nhim v c k hoch x l ph hp. + Trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh cn u tin p dng cc cng ngh sch, cng ngh t ph thi, tiu hao t nguyn liu v nng lng bng cch trang b, u t cc thit b cng ngh mi, cng ngh tin tin, ci tin v sn xut cc thit b tiu hao t nng lng v nguyn vt liu. + Cc khu th, cc khu cng nghip cn phi sm c v thc hin tt phng n x l cht thi, u tin x l cht thi c hi, cht thi bnh vin nh: t rc thi bnh vin nhit cao, x l nc thi bnh vin. + Thc hin cc k hoch quc gia ng cu s c du trn trn bin, k hoch khc phc hu qu cht c ha hc dng trong chin tranh, qun l cc ha cht c hi v cht thi nguy hi. - Hon chnh h thng vn bn lut php bo v mi trng, ban hnh cc chnh sch v pht trin kinh t x hi phi gn vi bo v mi trng, nghim chnh thi hnh lut bo v mi trng. thc hin mc tiu trn cn quan tm n cc bin php c th: + R sot v ban hnh ng b cc vn bn di lut, cc quy nh v lut php khc nhm nng cao hiu lc ca lut. + Ban hnh cc chnh sch v thu, tn dng nhm khuyn khch vic p dng cc cng ngh sch. + Th ch ha vic ng gp chi ph bo v mi trng: thu mi trng, thu ti nguyn, qu mi trng, + Th ch ha vic phi hp gii quyt cc vn pht trin kinh t vi bo v mi trng: trong cc k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi phi c cc ch tiu, bin php bo v mi trng. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t, so snh cc phng n phi tnh ton c chi ph bo v mi trng. - Tng cng cng tc qun l nh nc v mi trng t Trung ng n a phng, cng tc nghin cu, o to cn b v mi trng: + Nng cp c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng sc thc hin tt cc nhim v chung ca t nc. + Xy dng mng li quan trc mi trng quc gia, vng lnh th v gn chng vi h thng cc trm quan trc mi trng ton cu v khu vc. H thng ny c chc nng phn nh trung thc cht lng mi trng quc gia v cc vng lnh th. + Xy dng h thng thng tin d liu mi trng quc gia, quy ch thu thp v trao i thng tin mi trng quc gia v quc t. + Hnh thnh h thng c s nghin cu v o to cn b chuyn gia v khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng ng b, p ng cng tc bo v mi trng ca quc gia v tng ngnh. + K hoch ha cng tc bo v mi trng t trung ng n a phng, cc b, cc ngnh. Th d: kinh ph cho cng tc bo v mi trng trong ngn sch nh nc, trong cc ngnh. - Pht trin t nc theo cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng c hi ngh Rio-92 thng qua: + Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng. + Ci thin v nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi. + Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng ca tri t. + Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng ca tri t. + Thay i thi , hnh vi v xy dng o c mi v s pht trin bn vng. + To iu kin cho cc cng ng t qun l ly mi trng ca mnh. + To ra mt c cu quc gia thng nht thun li cho vic pht trin bn vng. + Xy dng khi lin minh ton th gii v bo v v pht trin. + Xy dng mt x hi bn vng. - Xy dng cc cng c hu hiu v qun l mi trng quc gia, cc vng lnh th ring bit nh:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
+ Xy dng cc cng c qun l thch hp cho tng ngnh, tng a phng ty thuc vo trnh pht trin. + Hnh thnh v thc hin ng b cc cng c qun l mi trng (lut php, kinh t, k thut cng ngh, cc chnh sch x hi,). 1.3.3 Cc nguyn tc chung v qun l mi trng Tiu ch chung ca cng tc qun l mi trng l m bo quyn c sng trong mi trng trong lnh, phc v s PTBV ca t nc, gp phn gn gi mi trng chung ca loi ngi trn tri t. Cc nguyn tc ch yu ca cng tc qun l mi trng bao gm: 1. Hng ti s pht trin bn vng Nguyn tc ny quyt nh mc ch ca vic qun l mi trng. gii quyt nguyn tc ny, cng tc qun l mi trng phi tun th nhng nguyn tc ca vic xy dng mt x hi bn vng. Nguyn tc ny cn c th hin trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin ng li, ch trng, lut php v chnh sch nh nc, ngnh v a phng. 2. Kt hp cc mc tiu quc t - quc gia - vng lnh th v cng ng dn c trong vic qun l mi trng Mi trng khng c ranh gii khng gian, do vy s nhim hay suy thoi thnh phn mi trng quc gia, vng lnh th s c nh hng trc tip ti quc gia khc v cc vng lnh th khc. thc hin c nguyn tc ny, cc quc gia cn tch cc tham gia v tun th cc cng c, hip nh quc t v mi trng, ng thi vi vic ban hnh cc vn bn quc gia v lut php, tiu chun, quy nh. Vic kt hp cc mc tiu ny c thc hin thng qua cc quy nh lut php, cc chng trnh hnh ng, cc ti hp tc quc t v khu vc. 3. Qun l mi trng xut pht t quan im tip cn h thng v cn c thc hin bng nhiu bin php v cng c tng hp a dng v thch hp Cc bin php v cng c qun l mi trng rt a dng: lut php, chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch, chnh sch, khoa hc, kinh t, cng ngh, v.v.. Mi loi bin php v cng c trn c phm vi v hiu qu khc nhau trong tng trng hp c th. V d, BVMT trong nn kinh t th trng, cng c kinh t c hiu qu tt hn. Trong khi , trong nn kinh t k hoch ha th cng c lut php v chnh sch c cc th mnh ring. Thnh phn mi trng cc khu vc cn bo v thng rt a dng, do vy cc bin php v cng c BVMT cn a dng v thch hp vi tng i tng. 4. Phng nga tai bin, suy thoi mi trng cn c u tin hn vic phi x l hi phc mi trng nu xy ra nhim - Phng nga l bin php t tn km hn x l, nu xy ra nhim. V d: phng nga bu c bng bin php s dng mui it t tn km hn gii php cha bnh bu c khi n xy ra vi dn c. - Ngoi ra, khi cht nhim trn ra mi trng, chng c th xm nhp vo tt c cc thnh phn mi trng v lan truyn theo cc chui thc n v khng gian xung quanh. loi tr cc nh hng ca cht nhim i vi con ngi v sinh vt, cn phi c nhiu cng sc v tin ca hn so vi vic thc hin cc bin php phng trnh. 5. Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (Polluter Pays Principle - PPP) y l nguyn tc qun l mi trng do cc nc OECD a ra. Nguyn tc c dng lm c s xy dng cc quy nh v thu, ph, l ph mi trng v cc quy nh x pht hnh chnh i vi cc vi phm v qun l mi trng. Dc trn nguyn tc ny, cc nc a ra cc loi thu nh thu nng lng, thu cacbon, thu SO2 ... Nguyn tc trn cn thc hin phi hp vi nguyn tc ngi s dng tr tin, vi ni dung l ngi no s dng cc thnh phn mi trng th phi tr tin cho vic s dng v cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic s dng gy ra. Ph rc thi, ph nc thi v cc loi ph khc l cc v d v nguyn tc ngi s dng phi tr tin.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
1.4 H thng qun l mi trng 1.4.1 nh ngha H thng qun l mi trng l mt c cu qun l v kha cnh mi trng ca cu trc qun l tng th ca mt t chc (doanh nghip, cng ty, x nghip, c quan, n v sn xut,), bao gm cc phng php t chc, cc th tc, ngun nhn lc, vt lc v nhng trch nhim kh nng thc thi mi trng trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca t chc, nh gi tc ng mi trng ngn hn v di hn ca sn phm, dch v v hot ng ca t chc mnh. H thng qun l mi trng l thit yu, khng th thiu c t chc c kh nng nhn thy trc s tin trin thc thi mi trng s din ra v bo m s tun th cc yu cu quc gia v quc t v bo v mi trng. H thng qun l mi trng thu c kt qu tt khi m cng vic qun l mi trng c tin hnh cng vi cc u tin hng u khc ca t chc. 1.4.2 Cc thnh phn ca h thng qun l mi trng H thng qun l mi trng bao gm cc thnh phn ch cht sau y: 1. Xc nh chnh sch: Xc nh mt chnh sch qun l mi trng cp cao. Chnh sch ny bao gm cc mc tiu t chc lin quan ti hot ng mi trng. N phi c t liu ho, truyn t cho mi cn b v cho qung i qun chng. 2. Giai on quy hoch:

Xc nh cc lnh vc mi trng v cc yu cu php l lin quan ti cc hot ng, cc sn phm v cc dch v ca cng ty. Xy dng v t liu ho cc mc tiu v cc i tng mi trng ti mi cp t chc thch hp. Cc gii php k thut v cc quan im ca cc bn quan tm phi c lu ti. Xy dng mt chng trnh qun l mi trng nhm t c cc mc tiu ra. nh r trch nhim tng cp t chc: t liu ho v thng tin v nhng trch nhim ny. C th ho cc bin php v thi hn t c cc mc tiu nu ra. Cung ng cng ngh, ti chnh v nhn lc cn thit cho cc h thng qun l mi trng; ch nh i din qun l c th o to v cc phng php nng cao nhn thc cho nhn vin. Cc quy trnh truyn thng ni b v ra bn ngoi; T liu ho v kim sot ti liu Kim sot vic vn hnh h thng. Gim st v nh gi tin trnh vn hnh cng nh vic thit lp mt chng trnh kim ton h thng qun l mi trng nhm xc nh s tun th theo cc mc tiu v cc yu cu tiu chun v cung cp thng tin cho vic thm nh qun l; Hot ng phng nga v sa cha trong trng hp khng tun th v t liu ho cc hot ng ; Duy tr cc h s mi trng, bao gm c cc h s o to, kim ton v cc kt qu thm nh.
3. Giai on thc hin:

4. Giai on kim tra:
5. Thm nh ca cp qun l: Cp qun l phi thm nh h thng qun l mi trng nhm m bo l h thng vn tip tc mt cch c hiu qu, da vo cc kt qu kim ton, vic thay i hon cnh v s cam kt ci thin. Nhng thay i phi c t liu ho.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
1.5 Bo v mi trng 1.5.1 S cn thit ca bo v mi trng Th gii ngy cng pht trin gy nn nhng tc ng xu n mi trng, lm cho mi trng ngy cng bin i su sc, rng ln, b nhim nghim trng, e da s sng cn ca hnh tinh chng ta. V vy, vn mi trng v pht trin tr thnh vn ht sc cp bch ca chng ta hin nay. nc ta, ng v Nh nc sm nhn r tm quan trng v mi quan h gn kt gia pht trin kinh t - x hi v cng tc bo v mi trng, c bit l trong thi k cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc. Ch th 36-CT/TW, ngy 25 thng 6 nm 1998 ca B Chnh tr Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam V tng cng cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc ch r: Bo v mi trng l mt vn sng cn ca t nc, ca nhn loi; l nhim v c tnh x hi su sc, gn lin vi cuc u tranh xa i gim ngho mi nc, vi cuc u tranh v ha bnh v tin b x hi trn phm vi ton th gii. Mc tiu ca cng tc bo v mi trng l Ngn nga nhim mi trng, phc hi v ci thin mi trng nhng ni, nhng vng b suy thoi, bo tn a dng sinh hc, tng bc nng cao cht lng mi trng cc khu cng nghip, th v nng thn, gp phn pht trin kinh t-x hi bn vng, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca nhn dn, tin hnh thng li s nghip cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc. 1.5.2 Con ngi v mi trng Hot ng ca con ngi u l nhng qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha din ra trong cc c quan chc nng. Cng nh nhng sinh vt khc, trong hot ng sng ca mnh, con ngi cn phi ng ha cc yu t ca mi trng to dng c th v o thi vo mi trng nhng cht trao i nh ht th kh tri, ung nc, khai thc ngun thc n sn c t cc mui khong, c th ng thc vt trn cn v di nc. Con ngi cn ly t t nhin nhng nguyn vt liu xy dng ni , may mc, ch to cng c lao ng, s dng nng lng nhm thay th sc lc c bp, tng hiu sut hu ch, khai thc thin nhin, m rng tm nhn v vn ti v tr bao la ... khng ngng nng cao mc sng ngy cng i hi cao hn ca mnh. Bng tr tu ca mnh, trong hot ng sng, con ngi khng ch i hi thin nhin m cn ci to thin nhin, bin cc cnh quan t nhin hoang s thnh cc cnh quan vn ha v to dng c nhng iu kin mi khc nhm tha mn nhu cu v vt cht v tinh thn ngy cng cao, a dng v phong ph. Song con ngi li khng th thot khi nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng t nhin v mi trng x hi, ng thi con ngi cng gy ra nhng s bin i v suy thoi mi trng v cc h sinh thi t nhin. nhim mi trng gy ra do con ngi trong hot ng nng-lm nghip, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, do chin tranh v do nhng cht thi sinh hot cc khu dn c tp trung. cc nc cng nghip, t khng ch mt lp ph thc vt do ph rng m cn l ngha a chn ct b phng x, cht thi cng nghip v cht thi sinh hot. Trn t nng nghip, do thm canh v t rng ly t trng trt nn t b thoi ha v nhim ha hc do dng phn bn v thuc ha hc bo v thc vt. Ngun nc sch, k c nc ngm cng b thu hp bi khng nhng do tc khai thc ngy cng cao m cn do nc b nhim, chng hn hm lng nitrat (l mt trong nhng cht c) trong nc ngm tng ln gp 3 ln so vi 20-30 nm trc y. Bin v i dng hng nm nhn trung bnh 1,6 triu tn du do tu thuyn thi xung v do tai nn ca cc tu ch du. i dng cn l bi chn ct cc cht thi phng x. Khng kh b nhim, kh hu b xo trn, do khai thc rng ba bi nn din tch rng hng nm b thu hp dn (m rng l b my iu ha v duy tr t l CO2/O2 trong khng kh), nn cngnng nghip hng nm thi vo kh quyn khong 1-2 t tn CO2 v c tng dn theo tc cng
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
nghip ha, lng oxit lu hunh, CH4, CFC, bi ... thi vo khng kh cng ngy cng tng gy nn hin tng ph hy tng zn v hiu ng nh knh. Mun ci thin i sng vt cht v tinh thn, con ngi phi khai thc ti nguyn, pht trin nn kinh t ... song iu li gy nn s gim st ti nguyn, nhim mi trng, tc ng tiu cc n cuc sng. 1.6 Khi nim chung v pht trin bn vng 1.6.1 Khi nim C th ni rng mi vn v mi trng u bt ngun t pht trin. Nhng con ngi cng nh tt c mi sinh vt khc khng th nh ch tin ho v ngng s pht trin ca mnh. Con ng gii quyt mu thun gia mi trng v pht trin l phi chp nhn pht trin, nhng gi sao cho pht trin khng tc ng mt cch tiu cc ti mi trng. Do , nm 1987 U ban Mi trng v Pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc a ra khi nim Pht trin bn vng: "Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin lu di ph hp vi yu cu ca th h hm nay m khng gy ra nhng kh nng nguy hi n cc th h mai sau trong vic tha mn nhu cu ring v trong vic la chn ngng sng ca h". xy dng mt x hi pht trin bn vng, Chng trnh Mi trng Lin Hp Quc ra 9 nguyn tc: 1. Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng ca Tri t. 2. Hn ch n mc thp nht vic lm suy gim ti nguyn ti to v khng ti to c. 3. Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng c ca Tri t. 4. Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng ca cng ng. 5. Ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi. 6. Xy dng thi mi, thay i thi quen ca mi ngi i vi thin nhin. 7. Cho php cc cng ng t qun ly mi trng ca mnh. 8. To ra c cu quc gia thng nht, thun li cho vic bo v mi trng. 9. Xy dng mt c cu lin minh ton cu, khng mt quc gia no c li hay thit ring mnh khi ton cu c mt mi trng trong lnh hay nhim. Chng ta bit rng pht trin s lm bin i mi trng, vn l phi lm sao cho mi trng tuy bin i nhng vn thc hin y c ba chc nng c bn ca n l: to cho con ngi mt khng gian sng vi phm vi v cht lng tin nghi cn thit; cung cp cho con ngi nhng ti nguyn cn thit sn xut, sinh sng; ni chn vi cc ph thi sn xut v sinh hot gi khng cho ph thi lm nhim mi trng. chnh l PTBV. 1.6.2 Phn loi Pht trin bn vng bao gm ba thnh phn c bn: Mi trng bn vng, X hi bn vng v Kinh t bn vng. - Mi trng bn vng: Kha cnh mi trng trong pht trin bn vng i hi chng ta duy tr s cn bng gia bo v mi trng t nhin vi s khai thc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phc v li ch con ngi nhm mc ch duy tr mc khai thc nhng ngun ti nguyn mt gii hn nht nh cho php mi trng tip tc h tr iu kin sng cho con ngi v cc sinh vt sng trn tri t - X hi bn vng: Kha cnh x hi ca pht trin bn vng cn c ch trng vo s pht trin s cng bng v x hi lun cn to iu kin thun li cho lnh vc pht trin con ngi v c gng cho tt c mi ngi c hi pht trin tim nng bn thn v c iu kin sng chp nhn c.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
- Kinh t bn vng: Yu t kinh t ng mt vai tr khng th thiu trong pht trin bn vng. N i hi s pht trin ca h thng kinh t trong c hi tip xc vi nhng ngun ti nguyn c to iu kin thun li v quyn s dng nhng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cho cc hot ng kinh t c chia x mt cch bnh ng. Khng nh s tn ti cng nh pht trin ca bt c ngnh kinh doanh, sn xut no cng c da trn nhng nguyn tc o l c bn. Yu t c ch trng y l to ra s thnh vng chung cho tt c mi ngi, khng ch tp trung mang li li nhun cho mt s t, trong mt gii hn cho php ca h sinh thi cng nh khng xm phm nhng quyn c bn ca con ngi. 1.6.3 Thc o v pht trin bn vng Lm th no nh gi s pht trin bn vng? C th nh lng c khng? Mc chp nhn s nh lng ra sao? y l vn rt phc tp m con ngi phi vt qua rt nhiu kh khn chp nhn v thc hin. X hi loi ngi gm nhiu dn tc khc nhau v vn ha, lch s, tn ngng, chnh tr, gio dc v truyn thng, h cng rt khc nhau v mc phn vinh, v cht lng cuc sng v iu kin mi trng m s nhn thc v s khc bit cng rt khc nhau. Hn na, s cch bit li thng xuyn vn ng, khi tng khi gim. Bi vy, nh gi th no l pht trin bn vng mang tnh ty thuc kh ln. Tuy nhin, xc nh s pht trin ca con ngi hay cht lng sng ca con ngi, UNDP a ra 3 h thng ch s sau y: 1. Ch s pht trin ca con ngi (HDI) bao gm: - S trng th: c tnh bng tui th trung bnh ca ngi dn. Tui th cao lm cho con ngi c nhiu c hi t n mc ch la chn ca mnh v pht trin c kh nng ca con ngi. Tui th l kt qu s kt hp sc khe v mc y dinh dng, chm sc y t v cht lng mi trng. - Tr thc: l s gio dc y c xc nh bng trnh hc vn tui trng thnh, c th dng nh lng l s nm ngi gh nh trng tnh bnh qun cho u ngi. Trnh hc vn gip cho con ngi thc hin c kh nng tim n ca mnh v s dng mt cch c li nht nhng li th ca c hi, nh m con ngi ngy cng pht trin nhanh hn. - Thu nhp bnh qun theo u ngi (GDP): GDP c tnh y tt c mi thu nhp, cn c vo sc mua thc t tng nc ch khng theo t gi hi oi chnh thc, c bit phi lng ha c nhng phn phc li ca x hi. GDP ca Vit Nam, nm 1994: 240 USD/ngi, nm 2000: 400 USD/ngi. UNDP phn loi theo ch tiu PPP (USD) l sc mua tng ng c biu th bng la nm 1991 nh sau: Cc nc di 1.000 USD l thu nhp thp. Hin nay c 30 nc, trong Chu : 5 nc v Chu Phi: 25 nc. S ny chim 16% dn s th gii. Cc nc di 5.499 USD l thu nhp trung bnh thp. Nhm ny c 85 nc, chim 68% dn s th gii. PPP ca Vit Nam (1994): 1.208USD/ngi. Cc nc t 5.499 - 9.999 USD l trung bnh cao. S ny c 20 nc, chim 6% dn s th gii. Cc nc trn 9.999 USD l nhng nc c thu nhp cao. Nhm ny c 26 nc, chim 10% dn s th gii, trong Chu u c 14 nc, Chu c 7 nc, Chu M c 3 nc v Chu c l 2 nc. Ch s HDI (1993): Nigeria: 0,204; Vit Nam: 0,540; Thi Lan: 0,832; Nht Bn: 0,938. 2. Ch s v s t do ca con ngi: Ch tiu ny c t quc gia cng nhn v cha ng nhiu yu t chnh tr.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
Nhn quyn v s t do khng th p t, khng th em t ni ny p dng cho ni khc. Mi mt dn tc c nhng c im khc bit nhau, c truyn thng pht trin lch s khc nhau, c phong tc, tp qun, nn vn ha dn tc khc nhau nn c nhng t duy khc nhau v s t do ca con ngi. Tuyn ngn c lp ca Vit Nam l l tng t do m con ngi Vit Nam hng theo ui. Vit Nam c t do ca Vit Nam, cc nc c khi nim ring ca cc nc. 3. Ch s mc tiu th nng lng tnh theo u ngi so vi t l tng dn s Ch s ny rt c ngha v sn xut nng lng l nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng v t l tng dn s cng gy suy thoi mi trng, ngha l c hai u c nh hng n cht lng cuc sng hm nay v th h mai sau. 1.6.4 Ni dung ca pht trin bn vng Bao gm 3 ni dung ch yu nh sau: a. PTBV v kinh t - Gim dn mc tiu ph nng lng v cc ti nguyn khc thng qua cng ngh tit kim v thay i li sng. - Thay i nhu cu tiu th khng gy hi n a dng sinh hc v mi trng. - Bnh ng cng th h trong tip cn cc ngun ti nguyn, mc sng, dch v y t v gio dc. - Xa i, gim ngho tuyt i. - Cng ngh sch v sinh thi ha cng nghip (ti ch, ti s dng, gim thi, ti to nng lng s dng). b. PTBV v x hi - nhn vn: - n nh dn s. - Pht trin nng thn gim sc p di dn vo th. - Gim thiu tc ng xu ca mi trng n th ha. - Nng cao hc vn, xa m ch. - Bo v a dng vn ha. - Bnh ng gii, quan tm ti nhu cu v li ch gii. - Tng cng s tham gia ca cng chng vo cc qu trnh ra quyt nh. c. PTBV v t nhin: - S dng c hiu qu ti nguyn, c bit l ti nguyn khng ti to. - Pht trin khng vt qu ngng chu ti ca h sinh thi. - Bo v a dng sinh hc. - Bo v tng zn. - Kim sot v gim thiu pht thi kh nh knh. - Bo v cht ch cc h sinh thi nhy cm. - Gim thiu x thi, khc phc nhim (nc, kh, t, lng thc thc phm), ci thin v khi phc mi trng nhng khu vc nhim. Trong mi tng tc, tha hip gia ba h thng ch yu nu trn, mi h thng li xut hin cc lnh vc (h thng cp hai) i hi phi p ng c nhng yu cu pht trin ring cho mi lnh vc, cng t c mc tiu PTBV.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
1.7 Bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng Vit Nam 1.7.1 Qun trit quan im pht trin bn vng v tun theo cc nguyn tc ca Rio, Chnh ph Vit Nam ra cc ch trng, chnh sch v phng chm hnh ng nhm thc hin chng trnh hnh ng 21 nh sau: 1- Nhm tho mn nhng nhu cu c bn v vt cht, tinh thn v vn ho cho cc th h hin ti v tng lai ca Vit Nam thng qua vic qun l mt cch khn kho ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. 2- Xy dng v thc hin cc chnh sch, k hoch hnh ng v c ch t chc nhm m bo cho kh nng s dng bn vng cc ti nguyn thin nhin, pht trin kinh t - x hi trong mi quan h hi ho vi ti nguyn v mi trng. 3- Cc mc tiu v kinh t, x hi v mi trng cn phi c phi hp gii quyt mt cch hi ho gia ba lnh vc ny trong cc k hoch quc gia, cng nh trong k hoch ngnh v a phng. Vic nh gi tc ng n mi trng cn c xem xt mt cch tng hp. 4- Khn trng b sung h thng hch ton quc gia phn nh c vic nh gi kinh t cc ti nguyn v cc chi ph cho kim sot nhim, ng thi cn s dng mt cch thch hp cc cng c kinh t thc y vic tip nhn v s dng c hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin v nng lng, khuyn khch cc cng ngh sch v mi trng. 5- Kt hp hi ho gia pht trin th v pht trin nng thn. Quy hoch xy dng mng li th v cc khu cng nghip vi cc th ln, va v nh, ng thi pht trin nng thn bng cch a dng ho kinh t nng thn, ci thin c s h tng phc v cho sn xut, dch v v i sng nng thn, hn ch khuynh hng phn ho v cch bit gia giu - ngho. 6- p dng cc bin php cn thit duy tr v bo v cc h sinh thi t, rng, bin; duy tr v bo v s a dng ca cc ging loi ng, thc vt hoang d v thun dng. 7- Thc thi mt nn nng nghip sinh thi, hn ch s dng ho cht trong nng nghip, s dng ch ti, tiu hp l. phng nga suy thoi t, nhim nc, m bo an ton v sinh thc phm. 8- Thc hin cng nghip ho vi nhng tc ng t nht ti mi trng, bng cc bin php phng nga nhim t, nc, khng kh, cng nh tch t cc cht thi nguy him do cng nghip gy nn, p dng cc cng ngh sch, cng ngh hp l cng ngh x l v ti ch s dng cht thi. 9- Vit Nam l mt t nc thng xuyn b e do bi thin tai, c bit l bo lt, hn hn. V vy vic phng v hn ch hu qu ca thin tai l ht sc cn thit bo v tnh mng, ti sn, sn xut ca nhn dn. 10- Coi trng vic tuyn truyn gio dc, nng cao nhn thc ca qun chng v bo v mi trng, t chc vn ng nhn dn tham gia cc phong tro bo v mi trng, cc t chc x hi v bo v mi trng. 1.7.2 V th ch, t chc b my Nh nc qun l bo v mi trng Sau hi ngh Rio, Chnh ph Vit Nam tng cng th ch cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng. Cui nm 1992 U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, c quan c giao chu trch nhim v mi trng, c chuyn thnh B Khoa hc Cng ngh & Mi trng (MOSTE) v Cc mi trng l c quan thc hin chc nng qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng c thnh lp. H thng qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng c thit lp t trung ng n a phng. Hin nay 61 tnh v thnh ph trc thuc trung ng c S Khoa hc Cng ngh & Mi trng (nay l S Ti Nguyn v Mi trng). Hu ht cc S u c Phng Qun l mi trng. Cc B, cc ngnh kin ton cc V Khoa hc - Cng ngh theo hng b sung chc nng, nhim v nhm thc hin cng tc qun l Nh nc ca mnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. p ng cao hn i hi khch quan ca s nghip bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. Vit Nam nhn thc r tm quan trng cn phi tng cng c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
10
mi trng v t chc, b my, nhn lc v cc ngun lc khc iu phi cc mi quan h pht trin kinh t - x hi vi mi trng, nhm thc thi chin lc pht trin bn vng ca t nc. Ti hi ngh Rio cng nh cc c hi khc, ch ra l cc t chc phi chnh ph ng vai tr quan trng trong cc lnh vc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. Cc t chc phi chnh ph Vit Nam c thnh lp v cng ng gp ting ni ca mnh trong s nghip pht trin bn vng ca t nc, c bit l hi bo v thin nhin v mi trng Vit Nam. 1.7.3 Chnh sch v lut php v bo v mi trng Theo con ng ca Rio vch ra, mt trong nhng nhim v cp bch l cc quc gia cn phi ban hnh cc vn bn di lut v nhng qui nh c th lin quan n bo v mi trng, lm c s php l qun l v bo v mi trng. Sau hi ngh Rio, Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam c Quc hi thng qua 27/12/1993 cng vi vic ban hnh mi hoc iu chnh cc Lut qun l cc thnh phn mi trng khc nh: Lut t ai, Lut bo v v pht trin rng, Lut khong sn, Php lnh v ngun li thu sn v.v.. Lut bo v mi trng thc thi c hiu lc, Vit Nam xy dng v ban hnh hng lot cc vn bn di lut, to nn mt h thng vn bn php l cht ch t trung ng n a phng, nhm th ch ho ng li, ch trng, chnh sch ca Nh nc c qui nh trong Lut bo v mi trng, l cng c hu hiu ca Nh nc trong lnh vc qun l, bo v mi trng. T khi c Lut bo v mi trng, trn c s ca K hoch quc gia v mi trng v pht trin bn vng 1991-2000 Vit Nam v ang trin khai cc hot ng sau y: - Xy dng chin lc BVMT giai on 2000-2020. - Xy dng chng trnh hnh ng BVMT giai on 2000-2010. - Ban hnh k hoch hnh ng quc gia v bo v a dng sinh hc. - Xy dng k hoch quc gia phng nga v ng cu s c du trn trn bin. - Ban hnh h thng tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam nm 1995 gm 71 tiu chun. Mt khc ho nhp vo h thng thng mi ton cu, Vit Nam ang tng bc xy dng h thng tiu chun theo ISO 9000 v ISO 14000. - Ban hnh v ang t chc thc hin K hoch quc gia gim thiu cht thi gy hiu ng nh knh. - Ban hnh v thc hin chin lc lm nghip nhit i, trong c bit ch trng vn bo v v pht trin rng. - Thc hin c kt qu chnh sch xo i gim ngho. - Thc hin chnh sch hn ch s gia tng dn s di 1,7%/nm. - Xy dng bo co hin trng mi trng trnh Quc hi, bo co hin trng 1994, 1995, 1996, cc s liu trong bo co l c s phn tch tnh trng mi trng v d on xu th din bin gip cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, k hoch chin lc pht trin kinh t quc dn. 1.7.4 Chng trnh hnh ng bo v mi trng Vit Nam 1. Bo v h sinh thi rng Chnh sch ca quc gia nhm qun l tt v bo v din tch rng nguyn sinh hin c, phc hi v m rng din tch cc khu rng phng h nh cc rng u ngun, cc khu rng c dng; giao t giao rng cho cc n v ngoi quc doanh, cng ng ph xanh t trng i ni trc, phn u a din tch che ph ln 40% v cao hn. Hin nay, Vit Nam ang thc hin chng trnh 327 chng trnh ph xanh t trng i ni trc, thc hin chng trnh nh canh nh c cho khong 700.000 h dn c. Nm 1997 Vit Nam trn thc t thc hin chnh sch "ng ca rng t nhin" bo v cc qu trnh sinh thi, bo tn a dng sinh hc, cc ngun gien qu him.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
11
2. Ti nguyn t Nng nghip l ngnh sn sut c ngha quan trng ti vic pht trin kinh t ca t nc, ng gp ti trn 30% GDP, li l ngnh ang s dng nhiu t ai (t 22% tng din tch lnh th tr ln) do vy Chnh ph rt ch khuyn khch vic a dng ho nng nghip, tng nng sut trong sn sut nng nghip thng qua vic thc hin ng n c ch th trng v cc ci cch khc trong qun l kinh t, bng vic chuyn giao v khuyn kch nng dn p dng tin b k thut trong sn sut v hn ch tn tht sau khi thu hoch, tng cng vic ch bin nng cao gi tri nng sn. Trong qui hoch s dng t pht trin cng nghip, pht trin th v cc c s h tng, cn ch vic s dng tit kim v hp l ti nguyn t, hn ch vic mt t mu m ca nng nghip. 3. H sinh thi nc ngt Cc chnh sch qun l nc c xy dng trong khun kh qun l tng hp lu vc, thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc d n pht trin i vi ti nguyn nc, cn nhc tng th v sinh thi i vi cc phng n s dng ti nguyn nc, da trn qun l tng hp lu vc gii quyt cc mu thun hoc tranh chp trong vic s dng gia cc ngnh hoc a phng. Chnh sch qun l tng hp lu vc cng c lin quan ti vic qun l rng v t rng, vic kim sot xi mn t, qui hoch s dng t v qun l nhim. Xy dng cc tiu chun hn ch nhim nc, kim sot nc thi cng nghip, xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi, kim sot vic s dng ha cht trong nng nghip, xy dng cc tiu chun v cht lng cho cc yu cu khc nhau, nh cp nc ung, cng nghip, gii tr v.v... ang l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v qun l mi trng. 4. H sinh thi bin v ca sng Bin c ngha cc k quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi, quc phng v an ninh ca t nc, Vit Nam rt ch trng chin lc bo v v khai thc a dng ngun ti nguyn bin. Vit Nam tham gia v ph chun Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Lut bin. Chnh ph Vit Nam v ang c ch trng gii quyt hng lot cc vn di y: - Cc hot ng trn bin u phi tnh ti cc tc ng tiu cc i vi h sinh thi bin v c bin php phng nga theo qui nh ca Nh nc. - Tng cng nng lc quc gia trong vic kim sot cht ch cc hot ng ny, k c vic kim sot nhim t t lin. - Vic nh bt hi sn ti vng bin nng ven b khng c vt qu ngng nng sut lu bn v khng c dng cc phng php v phng tin c tnh hu dit. - Trong nhng nm ti, cn pht trin nng lc v khuyn khch vic nh bt ngoi khi. - Khi phc, bo v v s dng hp l cc rng ngp mn, m ph, ngn nga s khai thc ph hoi cc rn san h lm vt liu xy dng hoc sn phm thng mi. - Ban hnh v thc hin k hoch quc gia v ng ph s c du trn. - Xy dng k hoch bo v cc vng ven bin v phng din a mo v sinh thi, c xt ti nhng hot ng nh khai thc vng t ngp nc ven bin, khai thc ct, xy dng cc cng trnh phng h ..v..v.... 5. Bo v ngun ti nguyn sinh hc Chnh ph Vit Nam c nhiu n lc thc hin cc bin php bo tn thin nhin, bo v ngun a dng sinh hc, c bit l thng qua chng trnh rng ln v khi phc v pht trin rng, thnh lp cc khu bo v quc gia.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
12
Hin c 87 khu bo v vi tng din tch bng 1.169.000 ha (tc bng 5,7 % tng din tch t rng, hoc 3,3 % tng din tch lnh th), trong c 58 ni l vn quc gia (c 10 vn quc gia) v khu d tr thin nhin, 29 ni c tnh cht lch s v vn ho. Vit Nam tham gia k kt Cng c v a dng sinh hc. Vi s ti tr v gip ca Qu mi trng ton cu (GEF), Vit Nam v ang thc hin cc d n v bo tn v xy dng k hoch hnh ng v a dng sinh hc (Conservation Training and Biodiversity Action Plan). Chng trnh quc gia v a dng sinh hc Vit Nam nhm thc hin nhng mc tiu lu di c bn ca Chng trnh Quc gia bo v ti nguyn sinh hc phong ph v c o ca Vit Nam v trc mt l thc hin mt s mc tiu: - Bo v cc h sinh thi c hu ca quc gia, cc h sinh thi d b tn thng hin ang c nguy c suy gim hoc hu hoi do nhng hot ng ca con ngi. - Bo v cc thnh phn ca s a dng sinh hc hin ang b khai thc qu mc. - Xc tin v xc nh gi tr s dng ca tt c cc thnh phn ca s a dng sinh hc trn c s ca vic pht trin lu bn ti nguyn thin nhin nhm phc v cc mc tieeu kinh t ca t nc. Chng trnh quc gia cng xc nh mt s hot ng u tin trong giai on nm 1996 n nm 2000: - V cc vn chnh sch v php l, xy dng hon chnh h thng vn bn di lut to khung php l cho vic thc hin Lut bo v mi trng v cc Cng c quc t lin quan ti a dng sinh hc, nh cc qui nh php l v vic bo tn, s dng, khai thc v trao i cc ti nguyn gien, cc ging, loi... m bo s khai thc v s dng lu bn ti nguyn sinh hc trn nn tng ca chnh sch tip cn v s pht trin lu bn, cng nh ngn chn s suy thoi v hu hoi ca cc h sinh thi nhy cm v tn thng bi nhng tc ng tiu cc v mi trng trong pht trin cng nghip. - Xy dng v qun l cc khu vc bo v, cng c cc khu vc bo v c gi tr cao v a dng sinh hc v mt s vng t ngp nc quan trng, cc khu d tr quan trng v ti nguyn bin, thit lp, cng c cc trung tm bo v ngun gien qu him vi gi tr kinh t cao. - Tng cng vic gio dc nng cao nhn thc v cung cp cho nhn dn v nhng ngi ra quyt nh cc thng tin cn thit v a dng sinh hc v gi tr ca n. - Nng cao trnh v nng lc qun l ca cc cn b chuyn mn v qun l, xy dng mng li quc gia v c s d liu a dng sinh hc. - Tin hnh nghin cu khoa hc v ng dng cng ngh phc v vic khai thc v s dng bn vng cc gi tr ca s a dng sinh hc, c bit l trong lnh vc nng nghip v y t. - Kt hp chng trnh quc gia vi cc chng trnh pht trin kinh t x hi. - Tng cng hp tc quc t v khu vc. 6. Kim sot nhim cng nghip v khu vc Chnh ph Vit Nam ang c gng to mt pht trin cho cng nghip ho nhanh bng cch thit k v thc hin chnh sch qun l nhim cng nghip (IPP) nh l mt b phn cu thnh ca chin lc pht trin bn vng, bao gm nhng chnh sch sau y: - Tip tc xy dng nng lc th ch cng c h thng quan trc, cng ch thu thp s liu v mi trng. - Tip tc thit k cc cng c kinh t trong qun l, bo v mi trng ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. - nh ra cc yu cu v nh gi tc ng mi trng cho vic qui hoch vng, c bit cho cc tam gic kinh t trng im.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
13
- Thc hin d n th im phng chng nhim cng nghip bao gm vic kim ton cng tc gim thiu cht thi cho mt s doanh nghip, o to v tnh hiu qu kinh t v p dng cc cng ngh sn xut sch hn. 7. Vn dn s Vn dn s ang l mi quan tm ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii, n tr thnh nhng vn ton cu, buc ton nhn loi phi xch li gn nhau cng hnh ng nhm hn ch s gia tng tin ti n nh dn s, m bo pht trin bn vng ca hnh tinh. Vit Nam ang gim dn tng dn s, Nm 1996 t l tng dn s l 1,9%, gim 0,3% so vi nm 1990 l 2,2%, trong khi tng trng kinh t nm 1996 l 8,2%. n nm 2000 Vit Nam c chnh sch hn ch tng dn s ti mc 1,7%/ nm. Thc hin c chnh sch dn s ny, Vit Nam c c hi n nh dn s, gp phn thc hin chin lc pht trin bn vng, dn giu nc mnh, x hi cng bng vn minh. 8. Nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn Chnh ph Vit Nam thy r tm quan trng ca vn gii quyt nc sch v v sinh mi trng cho cng ng nng thn. Chng trnh nc sch v v sinh mi trng c Chnh ph, cc ngnh, cc cp trc tip ch o, c ton dn tch cc tham gia. Hin nay, hn 30% dn s nng thn c cp nc sch, Chin lc n nm 2000 m bo cho 80% dn c s c cp nc sch. Th tng Chnh ph thnh lp Ban Ch o quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nhm iu ho, phi hp cc hot ng a dng trong lnh vc ny. S kt hp hi ho cc ngun vn ca dn, ca Nh nc v ca nc ngoi, c bit l ca t chc UNICEF, to cc ngun vn quan trng m bo cp nc t tiu chun cho cc vng nng thn rng ln.. Bt u t nm 1997, hng nm c nc t chc tun l nc sch v v sinh mi trng (ngy 29 thng 4 n 6 thng 5). y l hot ng ha hn nhiu h qu tch cc v x hi v mi trng. 9. Tuyn truyn gio dc cng ng Chnh ph Vit Nam cho rng: nhim v bo v mi trng l s nghip ca ton dn. Chnh ph lun coi trng nhim v tuyn truyn gio dc cng ng v mi trng, coi y l mt trong nhng nhim v trng tm, u tin ca t nc. K t khi ban hnh Lut bo v mi trng, phong tro nhn dn tham gia bo v mi trng tr thnh hot ng ph bin trn ton quc. Cc t chc x hi nh thanh nin, ph n, cc t chc phi chnh ph v.v.. t chc hng trm cc lp o to, tp hun, cc hi tho, hi ngh; xy dng hng chc chng trnh truyn hnh v cc vn bo v mi trng, t chc thi v tranh mi trng cho tr em, t chc cc phong tro v sinh mi trng, phong tro trng cy, tun l quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng; phong tro thnh ph nng thn xanh, sch, p vv.. Cc phong tro ny ang tr thnh nhn thc v hot ng thng xuyn ca cng ng. 10. Hp tc quc t Vit Nam coi trng vic hp tc vi cc nc lng ging bo v v ci thin mi trng. Vit Nam hiu rng s nghip BVMT ca Vit Nam khng th tch ri s nghip BVMT ca khu vc v th gii, nhng bin php bo v v ci thin mi trng Vit Nam c lin quan n mi trng ton cu, chnh ph Vit Nam ph chun, tham gia k kt 10 Cng c Quc t , 01 Ngh nh th lin quan n mi trng, trong c Cng c RAMSAR, Cng c CITES, Cng c Bazen, Cng c Vin v bo v tng ozon, Cng c v a dng sinh hc, Cng c v bin i kh hu. Trong thi gian qua Vit Nam y mnh cc hot ng hp tc quc t theo nhiu hnh thc nh hp tc a phng, hp tc song phng, hp tc khu vc v hp tc ton cu.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
14
Quan h hp tc ca Vit Nam vi cc t chc quc t nh UNEP, UNIDO, UNDP, UNICEF, WWF, IUCN, WB, ADB, GEF vv... ngy cng pht trin v c ngha quan trng i vi s nghip bo v mi trng Vit Nam. Quan h hp tc ca Vit Nam vi cc nc trong khu vc bc sang giai on mi, c tng cng v m rng. Hin nay, Vit Nam l thnh vin chnh thc ca t chc cc quan chc cao cp v mi trng ca ASEAN (ASOEN). Quan h song phng gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v Chnh ph cc nc nh Thy in, Canada, xtrylia, an Mch, H Lan, Nht Bn, Php v.v.. ngy cng c cng c v pht trin nhm thc hin cc cam kt gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v cc bn hu quan, tranh th s tr gip v ti chnh cng nh kinh nghim trong lnh vc BVMT. Nhiu d n v mi trng c thc hin c hiu qu, c bit l d n SIDA/IUCN v tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng cho mi trng, d n VCEP v chng trnh mi trng Vit Nam Canada, d n v bo v a dng sinh hc vi GEF, d n UNEP/COBSEA v mi trng bin v.v.. S hp tc v phi hp hot ng vi cc nc v cc t chc quc t gip Vit Nam rt nhiu trong qun l mi trng ca Vit Nam.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
15
CHNG 2: TIU CHUN V QUY NH TRONG QUN L MI TRNG 2.1 Chin lc v chnh sch mi trng 2.1.1 Tm quan trng ca chin lc v chnh sch mi trng Trong giai on hin nay, chng ta cn ra nhng chin lc, chnh sch ph hp vi kh nng v iu kin kinh t, x hi ca t nc, thc y, khuyn khch mi ngi, mi c quan on th tch cc tham gia cng cuc ci thin v bo v mi trng. Mi quc gia u c h thng cc chnh sch, chin lc pht trin ring ca mnh. y l cng c ch o ton b hot ng pht trin kinh t x hi cng nh BVMT. R rng chnh sch pht trin c quan h mt thit vi chin lc BVMT. Nu tch ri chng th khng th thc hin tt vic pht trin cng nh BVMT. Chnh v vy chng ta xt cc chnh sch, chin lc ny nh mt th thng nht. Trong khi chnh sch xc nh r mc tiu pht trin, BVMT v nh hng hot ng th chin lc c th ha v tm phng thc, ngun lc c th t c mc tiu. 2.1.2 Ni dung ca chnh sch v chin lc mi trng a. Chnh sch mi trng (Environmental policy) Chnh sch qun l l tng th cc quan im, cc chun mc, cc bin php, cc th thut m Nh nc s dng nhm t c nhng mc tiu chin lc ca t nc. Ni dung ca chnh sch c th trnh by theo s sau: Chnh sch
Cc quan im
Cc bin php
Cc th thut
Cc mc tiu b phn Mi mt chnh sch ra i, pht huy tc dng u theo nhng quy lut nht nh v trong nhng gii hn nht nh. Thng thng giai on u, chnh sch cha pht huy y tc dng do cn mi l, chi phi v san s li ch ca nhiu i tng v cn do nhng ngi thc thi chnh sch cha kinh nghim v hiu bit. Tip theo, chnh sch theo qun tnh ca mnh s pht huy c hiu qu mong mun ca nh hoch nh. Sau giai on ny, khi chnh sch tr nn quen thuc vi nhng ngi thc thi th kh nng tc ng khng cn my, i hi phi c nhng hnh thc mi thay i, nu khng s tr nn li thi. Sang giai on th t, chnh sch gn nh mt hiu lc v cn phi thay th bng mt chnh sch mi. Nh vy, chnh sch mi trng l tng th cc quan im, cc bin php, cc th thut nhm thc hin cc mc tiu BVMT v PTBV ca quc gia, ca ngnh kinh t hoc mt cng ty. C th ha chnh sch mi trng trn c s cc ngun lc nht nh t cc mc tiu do chnh sch mi trng t ra l nhim v ca chin lc mi trng. Chnh sch mi trng c th ho Lut Bo v Mi trng (trong nc) v cc Cng c quc t v mi trng. Mi cp qun l hnh chnh u c nhng chnh sch mi trng ring. N va c th ho lut php v nhng chnh sch ca cc cp cao hn, va tnh ti c th a phng. S ng n v thnh cng ca chnh sch cp a phng c vai tr quan trng trong m bo s thnh cng ca chnh sch cp trung ng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
16
Nguyn tc ch o ca vic ban hnh v thc thi chnh sch mi trng l: 1- Hp hin, hp php, h thng v thng nht; 2- Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin; 3- Phng bnh hn cha bnh; 4- Hp tc gia cc i tc; 5- S tham gia ca cng ng. Cc chnh sch MT Vit Nam nm 1991 cho cc vn c th ca t nc nh sau: (1) Qun l tt v bo v din tch rng cn li, phc hi v m rng din tch cc khu rng phng h, rng u ngun, rng c dng v giao t giao rng cho cc n v ngoi quc doanh. Mc tiu chung ca chnh sch ny l n nm 2000 c th a din tch rng che ph ln 40-50%. (2) Qui hoch tng hp v s dng t s dng ti u ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu ny ca quc gia. Ni dung qui hoch l xc nh kh nng s dng v s s dng ca t; gi tr mi trng, sc chu ng v mc d hy hoi ca t, chnh sch phn phi s dng t; nhng k nng truyn thng, cc li ch v nguyn vng pht trin ca dn chng a phng, chnh sch di dn hp l. (3) Chnh sch khai thc v qun l lu bn h sinh thi t ngp nc nhm gii ta sc p khai thc v ti v, bng cc cch: qui hoch tng th khu vc t ngp nc; xy dng v thc hin nghim ngt cc qui ch c lin quan n khai thc t ngp nc; gn li ch ca ngi dn bo tn h sinh thi t ngp nc; chuyn giao cc k thut s dng t thch hp; gio dc nng cao nhn thc ca dn chng v ngi qun l a phng v ngha, li ch, cch thc bo tn, kh nng khai thc lu bn h sinh thi ny. (4) Khai thc v qun l lu bn ti nguyn nc, cn bng cung cu, phng nga nhim v suy thoi ti nguyn nc, hn ch hu qu thin tai lin quan ti ti nguyn nc, phc v lu di cho sn xut v i sng ca nhn dn. Qun l tng hp lu vc, TM cc d n s dng ti nguyn nc, v.v.. Xy dng cc tiu chun hn ch nhim nc, kim sot cht thi cng nghip, xy dng cc c s x l nc thi, kim sot s dng ha cht trong nng nghip v.v.. (5) Chnh sch i vi h sinh thi bin v ca sng, bao gm: p dng cc bin php phng nga, kim sot nhim bin v nhim t t lin, khng khai thc qu mc cng nh bng cc phng tin c tnh cht hy dit hi sn vng bin nng, pht trin nng lc nh bt hi sn xa b, khi phc v bo v rng ngp mn, bo v a dng sinh hc bin, ban hnh k hoch quc gia v ng ph s c trn du, v.v.. (6) Chnh sch bo v a dng sinh hc c trnh by trong chng trnh quc gia v a dng sinh hc c Chnh ph ph duyt theo Ngh nh 845/TTg ngy 22/12/1995 vi cc mc tiu trc mt l: bo v cc h sinh thi c hu ca t nc; bo v cc thnh phn ca s a dng sinh hc hin nay ang b khai thc qu mc; xc tin v xc nh gi tr s dng ca tt c cc thnh phn ca s a dng sinh hc. (7) Kim sot nhim trong qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc bng cc bin php phng nga, ngn chn v gim thiu nhim. (8) Phng nga v hn ch cc hu qu ca thin tai bo lt, hn hn, nt t, ng t vi cc bin php ch o: ngn chn ph rng, trng v bo v rng nht l rng u ngun, xy dng cc cng trnh phng h nh , k, p, nghin cu v p dng cc gii php thch nghi vi iu kin thin tai nh qui hoch vng, b tr li c cu sn xut nht l cc ngnh c lin quan nhiu n ti nguyn thin nhin. b. Chin lc mi trng (Environmental strategy) Cc chin lc mi trng l nhng vn kin sng n i hi phi c thay i khi cc vn mi xut hin v c bit khi hiu bit k hn mi quan h gia kinh t v h sinh thi t nhin. Do s a dng ca cc vn mi trng i vi tng quc gia nn mi nc phi a ra chin lc mi trng ca mnh sao cho phn nh c cc iu kin v tim nng ca quc gia .
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
17
Nhn chung, ba yu t ti cn sau y l chung cho mt chin lc thnh cng. Mi mt trong cc yu t ny i hi mt th cn bng gia phn tch s lng chnh xc v s tham gia ca cc i tc. Ch tiu k thut Kinh t Sinh thi X hi Nhng vn khc Cc i tc Tc ng ca dn s Ngi gy nhim, ngi s dng ti nguyn Cc c quan Chnh ph Cc chuyn gia, cc t chc phi Chnh ph
Qu trnh ra quyt nh Cc vn u tin Cc hot ng u tin m bo thc thi hiu qu Mi mt chin lc mi trng thay i ph thuc vo nhng thuc tnh l hc, sinh hc, x hi v kinh t ca tng nc. Thc tin cho thy, nhng chin lc mi trng c hiu qu nht bao gm 3 nhn t c bn: Bng 1. S pht thnh mt chin lc mi trng nh ngha Bao gm s phn tch quy m v tnh cp bch ca cc vn mi trng 1. Xc nh cc vn v xc nh nhng vn c xem l nghim trng da trn cc ch tiu u tin c bit Hp phn quan trng nht ca chin lc gm 3 bc ch yu: - Xc nh nhng nguyn nhn ca vn . 2. Xc nh cc - Khi tho cc mc tiu (trung gian). hot ng u tin - Xc nh chnh sch lun phin cc cng c nhm vo nguyn nhn ca cc vn da trn nhng li ch mong i, chi ph v nhng cn nhc, tiu chun tng ng khc. Bao gm s tch hp cc hot ng c ngh vi nhng chnh sch theo ngnh v kinh t v m ca Chnh ph vi s tham gia ca cc i tc trong k hoch ha v cc giai on thc hin; tm kim nhng 3. m bo s thc khuyn khch m bo s phn cng r rng trch nhim theo c quan, vi lut php r rng v nht qun cng kh nng thc thi y ; huy thi hiu qu ng cc ngun lc m bo kinh ph cho vic thc thi chin lc; a ra nhng iu khon gim st, nh gi v r xt li nhng u tin trong qu trnh thc hin. K hoch quc gia v MT v pht trin lu bn Vit Nam 1991-2000 l Chin lc MT u tin ca nc ta. u th k 21, ngy 2 thng 12 nm 2003, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 256/2003/Q-TTg ph duyt Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020, cng nh danh mc 36 Chng trnh BVMT u tin thc hin trong giai on t nay n nm 2010 v nh hng n 2020. Bn Chin lc ny xc nh ni dung 5 nhim v c bn v BVMT v 8 gii php thc hin. - Nm nhim v c bn v BVMT Vit Nam giai on t 2003 n 2010 l: + Phng nga v kim sot nhim
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
Nhn t ch cht
18
+ Khc phc tnh trng nhim v suy thoi mi trng nghim trng + Bo v v khai thc bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin + Bo v v ci thin mi trng cc khu vc trng im + Bo tn thin nhin v a dng sinh hc. - Tm gii php chnh thc thi Chin lc BVMT nc ta bao gm: + Tuyn truyn, gio dc nng cao thc v trch nhim BVMT + Tng cng qun l nh nc, th ch v php lut v BVMT + y mnh vic p dng cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng + Gii quyt hi ha mi quan h gia pht trin kinh t vi thc hin tin b v cng bng x hi v BVMT + Tng cng v a dng ha ngun vn, to s chuyn bin trong u t bo v mi trng + Tng cng nng lc nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh v BVMT + y mnh x hi ha hot ng BVMT + Tng cng hp tc quc t v BVMT. Trn c s Bn Chin lc ny, cc ngnh v cc a phng tin hnh xy dng v iu chnh Chin lc ph hp vi c th ca ngnh v a phng mnh. 2.1.3 H thng qun l nh nc v mi trng T chc thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng l nhim v quan trng nht ca ngnh mi trng mi quc gia. Cc b phn chc nng ca ngnh mi trng bao gm: b phn nghin cu xut k hoch, chnh sch, cc quy nh php lut dng trong cng tc BVMT; b phn quan trc, gim st, nh gi thng k cht lng mi trng; b phn thc hin cc cng tc k thut, o to cn b mi trng; b phn nghin cu, gim st vic thc hin cng tc mi trng cc a phng, cc cp, cc ngnh. Mi mt quc gia c mt cch ring trong vic t chc thc hin cng tc BVMT. V d, c, M hnh thnh B Mi trng thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng quc gia. Thi Lan hnh thnh y ban Mi trng quc gia do Th tng Chnh ph lm ch tch v cc Cc qun l chuyn ngnh mi trng trong B. Vit Nam cng tc mi trng hin nay c thc hin nhiu cp. Quc hi c y ban khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng t vn v cc vn mi trng. Th tng Chnh ph, Vn phng Chnh ph v V Khoa hc Gio dc Vn ha x hi c mt c vn cao cp v cc vn mi trng. S t chc h thng qun l nh nc v mi trng hin nay Vit Nam c trnh by trong Hnh 1. Bn cnh cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng, c nhiu c quan khc nh cc c s o to v nghin cu nh nc, cc t chc phi Chnh ph tham gia thc hin cng tc o to, gim st v nghin cu mi trng. y ban nhn dn tnh B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng Cc B khc
Cc s khc
S Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Cc Bo v Mi trng
Cc v khc
V KHCN MT
Cc v khc
Phng Mi trng
Cc Phng chc nng
Phng Mi trng
Hnh 1. H thng qun l nh nc v mi trng Vit Nam

MSc. Phan Nh Thc
19
2.2 Cc quy nh v bo v mi trng 2.2.1 Lut php v cng c bo v mi trng a. Lut php bo v mi trng: Vit Nam ban hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng nm 1993 v c thay th bng Lut Bo v Mi trng nm 2005 v nhiu vn bn php lut quan trng lin quan n mi trng c ban hnh nh: - Lut bo v sc khe cho nhn dn (1989) - Php lnh v thu thu ti nguyn (1989) - Php lnh bo v iu (1989) - Lut bo v v pht trin rng (1991) - Lut t ai (1993) - Lut du kh (1993) - Lut khong sn (1996) - Lut ti nguyn nc (1998) - Php lnh an ton v kim sot bc x (1996) - Php lnh th y (1993) - Php lnh bo v v kim dch thc vt (1993) Cc lut v php lnh ny gp phn quan trng trong vic iu chnh cc hnh vi ca cc t chc, c nhn trong hot ng BVMT Vit Nam. b. Xy dng h thng tiu chun mi trng n nm 1997, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh c trn 200 TCVN v mi trng, trong c 9 TCVN v cht lng mi trng xung quanh, 9 tiu chun thi, 153 v tiu chun phng php th, nh gi xc nh cc ch tiu cht lng mi trng, cht nhim, 29 tiu chun chung khc. H thng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng l mt phn quan trng ca h thng lut php ca Nh nc v bo v mi trng. Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng cng vi Cc Bo v mi trng (B Ti nguyn v Mi trng) phi hp chp nhn mt s tiu chun ca b ISO 14000 v ban hnh thnh Tiu chun Vit Nam, thc y mnh m s ha nhp trong lnh vc mi trng vi khu vc v th gii. c. Cng c bo v mi trng Hin nay, c khong 300 cng c quc t v bo v mi trng. Vit Nam tham gia cc Cng c quc t v mi trng sau y (ngy tham gia trong ngoc): 1. Cng c Chicago v hng khng dn dng quc t (1944). 2. Tha thun v thit lp y ban ngh c n Dng - Thi Bnh Dng (1948). 3. Hip c v Khong khng ngoi v tr (1967). 4. Cng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit nh l ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc (RAMSAR), 1971 (20/9/1988). 5. Ngh nh th b sung cng c v cc vng ngp nc c tm quan trng, c bit nh l ni c tr ca cc loi chim nc, Paris, 1982. 6. Cng c lin quan n Bo v cc di sn vn ho v t nhin (19/10/1982). 7. Cng c v cm pht trin, sn xut v tng tr v kh ho hc, vi trng v cng vic tiu hu chng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
20
8. Cng c v bun bn quc t v cc ging loi ng thc vt c nguy c b e da, 1973 (20/1/1994). 9. Cng c v ngn nga nhim do tu bin MARPOL (29/8/1991). 10. Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v s bin i mi trng (26/8/1980). 11. Ngh nh th ch thp lin quan n bo v nn nhn ca cc cuc xung t v trang. 12. Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v Lut bin (25/7/1994). 13. Cam kt quc t v ph bin v s dng thuc dit cn trng, FAO, 1985. 14. Cng c Vin v bo v tng -zn, 1985 (26/4/1994). 15. Cng c v thng bo sm s c ht nhn, IAEA, 1985 (29/9/1987). 16. Cng c v tr gip trong trng hp s c ht nhn hoc cp cu phng x, 1986, IAEA (29/9/1987). 17. Ngh nh th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng -zn, 1987 (26/1/1984).

Bn b sung Lun n cho cng c, Lun n, 1990. Bn b sung Copenhagen, 1992.
18. Tho thun v mng li cc trung tm thu sn Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, 1988 (2/2/1989). 19. Cng c Basel v kim sot vic vn chuyn qua bin gii cht thi c hi v vic loi b chng (13/5/1995). 20. Cng c khung ca Lin Hp Quc v bin i kh hu, 1992 (16/11/1994). 21. Cng c v a dng sinh hc, 1992 (16/11/1994). 2.2.2 Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam Trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t v x hi, c bit l thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, i theo l th ha, cc p lc i vi ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng ngy cng gia tng. Cc p lc s lm cho mi trng ngy cng b nhim, gy ra tc hi ln i vi sc khe cng ng, lm suy thoi cc h sinh thi (ng vt v thc vt), gy ra bin i kh hu, lm suy gim tng zn v gy ra ma axit, hu qu l gy thit hi ln v kinh t v x hi, khng m bo s pht trin bn vng. Nhm bo v mi trng quc gia v gp phn bo v mi trng khu vc v ton cu, Nh nc ta ban hnh nhiu lut php, quy nh v tiu chun v mi trng, l c s php l quan trng nht qun l mi trng v BVMT. Lut bo v mi trng ca nc ta c xy dng trn c s Hin php, Hin php nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam nu r: cc c quan nh nc, x nghip, hp tc x, n v v trang nhn dn v cng dn u c ngha v thc hin chnh sch bo v, ci to v ti sinh cc ti nguyn thin nhin, bo v v ci to mi trng sng. Vit Nam, Lut bo v mi trng c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha IX, k hp th t, thng qua ngy 27/12/1993 v bt u c hiu lc t ngy 10/01/1994. Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha XI, k hp th tm, thng qua ngy 29/11/2005; c Ch tch Nc k Lnh s 29/2005/L/CTN ngy 12/12/2005 v cng b Lut; c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/07/2006, thay th Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993. Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005 c 15 chng, 136 iu. So vi Lut Bo v mi trng nm 1993 tng 8 chng, 81 iu. Chng I. Nhng quy nh chung (7 iu) Chng II. Tiu chun mi trng (6 iu)
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
21
Chng III. nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v Cam kt bo v mi trng (3 mc, 14 iu) Chng IV. Bo tn v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin (7 iu) Chng V. Bo v mi trng trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v (15 iu) Chng VI. Bo v mi trng th, khu dn c (5 iu) Chng VII. Bo v mi trng bin, sng v cc ngun nc khc (3 mc, 11 iu) Chng VIII. Qun l cht thi (5 mc, 20 iu) Chng IX. Phng nga, ng ph s c mi trng, Khc phc nhim v phc hi mi trng (2 mc, 8 iu) Chng X. Quan trc v thng tin v mi trng (12 iu) Chng XI. Ngun lc bo v mi trng (12 iu) Chng XII. Hp tc quc t v bo v mi trng (3 iu) Chng XIII. Trch nhim ca c quan qun l nh nc, Mt trn t quc Vit Nam v cc t chc thnh vin v bo v mi trng (4 iu) Chng XIV. Thanh tra, x l vi phm, gii quyt khiu ni, t co v bi thng thit hi v mi trng (2 mc, 10 iu) Chng XV. iu khon thi hnh (2 iu) 2.2.3 Cc quy nh v bo v mi trng Sau khi ban hnh Lut bo v mi trng, cc vn bn di Lut nh Ngh nh, Quyt nh, Thng t v cc vn bn hng dn v.v.. c ban hnh: 1. Ngh nh s 80/2006/NCP v Ngh nh s hng dn thi hnh mt s ni dung ca Lut Bo v Mi trng; 2. Ngh nh s 81/2006/NCP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh ph v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng; 3. Cng vn s 3148/KGVX, ngy 16/6/1995 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng trnh Quc gia nhm loi tr cc cht lm suy gim tng zn; 4. Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph s 845/TTg, ngy 22/12/1995 ph duyt K hoch hnh ng bo v a dng sinh hc Vit Nam; 5. Ch th s 359/TTg, ngy 29/5/1996 ca Th tng Chnh ph v Nhng bin php cp bch bo v v pht trin ng vt hoang d. 6. Quyt nh s 1806-Q/MTg, ngy 31/12/1994 ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Quy ch t chc v hot ng ca Hi ng thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng v cp giy php mi trng; 7. Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng. 8. Thng t s 1420-MTg, ngy 16/11/1994, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc c s ang hot ng; 9. Thng t s 175-MTg, ngy 3/4/1995, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng hng dn lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n u t trc tip nc ngoi;
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
22
10. Thng t s 276-TT/MTg, ngy 6/3/1997, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn v kim sot nhim mi trng i vi cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh sau khi c quyt nh ph chun bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng; 11. Thng t s 1477-MTg, ngy 12/12/1994, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn t chc, quyn hn v phm vi hot ng ca Thanh tra v bo v mi trng. 12. Thng t 2433/TT-KCM, ngy 3/10/1996 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn thi hnh Ngh nh 26/CP ca Chnh ph (26/4/1996) quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh v mi trng; 13. Quyt nh s 26/CP, ngy 25/3/1995, ca B trng B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v vic ban hnh tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam; 14. Ch th s 199-TTg, ngy 3/4/1997, ca Th tng Chnh ph v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l cht thi rn cc th v khu cng nghip v Thng t lin tch s 1590/1997/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD, ngy 17/10/1997 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v B Xy dng, hng dn thc hin ch th s 1999-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph; 15. Cng vn s 4527-Tr, ngy 8/6/1996, ca B Y t, hng dn x l cht thi rn trong bnh vin; 16. Ch th s 200-TTg, ngy 29/4/1994, ca Th tng Chnh ph v m bo nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn; 17. Thng t s 1350-TT/KC, ngy 2/8/1995, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 02-CP, ngy 5/1/1995, ca Chnh ph i vi hng ha l ha cht c mnh, cht phng x, ph liu, ph thi kim loi v ph liu, ph thi c ha cht c hi v mt s loi vt t k thut cao cp kinh doanh c iu kin th trng Vit Nam; 18. Thng t s 3370-TT/MTg, ngy 22/12/1995, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn tm thi v khc phc s c mi trng do chy n xng du; 19. Thng t s 2262-TT/MTg, ngy 29/12/1995, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn v vic khc phc s c trn du; 20. Cng vn s 2592-MTg, ngy 12/11/1996, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, v vic kim sot nhim bin t cc phng tin giao thng thy; 21. Thng t s 2781-TT/KCM, ngy 3/12/1996, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, hng dn v th tc cp, gia hn, thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng cho cc c s cng nghip; 22. Quyt nh s 395/1998/Q-BKHCNMT, ngy 10/4/1998, ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, v vic ban hnh quy ch bo v mi trng trong vic tm kim thm d, pht trin m, khai thc, tng tr, vn chuyn, ch bin du kh v cc dch v c linn quan; 23. Quyt nh s 2242 Q/KHKT-PC, ngy 12/9/1997, ca B trng B giao thng vn ti, ban hnh quy ch bo v mi trng trong ngnh giao thng vn ti; 24. Ch th s 487-TTg, ngy 30/7/1996, ca Th tng Chnh ph v tng cng qun l Nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc; 25. Thng t lin tch s 11/1997/TTLT-NN-CN, ngy 8/11/1997, ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn v B Cng nghip hng dn qun l Nh nc i vi ti nguyn nc di t. 26. Quyt nh ca B trng B Xy dng v ban hnh Quy ch BVMT ngnh xy dng, s 29/1999/Q-BXD, ngy 22/10/1999.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
23
2.3 ISO 14000 v qun l cht lng mi trng 2.3.1 nh ngha ISO ISO (The International Organization for Standardization) - T chc tiu chun ho quc t - c thnh lp vo nm 1946 Genever vi mc tiu chnh l tiu chun ho cc sn phm cc nc v hng ho tiu dng c a qua bin gii cc quc gia: m bo l cc ng ng dn nc c cng dy, cc thit b o lng c cng mt c chun, cng ngh vin thng dng cng mt di tn... Nhim v ca n l to iu kin cho vic trao i hng ho v dch v, thc y hp tc qua li trong nhng lnh vc quan trng ca con ngi nh khoa hc, cng ngh v kinh t. Cc quyt nh chun ho v cng ngh l trong ni b ngnh, v ISO tr thnh c quan tiu chun ho quc t, hot ng nht qun vi cc c quan tiu chun ho quc gia, cc k s t cc c quan chnh ph v ngi i din cho cc ngnh v cho ngi tiu dng, c bit l cc cng ty xuyn quc gia v cc tiu chun ny l ti quan trng i vi h. 2.3.2 Gii thiu ISO 9000 v ISO 14000 a. Tiu chun ISO 9000: B tiu chun ISO 9000 do T chc Tiu chun ha Quc t (ISO) ban hnh ln u nm 1987 nhm mc ch a ra mt m hnh c chp nhn mc quc t v h thng m bo cht lng v c th p dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc sn xut kinh doanh v dch v. ISO 9000 l s k tha ca cc tiu chun tn ti v c s dng rng ri, trc tin l trong lnh vc quc phng nh tiu chun quc phng ca M (MIL-Q-9058A), ca khi NATO (AQQP1). Nm 1979, Vin Tiu chun Anh (BSI) ban hnh tiu chun BS 5750 v m bo cht lng, s dng trong dn s. phc v cho nhu cu giao lu thng mi quc t, T chc Tiu chun ha Quc t ISO thnh lp ban K thut TC 176 son tho b tiu chun v qun l cht lng. Nhng tiu chun u tin ca b tiu chun ny c ban hnh nm 1987 v c sot xt ln u tin nm 1994. ISO 9000 cp n cc lnh vc ch yu trong qun l cht lng nh chnh sch cht lng, thit k trin khai sn phm v qu trnh cung ng, kim sot qu trnh, bao gi, phn phi, dch v sau khi bn, xem xt nh gi ni b, kim sot ti liu, o to... ISO 9000 l tp hp cc kinh nghim qun l cht lng tt nht c thc thi trong nhiu quc gia v khu vc v c chp nhn thnh tiu chun quc gia ca nhiu nc. b. Tiu chun ISO 14000: Nm 1993, T chc Tiu chun quc t (ISO) bt u xy dng mt b cc tiu chun quc t v Qun l mi trng gi l ISO 14000. Tiu chun ISO 14000 l tiu chun v h thng qun l mi trng dng khuyn khch cc t chc sn xut (doanh nghip, cng ty) khng ngng ci thin v ngn nga nhim mi trng bng h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh, nh lun lun tin hnh nh gi v ci tin s thc hin bo v mi trng ca cng ty. N i hi mi mt t chc sn xut phi t thit lp mc tiu v nhim v ca mnh, nhm thc hin c hiu qu ton b qu trnh sn xut lin tc ci thin mi trng v thu ht ton b nhng ngi trc tip sn xut cng nh nhng ngi qun l tham gia vo h thng qun l mi trng vi s gic ng, nhn thc v trch nhim c nhn cao i vi vic thc hin bo v mi trng trong t chc sn xut (doanh nghip, cng ty) ca mnh. ISO 14000 gm 3 nhm chnh: + Nhm kim ton v nh gi mi trng. + Nhm h tr hng v sn phm. + Nhm h thng qun l mi trng. Phm vi p dng ISO 14000: + Tt c cc doanh nghip.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
24
+ Cc khu vc nh dch v, ngn hng, bo him, khch sn, xut nhp khu, bun bn, phn phi, lu kho, vn ti hng ho, khai thc. + Cc c quan nh trng hc, cc c quan chnh ph v cc t hp qun s. Cho n nay, rt nhiu nc trn th gii p dng cc tiu chun trong b ISO 14000. 2.3.3 Trin khai p dng tiu chun ISO 14000 Vit Nam Ngy 10/10/1994 Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng (B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng) k quyt nh s 232/TC-Q thnh lp Ban k thut TCVN/TC 207 v qun l mi trng. Ban k thut TCVN/TC 207 c i din tham gia 2 k hp ca ISO/TC 207 ti Na Uy (1995) v Brazil (1996) tho lun v ISO 14000. Ngy 5/2/1996, ti H Ni, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng phi hp vi Bureau Veritas International t chc hi tho gii thiu b ISO 14000 cho cc nh qun l mi trng v cht lng sn phm ca Vit Nam. T ngy 5/3 n 13/3/1997 ti H Ni, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng t chc kha o to v b Tiu chun ISO 14000 (o to nh gi vin HTQLMT) do Cc Tiu chun Singapore v t chc RIET thc hin. Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng cng vi Cc Mi trng (B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng) phi hp chp nhn mt s tiu chun ca b ISO 14000 v ban hnh thnh Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN), l: - TCVN ISO 14001/1997 - H thng qun l mi trng - Quy nh cc hng dn p dng; - TCVN ISO 14004/1997 - H thng qun l mi trng - Hng dn chung v cc nguyn tc, h thng v k thut h tr; - TCVN ISO 14010/1997 - Hng dn nh gi mi trng - Cc nguyn tc chung; - TCVN ISO 14011/1997 - Hng dn nh gi mi trng - Quy trnh nh gi - nh gi h thng qun l mi trng; - TCVN ISO 14012/1997 - Hng dn nh gi mi trng - Tiu chun nng lc i vi cc nh gi vin v mi trng. Ngy 28 thng 7 nm 2006 B trng B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ra Quyt nh s 1696/QBKHCN v vic ban hnh Tiu chun Vit Nam, trong c cc tiu chun v ISO nh sau: - TCVN ISO 14001:2005 (ISO 14001:2004) - H thng qun l mi trng. Cc yu cu v hng dn s dng; - TCVN ISO 14004:2005 (ISO 14004:2004)- H thng qun l mi trng. Hng dn chung v nguyn tc, h thng v k thut h tr; - TCVN ISO 14024:2005 (ISO 14024:1999) - Nhn mi trng v cng b mi trng. Ghi nhn mi trng kiu I. Nguyn tc v th tc. Vic chng nhn ph hp vi ISO 14001 cng ang c chun b v mt t chc cng nh v mt cn b v nghip v. p dng b ISO 14000 c th s i hi cc c s sn xut/cng ty phi dnh phn chi ph thit lp H thng QLMT v o to cn b. Tuy nhin, khi p dng chng, chc chn b ISO 14000 s mang li nhiu li ch trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh dch v v bo v mi trng. 2.4 Cc tiu chun trong qun l mi trng 2.4.1 Tiu chun v ti lng cht thi Tiu chun ti lng cht thi l qui nh lng thi ti a cho php mt cht nhim m mt c s sn xut cng nghip c th c thi ra mi trng tip nhn. Trn th gii tiu chun ny u c xy dng da trn khi nim Cng ngh kim sot tt nht hin c (BAT - Best Available Control Technology v vic tnh ton nng cht thi ra mi trng xung quanh. Nh vy tiu
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
25
chun thi ca mt c s sn xut cng nghip c lin quan mt thit n cng ngh sn xut ca c s . Hin ti Vit Nam cha c tiu chun qui nh v thi lng, V Mi trng - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ang phi hp cng vi cc Vin, c quan nghin cu xy dng tiu chun thi lng. V d Vic nghin cu, xut tiu chun thi lng p dng cho ngnh giy trong D n xy dng tiu chun mi trng cho mt s ngnh cng nghip nh sau. Tiu chun thi lng cht nhim c xy dng da trn mc thi lng tham kho cc tiu chun trn th gii, da trn tip cn BAT trong ngnh giy v c s iu chnh cho ph hp vi hin trng sn xut cng nh nh hng pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip giy Vit Nam trong tng lai. Tiu chun thi ny c xy dng theo cc loi cng ngh khc nhau bao gm cc tiu chun sau: - Tiu chun cho cc c s sn xut bt giy theo cng ngh Sulfat c ty. - Tiu chun cho cc c s sn xut bt giy theo cng ngh CTMP. - Tiu chun cho cc c s sn xut giy t giy loi. - Tiu chun cho cc c s sn xut giy t bt giy. Cc bng di y xut tiu chun thi theo thi lng i vi i vi cc cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy khc nhau v so snh vi tiu chun ca cc nc trn th gii. Bng 2. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my sn xut bt giy vi cng ngh bt sulfat c ty Cng ngh Tiu chun xut Ngn hng th gii (1983) M (tiu chun BPT 1977) Trung Quc (1992) Indonesia xut ca Vin cng ngh giy xut ca Cng ty Giy Bi Bng BOD kg/tn SP 8 5,8 8,05 7,2 8,5 10,5 8 COD kg/tn SP 25 24 29,75 31,5 25 TSS kg/tn SP 8 8,3 16,4 16,8 9,5 8 8
Bng 3. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my sn xut bt giy vi cng ngh bt CTMP Cng ngh Tiu chun xut Ngn hng th gii (1983) M (tiu chun BPT 1977) xut ca Vin cng ngh giy xut ca Cng ty Giy Tn Mai BOD kg/tn SP 4 2,6 5,5 5,2 4 COD kg/tn SP 8 12,5 8 TSS kg/tn SP 3 4,4 8,3 4,7 3
Bng 4. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my sn xut giy t giy loi Cng ngh Tiu chun xut Ngn hng th gii (1983) M (tiu chun BPT 1977) Trung Quc (1992) xut ca Vin cng ngh giy xut ca Cng ty Giy New Toyo
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
BOD kg/tn SP 7 4,7 7,1 5,7 5,5 7 26
COD kg/tn SP 15 19 10 15
TSS kg/tn SP 9 4,7 9,2 13,3 2 9
Bng 5. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi NM SX giy t bt giy Cng ngh Tiu chun xut Ngn hng th gii (1983) M (tiu chun BPT 1977) Trung Quc (1992) 2.4.2 Tiu chun vng v lu vc Tiu chun vng v lu vc l tiu chun mi trng c quy nh cho tng vng c th v khng ging nhau mi ni, mi mc ch s dng. Mt trong cc chun c xy dng tiu chun pht thi l tiu chun cht lng mi trng, tiu chun cht lng mi trng l mc tiu s dng mi trng. Mc tiu s dng mi trng nc ty theo thy vc l ngun cp nc sinh hot, l nui trng thy sn, l vui chi gii tr hay cp nc cho cng-nng nghip, l u ngun nc hay cui ngun nc. Mc tiu s dng mi trng khng kh l khng kh th (dn c ng c), l khu cng nghip, l nng thn hay l vng rng ni. Phn ln cc nc u a ra cc mc gii hn ti a cho php thi khc nhau cc vng c mc ch s dng mi trng khc nhau. Vit Nam, ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT v vic bt buc p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng, trong c tiu chun TCVN 5939:2005, quy nh nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi cng nghip c php thi vo mi trng. Vic quy nh h s lu lng ngun thi (Kp), h s vng (Kv) v phng php tnh nng ti a cho php ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi cng nghip TCVN 5939:2005 nh sau: 1. Cng thc tnh nng ti a cho php ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi cng nghip Nng ti a cho php cc cht nhim trong kh thi ca cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi ra mi trng khng kh c tnh nh sau: Cmax = C x Kp x Kv Trong : Cmax l nng ti a cho php ca cht nhim trong kh thi ca c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi ra mi trng khng kh, tnh bng miligam trn mt khi kh thi iu kin tiu chun (mg/Nm3); C l gi tr nng ti a cho php ca cht nhim quy nh trong Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5939:2005; Kp l h s theo lu lng ngun thi; Kv l h s vng, khu vc, ni c c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v. 2. Gi tr h s Kp Gi tr h s Kp c quy nh ti Bng 6 di y. Bng 6. Gi tr h s Kp ng vi lu lng ngun thi ca c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi vo mi trng khng kh. Lu lng ngun thi n v tnh: mt khi/gi (m3/h) P 20.000 20.000 < P 100.000
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
BOD kg/tn SP 6 4,2 6,25 3,6
COD kg/tn SP 20 9
TSS kg/tn SP 8 4,2 5 6
Gi tr h s Kp 1 0,9 27
P > 100.000
0,8
P l tng lu lng cc ngun kh thi ca mt c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi vo mi trng khng kh. 3. Gi tr h s Kv Gi tr h s Kv c quy nh ti Bng 7 di y. Bng 7. Gi tr h s Kv ng vi cc vng, khu vc c c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v. Vng 1 Phn vng Gi tr h s Kv (1) (1) (2) Ni thnh th loi c bit v th loi I ; rng c dng ; 0,6 di sn thin nhin, di tch lch s, vn ha c xp hng(3); c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v c khong cch n ranh gii cc khu vc ny di 02 km. 0,8 Ni thnh, ni th th loi II, III, IV (1); vng ngoi thnh th loi c bit, th loi I c khong cch n ranh gii cc khu vc ny di 02 km. Khu cng nghip; th loi V (1); vng ngoi thnh, ngoi th th 1,0 loi II, III, IV c khong cch n ranh gii ni thnh, ni th ln hn hoc bng 02 km; c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v c khong cch n ranh gii cc khu vc ny di 02 km (4). Nng thn. 1,2 Nng thn min ni. 1,4
Vng 2 Vng 3
Vng 4 Vng 5 Ch thch:
(1) th c xc nh theo quy nh ti Ngh nh s 27/2001/N-CP ngy 5 thng 10 nm 2001 ca Chnh ph v vic phn loi th v cp qun l th. (2) Rng c dng xc nh theo Lut bo v v pht trin rng ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004 gm: vn quc gia; khu bo tn thin nhin; khu bo v cnh quan; khu rng nghin cu, thc nghim khoa hc; (3) Di sn thin nhin, di tch lch s, vn ha c UNESCO, Th tng Chnh ph hoc b ch qun ra quyt nh thnh lp v xp hng. (4) Trng hp c s sn xut c khong cch n ranh gii 02 vng tr ln nh hn 2 km th p dng h s khu vc Kv tng ng u tin ln lt theo cc vng 1, 2, 3, 4 v 5 (Kv tng ng l 0,6; 0,8; 1; 1,2; v 1,4). Nht Bn cc tiu chun thi (nc thi, kh thi) c phn theo vng (Bng 8) v phn theo loi ngun thi ca cc c s ang hot ng hay l loi mi u t. Ty theo c im v yu cu bo v mi trng ca mi vng lnh th, khu vc hnh chnh, c c trng kinh t v dn c ring, tiu chun thi c th p dng khc nhau, nhng khng c vt qu mc tiu chun trn hoc tri vi Lut bo v mi trng. Vic qun l nh vy c p dng Nht Bn, Hoa K v nhiu quc gia khc. Nht Bn, tiu chun chung p dng ton quc do chnh quyn Trung ng quy nh (level 1), tiu chun kht khe hn do chnh quyn cc thnh ph, qun/huyn qui nh (level 2), tiu chun kht khe hn na (level 3) do cc nh cng nghip ng k phn u t ti. V d thnh ph Osaka (Nht Bn) qui nh tiu chun nc thi cng nghip kht khe hn tiu chun ca quc gia, tng t qun Kanagawa qui nh tiu chun nc thi cng nghip kht khe hn 8 ln v BOD, COD, 4 ln v cht rn l lng, 100 ln v phenol, gn 20 ln v Flo so vi tiu chun chung ca quc gia. Nht Bn chnh quyn Trung ng nh ra tiu chun thi i vi cc khu vc c bit l ni c s lng nhiu nh my v cc c s kinh doanh. Nhng khu vc nh vy rt kh tha mn c mc qui nh ca tiu chun cht lng mi trng d c bt buc p dng mt tiu chun thi
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
28
kht khe. Lc , chnh quyn a phng lp ra cc chng trnh gim thiu kh thi tng th v p dng kim sot tng lng kh thi. Trong cc thnh ph nh Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka bt u p dng chng trnh gim thiu kh thi tng th vo nm 1982 cho cc doanh nghip ang hot ng. n nm 1990 c 24 khu vc c p dng chng trnh kim sot kh thi tng th. Bng 8. Tiu chun nc thi lin quan n mi trng vng ca Nht Bn (1984) (tiu chun chung v tiu chun ca Osaka) Thng s nc thi pH TC chung 5,8 - 8,6 Tiu chun vng Osaka 5,8 - 8,6 Cng nghip sn xut: Giy, bt giy ch bin giy (Neyagawa). Lu lng thi trung bnh ngy ca nc thi t nh my ng k (m3/ngy) 30-50 50-1.000 1.000-5.000 Hn 5.000 150 100 65 40 120 80 50 30 200 150 110 80 150 120 90 60 30 30 20 10 5 5 4 3 Tiu chun thi i vi cc thng s ny vng Osaka tng t nh tiu chun thi chung ca quc gia
BOD, ti a (trung bnh ngy) Cht rn l lng, ti a (trung bnh ngy) Du m ng thc vt Du khong Phenol ng Km St Manh Crm Flo Coliform
160 (120) 200 30 5 5 3 5 5 10 2 15 3.000
2.4.3 Tiu chun cht lng mi trng nc Trong qun l v xy dng tiu chun mi trng nc c chia thnh 3 i tng ch yu sau y: - Nc mt: nc sng, sui, knh, rch, h, ao... - Nc ngm: nc di mt t - Nc bin ven b: nc bin ven b, cc vnh, cc ng, cc m, ph ven b... 2.4.3.1 Tiu chun nc mt a. Tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh Tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh l cc gii hn ti a cho php s tn ti cc cht nhim trong nc mt, c t ra bo v sc khe cng ng, s cn bng sinh thi v mi trng sng, ni chung. xy dng tiu chun v qun l cht lng nc xung quanh i vi mi trng nc mt, ngi ta phn loi nc mt theo yu cu s dng thnh: nc mt c th dng lm ngun nc cp sinh hot (nhng phi qua qu trnh x l theo quy nh), loi ny c k hiu l nc loi A; nc mt dng cho cc mc ch khc, nh tm, ra, vui chi gii tr, th thao, giao thng... loi ny c k hiu l nc loi B; v loi nc dng cho ti tiu nng nghip v nui trng thy sn. Tuy vy, trong thc t, mt vc nc hay mt on sng c th c nhiu yu cu s dng ng thi, nh l dng lm ngun nc sinh hot, ngun nc ti nng nghip, cp nc cng nghip, pht in, ng nghip, giao thng v gii tr, thm m v.v.., th cn phi xc nh tiu chun vi yu cu s dng c cht lng cao nht lm chun mc.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
29
Ngoi cc tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh quy nh chung cho mi vc nc, ngi ta c th c cc quy nh tiu chun b sung cho cc vc nc, hay cc ngun nc mt cc a phng c c th ring. Tiu chun cht lng nc mt, TCVN 5942:1995 c ban hnh nm 1995, quy nh cc gii hn nng cht nhim trong mi trng nc ti a ca 31 thng s phn bit i vi ngun nc mt loi A v loi B. Mt s tr s tiu chun cho di y minh ha (bng 9). Bng 9. Mt s tr s tiu chun cht lng nc mt theo TCVN 5942:1995 TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thng s BOD5 (20oC) xy ha tan Thy ngn Du, m Xianua Tng ha cht bo v thc vt (tr DDT) n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Gi tr gii hn A B <4 < 25 6 2 0,001 0,002 Khng 0,3 0,01 0,05 0,15 0,15
i vi tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh, nm 2000 B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh cc tiu chun: - Tiu chun TCVN 6773:2000 - Cht lng nc - Cht lng nc dng cho thy li - Tiu chun TCVN 6774:2000 - Cht lng nc - Cht lng nc ngt bo v i sng thy sinh b. Tiu chun nc thi chy vo mi trng nc mt Tiu chun nc thi quy nh gi tr gii hn cc thng s nhim v nng ti a ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi ca cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot... (gi chung l nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot), tiu chun ny chnh l dng kim sot mc nhim v tnh cht ca nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot trc khi thi vo cc vc nc. Tiu chun x thi cht nhim l mt quy nh nhm kim sot s x thi cc cht nhim m bo tiu chun cht lng nc xung quanh. Ngy 28 thng 07 nm 2006, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ra quyt nh s 1696/Q-BKHCN v vic ban hnh Tiu chun Vit Nam trong c TCVN 5945:2005, tiu chun nc thi cng nghip. Theo TCVN 5945:2005, gi tr gii hn nng cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip c phn thnh 3 cp: A, B, C. Nc thi cng nghip c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim bng hoc nh hn gi tr quy nh trong ct A c th vo cc thy vc thng c dng lm ngun nc cho mc ch sinh hot. Nc thi cng nghip c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim ln hn gi tr quy nh trong ct A nhng nh hn hoc bng gi tr quy nh trong ct B th c vo cc thy vc nhn thi khc tr cc thy vc quy nh ct A. Nc thi cng nghip c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim ln hn gi tr quy nh trong ct B nhng khng vt qu gi tr quy nh trong ct C ch c php thi vo cc ni c quy nh (nh h cha nc thi c xy ring, cng dn n nh my x l nc thi tp trung,). Thnh phn nc thi c tnh c th theo lnh vc ngnh cng nghip ca mt s hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh dch v c th, c quy nh trong cc tiu chun ring. Bng 10 trnh by mt s gi tr gii hn cho php theo TCVN 5945:2005 lm minh ha:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
30
Bng 10. Mt s gii hn nng nhim cho php trong nc thi cng nghip TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thng s Nhit BOD5 (20oC) Thy ngn Tng Nit Amoni (tnh theo Nit) Xianua n v C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
o
A 40 30 0,005 15 5 0,07
Gi tr gii hn B 40 50 0,01 30 10 0,1
C 45 100 0,01 60 15 0,2
Vic quy nh h s lu lng ngun thi (Kf), h s lu lng/dung tch ngun tip nhn (Kq) v phng php tnh nng ti a cho php ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip theo TCVN 5945:2005 c a ra trong ph lc II Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT, ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng nh sau: 1. Cng thc tnh nng ti a cho php cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip a) Nng ti a cho php cc cht nhim trong nc thi ca cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi ra cc vc nc c tnh nh sau: Cmax = C x Kq x Kf Trong : Cmax l nng ti a cho php ca cht nhim trong nc thi ca c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi ra cc vc nc, tnh bng miligam trn lt nc thi (mg/l); C l gi tr nng ti a cho php ca cht nhim quy nh trong Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5945-2005; Kq l h s theo lu lng/dung tch ngun tip nhn nc thi; Kf l h s theo lu lng ngun thi. b) Khng p dng cng thc tnh nng ti a cho php trong nc thi cng nghip cho ct C v cc thng s th t t 1 n 4, t 34 n 37 quy nh trong bng 1 ca TCVN 5945:2005. 2. Gi tr h s Kq y. a) Gi tr h s Kq i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi l sng c quy nh ti Bng 11 di
Bng 11. Gi tr h s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca sng tip nhn ngun nc thi Lu lng dng chy ca sng tip nhn ngun nc thi n v tnh: mt khi/giy (m3/s) Q 50 50 < Q 200 Q > 200 Gi tr h s Kq 0,9 1 1,1
Q l lu lng dng chy ca sng tip nhn ngun nc thi. Gi tr Q c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh 03 thng kh kit nht trong 03 nm lin tip (s liu ca Trung tm Kh tng Thy vn Quc gia). Trng hp cc knh rch, sui nh khng c s liu v lu lng th gi tr Kq=0,9. b) Gi tr h s Kq i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi l h c quy nh ti Bng 12 di y.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
31
Bng 12. Gi tr h s Kq ng vi dung tch h tip nhn ngun nc thi Dung tch h tip nhn ngun nc thi n v tnh: Triu mt khi (106 m3) V 10 10 < V 100 V > 100 Gi tr h s Kf 0,6 0,8 1,0
V l dung tch h tip nhn ngun nc thi. Gi tr V c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh 03 thng kh kit nht trong 03 nm lin tip (s liu ca Trung tm Kh tng Thy vn Quc gia). c) i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi cng nghip l vng nc bin ven b th gi tr h s Kq=1,2. i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi cng nghip l vng nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch bo v thy sinh; th thao v gii tr di nc th gi tr h s Kq=1. 3. Gi tr h s Kf Gi tr h s Kf c quy nh ti Bng 13 di y. Bng 13. Gi tr h s Kf ng vi lu lng ngun nc thi Lu lng ngun nc thi n v tnh: mt khi/ngy m (m3/24h) F 50 50 < F 500 500 < F 5000 F > 5000 c. Cc loi giy php cc nc, nhng ngi x nc thi cng nghip v thnh th u cn phi c giy php ca c quan qun l v h thng loi b x thi nhim quc gia mi c php x nc thi vo cc vng nc. c cp giy php ca c quan qun l yu cu ngi x thi phi t c nhng gii hn nc thi da trn cng ngh x l nc thi ca tng nh my, x nghip hoc x l th cp i vi nc thi chung ca th. 2.4.3.2 Tiu chun nc ngm a. Tiu chun cht lng nc ngm Nc ngm l mt ngun nc quan trng. Hin nay nc ta cc thnh ph s dng khong 30% ngun nc cp l nc ngm lm ngun nc cp cho mi sinh hot, dch v v cng nghip thnh ph, c bit l th H Ni t trc n nay u s dng nc ngm 100% cp nc cho thnh ph. Nm 1995, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh ban hnh tiu chun cht lng nc ngm TCVN 5944:1995. Tiu chun ny quy nh gii hn cc thng s v nng cho php ca cc cht nhim trong nc ngm. Di y gii thiu mt s tr s v thng s ca tiu chun TCVN 5944:1995 minh ha (bng 14). Bng 14. Mt s tr s ca tiu chun nc ngm (TCVN 5944:1995) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thng s pH cng (tnh theo CaCO3) Cht rn tng s Asen Cadimi Ch Nitrat 32 n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Gi tr gii hn 6,5 - 8,5 300 - 500 750 - 1500 0,05 0,01 0,05 45 Gi tr h s Kf 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,9
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
b. Tiu chun thi nc nc ta cng nh nhiu nc trn th gii u cm tuyt i vic x nc thi vo ngun nc ngm, v kh nng t lm sch ca nc ngm l v cng nh b. Tuy vy, trn th gii trong mt iu kin c th no y ngi ta cho php x nc thi vo nc ngm. Mc d, nhiu cng c kim sot ngun nhim, ban u khng c chp thun v nhng l do khc vi yu cu bo v nc ngm, nay chng ang c s dng cho mc ch bo v nc ngm. V d, M, phn ln cc tiu chun hin hnh i vi nc ngm l cc tiu chun nc mt hn ch cc cht nhim c trong nc thi ra t cc phng tin qun l cht thi v t cc ngun thng nghip v sn xut. c. Cc tiu chun k thut Cc tiu chun k thut ch o vic la chn a im khai thc, thit k, xy dng, lp t, vn hnh v ng ca cc ngun ln lm nhim nc ngm. Chng bao gm: cc ging khoan ht nc, cc b cha ngm, cc bi chn rc, cc khu chn nui nht, cc b cha phn, cc khu khai thc m, cc ng cht thi. V d, quy nh tt c cc bi chn rc, cc khu b cht thi rn cn phi c lp lt cch nc trnh tnh trng nc t bi thm thu xung nc ngm. d. Cc phng php qun l nc ngm M, cc phng php qun l nc ngm quy nh phi qun l, vn hnh v bo dng cc ngun gy nhim nc ngm nh th no. V d: i vi cc hot ng khai thc m trn mt t c quy nh v a im, thit k v xy dng cc ng chuyn ch, loi khai thc m, t l m va trn cng trng mi ln, cc bin php gim dng chy, ti to thm thc vt v khi phc t m khai thc. Vic kim sot s dng t cng l mt bin php quan trng bo v nc ngm, cn phi khoanh vng bo v ngun nc ngm. Cc khu th, khu cng nghip ven b bin cn phi kim sot cht ch vic khai thc nc ngm trnh khai thc qu mc gy ra xm nhp mn. 2.4.3.3 Tiu chun cht lng nc bin ven b a. Tiu chun cht lng nc bin Nm 1995, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh tiu chun cht lng nc bin ven b: TCVN 5943:1995. Tiu chun ny quy nh gii hn cc thng s v nng cho php cc cht nhim trong nc bin ven b v dng nh gi cht lng nc ca cc vng nc bin ven b. Theo TCVN 5943:1995, nc bin ven b c c phn thnh 3 loi s dng: nc bi tm, nc nui thy sn v nc cc ni khc. ng vi mi loi nc bin ven b s c tiu chun gi tr gii hn nng cc cht nhim khc nhau. Di y cho mt s tr s gii hn tiu chun i vi mt s thng s lm minh ha (bng 15). Bng 15. Mt s tr s ca tiu chun nc bin ven b (TCVN 5943:1995) TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thng s xy ha tan BOD5 (20oC) Cht rn l lng Asen Ch Thy ngn Vng du m Nh du m n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Bi tm 4 < 20 25 0,05 0,1 0,005 Khng 2 Gi tr gii hn Nui thy sn Cc ni khc 5 4 < 10 < 20 50 100 0,01 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,005 0,01 Khng 0,3 1 5
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
33
b. Tiu chun nc thi chy vo nc bin ven b Theo Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT, ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng trong quy nh vic p dng tiu chun TCVN 5945:2005-Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip. i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi cng nghip l vng nc bin ven b th gi tr h s Kq=1,2. i vi ngun tip nhn nc thi cng nghip l vng nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch bo v thy sinh; th thao v gii tr di nc th gi tr h s Kq=1. 2.4.4 Tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh Tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh l c s php l nh nc v nhn dn kim tra, kim sot mi trng, x l cc vi phm mi trng v nh gi tc ng mi trng, v.v.. n bao gm tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh, tiu chun cht lng ngun thi tnh v ngun thi ng. a. Tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh Su cht nhim quan trng trong khng kh l: Cacbon oxit (CO), lu hunh oxit (SOx), ch yu l SO2, ch (Pb), nit oxit (NOx), ch yu l NO2 v NO, ozon (O3) v bi l lng. Trong iu kin v kh nng khoa hc k thut, cng ngh hin nay cha th loi tr hon ton cht thi nhim trong qu trnh sn xut, cho nn trn c s cc kt qu nghin cu v v sinh y hc ngi ta thit lp cc tiu chun bo m cho mi trng khng kh tng i trong sch. Trong tiu chun v sinh nc ta thng s dng n v o lng nng cht c hi l s mg cht c hi trong 1 m3 khng kh (mg/m3). Cch dng n v nng ny rt thun li, v d cht c hi l th kh, th lng hay th rn u c th o lng qua trng lng l mg. ng thi n v o lng ny cn c th d dng nh gi liu lng c hi a vo c th con ngi i qua ng h hp. Da theo mc tc hi ca cht c hi i vi c th con ngi, ngi ta phn thnh gii hn cho php, gii hn nguy him i vi s sng v mc gy t vong. thc hin chc nng gim st v sinh mi trng, trong c phn kim tra nhim kh quyn v quan trc cc nh mc nng nhim vi mc ch bo ng kp thi s nhim, ngi ta thng thnh lp cc trm monitoring v kim sot nhim mi trng. Ngy 28 thng 07 nm 2006, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh nc ta ra quyt nh ban hnh Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh: TCVN 5937:2005 v TCVN 5938:2005. Bng 16. Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh (TCVN 5937:2005) Thng s (mg/m3) SO2 CO NO2 O3 Bi l lng Pb Trung bnh 1 gi 0,350 30 0,20 0,18 0,30 Trung bnh 8 gi 10 0,12 Trung bnh 24 gi 0,125 0,08 0,2 0,0015 Trung bnh nm 0,050 0,04 0,14 0,0005
b. Cng tc dng ca nhiu cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh Trong cc bn tiu chun hay cc bn hng dn thit k v sinh thng cho tr s gii hn cho php nng (mg/m3) ca tng cht c hi trong khng kh. Thc t mi nh my thng thi ra ng thi nhiu cht nhim c hi khc nhau. Phn ln cc cht nhim tc dng ln c th con ngi c tnh c lp vi nhau, nn c th xem tc dng ca chng l ring r, v vy tc dng chung ca chng s c tng theo hm s cng. Do quy phm thit k v sinh khu cng nghip mt s nc quy nh tng nng tng i (t l vi tr s tiu chun cho php) ca tt c cc cht c hi tc dng ng thi khng vt qu 1, tc l:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
34
C1 C2 Cn + + ... + 1 C1f C2f Cnf

Trong :
(2-1)
: nng thc t ca cc cht c hi trong khng kh C1, C2, , Cn C1f, C2f, , Cnf : tr s gii hn cho php ca nng cc cht tng ng trn theo tiu chun ca Nh nc (TCVN). Cng thc ny p dng cho cc cht nhim c tc dng ring r nh: axeton, phenol, zn, nitdioxit (NO2), formadehit (HCHO), lu hunh (S) v hydrosulfua (H2S), Nhng c mt s cht nhim khi tc ng ng thi th tc dng chung ca chng ln hn tng tc dng ca tng cht ring bit. Trong trng hp ny tng cc s hng v tri ca cng thc (2-1) phi nh hn 1 rt nhiu, nh l bng 0,2 - 0,5. Ngc li cng c cht nhim lm gim tc dng ca cht khc, th tng cc s hng ca v tri ca cng thc (2-1) li cho php ln hn 1. c. Tiu chun cho php nng cht nhim trong kh thi t ngun thi tnh nc ta cng nh cc nc khc u quy nh cc i lng gii hn cho php cht thi cng nghip c tnh c hi i vi mi loi ngun gy nhim khng kh. l tr s m cht thi c hi do ngun gy ra tng hp vi cc ngun ca cc x nghip cng nghip khc trong thnh ph, vi s xt n s pht trin m rng sn xut v s khuch tn cht c hi trong khng kh khng vt qu gii hn nng cho php i vi khu dn c, thc vt v ng vt. nc ta nm 2005 B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh TCVN 5939:2005-Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c v TCVN 5940:2005-Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi mt s cht hu c. Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip c phn thnh 2 i tng: x nghip ang hot ng v x nghip u t mi. bng 17 gii thiu TCVN 5939:2005 v tiu chun ca Thi Lan minh ha. Bng 17. Gii hn ti a cho php ca bi v cc cht v c trong kh thi cng nghip TT 1 2 3 4 5 Thng s Bi khi (mg/m3) Bi cha silic (mg/m3) SO2 (mg/m3) CO (mg/m3) NOx tnh theo NO2 (mg/m3) TCVN 5939-2005 Nh my ang Nh my xy hot ng dng mi 400 200 50 50 1500 500 1000 1000 1000 850 Thi Lan 400 1300 1000 940 (t than) 470 (t du)
d. Tiu chun nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi t ngun di ng Ngun thi di ng l cc ngun thi t cc phng tin giao thng ng b, ng st, ng thy v ng khng. nc ta, cng nh cc nc trn th gii thng ch ban hnh cc tiu chun nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi t cc phng tin giao thng ng b (cc loi xe t v xe my) nhm mc ch bo v mi trng, gim thiu cc tc ng nguy hi i vi sc khe cng ng. Tiu chun ny ch yu tp trung vo cc cht nhim c trng do t, xe my thi ra l CO, NOx, CxHy v Ch. Nm 2001 B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh TCVN 6438:2001 - Phng tin giao thng ng b - Gii hn ln nht cho php ca kh thi. Tiu chun ny dng kim sot ngun thi t cc xe c ang vn hnh, cc xe xut xng c sn xut trong nc cng nh cc xe nhp khu t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam. V cc tiu chun x kh i vi cc ngun di ng: Lut khng kh sch ca M t ra cc tiu chun p dng cho t, cc xe ti nh, cc xe but v cc loi xe my. Nm 1963, Lut khng kh sch cho php p dng cc tiu chun x kh ca
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
35
Lin bang i vi t v cc xe ti nh. Nhng tiu chun ny c hiu lc vo nm 1968. C quan bo v mi trng M (EPA) cng ch thi hnh cc tiu chun ny bng cch tin hnh mt chng trnh kim tra v chng nhn nhm m bo rng cc loi xe kiu mi, k c cc xe nhp khu, phi p ng c cc tiu chun ny. Nm 1990, cc sa i i vi Lut khng kh sch M p dng tiu chun tiu chun x thi t cc ng x cht ch hn i vi cc xe t con v cc xe ti nh, nhm gim x thi cacbua hydro 35% v xt nit 60%, so vi cc tiu chun hin hnh. Theo k hoch, nhng tiu chun ny bt u c hiu lc vo nm 1994 v hon thnh vic thc thi vo nm 1996. Nm 2003, c th s p dng vng 2 xit cht cc tiu chun x kh, ty thuc vo kt qu ca mt nghin cu v cc cng ngh sch, v vo nhu cu cn thit, v tnh hiu qu ca chi ph ca cc phng php kim sot b sung. Cc tiu chun sn phm cho cc ngun di ng: Cc tiu chun sn phm ng dng cho cc ngun nhim di ng bao gm nhng iu cm bn cc loi xng c cc thnh phn gy nhim mi trng. V d, Lut khng kh sch ca M yu cu EPA kim sot cc nhin liu v cc ph gia nhin liu s dng cho cc ngun di ng. Vi thm quyn ny, EPA dn dn loi b vic s dng ch tng ch s c-tan, v nh vy s c hi cho sc khe. Bn sa i Lut khng kh sch nm 1990 ca M yu cu phi gim, theo thi gian biu, tnh cht bay hi ca xng v hm lng lu hunh ca du iezen. Ngoi ra, cc chng trnh mi yu cu s dng cc nhin liu sch hn (c gi l xng ci tin) c khi ng vo nm 1995 ti 9 thnh ph c vn zn ti t nht, cc thnh ph khc c th ty chn vic tham gia vo chng trnh xng ci tin. Theo Bn sa i Lut nm 1990, xng ci tin s cha t nht l 2% xy (bng cch cho thm cn), khng qu 25% cc hp cht hu c thm, khng c ch, khng qu 1% benzen v cht ty ra, cng thm mt quy cch thc hin yu cu phi gim 15% khi lng x thi cc cht hu c v cc cht nhim khng kh c hi. 2.4.5 Tiu chun ting n Ting n l mt trong nhng dng nhim mi trng rt c hi i vi sc khe con ngi. Vi mc n khong 50 dBA lm suy gim hiu sut lm vic, nht l i vi lao ng tr c. Vi mc n khong 70 dBA lm tng nhp th v nhp p ca tim, lm tng nhit c th v tng huyt p, nh hng n hot ng ca d dy v gim hng th lao ng. Sng v lm vic trong mi trng c mc n khong 90 dBA s b mt mi, mt ng, b tn thng chc nng ca thnh gic, mt thng bng c th v b suy nhc thn kinh. V vy cn phi c tiu chun ting n lm c s php l kim sot v khng ch nhim ting n, bo v iu kin lm vic v sc khe ca cng ng. Tiu chun v ting n thng c 3 loi: - Mc n ti a cho php i vi ngun n; - Mc n ti a cho php i vi khu cng cng v dn c; - Mc n ti a cho php trong cng trnh. a. Tiu chun v mc n ti a cho php i vi cc ngun n Ngun n thng l ting n ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti, ting n ca cc my mc thit b. Tiu chun ny dng kim sot mc n do tng phng tin giao thng (xe) hay tng thit b, my mc gy ra. Bng 18 gii thiu tiu chun TCVN 5948:1999 - Ting n do phng tin giao thng ng b pht ra khi tng tc - Mc n ti a cho php. Bng 18. Gi tr mc n ti a cho php (TCVN 5948:1999) Loi phng tin 1. Xe my hai bnh
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
Mc n ti a cho php (dBA) Mc 1 Mc 2
36
Tc ln nht khng qu 30km/h Tc ln nht qu 30km/h 2. L3 (M t), L4 v L5 (Xe ba bnh): dung tch xi lanh 80cm3 3 80 cm < dung tch xi lanh 175 cm3 dung tch xi lanh > 175 cm3
70 73 75 77 80
70 73 75 77 80
b. Tiu chun v mc n ti a cho php i vi khu vc cng cng v dn c Ting n y l ting n tng cng ca mi ngun do hot ng ca con ngi v giao thng vn ti, sn xut, dch v, vui chi gii tr v.v.. gy ra, tc ng n cc khu cng cng v dn c xung quanh. Tiu chun ny thng dng kim sot v nh gi tc ng ting n ca cc dng xe giao thng vn ti ng b, ng st, hot ng ca sn bay, tuyn my bay ln xung v hot ng ca cc nh my, x nghip i vi cc khu cng cng v dn c xung quanh. Bng 19 di y gii thiu tiu chun TCVN 5949:1998 v mc n gii hn ti a cho php i vi khu vc cng cng v dn c. Bng 19. Gii hn ti a cho php i vi khu vc cng cng v dn c (theo mc m tng ng), dBA Khu vc 1. Khu vc cn c bit yn tnh: Bnh vin, th vin, nh iu dng, nh tr, trng hc, nh th, cha chin 2. Khu dn c, khch sn, nh ngh, c quan hnh chnh 3. Khu dn c xen k trong khu vc thng mi, dch v, sn xut c. Tiu chun mc n c s sn xut Mc n cho php ti cc v tr lm vic c quy nh theo Tiu chun ting n - Tiu chun v sinh lao ng - B Y t (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3733/2002/ Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B Y t). Tiu chun ny quy nh mc ting n cho php ti cc v tr lm vic trong mi trng lao ng ca cc x nghip, c s sn xut, c quan chu nh hng ca ting n. i. Mc n cho php ti cc v tr lm vic c nh gi bng mc p sut m tng ng (sau y gi l mc m) ti mi v tr lm vic, trong sut ca lao ng (8 gi), o theo c tnh A, khng c vt qu 85 dBA, mc cc i khng c vt qu 115 dBA. ii. Nu tng thi gian tip xc vi ting n trong ngy khng qu: 4 gi, mc m cho php l 90 dBA. 2 gi, mc m cho php l 95 dBA. 1 gi, mc m cho php l 100 dBA. 30 pht, mc m cho php l 105 dBA. 15 pht, mc m cho php l 110 dBA. v mc cc i khng qu 115 dBA. thi gian lm vic cn li trong ngy lm vic ch c tip xc vi mc m di 80 dBA. iii. Mc m cho php i vi ting n xung thp hn 5dBA so vi cc gi tr nu trong mc i, ii. iv. t c nng sut lm vic ti cc v tr lao ng khc nhau cn m bo mc m ti khng vt qu gi tr trong bng di y. 6h - 18h 50 Thi gian 18h - 22h 45 22h - 6h 40
60 75
55 70
50 50
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
37
Bng 20. Mc p sut m ti mt s v tr lm vic Mc p sut Mc m cc di c ta vi tn s trung tm (Hz) m tng khng qu [dB] V tr lm vic ng khng qu 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 [dBA] 1. Ti v tr lm vic, sn xut 85 99 92 86 83 80 78 76 74 trc tip 80 94 87 82 78 75 73 71 70 2.Bung theo di v iu khin t xa khng c thng tin bng in thoi, cc phng th nghim, thc nghim c ngun n nh 70 87 79 72 68 65 63 61 59 3. Bung theo di v iu khin t xa c thng tin bng in thoi, phng iu phi, phng lp my chnh xc, nh my ch 4. Cc phng chc nng, 65 83 74 68 63 60 57 55 54 hnh chnh, k ton, k hoch, thng k 55 75 66 59 54 50 47 45 43 5. Cc phng lm vic tr c, nghin cu thit k, thng k, my tnh, phng th nghim l thuyt v x l s liu thc nghim 2.4.6 Tiu chun v cht thi rn Tiu chun qun l cht thi rn khc vi tiu chun cht lng nc hay cht lng khng kh ch n khng quy nh gii hn cc ch tiu tnh cht ca cht thi rn, m l tiu chun p dng cho cc kha cnh ca vic qun l cht thi rn bao gm lu cha, thu gom, vn chuyn, b cht thi rn, cng nh qun l, vn hnh, bo dng cc phng tin. Chng cng bao gm cc quy nh v gim thiu v ti ch cht thi. Cc tiu chun k thut v vn hnh lin quan ti vic thu gom cht thi rn, quy nh r cc loi hnh thng cha, cc a im thu gom cc thng rc v c s lng cng nh loi cht thi phi thu gom. Chng cng quy nh tn sut thu gom (v d, mt hoc hai ln mt tun, ti cc khu dn c), cng nh nhng yu cu i vi chnh cc xe c thu gom. Cc tiu chun cng bao gm cc yu cu v ting n i vi cc xe thu gom v vn chuyn rc, yu cu v cc c cu nn cht thi i vi cc xe ti rc. Mt s ni cn yu cu cc xe thu gom rc phi y kn trong mi lc, tr lc cht hay d rc, phi c duy tr trong tnh trng tt v thu gom rc vo ban m. nc ta cho n nay cha ban hnh cc tiu chun ring v qun l cht thi rn, cng nh cc tiu chun k thut i vi cc bi chn rc. Ch c cc thng t, ch th ca Nh nc v qun l rc thi nh: - Ch th s 199/TTg, ngy 3/4/1997 ca Th tng Chnh ph v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l cht thi rn th v khu cng nghip. - Thng t lin tch s 1590/1997/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD, ngy 17/10/1997 ca B KH, CN v MT v B Xy dng hng dn thi hnh ch th s 199/TTg. - Cng vn s 4527-tr ngy 8/6/1996 ca B Y t, hng dn x l cht thi rn trong bnh vin.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
38
- Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 13 thng 01 nm 2001 ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng v B Xy dng v Hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn. nhiu nc, trong tiu chun qun l mi trng cn a ra nhng bin php gim s lng rc to ra, cng nh khuyn khch vic s dng li cc vt liu ph thi. M chng hn, mt s bang c lut yu cu bt buc c dn phi u thc thu nht li nhng vt c th ti ch ti ni rc bn l ng. Mt s Bang yu cu phi phn loi cht thi t cc h thnh cc loi khc nhau, trc khi thu gom. Chnh ph Php quy nh phi dng cc vt liu, nguyn t hay cc ngun nng lng nht nh to u kin d dng cho vic khi phc li cc thnh phn vt liu. Chnh ph cng c th yu cu cc nh ch to v cc nh nhp khu s dng cc vt liu tn dng bo v mi trng hoc gim bt s thiu ht mt vt liu no . Tuy nhin, vic ny cn phi tham kho v thng lng nht tr vi cc t chc nghip on trc khi p t cc yu cu ny. Cc tiu chun k thut v vn hnh v cht thi rn cng chi phi vic chn a im, thit k, xy dng v ng ca cc phng tin x l cht thi rn. V d, M, Lut Bo tn v Khi phc ti nguyn cm xy dng cc bi thi h v yu cu cc bi chn rc ang hot ng phi c nng cp t tiu chun cc bi rc hp v sinh trc mt ngy no . Nhng sa i gn y i vi Lut Bo tn v Khi phc ti nguyn cho php pht trin cc tiu chun cc bi rc hp v sinh; chng bao gm cc h thng pht hin r r (i vi nhng bi rc trn t), gim st nc ngm, nhng hn ch v a im v cc hnh ng sa cha. Nhng sa i ny cng cho php c cc quy nh cm xy dng cc bi chn rc nhng ni c mi trng nhy cm. Php, cc tiu chun k thut cp ti b tr mt bng a im, cnh quan, kim sot v qun l nc cn bi rc, qun l cc kh ln men, kim sot nc chy ti trnh s xm nhp ca cc cht thi cng nghip ra cc vng xung quanh bi chn rc, cng nh kim sot vic hu khai thc bi chn rc. Cc loi giy php qun l cht thi rn: Cc loi giy php c cp cho cc loi phng tin s dng trong thu gom, thi v x l cht thi rn c ph duyt, m bo cng tc thi b cht thi an ton. Anh, Lut kim sot nhim nm 1974 cho php thit lp mt h thng cp giy php ton din cho vic b cht thi rn. Lut ny coi vic , cha cc cht thi gia nh, thng mi, cng ngh trn t hoc vic s dng cc nh my b rc thi khng c giy php l mt hnh ng vi phm php lut. Cc giy php v a im b cht thi ch c th c cp, nu nh giy php quy hoch cn c a im ny c hiu lc. Chng c th phi tun theo cc iu kin do cc c quan qun l b cht thi quy nh v c th bao gm cc hng mc nh: thi hn ca giy php; s gim st bi ngi gi giy php; loi v s lng cht thi, cc phng tin x l cht thi; cc bin php phng cn c; nhng cng vic thch hp cho vic gii quyt cht thi; v cc cng vic cn phi hon thnh trc khi cc hot ng c php bt u, hoc trong khi cc hot ng tip din. 2.4.7 Tiu chun v cht thi nguy hi qun l cc cht thi c hi, mt s nc thc hin phng cch qun l t ni n m. Cch ny i hi phi c mt b cc tiu chun, quy nh, yu cu ton din, p dng cho vic qun l cht thi c hi t im cht thi c to ra cho n im b cui cng. Cc loi tiu chun khc nhau (k thut, vn hnh, sn phm, lm sch v cc yu cu khc) p dng i vi nhng ngi to ra, vn chuyn cht thi c hi, cng nh cc phng tin ct cha, x l v b chng. Nm 2004, B Xy dng ban hnh TCXDVN 320:2004 - Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi-Tiu chun thit k. Bn cnh B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ang tin hnh xy dng tiu chun qun l cht thi c hi. Ni dung ca tiu chun qun l cht thi nguy hi thng thng bao gm cc vn di y:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
39
a. Cc tiu chun k thut vn hnh Cc tiu chun k thut v cc yu cu vn hnh p dng i vi nhng ngi to ra v vn chuyn cht thi c hi bao gm cc bc ng k vi c quan qun l, phn tch cht thi v lu tr h s c th theo di cht thi t im to ra cho ti im b cui cng. V d, ngi to ra cht thi cn da theo mt s tnh cht nht nh xc nh xem c c hi khng (tnh bc chy, tnh n mn, kh nng phn ng, c tnh ). H cng c th phi chu trch nhim ly c s chng th ca Hng v giy php cho cc phng tin to ra cht thi, s dng cc container vn chuyn thch hp v chun b mt n khai chuyn hng (mu chuyn hng) theo di cht thi khi ri a im sinh ra. Trong mt s nc, cc quy nh v gim, ti ch, x l cht thi, yu cu nhng ngi to ra cht thi phi gim khi lng cht thi c hi do h to ra. Cc phng php gim cht thi bao gm: tch bit cht thi c th ti ch, thay th nguyn liu, thay i qu trnh cng ngh v thay th sn phm. Yu cu i vi nhng ngi vn chuyn cht thi c hi bao gm lp nhn cht thi, ng gi trc khi vn chuyn cht thi. Chng cng bao gm vic theo di, bo co v bt k mt s thi hay trn vi no xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn v x l. Cc tiu chun k thut, vn hnh quy nh v cc k thut thit k, xy dng v bo tr cng nh cc cng ngh kim sot nhim i vi cc phng tin lu gi, x l v b cht thi c hi. Chng cng t ra cc yu cu i vi cc trng hp khn cp, x l n khai chuyn hng, lu tr h s, x l v ct cha cht thi, cc container v cc thng cha cc cht thi, gim st, ng ca ni thi, trch nhim ti chnh khi xy ra s c trong qu trnh vn hnh. Cc tiu chun k thut quy nh i vi cc bi chn rc v cc n v x l cht thi trn mt t. Chng cp n cc quy nh i vi s t v pha trn cht thi b cm nh cc loi du t v x l cc cht thi b cm. Chng cng quy nh mc hoc phng php x l c th gim ng k c hi cng nh cc phng tin x l, ct cha, b khc. Cc tiu chun ny cng c th bao gm cc lnh cm tuyt i vic thi b trn t i vi mt s cht thi c hi. V d: cc cht thi lng c hi c lng ln, hoc khng ng trong container b cm khng c vo bt k mt bi chn rc no v c th c nhng kim ch nghim ngt i vi vic b cc cht lng khng c hi vo cc bi chn rc c hi. mt s nc, vic chn lp cc cht thi c c t cao b cm hoc s dn dn cm hn sau mt thi k nht nh. b. Cc tiu chun sn phm Mt s nc kim sot vic thi b cc cht c hi bng cch thng qua cc tiu chun v cc cng c kim sot sn phm. V d, yu cu cc ti liu k thut nh km bn cho bn ha cht cn bao gm thng tin v kh nng b hoc thu hi cc giai on s dng khc nhau i vi ha cht . Vic ch to, bn, nhp khu, xut khu hoc b cht c nguy him hoc mt s thuc tr su c th b cm ngn chn s nhim nghim trng hoc cc tc ng xu i vi sc khe. Ngoi ra cc nh cm quyn c th t ra cc tiu chun an ton cho thuc tr su v loi khi th trng, kim ch vic s dng, hoc t chi khng cho ng k cc sn phm thuc tr su nu khng t cc tiu chun bo v mi trng. H cng c th kim sot cc phng php thi b cc ha cht, hoc c hnh ng khn cp i ph vi cc ha cht hoc hn hp ha cht c th gy ra cc nguy c s lan truyn rng gy tn thng n sc khe v mi trng. c. Cc tiu chun thi Cc tiu chun thi quy nh mc m bt k s thi b cc cht thi c hi no vo mi trng u khng c vt qu. Ni chung, mc ny trng hp vi mc do cc tiu chun cht lng mi trng xung quanh hin hnh quy nh. d. Cc loi giy php nhiu nc quy nh: Cc phng tin x l, lu cha v b cc cht thi c hi cn phi tun theo mt h thng cp giy php m bo hot ng an ton. H thng cp giy php m bo rng cc phng tin qun l cht thi c hi phi t c cc tiu chun t ra, phn ln cc tiu chun ny c thit k bo v nc ngm. V d M, Lut bo tn v khi phc ti nguyn (RCRA) yu cu bt k ai lin quan n vic to ra, ct cha, vn chuyn, x l hoc
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
40
b cc loi cht thi c hi u cn phi c c quan bo v mi trng quc gia (EPA) hoc c quan ca Bang c y quyn cp giy php. Cc phng tin x l, ct cha v b cht thi c cp giy php phi lm ng mi tiu chun v cc yu cu k thut nu trong lut ny. Cc n v xin giy php cn phi nu r cc k hoch d phng cho cc trng hp khn cp; cc phng php phn tch cht thi; thi im thanh tra; cc quy trnh vn hnh ngn nga nhim ti a im; thit k b tr mt bng ca ni thi; cng trnh k thut, cc bin php bo v nc ngm; cc k hoch ng ca v sau ng ca, cc container, thng cha v l t c dng ti a im. Lut cng y quyn cho cc thanh tra vin ca EPA c vo a im tin hnh thanh tra, ly mu cht thi v kim tra, sao chp li cc h s. Ti Phn Lan, mt c s mun tip nhn cc cht thi c hi sn sinh ra t bt k ni no, tin hnh tin x l hoc b, cn phi c giy php do chnh quyn tnh cp. Cc c s sn sinh ra cht thi c hi hoc cc cht thi khc vi mt s lng v cht lng khng ging vi cc cht thi sinh hot do cc h dn thi ra, th cn phi d tho mt k hoch qun l cht thi trnh chnh quyn tnh xt duyt.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
41
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP TRONG QUN L MI TRNG
3.1 Quy hoch mi trng 3.1.1 Khi nim chung Quy hoch mi trng (QHMT) l vic xc lp cc mc tiu mi trng mong mun, xut v la chn phng n, gii php bo v, ci thin v pht trin mt/nhng mi trng thnh phn hay ti nguyn ca mi trng nhm tng cng mt cch tt nht nng lc, cht lng ca chng theo mc tiu ra. QHMT hng vo vic t chc khng gian lnh th v s dng cc thnh phn mi trng ph hp vi chc nng mi trng v iu kin t nhin, lm cho khu vc quy hoch m bo c cc chc nng ch yu ca mi trng: khng gian sng ca con ngi, cung cp ngun ti nguyn, ni tip nhn cht thi. Mc ch chnh ca QHMT khu vc l iu ha gia pht trin kinh t-x hi v BVMT. Ni dung iu ha ca QHMT l m bo mt cch chc chn s pht trin kinh t-x hi khng vt qu kh nng chu ng ca mi trng t nhin v m bo s pht trin kinh t v x hi ph hp tt nht vi h thng t nhin. QHMT l s c th ha cc chin lc, chnh sch v BVMT v l c s xy dng cc chng trnh, k hoch hnh ng mi trng. QHMT l mt cng c c tnh chin lc trong pht trin, BVMT, c coi l mt phng php thch hp tin ti tng lai theo mt phng hng, mc tiu do ta vch ra. 3.1.2 Quy trnh quy hoch mi trng Quy trnh QHMT v c bn cng tng t nh trong cc lnh quy hoch khc, tuy rng khi nim mi trng thng c hiu l i lin vi thin nhin hay cc him ha mi trng (Hnh 2). Cc bc c bn ca QHMT bao gm: - iu tra, thu thp cc thng tin v iu kin ti nguyn v mi trng khu vc nghin cu. - Xem xt cc kha cnh mi trng quan tm xc nh nhng vn mi trng bc xc. - Hnh thnh mc tiu. - xut gii php qun l nhm thc hin phng n quy hoch xut. - nh gi tc ng mi trng, iu kin mi trng, phng n, d n. QHMT c tin hnh trong mt phm vi khng gian xc nh, thng tng ng vi cc n v hnh chnh. Tuy nhin, ngay c trong trng hp , c th xem xt vn mt cch y hn, cn c thm thng tin cc vng nh hng nm ngoi khu vc nghin cu quy hoch. QUY TRNH QUY HOCH Thc hin, gim st
iu kin mi trng
Vn TNMT
Mc tiu mi trng
Thit k quy hoch
Qun l
nh gi: iu kin MT, tc ng MT, phng n Hnh 2. Quy trnh quy hoch mi trng
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
42
3.1.3 Ni dung quy hoch mi trng a. iu tra, kho st v thu thp cc thng tin v iu kin mi trng ca khu vc: - Thng tin v iu kin t nhin. - Thng tin v c im kinh t - x hi. - Thng tin v bi cnh pht trin khu vc: phn nh s tng tc gia cc h thng x hi v h thng t nhin, bao gm cc quan h ca khu vc nghin cu vi vng khc do v tr a l; cc lnh vc pht trin chnh nh hng mnh n khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin v cht lng mi trng xung quanh; nhng thun li v hn ch v iu kin t nhin, kinh t-x hi, chnh tr v th ch. - C quan iu hnh hot ng pht trin v cc nhm lin quan. b. nh gi ti nguyn thin nhin, tc ng v him ha mi trng, d bo xu th bin i mi trng - nh gi ti nguyn thin nhin: nh gi tim nng ca cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin khu vc c ngha quan trng cho s pht trin hin ti v tng lai. - TM v nh gi ri ro mi trng. - nh gi tim nng, tnh thch hp cho pht trin: phn tch cc nhn t sinh thi ca t ai nhm tm ra mc tim nng/s thch hp ca mi trng i vi mt hay nhiu mc ch s dng khc nhau. c. Xc nh vn mi trng then cht - Cc vn ti nguyn thin nhin. - Cc vn lin quan n nhim v him ha mi trng. - Cc vn mi trng c nguy c cao. d. Thit lp mc tiu mi trng - Mc tiu chin lc/lu di: c xc lp da trn chin lc BVMT cp quc gia, vng hay a phng v nhng vn ti nguyn mi trng c th ca mi vng. - Mc tiu c th: c tnh nh lng, nhng tiu ch phi t c trong mt khong thi gian ngn trc mt. e. Thit k quy hoch Thit k quy hoch l vic th hin cc tng quy hoch mt cch c th bng cc gii php hp l, khoa hc nhm t ti cc mc tiu mi trng la chn. - Quy hoch qun l ti nguyn: mi trng khu vc quy hoch s c phn chia thnh cc tiu vng khc nhau, trn c s xy dng chin lc s dng t v qun l ti nguyn, mi trng. - Phn vng qun l cht lng MT: c p dng trong mt s trng hp nh quy hoch qun l cht lng nc mt theo mc ch s dng, quy hoch qun l cht lng MT mt lnh th, f. Qun l quy hoch Mc ch ca qun l quy hoch l nhm to ra mt khung php l v t chc cn thit, tng cng nng lc qun l nh nc, pht huy vai tr ca cc c quan v t chc x hi, to ra ngun lc ti chnh cn thit, t chc hot ng quan trc v gim st thc hin cc ni dung quy hoch xut. 3.2 Ngn nga nhim v vng i sn phm 3.2.1 Ngn nga nhim
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
43
a. Khi nim Ngn nga nhim (Polluted prevention) l vic s dng cc nguyn vt liu, cc tin trnh hay cc thc hnh nhm gim thiu hay loi b vic to ra cht nhim hay cht thi ngun. iu ny bao gm cc thc hnh gim thiu vic s dng cc nguyn liu nguy hi, nng lng, nc hay cc ti nguyn khc, v cc thc hnh nhm bo v ti nguyn thin nhin thng qua bo tn hay s dng hiu qu hn. Da trn nh ngha ny, ngn nga nhim thc y s chuyn dch t kim sot cui ng ng sang chin lc gim thiu ngun. V d: Chnh sch ngn nga nhim ca Hoa K loi b s dng ch trong xng v cm vic s dng DDT c hiu lc vo nm 1972. Cc chin lc thc hin ngn nga nhim: Trong khi ngn nga nhim thc y s gim thiu cht thi pht sinh t tt c cc ngnh ca x hi, s nhn mnh ca n chnh ln ngnh cng nghip, ngun nhim cht thi nguy hi ch yu. Hai mc tiu ch yu cho ngn nga nhim cng nghip l: (1) gim thiu ngun; (2) thay th s dng ho cht c hi. - Gim thiu ngun l thc hnh lm gim i lng nhim bn cht nguy hi hay nguy hi nhp vo dng thi hay a ra mi trng trc khi ti ch, x l hay thi b. - Thay th s dng ho cht c hi l thc hnh s dng ho cht t nguy hi hn nhng ni c nhiu cht nguy hi. Mt s k thut c xut gip ngnh nng nghip t c cc mc tiu gim thiu ngun v thay th s dng ho cht c hi l: Phn loi ti ngun, thay th nguyn liu th, thay i qu trnh sn xut, v thay th sn phm. + Phn loi ti ngun: l qu trnh gi cht thi nguy hi tip xc vi cht thi khng nguy hi. + Thay th nguyn liu th: s dng nguyn liu u vo t pht sinh cht thi hay khng c cht thi nguy hi. + Thay i qu trnh sn xut: S dng cc phng php sn xut thay i sao cho t pht sinh cc sn phm ph nguy hi. + Thay th sn phm: la chn cc hng ho an ton i vi mi trng ni c cc sn phm tim nng nhim. 3.2.2 Vng i sn phm nh gi chu trnh sng (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA) sn phm l quy trnh phn tch cc tc ng ton din n mi trng ca sn phm bt u t qu trnh sn xut cho ti khi sn phm c s dng v to thnh cc loi cht thi. Trong qu trnh nh gi, ngi nh gi c gng tm ra v nh lng ha mi ngun nng lng v vt liu u vo u ra trong ton b thi gian tn ti ca sn phm: sn xut - lu thng - phn phi - s dng - tiu hy. Trn l thuyt th cc gi tr trn c th nh lng c, nhng trong thc t iu ny kh c th t c. Quy trnh nh gi LCA c th c cu trc hon ton khc nhau, ph thuc vo loi hnh sn phm v s di chuyn ca chng trong mt vng i sng, nhng u c mt s bc chung nh sau: - Xc nh v nh lng tt c cc ngun nng lng v vt liu u vo v u ra ca sn phm. - Xc nh nh hng v cc tc ng mi trng ca sn phm trong ton b thi gian sng v qu trnh di chuyn ca chng. - Xc nh v phn tch cc kh nng gim thiu tc ng n mi trng ca sn phm trong tng cng on hot ng v di chuyn ca sn phm.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
44
Kh khn ln nht, ng thi l ni dung ch yu ca LCA l nh lng ha cc tc ng mi trng ti tng cng on v thi im di chuyn ca sn phm, do c kh nhiu yu t c th nh hng ti cc gi tr ca cc thng s cn thu thp nh: cc quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ra mt loi sn phm c th khc nhau v l b quyt cng ngh ca nh sn xut. Kh khn th hai l mc tc ng ca sn phm n mi trng, ph thuc vo ngi s dng mi trng tn ti v hot ng ca sn phm. Mt khc, c rt nhiu loi sn phm trn th trng, m vic lit k danh sch ca chng l vic lm kh khn vi nh qun l, nn thu thp ht cc tc ng mi trng ca chng thc ra khng th tin hnh c. Tuy nhin, vic la chn cc nhm sn phm in hnh nh gi hoc vic nh gi cc sn phm chnh ca cc nh sn xut l ni dung c th thc hin c. Li ch ca LCA i vi sn phm c th thy c l kh nng gim bt cc tc ng mi trng ca sn phm, thng qua vic gim nng lng v ngun nhin liu trong qu trnh sn xut, lu thng, phn phi v s dng. Cc bin php thc hin gim thiu c th l thay i cng ngh, thit b, quy trnh bo qun v s dng. Thng qua cc bin php trn, cc cng ty c kh nng gim thiu cc chi ph nng lng v nguyn liu khng cn thit, thit k v pht trin cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng hn. Tt c nhng gii php trn mang li hiu qu kinh t v mi trng i vi tng nh sn xut ni ring v ton b x hi loi ngi ni chung. 3.3 Cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng 3.3.1 Khi nim c bn v kinh t mi trng "Kinh t mi trng l cng c kinh t c s dng nghin cu mi trng v iu cng c ngha l trong tnh ton kinh t phi xt n cc vn mi trng". Cc vn ny nm gia kinh t v cc h t nhin nn rt phc tp, do c th coi kinh t mi trng l mt ngnh ph trung gian gia cc ngnh khoa hc t nhin v khoa hc x hi. Nhng im cn ghi nh khi xem xt kinh t mi trng:
Ti nguyn khng ti to nh du m, than , kh t c th b cn kit. Do , con ngi phi tm ti nguyn thay th hoc tm cng ngh s dng cc loi nng lng c coi l vnh cu (nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri, nng lng thu triu, v.v...). Con ngi c th kim sot c kh nng phc hi ti nguyn ti to v kh nng hp th ca mi trng. Nng cao trch nhim i vi thin nhin (vai tr qun l mi trng). Tm cch kim sot dn s.
3.3.2 Khi nim c bn v kinh t cht thi Kinh t cht thi bao gm tt c cc kha cnh pht sinh, thu gom, vn chuyn, ti ch, thiu t, hoc chn lp cc cht thi, chng c sinh ra t cc hot ng ca mt nn kinh t v nhng tc ng v mt kinh t ca cng tc thiu t, chn lp cc cht thi ti mi trng mt khi chng c thi ra mi trng. 3.3.3 Kim ton mi trng Kim ton mi trng l cng c ca qun l mi trng bao gm vic ghi chp c h thng, c chu k v nh gi mt cch khch quan cng tc t chc qun l mi trng, s vn hnh cc thit b, c s vt cht vi mc ch kim sot cc hot ng v nh gi s tun th ca cc doanh nghip i vi cc chnh sch v tiu chun ca nh nc v mi trng. C hai hnh thc tin hnh kim ton mi trng: kim ton ni b v kim ton t bn ngoi. Kim ton ni b l vic t nh gi cc hot ng v vic thi hnh cc quy nh v mi trng ca mnh nhm rt ra cc bi hc ci thin cng tc qun l mi trng ca c s, khc phc cc nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng, ci thin h thng qun l mi trng ca c s.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
45
Kim ton mi trng t bn ngoi l vic t chc nh gi s tun th cc quy nh mi trng ca cc nh thu ph, cc nh cung ng vt t, hay cc i l ca nh sn xut xem h c tun th cc quy nh mi trng v c ng tin cy hay khng, hoc vic nh gi s tun th cc quy nh mi trng ca c s sn xut do mt bn th ba tin hnh theo yu cu ca khch hng. C mt s dng kim ton mi trng: kim ton cht thi, kim ton s tun th cc quy nh v chnh sch mi trng, kim ton nhng a im c cc vn v mi trng, kim ton s tun th cc nguyn tc phng nga nhim, kim ton vic thc hin cc cng tc bo v mi trng. Trong thc t nc ta hin nay, kim ton cht thi l loi hnh ang ph bin v pht trin. Mt s bo co TM cc c s ang hot ng c xy dng theo ni dung bo co kim ton mi trng. Quy trnh thc hin cng tc kim ton mi trng bao gm nhng bc c bn nh sau: - Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi ca t kim ton - La chn cc nhm cn b kim ton - Xy dng k hoch kim ton - Lp cc th tc kim ton nh lp phiu iu tra, cc danh mc iu tra - Nghin cu ti liu trc khi kim ton - T chc v ch tr cuc hp bt u kim ton - Thu thp v nh gi cc chng c kim ton thng qua vic s dng cc danh mc iu tra, phng vn cc nhn vt ch cht, thm v nghin cu c s, r sot v kim tra cc t liu - Xc nh cc pht hin mi ca kim ton - T chc v ch tr cuc hp kt thc kim ton - Lp bo co kim ton Phm vi ca cc t kim ton mi trng c th thay i ph thuc vo cc mc tiu ra. Th d, trong ni dung ca kim ton cht thi c th c cc mc tiu sau y: + Kim ton s tun th v mi trng cc bin php x l v qun l cht thi + Kim ton cc nguy c v mi trng do cc cht thi gy ra + Kim ton h thng qun l cht thi trong phm vi c s sn xut + Kim ton cc bin php phng nga nhim do cc cht thi c th gy ra cho mi trng. V d v kim ton cht thi: Kim ton cht thi l vic quan st, o c v ghi chp cc s liu, thu thp v phn tch cc mu cht thi vi mc tiu l ngn nga vic sn sinh ra cht thi, gim thiu v quay vng cht thi. Kim ton cht thi l bc u tin trong qu trnh nhm ti u ho vic tn dng trit ti nguyn v nng cao hiu qu ca sn xut. Ni dung ca kim ton cht thi: - Xc nh ngun, khi lng v loi hnh cc cht thi ca c s. - Thu thp tt c cc s liu v cc cng on sn xut, u vo, u ra: nguyn liu, nng lng, nc v cht thi - Cc khu sn xut km hiu qu v qun l km - Cc mc tiu gim thiu cht thi - Cc phng php gim thiu cht thi v hiu qu kinh t ca gim thiu cht thi. Thc hin kim ton cht thi Kim ton cht thi c thc hin theo 3 giai on v 20 bc Giai on 1: Tin kim ton Bc 1: Chun b kim ton
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
46
Thnh lp i kim ton vi s lng ngi tu thuc vo quy m nh my v s phc tp ca cng ngh sn xut.Thng thng i kim ton c thnh phn gm chuyn gia mi trng, cn b k thut v cng nhn sn xut. Bn cnh lc lng trn cn c mt lc lng ngoi thc hin cng vic phn tch o c s liu. Xc nh trng tm ca cuc kim ton: tin hnh vi ton b cc cng on ca quy trnh sn xut ca nh my hay ch mt cng on ca sn xut nh tht thot nguyn nhin liu, cc cht thi quan trng, cc cht thi c hi theo quy nh hin hnh, cht thi c chi ph x l cao. Thu thp cc thng tin lin quan n nh my nh s quy trnh sn xut ca nh my, cc s liu lu tr v quan trc cht thi, bn ngun nc-a hnh-dn c khu vc tip gip, cc nh my c quy trnh sn xut tng t, cc cht thi i km vi sn xut, cc im tiu th nhiu nc trong nh my, cc ho cht s dng trong nh my v quy trnh s dng v bo qun, cc a im pht sinh cht thi rn-lng-kh t nh my. Cuc kim ton phi c tin hnh trong iu kin sn xut bnh thng khng nh hng ti cht lng kim ton v sn lng ca x nghip. Bc 2: Xem xt cc cng on sn xut Thu thp ton b thng tin v quy trnh sn xut ca nh my v quan h qua li ca chng. Th hin cc thng tin trn s , bn v bng s liu. Trong bc kho st ban u ny cn ghi nhn y cc s liu v nguyn liu, sn phm ni cha ng, cc quy trnh thao tc trong sn xut, cc a im pht sinh cht thi. Bc 3: Xy dng s quy trnh sn xut S quy trnh sn xut c th xy dng bng cch ni cc cng on sn xut vi nhau di dng s khi. Cc cng on sn xut trung gian c th th hin bng ng gch chm. i vi cc c s sn xut phc tp c th s dng s khi cc khu vc sn xut chnh v th hin chi tit cc khu vc ring trong s t l ln. Vic xy dng cc s ny cng chi tit th kt qu kim ton cng c gi tr. Trong qu trnh ny c th lu n s pht sinh cc ngun cht thi v kh nng ngn nga chng. Giai on 2: Tnh ton cn bng vt cht u vo-u ra Bc 4: Xc inh u vo Ghi chp nh lng v s liu u vo ca tng cng on sn xut v ton b nh my nh vt liu th, ho cht, nc, kh thi, nng lng. Khi ghi chp cc s liu u vo ny phi kim tra s mua hoc nhp nguyn vt liu. Trong nhiu trng hp tht thot nguyn vt liu xy ra ti khu bo qun v vn chuyn, do vy cn ch ti cc kho cha v qu trnh vn chuyn. Ghi chp v xc nh cc chi ph nguyn vt liu trong tng cng on sn xut k c tn tht do bo qun v vn chuyn, nh lng ho cc chi ph nguyn vt liu cho tng cng on v ton b nh my. i vi nguyn liu rn cn m s lng bao v cn kim tra, i vi cht lng phi kim tra dung tch ca bnh cha, i vi nc v nng lng c th o kim tra th. Trong qu trnh ny cn kt hp o c kim tra vi vic phng vn v nghe kin ca cng nhn trc tip sn xut. Bc 5: o lng nc tiu th Cc vn sau cn phi xem xt trc khi nh gi lng nc s dng cho c s sn xut: ngun nc v ni cha nc, kh nng cha nc ti ch, phng php vn chuyn nc (ngun nc, nc thi) bm hoc t chy, lng ma khu vc nh my. i vi tng cng on sn xut phi xem xt cc vn sau: lng nc s dng trong tng chi tit cng vic, lng nc dng trong mi thao tc, s ln lp li ca thao tc. Sau phi kim tra, o c v thng k lng nc s dng tng cng on v ton b nh my. Cc s liu ny phi a thnh bng vi n v l m3/nm hoc m3/ngy.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
47
Xc nh cc kh nng gim s tiu dng nc trong tng cng on, trong tng thao tc v nc lng ph nhm gim lng nc cp v nc thi ra mi trng, xc nh cc kh nng quay vng nc thi hoc dng nc thi ca cng on ny cho cc cng on sau. Tm kim cc b d tr nc sch ch ng ngun nc. Bc 6: Tnh ton lng nc thi c th ti s dng trong tng cng on v ton b nh my. Bc 7: nh lng u ra nh lng ton b u ra gm chnh phm, sn phm ph, sn phm ph thi, nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn, cht thi c x l, nc thi s dng quay vng, v d bng 21. Bng 21. nh lng u ra Cng on sn xut Cng on A Cng on B Cng on C Tng cng Chnh phm Ph phm Nc quay vng Nc thi Kh thi Cht thi Cht thi rn x l
Bc 8: Tnh ton lng nc thi Thu thp mu nc thi ca tng cng on sn xut, xc nh thnh phn v lu lng cc dng thi ca tng cng on. Xc nh s ho lu ca dng thi v cc im ho lu, s h thng dng chy nc thi ca nh my. Xc nh lng nc thi c x l, khng c x l. Trong qu trnh ny lu phi la chn a im ly mu sao cho n c th phn nh c thnh phn, tnh cht v lu lng nc thi trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my. Cc thng s cn u tin phn tch trc tin l pH, COD, BOD, SS, lng du m, kim loi nng v cc ho cht c lin quan n quy trnh sn xut ca nh my. Cc mu phi ly i din, lu lng dng thi phi o c hoc c lng cng chnh xc cng tt. Bc 9: Xc nh lng kh thi o lng kh thi trn cc ng khi ca nh my ng thi ly mu xc nh thnh phn kh thi. Vic o phi phn nh c cc giai on hot ng ca nh my v tng cng on. Tnh ton pht thi kh nhim theo cc phng trnh phn ng ca nguyn nhin liu khi chy t s liu tiu th nguyn nhin liu c thng k. nh gi nh tnh v nh lng thnh phn ca kh thi nh mi, nhit , tc thi, s c mt ca cc cht nhim trong kh thi, kh nng tc ng ca kh thi i vi mi trng. Thng k v nh gi s lng, cng sut v hiu qu ca vic x l kh thi tng cng on v ton b nh my. Bc 10: Tnh ton lng cht thi a ra bn ngoi a im sn xut Thng k lng cht thi cc loi a ra khi nh my n ni x l, chn ct hoc thi vo mi trng gm cc cht thi rn, kh lng, v d, bng 22. Bng 22. Bng tnh lng cht thi a ra ngoi nh my Cng on sn xut Khi lng Cng on A Cng on B Cng on C Tng cng Cht lng Khi lng Bn Khi lng Cht rn
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
48
Cn lu thu thp s liu v ngun gc cht thi, cc kh nng ti u ho v gim cht thi, kh nng thay i nguyn nhin liu u vo gim lng thi, c th tch cc cht thi c hi t cc cng on sn xut ring khng? Gi tr ca cht thi? Bc 11: Tng hp thng s u vo, u ra cho cc cng on sn xut Nguyn tc chung ca cc qu trnh sn xut l tng lng vt cht a vo qu trnh phi bng tng lng vt cht u ra k c sn phm v cht thi pht sinh. Tng hp thng s u vo tng cng on sn xut v ton b qu trnh sn xut ca nh my phi bng tng lng u ra. Bc 12: Thnh lp cn bng vt cht s b cho tng cng on sn xut Tnh cn bng vt cht cho tng loi cht nhim c th da trn cc s liu u vo, u ra v cc phn ng ho l xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut. Th d: tnh cn bng vt cht cho SO2, CO2, nc, Tnh cn bng vt cht cho ton b nh my da trn cc s liu u vo nguyn liu th, u ra sn phm v cc loi cht thi. Trong qu trnh ny cn xc nh lng cht thi pht sinh t cc cng on khc nhau theo nguyn l bo ton vt cht trn, lng cht thi c hi lu kho, mang ra khi nh my, c x l, khng c x l. n v tnh cn bng vt cht phi dng n v khi lng. Bc 13: nh gi cn bng vt cht Trong qu trnh ny cn pht hin cc im khng m bo cn bng vt cht v nguyn nhn dn n mt cn bng (thiu thng tin, do r r vt cht trong qu trnh sn xut). B sung cc thng tin thiu, xc nh cc nguyn nhn dn n mt cn bng vt cht. Bc 14: Hon thin cn bng vt cht Giai on 3: Tng hp v phn tch cc s liu kim ton 1. Da trn cc cn bng vt cht xc nh cc cng on v cc im pht sinh cht nhim cha khng ch c. 2. Xc nh cc bin php gim thiu cht thi tc thi v di hn. Bc 15: Xem xt cc bin php gim thiu tc thi Da vo cn bng vt cht v cc hiu bit v k thut cng ngh nu ln cc gii php gim thiu tc thi cc khu: mua nguyn liu u vo, bo qun nguyn liu, s dng nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut, cng ngh sn xut lc hu pht sinh cht thi c hi. Cc gii php gim thiu tc thi: bo dng thit b sn xut, kim tra ng dn nguyn liu v cht thi chng r r, gim thiu tiu hao nguyn liu tt c cc khu. Bc 16: Nghin cu cc c tnh ca cc cht thi Mc tiu ca bc ny l xc nh cc loi cht thi nguy him nht, c lng gi thnh x l cc cht thi , lit k cc loi cht thi cn phi gim thiu theo th t u tin. Bc 17: Tch cc dng thi c hi Tch cc dng thi t cc cng on khc nhau, mt s dng thi t cng on ny c th lm ngun cp cho cng on sau hoc ti quay vng trong cng on . Cc dng thi cha cc cht nguy him cn a vo x l hoc lu tr ch chuyn i x l ni khc, mt s khc t nguy him c th x l s b hoc tm thi (nu s lng t c th thi ra mi trng). y l bin php c th gim c chi ph x l. Bc 18: Xy dng cc gii php gim thiu cht thi di hn bng cc gii php k thut cng ngh nh thay i tnh cht ca qu trnh sn xut, thay i thit b sn xut, thay i s kim sot qu trnh sn xut (t ng ho) thay i iu kin sn xut (nhit , p sut, cht xc tc, thi gian,), thay i s lng v loi nguyn vt liu th, thay i nhin liu, thay i cng ngh sn xut, thay i loi sn phm. Bc 19: nh gi cc gii php gim thiu v mt kinh t v mi trng
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
49
nh gi mi trng bao gm nh gi cc li ch v mt mi trng c th thy c v cc tc hi c th pht sinh do cc bin php gim thiu. Trong qu trnh cn tr li cc cu hi sau cho tng bin php gim thiu: nh hung ca gii php ti s lng v thnh phn nhim ca cht thi? Qu trnh gim thiu trn c sinh ra cht nhim mi khng? C nh hng ti kh nng x l cht thi khng? C s dng nhiu hn ti nguyn khng ti to khng? Gii php c tn t nng lng khng? Cc chi ph pht sinh do vic vn hnh gii php Cc chi ph do thay i gi c nguyn liu, vn thit b, chi ph nng lng Cc li ch kinh t do gim khu x l cht thi, chi ph y t v ph mi trng Cc ri ro ca qu trnh u t mi, cc gii php mi.
nh gi kinh t i vi tng gii php c th cc kha cnh sau:
Bc 20: Xc nh k hoch hnh ng gm thiu cht thi Lch trnh p dng cc gii php gim thiu cht thi. Tuyn truyn v cc gii php gim thiu nhm to ra s ng h ca cng nhn thc hin cc bin php gim thiu. Gim st vic thc hin k hoch. 3.3.4 p dng cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng 1. Thu ti nguyn: Trc y l loi thu iu tit thu nhp trong hot ng khi thc ti nguyn. Ngy nay, v mc tiu bo v mi trng, thu ti nguyn phi c xc nh nhm hng ti s dng tit kim v hiu qu ti nguyn. i vi cc loi ti nguyn cn kit, thu phi c xc nh cn c vo mc suy gim ti nguyn. - Mc ch: + Hn ch cc nhu cu khng cp thit trong s dng ti nguyn. + Hn ch tn tht ti nguyn trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng. + To ngun thu cho ngn sch, iu ha quyn li gia cc tng lp dn c v s dng ti nguyn. - Cc loi thu ti nguyn: Thu s dng t, thu s dng nc, thu rng, thu tiu th nng lng, thu khai thc khong sn. 2. Thu/ph mi trng: Thu v ph mi trng l cc ngun thu ngn sch do cc t chc v cc c nhn s dng mi trng ng gp. Khc vi thu, phn thu ca ph mi trng ch c chi cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng. Da vo i tng nh thu v ph c th tng hp thnh s sau: Thu v ph cht Thu v ph rc thi Thu v ph nc Thu v ph ting
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
Thu v ph nhim khng kh Thu v ph mi trng Thu v ph sn phm 50

Ph nh vo ngui dng Thu v ph hnh chnh
- Mc ch: + a chi ph mi trng vo gi thnh sn phm theo nguyn tc Ngi gy nhim phi tr tin. + Khuyn khch ngi gy nhim gim lng cht nhim thi ra mi trng. + Tng ngun thu cho ngn sch. - Cc loi thu / ph mi trng: + Thu / ph nhim nh vo ngun gy nhim. + Thu / ph nhim nh vo sn phm gy nhim. + Ph nh vo ngi s dng. Thu mi trng: l khon thu vo ngn sch nh nc nhm iu tit cc hot ng bo v mi trng quc gia, b p chi ph x hi phi b ra gii quyt cc vn mi trng nh: chi ph y t, ngh cha bnh, phc hi mi trng, phc hi ti nguyn, x l, ngn nga nhim, Thu mi trng chia thnh: 1-Thu gin thu: nh vo gi tr sn phm hng ha gy nhim trong qu trnh sn xut; 2-Thu trc thu: nh vo lng cht thi c hi i vi mi trng do c s sn xut gy ra. Ph mi trng: l khon thu ca nh nc nhm b p mt phn chi ph thng xuyn v khng thng xuyn v xy dng, bo dng, t chc qun l hnh chnh ca nh nc i vi hot ng ca ngi np thu, v d nh ph x l nc thi, kh thi, chn lp v phc hi mi trng trn bi rc, Ph mi trng c vai tr quan trng nht trong kim sot nhim cng nghip. Ph mi trng c tnh da vo: lng cht nhim thi ra mi trng, mc tiu th nguyn nhin liu gy nhim, tng doanh thu hoc tng sn lng hng ha, li nhun ca doanh nghip. L ph mi trng: l khon thu c t chc, bt buc i vi cc c nhn, php nhn c hng mt li ch hoc s dng mt dch v no do nh nc cung cp, v d l ph v sinh mi trng, thu gom rc, gim st thanh tra mi trng, cp giy php mi trng, Pht nhim: mc pht hnh chnh nh vo cc vi phm mi trng, c quy nh cao hn chi ph ngn nga pht sinh nhim, nhm mc tiu va rn e i tng vi phm, va c kinh ph cho khc phc nhim. 3. Giy php v th trng giy php mi trng (cta nhim) Mc thi cho php c xc nh trn c s kh nng tip nhn cht thi ca mi trng, c chia thnh cc nh mc (cta) v phn phi cho cc c s c quyn pht thi trong khu vc. Cc c s ny ch c quyn pht x theo hn ngch, nu vt qu s b x pht. Trong thc t, nhu cu x thi ca cc c s l khc nhau v thay i theo nhp sn xut; Mt s c s c cng ngh x l cht thi s khng c nhu cu x thi t do. T xut hin cc kh nng tha hoc thiu quyn pht x theo nh mc, dn ti hnh thnh th trng mua bn quyn c x thi, to ra hiu qu kinh t ti u cho khu vc. - Mc ch: + p dng cho cc ngun ti nguyn mi trng kh c th quy nh quyn s hu. + S dng quy lut cun cu th trng qun l nhim hiu qu. - Cc loi giy php: + Giy php x kh thi. + Giy php x nc thi. + Giy php chng nhn u t trng rng: CDM. - Cc kh khn chnh cho vic thc hin cta nhim l:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
51
+ xc nh chnh xc gi tr cta nhim v cp cta cho mt khu vc, mt lu vc hay mt vng cn phi c cc nghin cu v kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng. iu ny thng thng i hi nhiu kinh ph v kinh nghim chuyn mn cao. + Hot ng pht trin kinh t v cht lng mi trng khu vc lin tc thay i theo thi gian, do vy cc gi tr ca cta nhim cng rt d thay i trc cc sc p ni trn. Hin ti chng ta xc nh cc mc cta nhim l khng nguy him i vi mi trng, nhng trong tng lai iu khng th chp nhn c. V vy, cn nhiu cng sc iu chnh cta dn n ch cc gii php mua hoc bn cta rt kh thc hin hoc hiu qu thc t nh. + Hot ng mua v bn cta ch c th din ra mt cch bnh thng trong nn kinh t m, hot ng theo c ch th trng, vi mt h thng php l hon thin v quyn v ngha v cng nh kh nng qun l mi trng tt. Trong trng hp khc i, vic trao i mua bn ch cn l hnh thc hoc km hiu lc, do c cc gian ln trong vic xc nh cta v kim sot nhim. 4. H thng t cc - hon tr - Mc ch: Thu gom nhng th m ngi tiu th dng vo mt trung tm ti ch hoc ti s dng mt cch an ton i vi mi trng. - Phm vi s dng: + Cc sn phm gy nhim nhng c th ti ch hoc ti s dng. + Cc sn phm lm tng lng cht thi, cn cc bi thi c quy m ln v tn nhiu chi ph tiu hy. + Cc sn phm cha cht c, gy kh khn c bit cho vic x l. 5. K qu mi trng: - Mc ch: Lm cho ngi c kh nng gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng lun nhn thc c trch nhim ca h, t tm ra c bin php thch hp ngn nga nhim, suy thoi mi trng. - Nhng lnh vc s dng: + Khai thc khong sn. + Khai thc rng. + Nhng lnh vc khc i hi phi phc hi thnh phn mi trng. 6. Tr cp mi trng: Tr cp ti chnh cho cng tc bo v mi trng (tr cp mi trng) gm cc mt: cp pht khng bi hon kinh ph t ngn sch dnh cho cng tc qun l mi trng, khuyn khch v thu v vay vn li sut thp i vi cc hot ng nhm ci thin v nng cao cht lng mi trng, u i cho cc doanh nghip vay vn ngn hng nng cao kh nng qun l mi trng. Cc Chnh ph thng cp pht kinh ph cho vic o to cn b, thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu v mi trng, nghin cu v trin khai cng ngh, p dng k thut mi m lut php v cc quy nh yu cu. Kinh ph ngn sch c th c cp pht cho cc hot ng xy dng nng lc qun l mi trng, kim sot nhim nh m bo hot ng ca cc c quan qun l mi trng cc cp, xy dng v vn hnh h thng monitoring mi trng, Tr cp ti chnh to ra cc kh nng gim thiu cht nhim, nhng khng khuyn khch cc doanh nghip u t kinh ph, cng ngh x l mi trng v khng to ra s bnh ng v canh tranh gia cc doanh nghip. Trong mt s trng hp, tr cp ti chnh to ra cc kh khn cho ngn sch quc gia.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
52
- Mc ch: Gip cho nhng khu vc c kh khn v kinh t trong n lc khc phc mi trng. Khuyn khch cc c quan nghin cu v trin khai cc cng ngh sn xut c li cho mi trng, cng ngh x l nhim. - Cc loi tr cp: + Tr cp khng hon li. + Cc khon cho vay u i. + Cho php khu hao nhanh. + u i thu (min, gim thu). 7. Nhn sinh thi: Nhn sinh thi l danh hiu ca cc t chc mi trng dnh cho cc sn phm c s dng nhng cng ngh hoc gii php thn thin mi trng, nhm cung cp thng tin v khuyn co ngi tiu dng la chn hng ha v mc tiu bo v mi trng. Nhn sinh thi do mt c quan mi trng quc gia hoc mt hip hi cc nh sn xut loi sn phm (nhn sinh thi ca ngnh dt ca c), qun l (cp v thu hi nhn) thng thng l mt c quan qun l mi trng. Nhn sinh thi nh vo nh sn xut thng qua ngi tiu th v h thng tiu th, bng gi ca sn phm v s lng ca sn phm tiu th. - Mc ch: Mc ch ca nhn sinh thi l y mnh vic tiu dng v sn xut nhiu sn phm ph hp v mt mi trng hn, bng vic cung cp cho ngi tiu dng nhng thng tin v nh hng mi trng ca cc sn phm. Trong cc quan h thng mi quc t, nhn sinh thi tc ng n vn cnh tranh xut khu, vt qua cc tr ngi thng mi. Nh nc xc nhn cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng. Khng nh uy tn sn phm v ca nh sn xut. - Nhng sn phm c dn nhn: + Sn phm ti ch t ph thi. + Sn phm thay th cho cc sn phm xu nh hng ti mi trng. + Sn phm c tc ng tch cc i vi mi trng trong sn xut v tiu dng. 8. Qu mi trng: - Mc ch: Nhn ti tr t cc ngun thu khc nhau t phn phi cc ngun ny h tr thc hin cc d n ci thin cht lng mi trng. Cc chi ph dnh cho cc cng tc qun l mi trng v x l cc cht nhim thng chim mt t l ln trong vn u t xy dng v qun l hot ng ca d n (ni theo cch ca cc nh kinh t u t l khng c li). Do vy, cc nh sn xut thng ln trnh, cc ngn hng thng khng nhn cho vay, v cc khon u t trn thc t khng to ra li nhun. c kinh ph cho cc hng mc u t ny, cn phi to ra mt qu mi trng, m cc nh sn xut v cc tng lp x hi khc u c li khi s dng. - Cc loi qu mi trng: + Qu mi trng ngnh. + Qu mi trng a phng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
53
+ Qu mi trng quc gia. - Cc ngun thu: + Qu mi trng c thnh lp t cc ngun kinh ph bao gm ngun ng gp ban u ca ngn sch nh nc. + Ngun ng gp ca cc c s hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v ngun ng gp t nguyn ca cc t chc c nhn. + Ngun ng gp t ph mi trng v cc loi l ph khc. + Ti tr: Ngun h tr pht trin chnh thc nc ngoi (ODA), cc ngun vin tr ca chnh ph nc ngoi, cc t chc quc t v t chc phi chnh ph. + Tin li. + X pht. - Vic chi qu mi trng c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: a phng hoc c s sn xut vit d n chi qu v trnh ban qun l qu. Sau khi tip nhn h s, t chc qun l qu tin hnh thm tra d n v quyt nh khon tin cho vay khng c li, li sut thp hoc tr cp khng hon li cho d n c thm nh trong khong thi hn do hai bn quy nh. - Cc c s sn xut v a phng c li ch cc mt: Cho vay khng c li hoc li sut thp; C tin u t kinh ph gim cht thi nhim v gim ph nhim phi np; C iu kin ci thin iu kin lao ng ca cng nhn v iu kin sng ca dn c a phng. - Hot ng bo v mi trng ca quc gia c li cc mt: C th gim c lng cht thi nhim ra mi trng, trong khi khng tng kinh ph cp t ngn sch dnh cho cng tc bo v mi trng. Bn cnh , bin php ny s khuyn khch cc c s sn xut u t kinh ph x l cht thi gy nhim. 3.4 H thng thng tin mi trng 3.4.1 Khi nim H thng thng tin mi trng (Environmental Information System - EIS) c nh ngha nh mt h thng da trn my tnh lu tr, qun l v phn tch cc thng tin mi trng v cc d liu lin quan. EIS cha ng cc thng tin v m t mt t (v d cc dng chy, ng giao thng, t, thng tin v s dng t, lp thc vt, cc t gy a tng, v.v...), khu vc di t (v d nc ngm, cc m khong sn, v.v), d liu v cc hot ng mi trng (v d cc hot ng khoan o h, o ging, khai thc g, v.v), thng tin lu tr v quan trc mi trng (v d d liu v cc mu mi trng, lung kh nhim, ranh gii nhim,), d liu v iu kin kh tng thy vn (v d lng ma, lng bc hi, nhit , bc x, tc gi,), cc h s v cc m t v cc d n c lin quan (v d bn trnh by cc tc ng mi trng, bn ,). 3.4.2 Ch th cht lng mi trng 3.4.2.1. Khi nim Ch th mi trng (environmental indicator) l mt hoc mt tp hp cc thng s mi trng (tc nhn ho l, ho hc, sinh vt) ch ra c trng no ca mi trng. Trong thc t mt thnh phn mi trng (t, nc, khng kh, sinh vt) bao gm v s cc thng s ho, l, sinh hc. Vic xc nh, quan trc tt c cc thng s ny l khng th thc hin c. Thm ch khi c s liu v tt c cc thng s ny cng khng nh gi c cht lng mi trng, nu khng da vo mt s thng s ch o c gi tr ch th.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
54
Da vo bn cht cc h sinh thi ngi ta nhn ra rng s xut hin tng hoc gim v nng (hay cng ) hoc s bin mt ca mt s thng s (hay tc nhn) cho php xc nh c c im ca thnh phn mi trng cn nghin cu. Cc tc nhn c gi l ch th mi trng. Trn th gii ch th mi trng v ang c s dng rng ri trong quan trc v nh gi tc ng mi trng. Nhng th d sau y chng minh cho nhn nh ny. Hu ht cc quc gia ch la chn 6-7 thng s ch th (mc d trong khng kh c hng trm tc nhn khc): bi, SO2, NOx, CO, cc cht xy ho-quang ho (O3), ch hoc tng hydrocacbon xc nh tiu chun v cht lng khng kh xung quanh v cc cht ny c trng cho khng kh b tc ng do cc ngun nhim ch yu t cng nghip, giao thng, sinh hot v ngun t nhin. Vng quc H Lan, Vng quc B v nhiu quc gia, trong vic thit lp bn cht lng nc tng qut cho mt lu vc ch quy nh 4-5 thng s: SS, DO, NH4+, BOD v E.coli. y l cc thng s c bn th hin cht lng nc do nh hng hot ng ca con ngi. C hng trm loi vi sinh trong ngun nc v nc thi nhng nh gi cht lng nc sng, h, nc ung v xy dng tiu chun cht lng nc, T chc y t th gii v hu ht cc quc gia ch chn 2 thng s: vi khun coliforms t phn (feacal coliforms) v tng vi khun coliforms lm vi sinh ch th. xc nh mc nhim ngun nc do cc yu t c hi (kim loi nng v cc ho cht c vi lng) nhiu khi ta khng xc nh c s c mt ca chng trong nc (v nng qu thp) nhng c th xc nh qua sinh vt ch th (nh ng vt y), v kh nng tn lu lu di ca cc ho cht c trong loi sinh vt ny. 3.4.2.2. Cc ch th cht lng mi trng nc a. Ch th ho l: Mun la chn thng s ch th cht lng nc cn phi hiu bn cht ngun gy nhim v cc tc ng chnh. Cc tc ng chnh do cc ngun nhim c tng hp trong bng 23. Bng 23. Cc tc ng ca mt s ngun gy nhim Ngun gy nhim Cht thi sinh hot bao gm nc thi v cht thi rn Nc thi cng nghip t cc ngnh cng nghip ph bin: - Ch bin thc phm, cng nghip nc gii kht - Cng nghip dt, nhum Tc ng chnh ln cht lng nc - nhim do cht hu c - Ph dng ho (Eutrophication) - nhim do vi khun - nhim do cht hu c - nhim do cht dinh dng - Gy c, cht rn l lng - Mi, mu - nhim do cht hu c - Gy c, cht rn, mu - nhim c bit (cc cht hu c bn vng, hydrocacbon a vng PAH, cc kim loi nng) - nhim do cht hu c - Gy c, cht rn, mu - nhim c bit (phenol, lignin,) - nhim do cht hu c - Gy c, cht rn l lng, mu - Du, m - nhim c bit (cc kim loi nng) 55
- Cng ngh giy, bt giy - Cng ngh thuc da
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
- Cng ngh m phm bao gm sn xut cht ty ra
- Cng nghip sn xut thuc tr su
- Cng nghip ho du
- nhim do cht hu c - nhim do cht dinh dng - Gy c, cht rn, mu - Kim ho - Cc cht hot ng b mt - nhim do cht hu c - nhim c bit (thuc tr su, hydrocacbon thm a vng (PAH)) - Mi - nhim do cht hu c - Gy c - Du m - nhim c bit (phenol, PAH, cc kim loi nng) - Ph dng ho - nhim c bit (thuc BVTV) - Chua ho (axit ho) - Gy c, cht rn - nhim do vi khun, nhim cht hu c - Gy c, nhim do cht hu c, ph dng, nhim do vi khun, nhim c bit
Nng nghip - S dng phn bn
Nc ma chy trn
Ngoi nhim gy ra do hot ng ca con ngi cc yu t t nhin nh xm nhp mn, lan truyn nc chua phn, xi l, cng gy tc ng ln n cht lng nc. T nhn nh trn v ngun gy nhim ta c th nu ra cc tc nhn gy nhim nc ch yu trong sng, rch Vit Nam l: Cc cht hu c; Cc cht dinh dng; c, cht rn l lng; chua; mn; Du m; Vi khun; Cc cht nhim c bit ch yu l kim loi nng, phenol v cc thuc tr su ( mt s vng c th). Do cc thng s ho, l, vi sinh xut trong bng 24 c xem l thng s ch th nghin cu TM v quan trc, nh gi cht lng nc. Bng 24. Cc thng s ch th nh gi nhim nc Vn nhim cn nh gi nhim do cht hu c nhim do cc cht dinh dng (cc cht gy ph dng ho) nhim do vi khun c chua mn Du m Cc cht nhim c bit: - Kim loi nng - Cc phenol - Cc ho cht BVTV Cc thng s ch th - xy ho tan (DO) - Nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD520) hay nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) - NO3- , tng Nit - PO43-, tng P Tng s vi khun coliforms Vi khun E. coli c (NTU, FTU, JTU)/ trong pH dn in (EC), tng cht rn ho tan (TDS), ClCc loi du khong Cu, Zn, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, v.v.. Tng cc hp cht phenol Cc ho cht BVTV ring r
Theo quy nh ca H thng Quan trc mi trng ton cu (GEMS) ph thuc vo mc ch quan trc m ta chn cc thng s ch th khc nhau (Bng 25).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
56
Bng 25. La chn cc thng s ch th quan trc cht lng nc t nhin (khng c trng cho nhim cng nghip) Thng s ch th * Cc thng s tng qut: - Nhit - Mu - Mi - Cht rn l lng - c - trong - dn in (EC) - Tng cht rn ho tan - pH - xy ho tan (DO) - cng - Chlorophyll * Cc cht dinh dng - Amoni - Nitrat - Nitrit - Phospho - phosphat * Cc cht hu c - Tng ccbon hu c - COD - BOD * Cc ion - Na+ - K+ - Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl- SO42- F-B - CN* Cc nguyn t vt - Cc kim loi nng - Asen v selen * Cc cht hu c bn vng - Du m, hydrocacbon - Dung mi hu c - Phenol - Ho cht BVTV - Cht hot ng b mt * Cc vi sinh ch th - E. coliform - Tng coliform - Sinh vt gy bnh Quan trc Thu sn Ngun nc Gii tr, c bn sinh hot, bi li nc ung xxx xx xxx x xx xxx xxx x x xx xx xx xx xxx x x x xx xx x x xx xx x x x xx x xxx xxx xx x x xx xxx x xx xxx x xx xx xxx xx x x x x xx xx x xxx x xx xxx xx x x x x xx x xxx xx xx xxx xx xx x xxx xxx xxx xx x x x x x x x x x xxx x x x x xxx x xx x x x x x xx xx xxx xx x x xxx xx x x Thu li Chn nui
xx
x xxx xxx xxx
xx
Ghi ch: x, xx hoc xxx: ch mc quan trng ca thng s trong chng trnh quan trc.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
57
Trong trng hp ngun nc b nhim do cc ngun khc nhau ta cn chn cc thng s ch th bc nht (thng s in hnh nht) v mt s thng s bc hai (thng s b sung) nh gi. Bng 26 thng k cc thng s bc 1, bc 2 trong quan trc nhim do hot ng ca con ngi. Bng 26. Cc thng s ch th cho cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc Ngun gy nhim 1. Nc phn 2. Nc mn 3. Xi l t 4. Ph dng 5. Ma axt 6. S dng ho cht BVTV 7. Khai khong 8. Khai thc, vn chuyn du m, sn phm du th 9. Cng nghip lc, ho du 10. Tri chn nui 11. L st sinh 12. CN hp, tri cy 13. CN ch bin tht, tm, c 14. CN ch bin sa 15. CN ru bia, nc gii kht 16. CN thuc da 17. CN bt giy 18. CN dt si tng hp 19. Khu dn c, khch sn 20. CN luyn thp 21. CN phn bn - Phn m - Phn phosphat Thng s bc nht pH, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+ EC, TDS, ClTSS, c, mu PO43-, NO3-, NH4+, chlorophyll, DO pH, EC Xc nh ring tng nhm ho cht BVTV v tng loi cht TSS, khong cht ca m, cc nguyn t vi lng c c tnh cao Du m, BOD (COD) BOD, TSS, du m, Tng N, DO, phenol BOD, TSS, tng N, tng P BOD, TSS, du m, tng N, tng P, DO, pH pH, BOD, NH4+, DO BOD, tng N, tng P, TSS, DO BOD, pH, TSS, c, DO BOD, TSS, pH, DO BOD (COD), TSS, du m, tng N, S, Cr, tng coliform BOD, DO, TSS, phenol BOD, TSS, Cr, phenol BOD, TSS, du m, E.coli, DO Du m, pH, Cl-, CN-, phenol, cc kim loi nng NH4+, TDS, nitrat TDS, F-, pH, tng P Thng s bc hai EC, SO42-, c tnh sinh thi Na+, Mg2+, SO42Tng cht rn, silic Tng cht rn, silic SO42-, NO3c tnh sinh thi c, c tnh sinh thi TSS, mu, phenol Tng S, Cr, c, Pb Vi khun, c, mu Vi khun, c, mu TSS, nitrat, tng P Du m, mu, pH Mu, tng N, tng P Tng N, tng P, c Tng P, EC, phenol, DO, c tnh sinh thi c, pH, c tnh sinh thi Du m, TSS, c, mu Tng N, tng P, c, mu TSS, nhit , SO42-, NH4+ pH, Cr, N hu c TSS, Fe, tng P
Ghi ch: - Trc khi kho st cn c thng tin v ngun gy nhim c th b sung cc thng s cha ghi trong bng ny. Thng s bc 1: Cc thng s bt buc kho st; Thng s bc 2: Cc thng s b sung. b. Ch th sinh hc: T c im sinh hc ca ngun nc t nhin chng ta thy r l mt s loi thu sinh c th pht trin tt trong mi trng ny li km hoc khng th pht trin trong mi trng khc. y l c s la chn ch th sinh hc (bioindicator) quan trc cht lng nc v nh gi tc ng n mi trng nc. Ch th vi sinh
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
58
nh gi mc nhim nc do cht thi sinh hot ngoi cc thng s ho, l ta ch cn quan trc cc vi sinh ch th; E.coli, tng coliform v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh (pathogen), trong E.coli l ch th thng dng nht v c trng cho mi trng b nhim phn v d xc nh trong iu kin thc a. ng vt y khng xng sng c s dng nh ch th sinh hc nh gi nhim mi trng nc do cc nguyn nhn: ng vt y (c, hn, nghu, s, ) c s dng lm ch th sinh hc trong quan trc nhim nc v: - Tng i ph bin trong sng, h v a dng v loi. S pht trin ca chng c trng cho iu kin thu vn, cu trc nn y v cht lng nc. - Tng i c nh ti y sng, h chu nh hng ca s thay i lin tc ca cht lng nc v ch thu vn trong ngy. - Thi gian pht trin kh lu (vi tun n vi thng). - D thu mu, d phn loi. ng vt y khng xng sng c s dng nh ch th sinh hc nh gi nhim mi trng nc do cc nguyn nhn: - nhim hu c dn ti suy gim xy ho tan - nhim do cc cht dinh dng - nhim do kim loi nng v ho cht BVTV nhim do cc tc nhn ny s lm thay i qun th ng vt y. Ngoi ra, vic nhim do kim loi nng, ho cht BVTV cn c pht hin d dng qua vic xc nh tn lu cc ho cht ny trong ng vt y. Nhiu quc gia Chu u ang s dng ch s quan trc sinh hc BMWP(Biological Monitoring Working Party) nh gi cht lng nc. H thng ch s BMWP chnh l s xc nh s loi v phn b ca ng vt y khng xng sng phn loi mc nhim nc. Sinh vt ph du (sinh vt tri ni) Mt s sinh vt tri ni (plankton) c kh nng ch th nhim do ngun nc do: - nhim hu c (gy kit xy ho tan) - Ph dng ho - nhim do ho cht c (kim loi nng, ho cht BVTV, hydrocacbon a vng,) - nhim do du m. Ch th sinh hc l cng c gin n nhng c hiu qu cao trong quan trc cht lng nc v nh gi tc ng n mi trng nc tt c cc a phng. Tuy nhin tng lu vc h thng ch th sinh hc c th cn c nghin cu, tng kt v p dng. 3.4.2.3. Ch th cht lng khng kh Khng kh kh c cc thnh phn ho hc ch yu l nit (78% theo th tch), xy (20,95%), argon (0,93%), CO2 (0,03%), neon (0,002%), heli (0,005%). Khi b nhim, ngoi cc kh trn, trong khng kh cn c mt lng nht nh cc kh SO2, NOx, CO, ch, hydrocacbon v bi, chng c to ra ch yu t hot ng ca con ngi (t nhin liu ho thch, hot ng giao thng, cng nghip). y chnh l cc ch th nhim khng kh. Do vy, cc tiu chun khng kh xung quanh ca hu ht cc quc gia u la chn cc thng s ny nh gi. y cng l cc thng s quy nh trong h thng quan trc mi trng ton cu (GEMS) v cng l cc ch th c s dng trong nh gi tc ng mi trng v m hnh ho qu trnh pht tn nhim khng kh. Ph thuc vo mc tiu quan trc v TM ta cn chn cc thng s ch th, c trng (bng 27).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
59
Bng 27. La chn cc thng s nhim khng kh Mc tiu quan trc v TM 1. Thay i kh hu 2. Phng phng x, s c phng x 3. Ma axit 4. Khng kh khu dn c 5. nhim do kh thi giao thng 6. nhim do cc ngun t cng nghip (SX xi mng, nhit in chy than, du) Thng s ch th cn s dng - Ti lng thi CO2 - Nng CO2 trong khng kh - Nhit khng kh ton cu Mc phng x trong khng kh, nng mt s nguyn t phng x trong khng kh Ti lng SO2 NO2, pH nc ma Cc cht nhim thng thng: NO2, CO, SO2, O3, bi Bi, SO2, NOx, hydrocacbon, ch Bi, SO2, NOx
3.4.2.4. T hp cc ch th mi trng trong nh gi mi trng Mt h sinh thi bao gm cc thnh phn v sinh (a hnh, t, nc, thu vn, khng kh, kh hu) v hu sinh (vi sinh, sinh vt di nc, sinh vt trn cn). Cc thnh phn mi trng trong h sinh thi c quan h tng h vi nhau v chnh cht lng mi trng sng quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca sinh vt. Do vy, bng cch quan st, phn tch t hp cc ch th mi trng ta c th xc nh s b c im, nng sut sinh hc, trng thi, xu hng din bin v kh nng s dng ca mt h sinh thi hoc mt vng sinh thi. Th d, ti vng BSCL ch cn quan st s hin din ca cy da nc (Nipa fruiticans) cho ta bit y l vng thp, ngp triu, nc b nhim mn mt khong thi gian trong nm. S c mt cy bn (Sonneratia spp.) cho ta bit y l vng ven sng, nhim mn nh. S c mt cy c (Rhizophora spp.) cho ta bit l vng bi ly, thp, nhim mn trung bnh n cao; cy mm (Avicennia spp.) ch vng bi bi, mn cao quanh nm; cy ch l nc (Phoenix paludosa) ch vng t cao nhng b nhim mn. Tng t nh vy, bng c s khoa hc v kinh nghim qua quan st cu hnh, mu sc t, nc, cc loi cy c, ng vt, ta c th xc nh s b tnh cht mi trng ca mt vng sinh thi nng nghip ng bng, trung du hoc cao nguyn. 3.4.3 Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng 3.4.3.1. Khi nim: - Quan trc mi trng (Environmental monitoring) l cc bin php khoa hc, cng ngh v t chc, bo m kim sot mt cch h thng cc trng thi v khuynh hng pht trin ca cc qu trnh t nhin hoc nhn to vi nhiu quy m v nhiu loi i tng. - iu khc bit c bn ca mi trng vi cc trm kh tng thy vn l cc thng s, i tng v mc ch. Bn cnh quan trc mi trng cn l cc bin php tng hp kim sot i tng nhim. - Quan trc mi trng bao gm vic o c, ghi nhn v kim sot thng xuyn lin tc cc hin tng t nhin v nhn to (cc loi hnh v ngun gc cc cht nhim trong mi trng cng nh cng tc qun l mi trng v k hoch s dng ti nguyn). 3.4.3.2. Mc ch ca quan trc mi trng (1) To h thng d liu v cht cc thnh phn mi trng phc v cho quy hoch v pht trin kinh t x hi. (2) To h thng d liu cho vic kim sot cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng v nhim mi trng pht sinh bi cc hin tng t nhin v nhn to. (3) m bo cc tc ng khng vt qu tiu chun cho php.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
60
(4) Kim tra cc bin php gim thiu c ngh trong bo co TM (5) Cnh bo sm v nhng thit hi mi trng tim nng c th xy ra. 3.4.3.3. Mc th hin: (1) Pht hin cc du hiu thay i ca cc thng s hoc thnh phn mi trng. (2) Xc nh cc gi tr nh lng ca cc thng s v thnh phn mi trng. (3) Kim sot s thay i bng cc bin php k thut, cng ngh v t chc. 3.4.3.4. H thng quan trc mi trng: bao gm (1) V tr t cc im quan trc (c nh, khng c nh) (2) Cc phng tin k thut v nhn lc thc hin quan trc, thu thp, phn tch, thng tin v cc bin php kim sot ngun pht sinh cht nhim. 3.4.3.5. Phn loi cc h thng monitoring mi trng a. Theo quy m quan trc - H thng monitoring mi trng quy m a phng (nh my, x nghip, thnh ph, khu cng nghip). - H thng monitoring quy m quc gia (h thng quan trc mi trng quc gia theo ngnh nh nng nghip, nng lng, nhim x, sinh thi, thc phm,) - H thng quan trc mi trng quy m ton cu (h thng GEMS-Global Environmental monitoring system,) b. Theo tnh cht hot ng quan trc: - H thng quan trc mi trng lin tc hay gin on - H thng quan trc mi trng c nh hay lu ng c. Theo mc ch ca hot ng hay quan trc - H thng quan trc mi trng nn: l o c, tng hp, phn tch cc thng s mi trng trong sut thi k tin d n nhm xc nh bn cht v cc gii hn bin thin t nhin v xc nh bn cht ca s bin i mi trng. - H thng quan trc tc ng nhim: bao gm cc php o, x l, phn tch v nh gi cc thng s mi trng trong khi xy dng v vn hnh d n nhm theo di nhng bin ng mi trng do d n gy ra. 3.4.3.6. Yu cu khoa hc ca quan trc mi trng - Tnh khch quan ca quan trc mi trng: c ngha l s liu ca quan trc mi trng phi c chnh xc v phn nh trung thc cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng khu vc kho st. Cc s liu quan trc cc trm hoc im o phi ng nht v phng php v thi gian o, quy trnh v quy phm o c. Cc s liu sau khi o phi c tnh tng quan vi nhau t rt ra cc s liu tng hp v c ch tng tc cc thnh phn trong cc khu vc o. - Tnh i din ca s liu o: s liu o c phi i din cho khu vc c kho st v mt khng gian v thi gian, s liu phn nh cht lng mi trng nn hay mi trng b tc ng. - Tnh tp trung vo cc vn ch yu ca khu vc. C rt nhiu cc yu t mi trng cn c quan trc, tuy nhin cc s liu quan trc ca mt vng, ca quc gia trong tng giai on phi cn c vo nhng vn ch yu v mi trng, ca vng v quc gia. C th l phi tp trung vo ngun v nguyn nhn gy suy thoi mi trng khu vc trong mt giai on xc nh. 3.4.3.7. Yu cu k thut ca quan trc mi trng - Cc my mc v thit b quan trc cn thng nht v tiu chun k thut v thng xuyn c kim nh theo tiu chun quc gia hay quc t.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
61
- Cc c s phn tch mu quan trc phi c trang thit b ng nht v thng xuyn c kim nh bi phng phn tch chun quc gia, khu vc v quc t. 3.4.3.8. Nguyn tc v cc yu cu gim st - Gim st phi lin kt vi cng tc d bo mi trng trong bc nh gi tc ng v m bo cung cp nhng thng tin v nhng vn sau: + Bn cht ca tc ng + Cng tc ng + Quy m lnh th ca tc ng + Thi gian tc ng + Tn sut tc ng + ngha ca tc ng + tin cy ca cc d bo v tc ng - Cc chng trnh quan trc cn phi c xem xt tng kt mt cch thng xuyn m bo tnh hiu qu, ng thi gip xc nh thi im cn ngng quan trc. 3.4.3.9. T chc v bo co gim st Mt t chc gim st mi trng gm cc b phn sau: - T chc: ph trch hnh chnh v nhn s - Mng li: nghin cu h thng mng li, quy trnh, quy phm t trm quan trc, cung cp vt t thit b cho h thng mng li. - H thng phng th nghim: c th t chc phng th nghim trung tm, phng th nghim vng v phng th nghim trm ty theo yu cu gim st tc ng. - Kim sot, lu tr s liu: kim sot s liu do cc phng th nghim v cc trm gi ti, lu tr v cung cp s liu thng tin, d bo v cnh bo v mi trng. 3.4.3.10. Cc bc cn thit khi xy dng mt chng trnh gim st mi trng - Xc nh quy m v cc ch tiu gim st (cht lng mi trng, cc thay i ca mi trng kinh t x hi). - Quyt nh cc phng thc thu thp thng tin s c s dng trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. - Xc nh a im quan st, o c v ly mu. - La chn cc ch tiu chnh cn o trc tip. - Yu cu v mc chnh xc i vi s liu. - Tn dng cc s liu c sn bng cch t chc quan trc sao cho s liu thu thp c tng ng vi s liu c. - Tp hp v s dng cc s liu do nhn dn cung cp. 3.4.3.11. C quan c trch nhim gim st mi trng - Cc bo v mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng - S Ti nguyn v Mi trng - Cc V Ti nguyn v Mi trng ca cc B, Ngnh - Cc c quan ch d n. 3.4.4 Mng li thng tin mi trng Mng li trao i thng tin mi trng ton cu INFOTERRA-UNEP (The global Environmental Information Exchange Network) c chng trnh mi trng Lin hip quc (UNEP) thnh lp
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
62
vo nm 1973 nhm to ra mt c ch trao i thng tin v kinh nghim qun l mi trng ton cu. Hng nm, mng li INFOTERRA x l khong 50.000 yu cu tin v mi vn lin quan n mi trng, cng nh kt ni vi khong 8.000 c quan quc gia (Trong c Trung tm INFOTERRA Vit Nam), quc t v cc chuyn gia thuc nhiu ngnh khc nhau trong h thng chung ca Lin hip quc, cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO), ngnh cng nghip, cc doanh nghip, cc c quan chnh ph v cc vin, trng. Trung tm INFOTERRA Vit Nam c thnh lp ngy 14 thng 09 nm 1979 theo cng vn s 4117-VP10 ca Hi ng B trng, nay l Chnh ph. Hot ng chnh ca Trung tm INFOTERRA Vit Nam hin nay l cung cp dch v thng tin mi trng v cc dch v tham kho cho cc i tng l cc nh hoch nh chnh sch/cc nh ra quyt nh, cc nh khoa hc, nghin cu v cng chng trong nc, ng thi trao i thng tin trn ton th gii. 3.5 nh gi tc ng mi trng 3.5.1 Nhim v a. Khi nim: Lut Bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam c Quc hi kha XI, k hp th 8 thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005 v c ban hnh theo lnh s 29/2005L-CTN ca Ch tch Nc ngy 12 thng 12 nm 2005 nh ngha rng: nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin khai d n . b. Nhim v: D cc nh ngha c khc nhau nhng nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) u hng ti cc nhim v sau: - Xc nh, m t ti nguyn v gi tr mi trng c kh nng b tc ng do d n, hnh ng hoc chng trnh pht trin; - Xc nh v d bo cng , quy m ca tc ng c th c (tc ng tim tng) ca d n, hnh ng hoc chng trnh pht trin n mi trng (t nhin v kinh t - x hi); - xut v phn tch cc phng n thay th gim thiu cc tc ng nhng vn m bo yu cu pht trin kinh t-x hi; - xut cc bin php qun l v cng ngh gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ca d n hoc chnh sch; - xut chng trnh quan trc v qun l mi trng cho d n hoc chnh sch; - xut k hoch qun l mi trng (Environmental Management Plan-EMP) i vi d n, chng trnh hoc chnh sch. 3.5.2 Qu trnh lp v thm nh bo co TM Thc hin cc ni dung ca Lut bo v mi trng Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut bo v mi trng trong c Hng dn nh gi mi trng chin lc, TM v cam kt bo v mi trng. Thc hin chc nng qun l Nh nc v mi trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/09/2006 Hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, TM v cam kt bo v mi trng. Ni dung ca thng t quan trng ny c tm tt di y. a. Lp, thm nh bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC) - Lp MC:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
63
C quan c giao nhim v lp d n thuc i tng phi lp bo co MC quy nh ti iu 14 ca Lut bo v mi trng thnh lp t cng tc v MC gm cc chuyn gia v mi trng, cc nh khoa hc lin quan c trnh , chuyn mn ph hp vi ni, tnh cht ca d n tin hnh cng tc MC v lp bo co MC ca chin lc (quy hoch, k hoch). Bo co MC l mt ni dung ca d n v phi c lp ng thi vi qu trnh lp d n. Ni dung bo co MC c quy nh ti Ph lc 1 ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT. - S lng v mu h s ngh c thm nh: + 01 vn bn ngh thm nh bo co MC theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 2 ca thng t + 07 bn bo co MC ca d n c ng thnh quyn theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 3 + 01 d tho vn bn chin lc (quy hoch, k hoch). * Thm nh MC: Vic thm nh bo co MC c thc hin theo mc 3 phn II ca Thng t. b. Lp, thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) Trnh t lp v thm nh bo co TM nh sau: - Lp bo co TM: Ch d n u t thuc i tng phi lp bo co TM quy nh ti Ph lc I v II ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP. Ni dung bo co TM c quy nh ti Ph lc 4 ca Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT. - Tham vn kin ca cng ng. - Gi h s ngh thm nh bo co TM. Bao gm: + 01 vn bn ca ch d n ngh thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM theo mu ti Ph lc 5 ca Thng t + 07 bn bo co TM ng thnh quyn theo mu ti Ph lc 6 ca Thng t + 01 bn d tho bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co u t ca d n. - Thm nh bo co TM c th thng qua hnh thc hi ng hoc t chc dch v thm nh. - Hon chnh bo co TM. - Thm nh li bo co TM (nu c) - Ph duyt bo co TM. - Xc nhn v gi h s bo co TM ph duyt. - Lp, thm nh v ph duyt bo co TM b sung (nu c) - Ch d n phi lm bo co, thng bo vic thc hin cc ni dung trong bo co TM. - Kim tra vic thc hin cc ni dung trong bo co TM. - Xc nhn vic thc hin cc ni dung ca bo co v yu cu ca quyt nh ph duyt bo co TM. - Gim nh k thut i vi cng trnh x l v bo v mi trng. c. Lp, ng k, xc nhn bn cam kt bo v mi trng: - Lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng: Ch d n c quy nh ti iu 24 ca Lut bo v mi trng c trch nhim lp bn cam kt bo v mi trng. Cu trc v ni dung ca bn cam kt BVMT c quy nh ti Ph lc 23 ca Thng t. - ng k bn cam kt BVMT. H s np ng k bao gm:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
64
+ 01 vn bn ngh xc nhn ng k cam kt bo v mi trng theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 24 ca Thng t. + 03 bn cam kt bo v mi trng theo mu quy nh ti Ph lc 25 ca Thng t. + 01 bn d tho bo co nghin cu kh thi hoc bo co gii trnh v u t ca d n. - Xc nhn ng k bn cam kt bo v mi trng. - Gi bn cam kt bo v mi trng xc nhn. 3.5.3 Thc hin, kim sot v qun l mi trng - Thng t s 276-TT/Mtg, ngy 06/03/1997, ca BKHCN&MT, hng dn v kim sot nhim mi trng i vi cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh sau khi c quyt nh ph chun bo co TM. - Thng t s 2781-TT/KCM, ngy 03/12/1996, ca BKHCN&MT, hng dn v th tc cp, gia hn, thu hi giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng cho cc c s cng nghip. 3.6 M hnh ha mi trng 3.6.1 Phng php m hnh ha Mt tc nhn nhim sau khi c a ra t ngun s b chuyn ho, bin i v thnh phn v khi lng do tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng (nhit , gi, nc, a hnh, sinh vt). Trong nhiu trng hp s chuyn ho, phn tn hoc pha long cht nhim theo thi gian v khng gian c th c d bo bng phng php m hnh ho mi trng. M hnh ho mi trng trong trng hp ny (m hnh cht lng mi trng) l cch tip cn ton hc m phng din bin cht lng mi trng di nh hng ca mt hoc tp hp cc tc nhn c kh nng tc ng n mi trng. y l phng php c ngha ln trong qun l mi trng, d bo tc ng mi trng v kim sot cc ngun gy nhim. M hnh ho mi trng cn c thc hin cho cc hot ng qun l mi trng (m hnh qun l). a. Cc bc thc hin m hnh ho mi trng Cc bc quan trng nht trong vic thit lp m hnh d bo tc ng mi trng c nu trong hnh 3. C nhiu loi m hnh c th c p dng trong phn tch tc ng mi trng. Xy dng cc mc tiu Xem xt cc c s l thuyt Xy dng cc cng thc m phng Thit lp phng php gii Trin khai chng trnh my tnh Hiu chnh v sa cha Phn tch nhy Hnh 3. Cc bc trin khai m hnh ho mi trng
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
65
b. Cc loi m hnh qun l mi trng Qu trnh m hnh ho trong qun l mi trng (th d m hnh qun l lu vc) c th hin trong hnh 4. M hnh m phng D bo bin i lu vc v cc h thng ti nguyn nc
M hnh ti u ho Xc nh cc phng n qun l lu vc ti u
M hnh tham gia ca cng ng
M hnh h thng h tr ra quyt nh Hnh 4. Cc m hnh trong qun l mi trng lu vc c. Cc m hnh qu trnh Loi m hnh ny nhm m phng cc qu trnh vt l, ho hc, sinh hc trong mi trng. Cc m hnh thng c s dng l: - Cc m hnh chy trn trong lu vc - Cc m hnh bi lng ph sa - Cc m hnh vn chuyn dng cht rn - Cc m hnh vn chuyn dng chy p lc - Cc m hnh cht lng khng kh - Cc m hnh cht lng nc Trong ti liu ny chng ti ch trnh by cc m hnh d bo thay i cht lng khng kh, nc v m hnh ho cc h sinh thi. 3.6.2 M hnh ha qu trnh lan truyn cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh Mun nh gi mc nhim mi trng, kim tra, kim sot v d bo phng nga nhim mi trng chnh xc phi xc nh c nng nhim trong mi trng khng kh. Kt qu tnh ton s l c s xc nh yu cu v mc lm sch cc ngun thi, cng sut cng trnh v thit b lm sch cng nh khong cch ly cn thit ca khu vc cng nghip. a. M hnh tng qut Vic s dng m hnh ton gii bi ton khuch tn cht nhim c bt u t nm 1959 do Angus Smith tnh s phn b nng kh CO2 thnh ph Manchester theo phng ton hc ca Gauss. Cho n nay c trn 20 m hnh tnh ton nng nhim mi trng khng kh nhng m hnh theo phng php Gauss c s dng nhiu nht. Ta s xt m hnh . Ta hnh dung c mt ng khi thi mt lung kh nhim ti cao H. Gi thit l: - Gc ta l chn ng khi, trc nm ngang l x trng vi hng gi (tc l trng vi hnh chiu trn mt nm ngang ca trc vt kh), y l trc ta ngang vung gc vi trc x; z l trc ng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
66
- Coi vn tc u c hng theo trc x, n gi nguyn khng i trong ton vng v khng ph thuc vo chiu cao H ca ng khi. Hnh chiu ca vct vn tc gi trn trc x v y l nh, c th b qua. - Nhit kh thi bng nhit khng kh v b mt tri t hon ton bng phng, khng c chng ngi vt no. - B qua qu trnh bin i ha hc ca cc cht nhim trn ng lan truyn v tt c cc thng s u khng i trong thi gian gim st.
Hnh 5. S khuch tn lung kh thi t ng khi b. Cng thc chung tnh nng cht nhim theo m hnh Gauss C (x,y,z,H) =
Y2 (Z H) 2 (Z + H) 2 Q .exp + .exp 2 2.u. y . z 2. y 2 2. z 2 2. y
(3-1)
Trong :
C - Nng cht nhim ti ta x, y, z (kg/m3) H - Chiu cao hiu dng ca ng khi (m) Q - Lu lng cht thi nhim pht ra t ngun (kg/s) u - Vn tc gi trung bnh theo trc x (m/s) y, z - H s pht tn ca kh theo chiu ngang (vung gc vi hng gi) v chiu ng. Chng l cc i lng khng th nguyn v ph thuc vo ta x ca im tnh, trng thi kh tng, gradient nhit () v vn tc gi (u).
Y2 Z2 Q .exp .exp 2 u. y z 2. y 2 2. z
H2 Q exp 2 u. y z 2. z
67
Khi cao H = 0 th nng ti mt t s l: C (x,y,z,0) =

Khi cho z = 0, y = 0: C(x,0,0,H) =
(3-3)
(3-2)
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
Nng cc i ti mt t c th xc nh bng cng thc: Cmax (x,0,0,H) =

2Q e.u.H
2
z y
vi z =
H 2
(3-4)
Nng cht nhim trn mt phng vung gc vi hng gi s cao nht ti tm lung gi v gim dn v hai pha. S phn b nng cht nhim theo mt phng vung gc vi chiu gi:
Hnh 6. th phn b nng kh nhim theo chiu vung gc vi chiu gi c. cao pht ca lung kh thi (H) ( dng ng khi)
Hu ht cc trng hp kh thi u c nhit cao hn nhit khng kh. V vy kh thi c chiu hng bay cao hn so vi ming ng khi trc khi pht tn vo khng kh.
Hnh 7. S tnh cao pht ca lung kh thi

C rt nhiu cng thc tnh cao pht ca lung kh thi. Chng c cng mt im chung l cao pht ca kh tng nu nhit lng ca kh thi (hoc nhit ) tng v gim nu tc nu tc gi tng. Di y s gii thiu cng thc n gin nht. dv f h = K (3-5) .v10
Trong :
k - H s thc nghim (c th ly = 1,6 - 2) d - ng knh hp ca ming ng khi (m) vf = Vn tc pht khi trung bnh ti ming ng khi (m/s) - Ch s tnh n s bin thin tc gi theo chiu cao. v10 - Vn tc gi trung bnh cao 10 m (m/s)
c. H s khuch tn y v z
p dng c cc cng thc tnh ton khuch tn theo m hnh Gauss cn phi bit cc gi tr ca cc h s khuch tn y, z.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
68
Passquill v Gifford bng thc nghim thit lp c mi quan h ca cc h s y, z ph thuc vo khong cch x xui theo chiu gi ng vi cc mc n nh ca kh quyn khc nhau A, B, C, D, E v F. Mi quan h trn c cho di dng biu (hnh 8 v 9).
Hnh 8. H s khuch tn ngang y
Hnh 9. H s khuch tn ng z
Ngoi dng biu , Briggs G. gia cng cc s liu thc nghim ca Gifford thnh dng cng thc p dng c thun tin khi tnh ton, nht l khi cn lp trnh trn my tnh in t.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
69
Sau y l bng cng thc tnh ton y v z do Briggs G. lp i vi khong cch x t 10010.000m (bng 28). Hn ch ca cc cng thc tnh y v z cho bng 28 l chng ch p dng c cho khong cch x = 100-10.000m. Ngoi ra, trong nhiu trng hp s liu tnh c theo cng thc cho bng 23 v tra theo biu sai lch nhau kh nhiu. V d tr s z khong cch x = 1.000 m ng vi cp n nh A tnh c l 200 m, trong lc tra biu l 550 m, tc sai s (200 - 550)/550 = -64%; Hoc cp n nh D khi x = 2 km, sai s l + 100%, tc s liu tnh theo cng thc gp 2 ln s liu tra biu . Theo D.O. Martin cc cng thc tnh y, z thay cho biu hnh 8 v 9 c dng nh sau: y = ax0,894 v z = bxc + d, (3-6) trong : x - khong cch xui theo chiu gi k t ngun, tnh bng km. Cc h s a, b, c, d cho bng 29.
Bng 28. Cng thc tnh ton cc h s y v z (x tnh theo m) Cp n nh theo Pasquill
A B C D E F A-B C D E-F
y, m Vng nng thn 0,22 x (1 + 0,0001 x)-1/2 0,16 x (1 + 0,0001 x)-1/2 0,11 x (1 + 0,0001 x)-1/2 0,08 x (1 + 0,0001 x)-1/2 0,06 x (1 + 0,0001 x)-1/2 0,04 x (1 + 0,0001 x)-1/2 Khu vc thnh ph 0,32 x (1 + 0,0004 x)-1/2 0,22 x (1 + 0,0004 x)-1/2 0,16 x (1 + 0,0004 x)-1/2 0,11 x (1 + 0,0004 x)-1/2
z, m
0,20 x 0,12 x 0,08 x (1 + 0,0002 x)-1/2 0,06 x (1 + 0,00015 x)-1/2 0,03 x (1 + 0,0003 x)-1 0,016 x (1 + 0,0003 x)-1/2 0,24 x (1 + 0,0001 x)1/2 0,20 x 0,14 x (1 + 0,0003 x)-1/2 0,08 x (1 + 0,00015 x)-1/2 x > 1 km c 2,094 1,098 0,911 0,516 0,305 0,180
Bng 29. Cc h s a, b, c, d trong cng thc
Cp n nh A B C D E F
a 213 156 104 68 50,5 34
b 440,8 106,6 61 33,2 22,8 14,35
x 1 km c 1,941 1,149 0,911 0,725 0,678 0,740
d 9,27 3,3 0 -1,7 -1,3 -0,35
b 459,7 108,2 61 44,5 55,4 62,6
d -9,6 2,0 0 -13,0 -34,0 -48,6
Tnh ton y, z theo cng thc cho kt qu kh st vi s liu tra biu i vi cc cp D, E, F tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp vn c sai s tng i ln. V d cp n nh B khi x=2km sai s l -60%. Cch tt nht t chnh xc cao l dng phng php hi quy chuyn cc s liu tra c theo biu thnh cng thc tnh ton v vit di dng cc chng trnh tnh ton phc v cho vic xy dng phn mm tnh ton khuch tn cht nhim.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
70
Bng 30. Xc nh cc cp n nh ca kh quyn theo Pasquill
Vn tc gi cao 10 m, m/s <2 2-3 3-5 5-6 6
Bc x Mt tri ban ngy Mnh Va Yu A A-B B C C A-B B B-C C-D D B C C D D
my ban m my mng hoc quang my hoc my 3/8 my 4/8 E F D E D D D D
Ghi ch: 1- Cc cp n nh A, B, C, , F tng ng vi cc k hiu trn cc biu hnh 7 v 8. 2- my c xc nh nh l t l vng tri b my ph so vi ton b bu tri nhn thy trn ng chn tri. 3- Bc x Mt tri mnh ng vi trng hp nng gt vo bui tra gia ma h. 4- Bc x Mt tri yu ng vi trng hp tri nng vo bui tra gia ma ng. 5- iu kin trung tnh p dng cho trng hp tri nhiu my ban ngy hoc ban m. 6- Vo ban m khi gi yu (< 2m/s) v tri trong, l iu kin hnh thnh nhiu sng gi, s lan ta theo chiu ng s nh hn r rt so vi cp F, do bng 26 trng khng xc nh cp n nh no bi v lung khi t c kh nng i theo mt hng nht nh. 7- i vi cc cp n nh trung gian A - B, B - C, v.v cc h s y, z c ly gi tr trung bnh ca 2 cp tng ng.
3.6.3 M hnh ha qu trnh lan truyn cht nhim trong mi trng nc A. Phng php nh gi tc nhn nhim trong h cha 1. Phn loi h cha nc theo mc nhim
Ty thuc vo mc nhim, cc h cha nc c chia ra hai loi: Cc h ngho dinh dng v cc h giu dinh dng (ph dng). Cc h ngho dinh dng c nng sut sinh hc thp, ngho cht hu c dinh dng, v vy hm lng xy ha tan cao, c khi gn t mc bo ha. Cc h ny thng su, xa khu dn c, khu cng-nng nghip, t nhn cc tc nhn nhim hu c v dinh dng t cc ngun a vo h. Cc h ph dng thng c nng sut sinh hc cao, giu cht dinh dng, cht hu c, ngho xy ha tan. Cc h ny thng cn, nhn nhiu tc nhn nhim hu c, dinh dng t cc khu dn c, khu cng-nng nghip xung quanh. S ph dng gy tr ngi rt ln cho vic cp nc sinh hot, pht trin thy sn, du lch, do rong to trong h pht trin dy c.
2. Phng php nh gi s ph dng do cc tc nhn khng bn vng
nh gi s ph dng do cc tc nhn khng bn vng i vi cc h cha, ngi ta dng nng pht pho ti hn. Kh nng nhim do pht pho c tnh bng cng thc Vollenweider (1976) nh sau:
H L = 10.v + 1 + v Trong : (3-7)
L - ti lng Pht pho ti hn trong h cha (mg P/m2-nm), trn mc ny hin tng ph dng c th xy ra v - vn tc nc chy qua h (m/nm), vi v = Q/F Q - lu lng nc vo h (m3/nm) F - din tch h (m2) H - su trung bnh ca h (m)
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
71
T cng thc trn ngi ta xy dng c cc biu tnh ti lng phtpho ti hn nu bit c tc nc chy qua h (v) v su ca h (H). Khi bit gi tr L ta c th tnh c ti lng phtpho cc i (M) cho php a vo h hng nm. Trn mc s ph dng ca h xut hin: M = 10-9.L.F (t/nm) Gi tr M c s dng d on hin tng ph dng c th xy ra hay khng i vi h ang nghin cu.
3. Phng php nh gi nhim h cha do cc tc nhn bn vng

Nng cc tc nhn bn vng trong h cha vi gi nh l chng c phn b u trong nc h c tnh theo phng trnh sau:
Qe (3-8) 1 + Ci Qi Qe y: C - Nng cc cht bn vng trong h (mg/l) Ci - Nng trung bnh cc tc nhn bn vng c a vo h (mg/l) Qi - Tng lng nc vo h hng nm bao gm nc ma, nc t cc sng sui, nc thi, (m3/nm). Qe - Th tch nc b mt do bc hi, tht thot (m3/nm) Ci = (10-9.Mi)/Qi Trong : Mi l ti lng cht nhim bn vng (t/nm) c tnh t kt qu thu c qua kho st danh mc cht thi.
C=
Ci Q e + Ci = Qi Qe
Trong trng hp Qe khng ng k so vi Qi th phng trnh c th n gin ha thnh C = Ci.

B. Phng php nh gi tc nhn nhim trong sng rch 1. S phn hy tc nhn nhim
Khi nc thi cha cht nhim vo sng rch, theo thi gian cc tc nhn nhim khng bn vng s b phn hy dn theo s sau, cn tc nhn bn vng c tch ly dn vi nng ngy cng cao.
Hnh 10. S phn hy cc tc nhn nhim khng bn vng trong sng rch
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
72
2. Phng php nh gi tc nhn nhim khng bn vng
a. nh gi qua ch s vi trng (coliform) Vic nh gi mc nhim ngun nc mt c thc hin qua ch s vi trng coli (coliform). Theo thi gian vi trng s cht dn v vy s vi trng trong mt n v th tch nc c tnh theo phng trnh: N = N.e-kt (3-9) N - s con coli trong 100 ml nc thi im t No - S con coli trong 100 ml nc thi im sng nhn nc thi. k - Hng s tc phn hy vi trng hng ngy ( nhit 20oC th k = 1 vi sng c lu lng nh v k = 1,8 vi sng c lu lng ln). cc nhit khc, k c th tnh theo cng thc sau: k = k20 . 1,075(T-20) Trong : k20 - h s k nhit T = 20 C T - nhit nc sng ti thi im tnh ton.
o
(3-10)
b. nh gi qua ch s BOD Phng php nh gi nng cc cht hu c v cht dinh dng trong nc sng, rch qua ch s BOD c tnh bng cng thc: LBOD = Q (La - Lo) Trong : LBOD - Ti lng BOD cho php ti a (kg/ngy, kg/gi, kg/s) Q - Lu lng trung bnh ca sng rch (1.000 m3/gi, 1.000 m3/s) La - Nng BOD cho php (mg/l) Lo - Nng BOD khi sng cha nhn c cht thi (mg/l) (3-11)
Gi tr BOD cho php ph thuc vo lu lng ca sng (Q) do gi tr ny thng c tnh ti thi im sng c lu lng b. c. nh gi theo s suy gim nng xy ha tan C th nh gi cc tc nhn nhim khng bn vng trong sng rch qua s suy gim nng xy ban u trc khi nhn nc thi (Da) v s suy gim ti hn (Dc) nh sau: Da = Cs - Ca (mg/l) Dc = Cs - Cc (mg/l) Cs - nng xy bo ha (mg/l) Ca - nng xy ban u (mg/l) Cc - nng xy ti hn (mg/l) Vi cc sng khng b nhim th Da = 0 Nu khng c ti liu kho st v Ca th c th o c b sung. Nng Cc ph thuc vo mc ch s dng ngun nc v ly theo tiu chun quy nh (nui c, n ung,). Cc l gi tr cho php lng DO ti thiu trong nc b mt, di mc thy sinh c th b tc hi hoc ngun nc khng t tiu chun. Cn nng xy bo ha Cs ph thuc nhit nc v p sut khng kh.
3. Phng php nh gi cc tc nhn nhim bn vng
(3-12) (3-13)
Cc tc nhn nhim bn vng l cc tc nhn c kh nng phn r chm v c nhiu kim loi nng. Nng ca mt tc nhn bn vng trong sng rch c xc nh bng cng thc:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
73
C = Co + Trong :
L Q
(3-14)
C - Nng ca tc nhn nhim bn vng sau khi a vo sng (mg/l) Co - Nng ban u ca tc nhn gy nhim bn vng c sn trong sng (mg/l) L - Ti lng cht nhim bn vng cho vo sng (kg/ngy, kg/h,) Q - Lu lng sng (1.000 m3/n v thi gian). Cc phng php nu trn tng i n gin c tha nhn v ang c s dng trong cc ti liu tiu chun ca GEMS.
3.6.4 M hnh ha cc h sinh thi
Vic xy dng m hnh ton nghin cu v cc HST bao gm nhiu mc ch khc nhau, thng l c xy dng d on s thay i ca h theo thi gian. nh gi m hnh c th da vo ba tnh cht c bn: hin thc, chnh xc v tng qut. T m hnh ny ta c th dng cc cng c ton hc iu khin qun l n nh minh ha trn Hnh 11. Ngha l ta c th s dng m hnh cui cng la chn cng ngh mi trng tt nht, ph hp cho vic gii quyt cc vn mi trng c th, hoc lut php lm gim hay loi b s pht thi.
Cc m hnh sinh thi Cng ngh Qun l mi trng Con ngi Tc ng ca thin nhin ln con ngi
Hnh 11. Cc mi quan h gia khoa hc mi trng, sinh thi, m hnh ha sinh thi v qun l mi trng & cng ngh
Mi trng (cc h sinh thi)
Phng php phn tch h thng v m hnh ha gm 4 bc sau:

- Bc 1: Biu din cc thnh phn, mi quan h gia cc thnh phn v vt cht hay nng lng theo dng ma trn. - Bc 2: Phn tch cc quan h gia cc thnh phn ca HST theo hm s ca nhau. - Bc 3: Lp m hnh ton cho trng thi n nh (cn bng) ca HST. - Bc 4: Kim tra m hnh ton bng phn tch s nhy cm ca cc thnh phn. Sau y l mt s m hnh ton v sinh thi in hnh.
a. M hnh ton v quan h hai qun th trong qun x

M hnh ny c suy din t phng trnh sinh trng ca Verhulst - Pearl:
dN (K N) = rN dt K Nu gi:
(3-15)
N1 & N2 l s lng c th loi 1 v loi 2 ca qun th cnh tranh cng mt ngun thc n.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
74
r1 & r2 l ch s sinh trng t nhin ca hai qun th trn. K1 & K2 l kh nng gii hn ca mi trng i vi hai qun th trn. 12 v 21 l h s cnh tranh ca qun th ny i vi loi kia. Ta c : (K N1 - 12 N 2 ) dN1 = r1 N1 1 K1 dt (K N 2 - 21 N1 ) dN 2 = r2 N 2 2 K2 dt (3-16) (3-17)
Kt qu cnh tranh ph thuc vo gi tr tng quan gia cc h s cnh tranh () v kh nng gii hn ca mi trng (K). Khi trng thi n nh, ngha l:
dN1 dN 2 = 0 v =0 dt dt Ta c: N1 = K1 - 12N2 N2 = K2 - 21N1 (3-18) (3-19)
Dng mi quan h tuyn tnh (3-18) v (3-19) cho cc ng ng khuynh (isoclines) dN/dt cho tng loi. Di ng ng khuynh qun th s tng v trn ng ng khuynh qun th s gim. Do s c 4 trng hp sau: (a) K1 K2 > K 2 v < K1 Loi (1) tiu dit loi (2) 12 21 K1 K v K1 < 2 Loi (2) tiu dit loi (1) 12 21 K1 K v K1 > 2 C s cn bng khng bn, ngha l mt trong hai loi s tn ti 12 21
(b) K 2 > (c) K 2 > (d)
K1 K2 > K 2 v > K1 C cn bng bn, ngha l hai loi cng tn ti. 12 21
Trong trng hp tng qut cho mt qun x c n loi khc nhau, biu thc s c dng:
n dN i = ri N i K i N i ( ij N j ) dt j i
(3-20) dN = 0 , khi dt
trong ch s i & j = cc loi = i n v trng thi n nh Ni Nie = Ki -
ij N j
j i
(3-21)
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
75
Hnh 12. Gii bng th s cnh tranh gia hai qun th
b. M hnh ton v quan h gia hai qun th vt d-con mi (prey-predator relationship)
Gi H (herbivora) v P (predator) l s lng c th trong qun th con mi v vt d. M hnh c suy din t phng trnh sinh trng ca qun th, ta c: dH = ri H dt dP = r2 P dt (3-22) (3-23)
r1 v r2 l ch s sinh trng t nhin ca qun th H v P. Phng trnh (4-9) biu th rng nu khng c con mi H th vt d P s b gim v tiu dit. Nu c mt con mi H, Lotke-Volterra a ra hai phng trnh n gin sau : dH = (r1 K1P)H dt dP = (r2 - K 2 H)P dt K1 l h s kh nng trn trnh ca con mi i vi vt d K2 l h s kh nng v bt ca vt d i vi con mi K1 v K2 u dng T phng trnh (4-10) v (4-11) ta c: (r K1P)H dH = 1 dP (r2 K 2 H)P hay r1 (3-24) (3-25)
dP dH - K1dP + r2 - K2dH = 0 P H
(3-26)
Ly tch phn phng trnh (3-36), ta c:

MSc. Phan Nh Thc
76
r2logH - K2H + r1logP - K1dP = C trong C l hng s.
(3-27)
Phng trnh (3-27) c biu th bng cc ng cong kn v ng tm nh minh ha trn hnh 13. Mi ng cong ng vi mt C v tm ca chng l im cn bng c ta (rt ra t phng trnh (3-24) v (3-25)), ta c: H= r2 r = 0 v P = 1 = 0 K2 K1
Hnh 13. H ng cong biu din s dao ng s lng vt d v s lng con mi trong m hnh ton Lotke-Volterra
Theo di ng cong biu din phng trnh (3-27) ngi ta thy cc gi tr H v P tng v gim theo chu k v chng dao ng quanh gi tr trung bnh. T , ngi ta a ra 3 nh lut sau y: - nh lut v dao ng chu k ca c hai qun th. Chu k dao ng c tnh theo cng thc (328) v dao ng ca hai qun th lch nhau 1/4 chu k.
T= 2 r1r2 (3-28)
- nh lut v bo v gi tr trung bnh nu nh cc h s r1, r2, K1 v K2 khng thay i. - nh lut v nhiu gi tr trung bnh nu nh ta loi i cng mt t l bng nhau ca hai qun th s dn n tng gi tr qun th con mi v gim gi tr qun th vt d. M hnh ton bng l thuyt sau khi c xy dng cn phi qua kim chng v tnh ng n v chnh xc ca n bng thc nghim.
c. M hnh v quan h gia qun th vt k sinh-vt ch (parasitism)

M hnh ton v quan h ny c xy dng vi nhiu gi thit, c th: Vt k sinh mt trng trn mt vt ch, vt k sinh tm vt ch mt cch ngu nhin. Vt ch phn b ng u v n nh, nu gp vt k sinh th b k sinh ngay. y a thm khi nim vng tm kim vt ch i vi vt k sinh. Ta gi: Hn l s lng c th vt ch th h n Pn l s lng c th vt k sinh cng th h n Ta c: 1 dH n = aPn Hn dt (3-29)
S lng vt ch cn li th h tip theo s l:

MSc. Phan Nh Thc
77
H n +1 = e aPn Hn Hn+1 = F.Hn.e-aPn S lng vt ch b tiu dit l: F.Hn - Hn+1 = F.Hn(1-e-aPn) Nu ta cng nhn n v mt vt ch b k sinh cho mt vt k sinh mi, ta c: Pn+1 = F.Hn(1-e-aPn)
(3-30)
Nu ta gi F l kh nng sinh trng ca qun th vt ch khi khng c mt vt k sinh, ta c: (3-31) (3-32) (3-33)
Gii phng trnh trn (nu ta ln lt c Ho v Po ta tnh ln lt H1P1, H2P2, HnPn) cho ta d bo dao ng ca chng v chu k y ph thuc vo h s sinh trng v khng ph thuc vo vng tm kim vt ch ca vt k sinh. Sau khi c cc m hnh ton xy dng bng l thuyt, nhiu thc nghim chng minh tnh ng n ca cc m hnh l thuyt .
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
78
CHNG 4: QUN L TI NGUYN THIN NHIN 4.1 Qun l v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin 4.1.1 S cn thit
Con ngi khai thc ti nguyn sn xut hng ha phc v nhu cu ca cuc sng. Dn s ngy cng tng v cht lng cuc sng con ngi lun ci thin, do , cc cng c v phng thc sn xut c ci tin khai thc v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin c nhiu hn tt yu dn n suy thoi mi trng ln hn, nguy c cn kit ngun ti nguyn. Trong qu trnh tin ha, con ngi l trung tm trong mi quan h ca ti nguyn, mi trng v pht trin. Gio dc v nhn thc ti nguyn thin nhin cho cng ng v o to k nng khai thc, qun l v s dng ti nguyn cho con ngi gi vai tr quyt nh trong pht trin bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin.
4.1.2 Cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
Ti nguyn thin nhin l ngun ca ci vt cht nguyn khai c hnh thnh v tn ti trong t nhin m con ngi c th s dng p ng cc nhu cu trong cuc sng. Mi loi ti nguyn c c im ring, nhng c 2 thuc tnh chung: - Ti nguyn thin nhin phn b khng ng u gia cc vng trn tri t v trn cng mt lnh th c th tn ti nhiu loi ti nguyn, to ra s u i ca t nhin vi tng vng lnh th, tng quc gia. - i b phn cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin c gi tr kinh t cao c hnh thnh qua qu trnh lu di ca t nhin v lch s. Chnh 2 thuc tnh ny to nn tnh qu him ca ti nguyn t nhin v li th pht trin ca quc gia giu ti nguyn. Thng thng ngi ta k n mt s ti nguyn t nhin sau: ti nguyn nng lng, khong sn, sinh vt, t, nc, bin, kh hu, cnh quan, Hin nay c nhiu phng php phn loi ti nguyn t nhin khc nhau theo tr lng, cht lng, cng dng, kh nng ti to v lin quan n b mt t. Trong tng trng hp c th ngi ta c th s dng mt hoc t hp nhiu phng php phn loi ti nguyn thin nhin.
4.1.3 Bo v v s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
Quy nh v bo v v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin c cp n trong Lut bo v mi trng 2005, y chnh l ni dung ca cng tc qun l nh nc v Bo v v s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin (Chng IV: Bo tn v s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, iu 28 n iu 34, Lut Bo v mi trng nm, 2005).
iu 28. iu tra, nh gi, lp quy hoch s dng ti nguyn thin nhin
1. Cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phi c iu tra, nh gi tr lng, kh nng ti sinh, gi tr kinh t lm cn c lp quy hoch s dng v xc nh mc gii hn cho php khai thc, mc thu mi trng, ph bo v mi trng, k qu phc hi mi trng, bi thng thit hi v mi trng v bin php khc v bo v mi trng. 2. Quy hoch s dng ti nguyn thin nhin phi gn vi quy hoch bo tn thin nhin. 3. Trch nhim iu tra, nh gi v lp quy hoch s dng ti nguyn thin nhin c thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut v ti nguyn.
iu 29. Bo tn thin nhin
1. Khu vc, h sinh thi c gi tr a dng sinh hc quan trng i vi quc gia, quc t phi c iu tra, nh gi, lp quy hoch bo v di hnh thc khu bo tn bin, vn quc gia, khu d
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
79
tr thin nhin, khu d tr sinh quyn, khu bo tn loi - sinh cnh (sau y gi chung l khu bo tn thin nhin). 2. Cn c lp quy hoch khu bo tn thin nhin bao gm: a) Gi tr di sn t nhin ca th gii, quc gia v a phng; b) Gi tr nguyn sinh, tnh c dng, phng h; c) Vai tr iu ho, cn bng sinh thi vng; d) Tnh i din hoc tnh c o ca khu vc a l t nhin; ) Ni c tr, sinh sn, pht trin thng xuyn hoc theo ma ca nhiu loi ng vt, thc vt c hu, qu him b e do tuyt chng; e) Gi tr sinh quyn, sinh cnh, cnh quan thin nhin, sinh thi nhn vn i vi quc gia, a phng; g) Cc gi tr bo tn khc theo quy nh ca php lut. 3. Vic thnh lp khu bo tn thin nhin phi tun theo quy hoch c c quan nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt. 4. Khu bo tn thin nhin c quy ch v ban qun l ring. 5. Trch nhim lp quy hoch bo tn thin nhin, thnh lp v qun l cc khu bo tn thin nhin c thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut.
iu 30. Bo v a dng sinh hc
1. Vic bo v a dng sinh hc phi c thc hin trn c s bo m quyn v li ch hp php ca cng ng dn c a phng v cc i tng c lin quan. 2. Nh nc thnh lp cc ngn hng gen bo v v pht trin cc ngun gen bn a qu him; khuyn khch vic nhp ni cc ngun gen c gi tr cao. 3. Cc loi ng vt, thc vt qu him, c nguy c tuyt chng phi c bo v theo cc quy nh sau y: a) Lp danh sch v phn nhm qun l theo mc qu him, b e do tuyt chng; b) Xy dng k hoch bo v v p dng cc bin php ngn chn vic sn bt, khai thc, kinh doanh, s dng; c) Thc hin chng trnh chm sc, nui dng, bo v theo ch c bit ph hp vi tng loi; pht trin cc trung tm cu h ng vt hoang d. 4. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ch tr phi hp vi b, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph v U ban nhn dn cp tnh c lin quan thc hin bo v a dng sinh hc theo quy nh ca php lut v a dng sinh hc.
iu 31. Bo v v pht trin cnh quan thin nhin
1. Nh nc khuyn khch pht trin cc m hnh sinh thi i vi thn, lng, p, bn, bun, phum, sc, khu dn c, khu cng nghip, khu vui chi, khu du lch v cc loi hnh cnh quan thin nhin khc to ra s hi ho gia con ngi v thin nhin. 2. T chc, c nhn tin hnh hot ng quy hoch, xy dng, sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot phi bo m cc yu cu v gi gn, tn to cnh quan thin nhin. 3. B, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph, U ban nhn dn cc cp trong phm vi nhim v, quyn hn ca mnh c trch nhim lp quy hoch, t chc qun l, bo v, pht trin cnh quan thin nhin theo quy nh ca Lut ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan.
iu 32. Bo v mi trng trong kho st, thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin
1. Vic kho st, thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin phi tun theo quy hoch c c quan nh nc c thm quyn ph duyt. 2. Giy php khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin phi quy nh y cc iu kin v bo v mi trng. Vic khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin phi theo ng ni dung bo v mi trng quy nh trong giy php khai thc, s dng do c quan nh nc c thm quyn cp. 3. T chc, c nhn c trch nhim thc hin cc yu cu v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh kho st, thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn thin nhin; khi kt thc hot ng thm d, khai
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
80
thc phi phc hi mi trng theo quy nh ca Lut ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c lin quan.
iu 33. Pht trin nng lng sch, nng lng ti to v sn phm thn thin vi mi trng
1. Nng lng sch, nng lng ti to l nng lng c khai thc t gi, mt tri, a nhit, nc, sinh khi v cc ngun ti to khc. 2. T chc, c nhn u t pht trin, s dng nng lng sch, nng lng ti to, sn xut cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng c Nh nc u i v thu, h tr vn, t ai xy dng c s sn xut. 3. Chnh ph xy dng, thc hin chin lc pht trin nng lng sch, nng lng ti to nhm t c cc mc tiu sau y: a) Tng cng nng lc quc gia v nghin cu, ng dng cng ngh khai thc v s dng nng lng sch, nng lng ti to; b) M rng hp tc quc t, huy ng cc ngun lc tham gia khai thc v s dng nng lng sch, nng lng ti to; c) Nng dn t trng nng lng sch, nng lng ti to trong tng sn lng nng lng quc gia; thc hin mc tiu bo m an ninh nng lng, tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin, gim thiu pht thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh; d) Lng ghp chng trnh pht trin nng lng sch, nng lng ti to vi chng trnh xo i gim ngho, pht trin nng thn, min ni, vng ven bin v hi o. 4. Nh nc khuyn khch sn xut, tiu dng cc sn phm, hng ho t gy nhim mi trng, d phn hu trong t nhin; s dng cht thi sn xut nng lng sch; sn xut, nhp khu, s dng my mc, thit b, phng tin giao thng dng nng lng sch, nng lng ti to.
iu 34. Xy dng thi quen tiu dng thn thin vi mi trng
1. Nh nc khuyn khch t chc, c nhn tiu dng cc loi sn phm ti ch t cht thi, sn phm hu c, bao gi d phn hu trong t nhin, sn phm c cp nhn sinh thi v sn phm khc thn thin vi mi trng. 2. B Vn ho - Thng tin, c quan thng tin, bo ch c trch nhim phi hp vi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng tuyn truyn, gii thiu, qung b v sn phm, hng ho thn thin vi mi trng ngi dn tiu dng cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng.
4.2 Qun l ti nguyn sinh hc v h sinh thi 4.2.1 Gii thiu chung
S pht sinh v pht trin ca sinh vt trn tri t ng gp quan trng cho s tin ha ca sinh quyn, ng thi cng li l ngun sng ca con ngi. l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v cng qu gi, gp phn quan trng trong vic to nn s cn bng sinh thi, bo m mi trng sng trong lnh. Chng ta khng th sng thiu s cung ng ca thin nhin bao gm c nn kh hu c xc lp, ngun nc c bo v, cc chu trnh sinh a ha c duy tr. S sng trn tri t ph thuc vo tnh a dng sinh hc duy tr nhng chc nng sinh thi nh iu ha ngun nc v cht lng, kh hu, s mu m ca t ai v cc ngun ti nguyn c th khai thc c. iu c gi tr hn l chc nng sinh thi ca a dng sinh hc trong vic bo v ti nguyn t nh gia tng ph nhiu cho t, iu ha dng chy v tun hon nc, chu trnh nit, xy v khong cht, nhm duy tr tri t nh mt h sinh thi sng, vn ng v sch. Gi tr ca a dng sinh hc ny mang quy m rng ln v khng g thay th c cho s sng ca tri t. Tuy nhin tnh a dng sinh hc ang b suy gim do ni sng ca chng b xo trn, b thu hp, b nhim v do con ngi khai thc qu mc ba bi. Cc h sinh thi b thu hp dn khin nhiu loi trong nguy c b tiu dit.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
81
4.2.2 Ti nguyn ng thc vt
n nay, chng ta vn cha bit ht trn tri t c bao nhiu loi sinh vt. Theo ti liu nghin cu mi nht th chng ta bit v m t 1,4 triu loi trn tri t, trong s c:
V ng vt: 4.000 loi th, 9.040 loi chim, 6.300 loi b st, 4.184 loi ch nhi, 18.150 loi c xng, 843 loi c sn, 751.000 loi cn trng, 6.100 loi da gai, 50.000 loi thn mm, 12.000 loi giun t, 12.000 loi giun trn, 12.200 loi giun dt, 9.000 loi rut khoang, 5.000 loi thn l v 248.428 loi ng vt nguyn sinh. V thc vt: 50.000 loi 1 l mm, 170.000 loi 2 l mm, 529 loi thc vt ht trn, 10.000 loi dng x, 16.600 loi ru, 26.900 loi to, 46.963 loi nm. Rng nhit i c s lng cc loi ln nht. V vi sinh vt: C hn 4.760 loi vi khun v 1.000 loi virt,...
Vit Nam rt phong ph v a dng ng thc vt hoang d c trng cho vng nhit i gi ma. Cc kt qu iu tra cho thy, nc ta c khong 12.000 loi thc vt, 275 loi th, 800 loi chim, 180 loi b st, 80 loi lng c, 2.470 loi c, 5.500 loi cn trng. Tuy nhin tnh a dng sinh hc ang b suy gim do ni sng ca chng b xo trn, b thu hp, b nhim v do con ngi khai thc qu mc v ba bi. Cc h sinh thi b thu hp khin nhiu loi trong nguy c b tiu dit. Vic khai thc g v cc lm sn khc ngoi g l mi e da i vi a dng sinh hc nhiu ni, ch ring rng nhit i mi nm mt i 17.500 loi. Bn cnh nn nh bt c qu mc ang e da ngun li thy sn. Phng php nh bt c khng khoa hc, thm ch mang tnh hy dit nh dng li mt nh, xung in, dng cht n hay cht c. Qu trnh xy dng cc ao m nui trng thy sn dc b bin, khai hoang ln bin lm ng rung, lm mui, xy dng khu dn c lm hy dit nhiu vng t ngp mn vn l nhng ni c a dng sinh hc cao. Nn khai thc san h lm vi xy dng hy hoi nhiu bi san h ln, tc ng xu n mi trng sng ca nhiu loi sinh vt bin v hn ch kh nng ngn chn xi mn vng ven bin. Cc hot ng cng nghip, nng nghip, pht trin th dn n nhim ngun nc v lm thng tn cc h sinh thi nc. Nhng s c trn du trn bin lm tn thng nghim trng h sinh thi bin v vng ven b. a dng sinh hc Vit Nam cng ang mc bo ng cn c bo v khi t l tuyt chng Vit Nam c tnh cao hn mc trung bnh ca th gii, khong 1.000 ln cao hn t l tuyt chng t nhin.
Qun l ng thc vt hoang d
to iu kin gn gi v pht trin ngun ti nguyn a dng sinh hc quan trng nh trnh by cn bo v cc chc nng sinh thi ca rng v thm thc vt, bo v tt ngun nc, mi trng khng kh, bin, T chc qun l tng hp theo nguyn tc PTBV. Cng tc qun l v bo v rng nguyn sinh, cc khu bo tn thin nhin cn c ch trng trc ht. Bn cnh phi c quy hoch khi phc li nhng vng rng b tn ph v pht trin trng rng mi. Cn phi c bin php qun l chng chy rng. Pht trin lm nghip bn vng s to iu kin duy tr v pht trin ngun ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn t ai, Khi phc sinh cnh t nhin, kim sot chy rng, Qun l bn vng ti nguyn bin, vng ven b, cc vng t ngp mn cng tc l qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ng thc vt hoang d thuc loi ln v phong ph nht. Lp quy hoch khi phc cc vng t ngp nc. Xy dng v qun l cc khu bo v c gi tr cao v DSH nh cc khu rng hoang d, cc vng t ngp nc, cc vng bin hoc vc nc ni a. Tng cng qun l cc khu rng c dng,
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
82
o to cn b, lp k hoch v bin php hiu qu. Lp ngn hng gen quc gia v vng nhm duy tr cc ging sinh vt, cy trng c dng. Lp cc khu nui dng cu h ng vt hoang d. Cng c v pht trin vng m, khuyn khch canh tc thm canh trn t dc, hn ch dn du canh, n nh i sng nhn dn a phng kt hp vi tuyn truyn gio dc h dn dn t gic tr thnh lc lng bo v. Vng m s mang chc nng kim sot tc ng ca con ngi, dn c n khu vc cn bo v, chng m rng sinh cnh t nhin c bo v v cung cp sn vt cho nhu cu dn c a phng nhng khng lm nh hng nhiu n phn ti nguyn phi bo v nghim ngt hn. Kim sot kinh doanh cc loi c nguy c tuyt chng. Hin nay vic kinh doanh cc loi ng vt hoang d lm thc n, lm dc phm ang ngy cng gia tng l mi him ha cho nhiu loi rn, ra, ba ba, tc k, vic kinh doanh trn din rng nn rt kh kim sot. Bun bn cc loi hoang d qua bin gii cn c qun l cht ch. Thit ch quy nh v chn nui cc loi hoang d. Pht trin nng nghip bn vng, m bo nhu cu lng thc thc phm y cho dn s tng nhanh cng tc l bo v ti nguyn t, nc, bo v cc loi ng thc vt khi b sn hi, Bo v tnh DSH trong nng nghip. Xy dng v duy tr ngh c bn vng s bo v c ngun li thy sn, duy tr a dng sinh hc c vc nc. Cng tc qun l ng thc vt hoang d cn phi c chnh sch c th v c lut php ha. Chnh sch v lut php trong qun l ng thc vt hoang d i hi phi lm r, iu chnh v cng c chc nng nhim v ca cc c quan qun l nh nc c lin quan. Lut BVMT cng cc vn bn di lut, c bit cp n vn khai thc v s dng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin, kim sot vic mua bn cc sinh vt thuc din qu him hay c hu, ngn nga v kim sot nhim cn c qun trit thc hin. i ng cn b lm cng tc nghin cu, nh gi v bo tn DSH cn c o to v chuyn mn. Cng tc ph bin php lut v bo v mi trng, bo v gi gn ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cn lm thng xuyn, rng ri. Bo tn DSH ch c th c hiu qu nu bn thn nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn c thuyt phc v hiu r v nhu cu bo v v qun l tt hn. Nu h thy li ch t vic qun l v bo v tt hn ngun li thin nhin th h s tng cng kim sot ngun ti nguyn ca h.
4.2.3 Ti nguyn rng
a. Khi nim
Rng l quan trng nht ca sinh quyn v c ngha ln trong s pht trin kinh t x hi, sinh thi v mi trng. Trn thc t rng c lch s pht trin lu di nhng nhng hiu bit v rng ch mi thc s c c t th k XIX. Theo quan im sinh thi hc rng c xem l h sinh thi in hnh trong sinh quyn (Temslay, 1935; Vili, 1957; Odum, 1966). Rng l s thng nht trong mi quan h bin chng gia sinh vt - trong thc vt vi cc loi cy g gi vai tr ch o, t v mi trng. Vic hnh thnh cc kiu rng c lin quan cht ch gia s hnh thnh cc thm thc vt t nhin vi vng a l v iu kin kh hu. Trong mi kiu rng c hnh thnh th kh hu, t ai v m s xc nh thnh phn cu trc v tim nng pht trin ca thm thc vt rng. S phn b ca thm thc vt rng l s ng nht tng i v a l, sinh thi v c hiu nh l mt n v a l thc vt c lp, chng kt hp vi nhau theo v v theo cao thnh nhng ai rng ln trn tri t. S phn b cc ai rng v c bn khng chu nh hng tc ng ca con ngi. S phn chia cc kiu thm thc vt rng ch yu l da vo dng u th sinh thi. Mt s kiu thm thc vt rng quan trng trn th gii l:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
83
Rng l kim (rng Taiga) vng n i c thnh phn kh ng nht, nng sut thp hn vng nhit i, phn b ch yu Bc M, Chu u, Bc Trung Quc v mt s vng ni cao nhit i. Cc loi cy ch yu l thng, vn sam, linh sam. Rng rng l n i phn b vng thp v gn vng nhit i hn, ch yu ng Bc M, Nam M, Chu u, mt phn Trung Quc, Nht Bn, c. Rng ma nhit i c a dng sinh hc cao nht. Phn b ch yu vng xch o thuc lu vc sng Amazon (Nam M), sng Cng G (Chu Phi), n , Malaysia. Trong di rng n - Malaysia c s a dng sinh hc trn mt n v din tch l cao nht, c ti 2.500 - 10.000 loi thc vt trong mt khu vc hp v c ti 7 tng cy vi cc loi cy qu nh lim (Erythrophleum sp), g (Sindora sp), ch ch (Shorea chinensis), lt (Chukrasia sp). Do c s bin i phc tp v ch ma, gi ma v nhit, rng ma nhit i thng rt phc tp c v thnh phn loi v cu trc ca rng. b. Tm quan trng ca rng i vi mi trng
Rng l thm thc vt ca nhng cy thn g trn b mt tri t, gi vai tr to ln i vi con ngi:

Cung cp ngun g, ci. iu ho kh hu, to ra oxy. iu ho nc. Ni c tr ng ca ng, thc vt v tng tr cc ngun gen qu him.
Mt hecta rng hng nm to nn sinh khi khong 300 - 500 kg, 16 tn xy (rng thng 30 tn, rng trng 3 - 10 tn). Mi ngi mt nm cn 4.000kg O2 tng ng vi lng oxy do 1.000 3.000 m2 cy xanh to ra trong nm. Nhit khng kh rng thng thp hn nhit t trng khong 3 - 5oC. Rng bo v v ngn chn gi bo. H s dng chy mt trn t c che ph 35% ln hn t c che ph 75% hai ln. Lng t xi mn ca rng bng 10% lng t xi mn t vng t khng c rng. Rng l ngun gen v tn ca con ngi, l ni c tr ca cc loi ng thc vt qu him. V vy, t l t c rng che ph ca mi quc gia l mt ch tiu nh gi cht lng mi trng quan trng. Din tch t c rng ca mt quc gia ti u phi t 45% tng din tch.
c. Hin trng ti nguyn rng ca th gii v Vit Nam * Ti nguyn rng ca th gii:
Ti nguyn rng trn tri t ngy cng b thu hp v din tch v tr lng.

u th k 20 din tch rng th gii l 6 t ha Nm 1958: 4,4 t ha Nm 1973: 3,8 t ha Nm 1995: 2,3 t ha.
Tc mt rng hng nm trn th gii l 20 triu ha, trong rng nhit i b mt l ln nht, nm 1990 Chu Phi v M La Tinh cn 75% din tch rng nhit i, Chu cn 40%. Theo d bo n nm 2010 rng nhit i ch cn 20 - 25% mt s nc chu Phi, chu M La Tinh v ng Nam . Rng n i khng gim v din tch nhng cht lng v tr lng g b suy gim ng k do nhim khng kh. Theo tnh ton gi tr kinh t rng Chu u gim 30 t USD/nm.
Nguyn nhn lm gim din tch v suy thoi rng trn th gii:
C rt nhiu nguyn nhn dn n lm mt rng trn th gii, tp trung ch yu vo cc nhm nguyn nhn sau y: - M rng din tch t nng nghip p ng nhu cu sn xut lng thc, trong nhng ngi sn xut nh du canh l nguyn nhn quan trng nht. Rowe (1992) cho rng, c n 60%
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
84
rng nhit i b cht ph hng nm l do nguyn nhn ny. Hin nay m rng din tch nng nghip Chu v Chu Phi ang xy ra vi tc mnh hn so vi Chu M La Tinh. - Nhu cu ly ci: cht ph rng cho nhu cu ly ci t cng l nguyn nhn quan trng lm cn kit ti nguyn rng nhiu vng. Lng g s dng lm cht t trn th gii tng t 600 triu m3 vo nm 1963 ln 1.300 triu m3 vo nm 1983. Hin nay vn cn khong 1,5 t ngi da vo ngun g ci cho nu n, si m. Ring Chu Phi c 180 triu ngi thiu ci un. - Chn th gia sc: s chn th tru b v cc gia sc khc i hi phi m rng cc ng c cng l nguyn nhn lm gim din tch rng. Chu M La Tinh, c khong 35% rng b cht ph do nhng ngi sn xut nng nghip nh. Phn cn li ch yu l do chn th sc vt. Ring Nam M vic m rng din tch cc ng c cho chn nui vi tc 20 nghn km2/nm trog giai on 1950 - 1980. Cn Braxin, khong 3/4 din tch rng b ph hy vng Amazon n 1980 c lin quan trc tip n vic chn nui b. - Khai thc g v cc sn phm rng: vic y mnh khai thc g cng nh cc ngun ti nguyn rng khc cho pht trin kinh t v xut khu cng l nguyn nhn dn n lm tng tc ph rng nhiu nc. Hin nay vic bun bn g xy ra mnh m vng ng Nam , chim n gn 50% lng g bun bn trn th gii. V d, Malaysia rng nguyn sinh che ph gn nh ton b t nc vo nm 1900, n nm 1960 c trn mt na din tch rng b khai thc g cho xut khu. Cn Philippin, n nm 1980 rng b ph hy khong 2/3 din tch, trong khai thc g cho xut khu chim mt phn ln. - Ph rng trng cy cng nghip v cy c sn: nhiu din tch rng trn th gii b cht ph ly t trng cy cng nghip v cc cy c sn phc v cho kinh doanh. Mc ch l thu c li nhun cao m khng quan tm n lnh vc mi trng. Thi Lan, mt din tch ln rng b cht ph trng sn xut khu, hoc trng cca sn xut scla. Peru, nhn dn ph rng trng cca; din tch trng cca c tnh chim 1/10 din tch rng ca Peru. Cc cy cng nghip nh cao su, c du cng thay th nhiu vng rng nguyn sinh cc vng i thp ca Malaysia v nhiu nc khc. - Chy rng: Chy rng l nguyn nhn kh ph bin cc nc trn th gii v c kh nng lm mt rng mt cch nhanh chng. V d, nh nm 1997 xy ra chy rng nhiu nc thuc Chu u, Chu v Chu M, Ch tnh ring Indonesia trong mt t chy rng (nm 1997) thiu hy gn 1 triu ha rng. Cn M, trong nm 2000 c 2,16 triu ha rng b chy. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu nguyn nhn khc cng trc tip hoc gin tip lm tng qu trnh ph rng trn th gii. l cc chnh sch qun l rng, chnh sch t ai, chnh sch v di c, nh c v cc chnh sch kinh t x hi khc. Cc d n pht trin kinh t x hi nh xy dng ng giao thng, cc cng trnh thy in, cc khu dn c hoc khu cng nghip cng lm gia tng ng k tc mt rng nhiu ni trn th gii.
* Ti nguyn rng ca Vit Nam:

Nm 1943, din tch rng Vit Nam c tnh c khong 14 triu ha, vi t l che ph l 43%. Nm 1976 gim xung cn 11 triu ha vi t l che ph cn 34%. Nm 1985 cn 9,3 triu ha v t l che ph l 30%. Nm 1995 cn 8 triu ha v t l che ph l 28%. Trong thi k 1945-1975 c nc mt khong 3 triu ha rng, bnh qun 100.000 ha/nm. Qu trnh mt rng din ra nhanh hn giai on 1975-1990: Mt 2,8 triu ha, bnh qun 140.000 ha/nm. Tuy nhin, t nhng nm 1990-1995, do cng tc trng rng c y mnh, phn no lm cho din tch rng tng ln (bng 31). Hin nay din tch t rng Vit Nam c quy hoch l 19 triu ha, trong c 9,3 triu ha l c rng che ph, cn li l cy bi, rng tha v bi c, t trng cha s dng. C cu cc loi rng c trnh by bng 32.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
85
Bng 31. Din bin din tch rng qua cc thi k
n v tnh: 1.000 ha
Loi rng
Nm
1943 14.300 0 14.300 43,0
1976 11.169 92 11.077 33,8
1980 10.608 422 10.186 32,1
1985 9.892 584 9.308 30,0
1990 9.175 745 8.430 27,8
1995 9.302 1.050 8.252 28,2
1999 10.880 1.390 9.490 33,0
Din tch rng Rng trng (ha) Rng t nhin (ha) che ph (%)
Bng 32. Din tch cc loi rng v t rng Vit Nam (1995) Loi rng C rng Triu ha % 0,9 10 3,5 38 4,9 52 9,3 100 49% Khng c rng Triu ha % 0,3 3 4,5 46 5,0 51 9,8 100 51% Tng s Triu ha % 1,2 6 8,0 42 9,9 52 19,1 100 100%
Rng c dng Rng phng h Rng sn xut Cng
V cht lng, trc 1945 rng nc ta c tr lng g vo khong 200-300 m3/ha, trong cc loi g qu nh inh, lim, sn, tu, nghin, trai, g l rt ph bin. Hin nay cht lng rng gim st ng k, ch cn ch yu l rng ngho, gi tr kinh t khng cao. Tr lng g rng nm 1993 c tnh vo khong 76 m3/ha. Trong rng Vit Nam cng phong ph v cc loi dc liu, trong c rt nhiu loi c bit n v khai thc phc v cho vic ch bin thuc. C 10% s loi th, chim, c ca th gii c tm thy Vit Nam v hn 40% loi thc vt c hu khng tm thy ni no khc ngoi Vit Nam.
Nhng nguyn nhn chnh lm suy thoi rng Vit Nam:

- t nng lm ry, sng du canh du c; trong tng din tch rng b mt hng nm th khong 40 - 50% l do t nng lm ry. - Chuyn t c rng sang t sn xut cc cy kinh doanh, c bit l ph rng trng cc cy cng nghip nh c ph Ty Nguyn chim 40 - 50% din tch rng b mt trong khu vc. - Khai thc qu mc vt kh nng phc hi t nhin ca rng. V d, ring nh my giy Bi Bng (Vnh Ph) trong vng 10 nm hot ng, khai thc 85.590 ha rng b , m v tre na. - Do khai thc khng c k hoch, k thut khai thc lc hu lm lng ph ti nguyn rng. - Do chy rng, nht l cc rng trm, rng thng, rng khp rng l. - Do nh hng ca bom n v cc cht ha hc trong chin tranh, ring min Nam b ph hy khong 2 triu ha rng t nhin. Hu qu ca vic ph rng, gim din tch rng nhanh chng gy nn nhiu tc hi rt nghim trng i vi mi trng, t ai, i sng v s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca c nc. Mt s vng u ngun do khng c rng khng iu tit nc, ng lt, hn hn xy ra thng xuyn trung du v ng bng. V vy vn bo v ti nguyn mi trng rng, khi phc cc h sinh thi rng, bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc l nhng vic lm ht sc cp bch.
b. Cc bin php qun l v pht trin ti nguyn rng

Ngy nay bo v v PTBV ti nguyn rng ang c t ra nh mt yu cu cp bch cho nhiu quc gia v trn ton cu. Trn nguyn l chung ca s PTBV, tnh bn vng ca rng c nh gi da trn s n nh v din tch, v kh nng cung cp g v cht lng g, v chc nng
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
86
bo tn a dng sinh hc, v mt sinh thi, v tnh bn vng ca kinh t x hi v m bo vic lm cho con ngi (Wolfgang Tzchupke, 1998). Rng c coi l ngun ti nguyn c kh nng ti to. Nu khai thc hp l s bo m cho vic s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny. Khai thc hp l ti nguyn rng c hiu l qu trnh khai thc lun nm trong gii hn cho php ca kh nng ti sinh ca rng. Bo m cho s khai thc n nh lu di ng thi vn duy tr c cc tnh nng ca rng v cung cp ti nguyn, phng h mi trng, bo m sinh thi cnh quan cng nh tnh a dng sinh hc vn c ca rng. Chnh v vy m nhng bin php qun l ti nguyn rng phi ph hp cc iu kin sinh thi, kinh t, x hi v n s thay i khi cc iu kin ny thay i. Nhng nhim v c bn trong qun l ti nguyn rng l nhm bo v ngun ti nguyn vn c ca rng, trc ht l ngun ti nguyn sinh hc v bo v mi trng. Trong mt s trng hp s bao gm cc mc ch cho sn xut lm nghip x hi, cung cp ci, g, lng thc thc phm. D trong iu kin no th iu quan trng l phi xc nh c s ph hp gia li ch trc mt ca nhn dn a phng v li ch quc gia lu di. Pht trin ti nguyn rng khng ch ph thuc n thun vo qun l rng m cn l vn kinh t x hi ca mi vng, mi quc gia. Do vy, mi quc gia cn c nhng chnh sch ring ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca h. Mt s bin php chung c th tp trung vo nhng kha cnh sau:
- Qun l tt hn cc ngun ti nguyn rng hin cn v trng rng mi

p dng cc bin php nhm hn ch vic cht ph rng. Tng cng trng rng v cc cy cng nghip ph hp, pht trin hnh thc nng lm kt hp nhng vng bt buc phi trng cy nng nghip trn t dc. Nng cao hiu sut s dng ci t, pht trin kh sinh hc v s dng nng lng mt tri. Thm canh cy cng nghip v to vic lm mi pht trin nng thn, gim sc p ca sn xut nng nghip i vi cc t rng cn li. Vic bo v rng phi i i gia bo tn, phc hi vi trng rng v qun l bun bn g nhm PTBV ti nguyn rng. Vic p dng mt gii php n l no s khng c kh nng gii quyt c vn ny, d ch l lm chm mt cch c ngha vic ph rng hin nay. Trong qu trnh p dng cc gii php bo v rng, cn ch bo m quyn li ca nhng ngi dn bn x vi nn vn ha, li sng v kin thc bn a ca h.
- Thnh lp cc khu bo tn thin nhin v cc vn quc gia

y c coi l bin php quan trng nhm bo v ngun ti nguyn rng, trc ht l ngun ti nguyn sinh vt. Tuy vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin c nhng yu cu ring nhng u c xy dng trn c s bo tn s a dng sinh hc, a dng mc ch s dng vi mc tiu hng u l bo tn thin nhin. Cc vn quc gia trn th gii c thnh lp t rt sm nhiu nc khc nhau, Nam Phi c vn quc gia c thnh lp t 1898, n t 1908, Achentina t 1909, c t 1915. n nm 1990 c khong 560 khu bo tn thin nhin v vn quc gia c thit lp vng rng ma nhit i, vi tng din tch khong 780.000 km2 (chim 4% tng din tch rng ma nhit i).
- Qun l rng bn vng v chng ch rng

Chng ch rng c nh ngha l mt qu trnh dn n vic chng nhn bng vn bn do mt t chc th ba (ngoi ngi sn xut g v tiu dng g) c lp thc hin, xc nhn v a im v hin trng qun l ca khu rng sn xut g l bn vng. Thng thng c hai ni dung c bn thc hin trong qu trnh cp chng ch rng l: kim ton rng v dn nhn cho php. Chng ch rng ra i nhm m bo vi ngi tiu dng v ngun gc ng tin cy ca cc sn phm rng v cc mt sn xut bn vng (ti nguyn khng b suy gim), an ton v mi trng v tun th cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi. Chng ch rng c th ng vai tr nh mt cng c kinh t trong h thng cc cng c chnh sch nhng khng th thay th cc quy nh, lut php v gio dc tuyn truyn trong vic qun l rng bn vng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
87
4.2.4 a dng sinh hc v bo tn thin nhin
a. Khi nim
"a dng sinh hc l s phong ph v ngun gen, v ging, loi sinh vt v h sinh thi trong t nhin". a dng sinh hc c xem xt theo 3 mc :

a dng sinh hc cp loi bao gm ton b cc sinh vt sng trn tri t, t vi khun n cc loi thc, ng vt v cc loi nm. cp qun th a dng sinh hc bao gm s khc bit v gen gia cc loi, khc bit v gen gia cc qun th sng cch ly nhau v a l cng nh khc bit gia cc c th cng chung sng trong mt qun th. a dng sinh hc cn bao gm c s khc bit gia cc qun x m trong cc loi sinh sng v cc h sinh thi, ni m cc loi cng nh cc qun x sinh vt tn ti v c s khc bit ca cc mi tng tc gia chng vi nhau.
4.3 Qun l ti nguyn nc 4.3.1 Ti nguyn nc
a. Khi nim
Nc l yu t ch yu ca h sinh thi, l nhu cu c bn ca mi s sng trn tri t v cn thit cho cc hot ng kinh t-x hi ca loi ngi. Cng vi cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin khc, ti nguyn nc (TNN) l mt trong bn ngun lc c bn pht trin kinh t-x hi, l i tng lao ng v l mt yu t cu thnh lc lng sn xut. Nc l ti nguyn ti to c, sau mt thi gian nht nh nht nh c dng li. Nc l thnh phn cu to nn sinh quyn. Trong c th sng nc chim t l ln, 70% khi lng c th con ngi trng thnh. Nc tc ng trc tip n thch quyn, kh quyn dn ti s bin i ca kh hu, thi tit. Nc l mt trong cc nhn t quyt nh cht lng mi trng sng ca con ngi. u c nc c s sng. Nc c nhng c trng vt l c o m cht lng khc khng c. Nh nhng tnh cht m c s sng v tn ti nh ngy nay. Sau y l mt s tnh cht khc thng quan trng ca nc:
- Khi lng ring: Nc l cht lng duy nht n ra khi ng bng. Thc t, khi lng ring ca nc ln nht 4oC. iu c ngha l nhit ln hn hoc di nhit ny khi lng ring ca nc u nh hn, v vy bng ni trn nc. Tnh cht ny cng dn n hin tng phn tng nhit trong cc h nc - Nhit dung ring: Nhit dung ring ca nc (~ 4.184 J/kgoC) cao hn cc cht lng khc, tr amoniac. Tnh cht ny c ngha l nc c un nng hoc lm ngui chm hn hu ht cc cht lng khc. iu ny gip cho vic lm n ha kh hu cc vng gn ngun nc v c chc nng bo v cuc sng khi s bin ng t ngt v nhit. - Nhit bay hi: Nhit lm bay hi nc (2.258 KJ/kg), l cao nht so vi tt c cc cht lng khc. iu ny c ngha l hi nc tch ly lng nhit ln v c gii phng khi nc ngng t. Tnh cht ny l yu t chnh nh hng ti kh hu ca tri t. - Nc nh mt dung mi: Nc ha tan nhiu cht hn bt k mt dung mi no. Do n l mi trng c hiu qu cho vic vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng ha tan ti cc m v cc c quan ca c th sng cng nh loi tr cc cht thi ca chng. Nc cng tham gia vo vic vn chuyn cc cht tan khp sinh quyn.
Nc nguyn cht l hp cht ca hai nguyn t hydro v mt nguyn t xi. Cc phn t nc khng tn ti ring m lin kt to thnh nhm. Trng thi lng ca nc tinh khit khng mi, v,
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
88
mu sc. Trong t nhin nc ma vng kh quyn sch, nc tan t bng, tuyt trn ni c th coi l nc nguyn cht. Ti nguyn nc bao gm nc trong kh quyn, nc mt, nc di t, nc bin v i dng. Cc ngun nc hu ht l ti nguyn ti to, nm trong chu trnh tun hon ca nc, di cc dng: my, ma, trong cc vt th cha nc: sng, sui, m, ao, h, nc di t c p v khng c p tng nng hay tng su ca t v nc cc vng bin v i dng th gii. Mc d lng nc trn tri t l khng l, song lng nc ngt cho php con ngi s dng ch chim mt phn rt nh b (di 1/100.000). Hn na s phn b ca cc ngun nc ngt li khng u theo khng gian v thi gian cng khin cho nc tr thnh mt dng ti nguyn c bit, cn phi c bo v v s dng hp l.
b. Qu trnh tun hon nc trong t nhin:

Bc hi b mt Ngng t to my Ma Dng chy Thm
- m bo cho s phn b tng i u v n nh - s sng trn tri t - ng vai tr v i nht. - ng lc m bo cho s tun hon ny l nng lng mt tri.
40.103 Km3 My Ma trn i dng 390.103 Km3
Ma lc a 110.000 Km3 Bc hi lc a 70.103 Km3
Dng chy ( mt v ngm) 40.000 Km3
Bc hi t i dng 430.103 Km3
i dng 1.938.106 Km3
Hnh 14. Chu trnh thu vn ton cu hng nm
- Trn thc t, hin nay trn th gii mi ch khai thc 9.000 km3 (mt + ngm l 40.000 km3 - cha c 1/4) - Ma l giai on bt u trn chu trnh thu vn trn mt t, nh hng rt ln n cuc sng con ngi. Ma phn b khng u ph thuc vo: + V tr ca tng khu vc . + c im a hnh, kh hu (i ni sa mc, ...) + c im ca thm thc vt.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
89
4.3.2 Cht lng nc A. Cc yu t hnh thnh cht lng nc t nhin
Chia lm 2 nhm:
Tc ng trc tip Tc ng gin tip
( Hnh thnh cht lng nc t nhin )

- Nham thch - t - Sinh vt (sinh vt sng ) - Con ngi - Kh hu - a hnh - Ch thu vn - a cht
a. Nham thch (Khong vt ): - Nh qu trnh mcma ho-nham thch phun ln mt, thnh phn ch yu: + Mui: Cacbonat, Sunpht, Clorua + Khong vt st + Khong vt phong ho - Qu trnh ho tan khong vt c trng bng biu thc: dX/dt =K. S. (Cs - Ct) K: l h s ho tan. S: din tch tip xc gia nc v khong vt t: thi gian . Cs , Ct: nng bo ho v nng khong vt trong nc ti thi im t - Qu trnh ny quyt nh thnh phn khong ca nc ( Ngoi ra cn c MN , SI , Al....) b. t: t trng c ngun gc t nham thch, c hnh thnh thng qua qu trnh sinh - a - ho. t cung cp cht hu c v dinh dng cho nc thin nhin thng qua qu trnh ra tri b mt(xc ng thc vt). c. Sinh vt: ng vai tr quan trong chui thc n, phn nh cht lng nc. Vi khun: + Chuyn ho cht hu c t xc ng vt, thc vt thnh dng n gin + Cc vi khun st, Mn, .... ( VK tch t kim loi) + Vi khun quang nng gii phng O2 v tng hp sinh khi to cht. Thc vt: L ngun cung cp xy trong nc. iu chnh CO2 v O2 trong nc; Lm tng hm lng cht hu c. d. Kh hu: - Xc nh tnh cn bng ng trong nc. - L iu kin cho cc qu trnh pha long, ho tan cht hu c trong nc. - nh hng n qu trnh sng ca VSV, ng thc vt trong nc. - Hng chuyn ng ca nc ngm, nhit dng chy ... e. a hnh : iu kin a hnh nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ra tri, xi mn (quyt nh kh nng cun tri mui, cht hu c vo trong nc) , nh hng n cht lng nc, tc dng chy , thi gian tip xc gia nc v t , tc thm, tc hnh thnh m ly, .... f. Ch thu vn: Tc ng n tr lng nc, thnh phn, tnh cht nc (Bin ng theo ma)
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
90
B. c im cht lng nc thin nhin: a. n nh v thnh phn ion: Ion (mg/l) Cl Na+ SO42Mg2+ Ca2+ K+ HCO3Nc bin 19.340 10.770 2.712 194 412 399 140 Nc sng h 8 6 11 4 15 2 58
b. n nh v ch kh: CO2 -O2 - Phn ln nc thin nhin c oxi bo ha tuy nhin ti mt s thi im c th d tha hoc thiu ht; Ngun gc: Quang hp, thm nhp t b mt,... - CO2: Ngun gc :Khng kh; qu trnh h hp ca vi sinh vt; qu trnh nit Ngoi ra cn c 1 s kh khc nh H2S, NH4,... c. c, mu: Mang tnh cht thi im; Thay i theo ma. 4.3.3 nhim ngun nc
S nhim ngun nc c th c ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to: - S nhim c ngun gc t nhin l do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt Nc ma ri xung mt t, mi nh, ng ph th, khu cng nghip ko theo cc cht bn xung sng, h, hoc cc sn phm ca hot ng sng ca sinh vt, k c cc xc cht ca chng. S nhim ny cn c gi l nhim din. - S nhim nhn to ch yu do x nc thi t cc vng dn c, khu cng nghip, hot ng giao thng vn ti, thuc tr su, thuc dit c v phn bn trong nng nghip vo mi trng nc.
a. Nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi t cc ngi nh
Nc thi phn
Nc tiu
Nc tm git Nc thi
Nc thi nh bp
Loi khc
Nc (99,9%)
Cc cht rn (0,1%)
Cht hu c (50-70%) Protein (65%) Cacbonhydrat (25%) Cht bo (10%) Ct
Cht v c ( 30-50%) Mui Kim loi
- c tnh nc thi x vo mi trng (Ngi/ngy m): + Cn l lng (SS): 35 - 60 g/ngi - ngy m, Cn hu c chim: 55-65 % + Hm lng cht hu c cao: BOD5 cha lng: 30 - 35 g/ngi-ng, lng: 25 - 30 g/ng.ng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
91
+ Cha nhiu nguyn t dinh dng: N, P, K... N = 8 g/ng,ng; P = 1.5 - 1.8 g/ng,ng + Tiu chun thi nc: Cc nc tin tin: 200 - 500 l/ng,ng Cc th Vit Nam: 100 - 200 l/ng,ng Nng thn Vit Nam: 50 - 100 l/ng,ng - Hm lng cc cht nhim trong nc cng: : 150 - 250 mg/l BOD5 Cn l lng : 200 - 290 mg/l Tng Nit : 35 - 100 mg/l Tng P : 10 - 20mg/l Coliform/100 ml: a 104 - b 108 MPN/100 ml a, b = 1 - 9.
b. Nc thi sn xut cng nghip: Nc thi khai khong, luyn kim du, cng nghip thc phm, dt, giy, c kh ... Chia lm 2 loi: - Nc thi sn xut bn: Thnh phn, tnh cht ph thuc vo iu kin, lnh vc, thnh phn nguyn vt liu, sn phm. Thnh phn nc thi CN khng n nh, tnh nguy hi cao. - Nc thi quy c sch: c th dng li. c. Nc chy trn: Nc chy trn trn mt t do nc ma, ra ng s, l ngun gy nhim nc sng, h. Nng cht bn trong nc ma ph thuc vo hng lot cc yu t nh cng ma, thi gian ma-thi gian khng ma, c im mt ph, bn th v khng kh
- Nhn chung trong nc ma: SS = 400 - 3.000 mg/l BOD5 = 8 - 180 mg/l - Thay i theo v tr : BOD5 + Ri qua mi 12 mg/l + Ri xung sn 15 mg/l + ng ph 35 69 mg/l d. Nc thi sn xut nng nghip: ch yu l do chn nui, trng trt -Trng trt: Do bn phn, s dng hp cht dit su, c Nc cha cht hu c, dinh dng (N, P) cao, ho cht BVTV - Chn nui: Cht hu c cao, cht dinh dng: N, P cao e. Hot ng ca tu thuyn Hot ng ca tu thuyn trn sng, bin gy nhim du do r r, sc ra tu, do s c tai nn trn du, do np v tho nc dn tu (nc ballast: cha hn 3.000 loi sinh vt khc nhau). Sinh hot ca con ngi trn tu thuyn.
4.3.4 Qun l ti nguyn nc
Cc bin php qun l ti nguyn nc thng c phi hp vi nhau v tc ng ln nhau. Sau y l mt s bin php chnh: - Quy hoch ngun nc bo v nc, a nc vo s dng hp l, khai thc ngun nc sn c s dng hp l v hiu qu hn. Bin php quy hoch qun l, s dng nc nhm mc ch: sn xut in nng, cp nc cho sinh hot v cng nghip, cp nc cho nng nghip, cp nc cho thy sn, iu ha dng chy cho giao thng, bo v chng ngp lt v cn kit.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
92
- Cc chnh sch, php ch v qun l nc thch hp: y l bin php mang tnh cht php l, thit ch v hnh chnh p dng cho vic s dng v phn phi ti nguyn nc, m bo pht trin bn vng ti nguyn nc. Tng cng cng tc hng dn, tuyn truyn lut ti nguyn nc. Tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra v x l kp thi cc ngun gy nhim ti nguyn nc.
4.3.5 Lut ti nguyn nc
a. Lut ti nguyn nc
Lut ti nguyn nc c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha X, k hp th 3 thng qua ngy 20 thng 5 nm 1998,c cng b vo ngy 1/6/1998 v c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1999. Lut ny quy nh vic qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc; phng, chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra bao gm 10 chng, 75 iu. C s php l quan trng cho vic qun l ti nguyn nc l Lut Ti nguyn nc. Lut quy nh r: ti nguyn nc thuc s hu ton dn do Nh nc thng nht qun l. T chc, c nhn c quyn khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc cho i sng v sn xut, ng thi c trch nhim bo v ti nguyn nc, phng, chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra theo quy nh ca php lut. Nh nc bo v quyn li hp php ca t chc, c nhn trong khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc. Theo , Nh nc c chnh sch qun l, s dng hp l, tit kim v c hiu qu ti nguyn nc; phng chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra, nhm bo m nc cho sinh hot ca nhn dn, cho cc ngnh kinh t, bo m quc phng, an ninh, bo v mi trng v phc v s pht trin bn vng ca t nc. C chnh sch u t pht trin ti nguyn nc v iu tra c bn, xy dng h thng quan trc, h thng thng tin d liu, nng cao kh nng d bo l, lt, hn hn, xm nhp nc mn, nc bin dng, trn vo v cc tc hi khc do nc gy ra. u t, h tr pht trin c s h tng v c k hoch u tin u t gii quyt nc sinh hot cho dn c cc vng c bit khan him nc, cng nh c chnh sch u i i vi t chc, c nhn trong v ngoi nc u t vn vo vic pht trin ti nguyn nc; nghin cu, ng dng khoa hc, cng ngh tin tin pht trin ti nguyn nc v bo v quyn li hp php ca h. C chnh sch ti chnh t chc, c nhn khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc c ngha v ti chnh v ng gp cng sc, kinh ph cho vic xy dng cng trnh bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, phng, chng, khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra v thc hin chnh sch min, gim thu, ph ti nguyn nc i vi a bn c iu kin kinh t-x hi kh khn v c bit kh khn. Nh nc khuyn khch m rng quan h quc t v hp tc quc t v iu tra c bn, bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc; phng, chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra nhm pht trin ti nguyn nc theo nguyn tc bo v ch quyn, ton vn lnh th, cc bn cng c li v ph hp vi cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam k kt hoc tham gia. Lut cng nu r vic nghim cm mi hnh vi lm suy thoi, cn kit nghim trng ngun nc, ngn cn tri php s lu thng ca nc, ph hoi cng trnh bo v, khai thc; s dng ti nguyn nc; phng, chng, khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra v cn tr quyn khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc hp php ca mi t chc, c nhn. Qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc bao gm ni dung: - Xy dng v ch o thc hin chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch, chnh sch v bo v, khai thc, s dng, pht trin ti nguyn nc; phng, chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra. - Ban hnh v t chc thc hin cc vn bn php lut, quy trnh, quy phm, tiu chun v ti nguyn nc. - Qun l cng tc iu tra c bn, d bo kh tng thy vn, cnh bo l, lt, hn hn v tc hi do nc gy ra, t chc nghin cu, p dng tin b khoa hc, cng ngh, lu tr ti liu v ti nguyn nc.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
93
- Cp v thu hi giy php v ti nguyn nc. - Quyt nh bin php, huy ng lc lng, vt t, phng tin phng, chng v khc phc hu qu l, lt, hn hn, x l s c cng trnh thy li v cc tc hi khc do nc gy ra. - Kim tra vic chp hnh v x l cc hnh vi vi phm php lut, gii quyt tranh chp, khiu ni, t co v cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v ti nguyn nc. - Quan h quc t, thc hin iu c quc t v ti nguyn nc m Vit Nam k kt hoc tham gia. - T chc b my qun l, o to cn b, tuyn truyn ph bin php lut v ti nguyn nc. Thm quyn qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc B lut ny quy nh: - Chnh ph thng nht qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc. - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc. - B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn chu trch nhim v thy li v cc cng trnh thy li. - Cc B, c quan ngang b, c quan thuc Chnh ph thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc do phn cng ca Chnh ph. - y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng chu trch nhim qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc trong phm vi a phng theo quy nh ca Lut ny, cc quy nh khc ca lut php v s phn cp ca Chnh ph. - H thng t chc, nhim v v quyn hn ca c quan qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc, h thng thy li thuc B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng, B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn v y ban nhn dn cc cp do Chnh ph quy nh. V thm quyn ph duyt quy hoch, d n ti nguyn nc do Quc hi quyt nh ch trng u t cc cng trnh quan trng quc gia, Chnh ph ph duyt danh mc, quy hoch cc lu vc sng v cc d n cng trnh quan trng; B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn ph duyt cc quy hoch lu vc sng, quy hoch h thng cng trnh thy li theo s y quyn ca Chnh ph; Cc B, ngnh, UBND tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng cn c vo quy hoch v ti nguyn nc ph duyt cc d n, cng trnh v ti nguyn nc theo y quyn v phn cp ca Chnh ph. Lut cng giao cho Chnh ph thnh lp Hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc t vn cho Chnh ph trong nhng quyt nh quan trng v ti nguyn nc thuc nhim v, quyn hn ca Chnh ph v quy nh c th v t chc v hot ng ca Thanh tra chuyn ngnh v ti nguyn nc.
b. Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP ca Chnh ph

Trn c s Lut Ti nguyn nc, Chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh s 179/1999/N-CP ngy 30/12/1999 quy nh vic thi hnh lut ti nguyn nc.
4.3.6 Bo v mi trng nc
Cc bin php bo v mi trng nc bao gm cc gii php nh sau: - Tiu chun cht lng nc v iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi ra ngun: S dng ngun nc v tiu chun cht lng nc s dng, iu kin v sinh khi thi nc x ra ngun - T chc qun l v kim sot cht lng ngun nc: Quan trc mi trng nc, K thut quan trc - Cc bin php gim thiu nhim nc: Cc bin php hn ch x cht thi ra ngun nc mt; Tng cng xo trn pha long nc thi vi nc ngun; Lm giu xi. - S dng tng hp v hp l ngun nc.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
94
4.4 Qun l cht lng mi trng khng kh 4.4.1 Tng quan mi trng khng kh
Kh quyn l lp v ngoi ca tri t, vi ranh gii di l b mt thy quyn, thch quyn v ranh gii trn l khong khng gia cc hnh tinh.
a. Thnh phn khng kh ca kh quyn:

Kh quyn l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc. Khng kh kh cha 78,09% N2, 20,94% O2, 0,93% Ar, 0,032% CO2, 18ppm Ne, 5,2ppm He, 1,3ppm CH4, 1,0ppm Kr v mt lng nh H2, Xe, O3, NH3,
b. Cu trc thng ng ca kh quyn:

Kh quyn tri t ca cu trc phn lp, vi cc tng c trng t di ln trn nh sau: tng i lu (0-10km), tng bnh lu (10-50km), tng trung lu (50-90km) v tng nhit (>90km).
4.4.2 Bin i mi trng khng kh
Mi trng khng kh c ngha rt h trng i vi con ngi, bi v ngi ta c th nhn n 710 ngy, nhn ung 2-3 ngy, nhng ch sau 3-5 pht khng th ht khng kh th con ngi c nguy c b t vong. Trong 1 ngy, mi ngi cn 2 lt nc ung, 1,4 kg thc n nhng phi cn mt lng khng kh khong 14 kg, tng ng 12 m3. Thi xa xa, mi trng kh vn rt trong lnh. Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi th mi trng kh ngy cng b nhim. Chnh do hot ng ca con ngi vi quy m, phng thc v mc khc nhau, trc tip hoc gin tip tc ng lm thay i m hnh, thnh phn ha hc, tnh cht vt l v sinh hc ca mi trng kh. NMTK khng phi l vn mi pht sinh. Hn 300 nm trc y, John Evalyn nh gi tc ng ca nhim mi trng do t chy cc nhin liu gy ra nh lm c bu tri, gim bc x mt tri xung tri t, gy au m v t vong i vi con ngi, han r vt liu, Nhng ch n th k 20, nht l nhng thp nin gn y v nhng thm tha khng khip do nhim mi trng kh gy ra, ngi ta mi quan tm hn, m rng nghin cu, thc nghim ha l v dch t hc nh gi cn thn tc hi ca NMTK cng nh nghin cu cc bin php phng nga n. Vn NMTK gn lin vi hot ng ca con ngi. Mi ngi va l nn nhn va l th phm gy NMTK. Bu khng kh b nhim s gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi, lm thay i kh hu, thi tit, gim cht lng nc, lm chua t, gim din tch rng, cn kit thy sn, ph hy cc cng trnh xy dng, V nhng l do m vn NMTK khng ch mang tnh cc b m c tnh ton cu. Do NMTK m nhiu qun th cy xanh b hy dit, din tch cy xanh ca Chu u gim i 40%. C th k n thm ha u tin trong th k 20 do nhim mi trng khng kh gy ra l hi khi cng nghip pht ra b hin tng kh hu nghch o nhit km hm, gy ra u c thnh ph thung lng Manse thuc nc B vo nm 1930 v tng t thung lng dc sng Monongahela vo nm 1948. Trong cc v ny hng trm ngi cht. Hin tng nghch o nhit lm tng nng hi khi c gy ngt th Lun n nm 1952, lm cht v b thng 4.000-5.000 ngi. thnh ph Los Angeles (M) cng c ln xy ra tng t. Khng kh nhim b t hm bao ph t min Chicago v Miiwaukee ti New Orleans v Philadelphia nc M vo thng 8 nm 1969, cng gy rt nhiu thit hi. Thm ha ln nht trong lch s loi ngi do nhim mi trng khng kh gy ra li xy ra trong thi gian gn y nht, l v r kh MIC (kh Metyl-Iso-Cyanate) ca Lin hip sn xut phn bn Bhopal (n ) vo nm 1984. Khong 2 triu ngi dn Bhopal b nhim c, trong 5.000 ngi cht v 50.000 ngi b nhim c trm trng, rt nhiu ngi b m.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
95
4.4.3 nhim mi trng khng kh
i vi hot ng bnh thng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt khng ch cn c khng kh m cn i hi mc trong sch nht nh. Bt k mt s thay i no v thnh phn, nng , chng hn s nhim bn khng kh s nh hng n sc khe con ngi v cc qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca sinh vt. nh hng ca con ngi vo bu kh quyn khng l l: Ngun c nh, do t nhin liu: cc ng khi cng nghip, c bit l cng nghip nng lng, cng nghip luyn kim, cng nghip vt liu xy dng, cng nghip ho cht, cng nghip du kh Ngun di ng, do t nhin liu: cc phng tin giao thng c gii nh t, xe my, my bay, tu thu, tu ha Ngun khng phi l t nhin liu: t cht thi, bi, kh c, cht c mi r r v bay hi t dy chuyn sn xut cng nghip, t sn xut nng nghip v t khai thc m, vt liu xy dng.
Bng 33. Ngun pht sinh v tc ng ca cc cht nhim khng kh ch yu
TT Cht nhim Ngun chnh 1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) t nhin liu trong cng nghip, t, xe my 2 Carbon monoxide t, xe my (CO) 3 Sulphur dioxide t nhin liu c cha lu (SO2) hunh 4 Nitrogen oxide t nhin liu, t, xe my (NO2) 5 Bi Giao thng vn ti v sn xut cng nghip 6 Ch, thy ngn, t, xe my v cc qu trnh cadmium v cc kim sn xut cng nghip loi nng khc 7 Bi khai thc m Khai thc m 8 Cc cht hu c bay t, xe my v cng nghip s hi (VOC) dng dung mi hu c 9 Ting n Giao thng v cng nghip Hu qu ca nhim khng kh:
Tc ng chnh Lm bin i kh hu ton cu L cht c hi, ngay c khi nng nh Nguy hi i vi sc khe con ngi v l ngun chnh gy ra ma axit C hi i vi sc khe con ngi v gy ma axit Gy bnh vim cung phi v cc bnh phi, bnh h hp khc Nguy hi i vi cc h thng thn kinh v no, c bit l i vi tr em Gy cc bnh v phi Gy cc bnh v mt, phi, mu v h thng thn kinh Gy cc bnh thnh gic, tim mch, huyt p v thn kinh
nhim khng kh rt c hi cho sc khe ca con ngi, cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca ng, thc vt. Nng cc cht c cao trong khng kh gy nn cc bnh ng h hp, nhiu bnh khc v i n t vong ngi. Cc cht nhim bn kh quyn lm thnh cc m my m cn tr bc x mt tri, gim cc tia t ngoi cn thit gy nn bnh thiu vitamin v ci xng tr em. i vi thc vt, cc hp cht lu hunh, flo, xyt cacbon, hydrocacbon c tc ng gy hi, lm gim nng sut cy cng nghip, cy n qu v.v ph hy qu trnh quang hp, km hm s sinh trng v pht trin thc vt. i vi thm thc vt rng, nhng vng b ym khi v nhim bn, tng trng ca rng gim t 23% n 35%. Trong iu kin khng kh nhim bn, khi tng nhit lm tng tc hi i vi thc vt. nhit 4oC thc vt t chu nh hng ca kh lu hunh. Nhng khi nhit tng ln 18-40oC th rt nhy cm. Nhiu nghin cu chng minh rng khi tng m khng kh v tng s lng ngy my m th nng cc cht kh nhim bn tng ln. m khng kh lm hn ch vic bc hi ca cc cht kh khi mt t.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
96
4.4.4 Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh 1. H thng quan trc cht lng khng kh
cc thnh ph ln ti cc nc pht trin cc h thng gim st t ng cht lng khng kh hng ngy c thit lp. Vit Nam cc trm (im) quan trc cht lng khng kh c Cc Mi trng thit lp t nm 1994, c 3 trm quan trc v phn tch khng kh t ng ti H Ni. Ti TP. H Ch Minh t cui nm 1992 mng li quan trc cht lng khng kh vi 4 trm c hot ng trong khun kh d n xy dng h thng gim nhim mi trng TP. H Ch Minh. T nm 2000 vi s h tr ca UBND TP. H Ch Minh c 3 trm quan trc t ng thu mu v phn tch mu kh hot ng.
a. Mc ch ca trm quan trc cht lng khng kh

Mc ch ca trm quan trc cht lng khng kh nhm gii quyt cc vn sau: - nh gi thnh phn nhim khng kh xy dng phng cht lng khng kh phc v quy hoch qun l mi trng v pht trin kinh t x hi. - Xc nh xu hng din bin nhim khng kh trong khu vc theo thi gian. - Xc nh ngun gc v kh nng pht tn tc nhn nhim trong khng kh. - Xc nh tc ng n mi trng v sc khe do nhim khng kh. - So snh tiu chun quc gia, khu vc v cht lng khng kh nh gi cht lng tng vng, tng thi im. - nh gi hiu qu ca cc bin php khng ch nhim khng kh ca d n hoc ca khu vc. - Xy dng h thng bo ng nhim khng kh khi c s c do hot ng cng nghip hoc thin tai gy ra.
b. Cc loi trm
Mt h thng cc trm quan trc cht lng khng kh ca mt quc gia hoc mt vng lnh th bao gm trm c s ( nh gi cht lng khng kh do cc yu t t nhin, cha c hoc t c s tc ng ca con ngi) v cc trm tc ng (nh gi nhim khng kh cc khu dn c, khu thng mi, khu cng nghip). Mt trm quan trc cht lng khng kh cn c cc thit b tiu chun thu mu phn tch; thu thp, x l s liu v thit b truyn s liu v trung tm.
c. Cc thng s quan trc chn lc

Cc thng s ch th cht lng khng kh xung quanh cn c quan trc lin tc l: bi, SO2, CO, NO2, cc kh quang ha (nh O3), hydrocacbon hoc ch. Trong h thng ca GEMS vi s tham gia ca trn 40 nc ch c 2 thng s l bi v SO2 l bt buc i vi tt c cc trm thuc mng li. Da vo hai thng s ny ta c th phn loi mc nhim ca cc khu vc do hot ng cng nghip v giao thng.
d. Thu mu, bo qun, phn tch mu

Cng tc ny cn c thc hin theo cc phng php tiu chun ca Vit Nam.
2. Gim st, nh gi nhim khng kh do hot ng d n hoc s c mi trng
a. Thng s ch th (xem phn )

i vi mt s d n cng nghip c kh nng a vo khng kh cc tc nhn nhim nng cao th vic quan trc cn c tin hnh ti khu vc trong v xung quanh nh my da theo cc thng s ch th nhim c xut nh (bng 34).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
97
Bng 34. Cc thng s ch th nhim khng kh do d n cng nghip D n CN nhit in, l nung CN sn, cao su, cht do CN superphotphat CN bt git CN lc ha du CN ch bin ht iu L t rc Thng s ch th Bi, SO2, NOx, CO Bi, hydrocacbon, mi, SO2, NOx (nu c l hi) Bi, SOx, HF Bi, cht kim Hydrocacbon, bi, SOx, COx, NOx. Bi, mi, phenol Bi, SO2, NOx, CO, Dioxin
b. K thut kho st thc a

Thu mu bng thit b tiu chun (c ghi nhit , th tch kh, m,), phn tch cc thng s ny v so snh vi tiu chun cho php v kh thi (th d TCVN 5939-1995), tiu chun khng kh khu dn c (th d, TCVN 5937-1995) ta c th nh gi c tc ng ca d n i vi mi trng v da vo thng k y hc (nu c) c th d liu nh hng ca d n n sc khe nhn dn trong vng. Vic quan trc cht lng v nhim khng kh cn phi c tin hnh theo ng tn s, thi gian thu mu trung bnh v ng phng php phn tch c c s so snh s liu. Trong quan trc cht lng khng kh, ngoi vic xc nh nng cht nhim cn phi bit cc thng s v kh tng (nhit , kh quyn, tc gi, hng gi, m, bn kh quyn,). Cc thng s ny km theo cc thng s v cao, ng knh ng khi, tc thi, nhit kh thi ta c th tnh c kh nng pht tn ca tc nhn nhim t nh my n cc vng xung quanh theo m hnh ton hc.
4.4.5 Qun l mi trng khng kh
a. Qun l cc ngun thi nhim tnh (ngun thi cng nghip)
i. B tr khu cng nghip

Trong quy hoch s dng t, vic b tr tp trung cc c s sn xut vo cc khu cng nghip l mt bin php quan trng hng u kim sot nhim. Khu cng nghip cn phi t cui hng gi v cui ngun nc i vi khu dn c, xung quanh khu cng nghip c vnh ai cy xanh ngn cch vi khu dn c v cc khu th khc. Vng quc Anh t lu cc chnh quyn a phng c quyn xc nh ton b hay mt phn khu vc th l cc khu vc khng c x khi, x khi trong cc khu vc ny b coi l vi phm, b pht hoc b nh ch hot ng, nh vy ch c b tr cc cng nghip sn xut khng c ng khi, khng gy nhim cc khu vc ny, chnh quyn a phng cn quy nh chiu cao ti thiu ca cc ng khi i vi cc c s cng nghip. Cc c s sn xut cng nghip cng phn tn trong th, phn thnh nhiu khu cng nghip nh, nht l phn tn xen k trong cc khu dn c th cng b nhim, s ngi b tc ng sc khe bi nhim mi trng khng kh cng ln, c th gp 2-3 ln so vi trng hp b tr cng nghip tp trung vo cc khu cng nghip ln. Hin nay nhiu th nc ta, nht l cc th ln nh H Ni, Hi Phng, Nng, TP. H Ch Minh ang phi thc hin mt gii php bt c d l ng ca hay yu cu cc nh my, x nghip gy nhim mi trng trm trng, nm xen k trong cc khu dn c ni thnh, chuyn ra cc khu cng nghip tp trung ngoi thnh.
ii. Qun l cc ngun thi tnh

Kim sot cc ngun thi tnh (cc ng khi cng nghip) l mt bin php quan trng ca qun l mi trng khng kh. M ngi ta tng kt kinh nghim v cng ngh sn xut tin tin v cng ngh kim sot nhim kh thi nh ra cc chun pht thi cht nhim ca ngun tnh. Chun pht thi ny ph thuc theo ngnh sn xut v quy m sn xut ca mi cng ty. M vic kim sot mc x kh ca cc ngun tnh c xc nh bng cch dng m hnh tnh trn my xc nh xem cc ngun thi c gy ra s vi phm tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
98
kh i vi cc khu dn c xung quanh hay khng. Nu mc nhim ca cht thi no ca ngun thi vt qu gii hn cho php ca tiu chun cht lng mi trng xung quanh th cc Bang s p dng bin php cng ch cc ngun phi gim bt lng thi qu mc. Th d, quy nh mc thi ca ngun thi no c thi 10 tn, 20 tn hay 25 tn bt k mt cht nhim no hay bt k mt t hp cht nhim no trong mi nm. Ln danh sch cc ngun thi theo tng mc, thu ph thi v cp giy php thi cho mi ngun, giy php thi thng c cp 5 nm mt ln v nh k n kim tra lng thi ca mi ngun. Nu pht hin ch cc ngun thi khng thc hin ng giy php th b x pht hoc b thu hi giy php. Tuy vy vic thu ph mi trng i vi cc ngun thi kh trong thc t gp rt nhiu kh khn, v rng rt kh xc nh chnh xc cc thit hi mi trng do mi cht nhim mi trng khng kh gy ra, ng thi vic gim st thi kh s phc tp hn vic gim st cc ngun nc thi rt nhiu. Php t nm 1985 bt u p dng cc ph x kh. Mc ch l tng ngun thu ti tr cho cc thit b kim sot nhim khng kh, cng nh cho cc cng trnh nghin cu cc cng ngh mi do cc c quan qun l cht lng khng kh ra. Quy nh rng cc cng ty cng nghip, c bit l cng nghip nhit in, nu thi ra 2.500 tn SO2, v NO2 mi nm tr ln th phi np ph mi trng vi mc l 19 ECU (khong 21 USD) cho mi tn cht thi mi nm. Theo nh gi ca OECD th h thng ny khng to c tc dng khuyn khch, v ph ny qu thp so vi chi ph u t thit b x l nhim. Mt khc ch c mt s nh my ln chu tc ng ca quy nh ny, ch c mt s t ngi gy nhim phi tr ph, nn cc khon thu ny qu thp, khng trang tri cho mi chi ph qun l.
iii. nhim phng x

Cc cht phng x ri vo kh quyn trong qu trnh phng x t nhin, khai thc qung uran, cc v n nguyn t v khi s dng cc cht phng x. nhim phng x kh quyn ch yu l do cc v n bom nguyn t v bom khinh kh. Mi mt v n nh vy, gy ra nhng m my bi khng l, sng lan truyn cc bi phng x v cng mnh, c th nng cao n 30m. Nhng pht u ca v n, cc ht ln ri xung t ngay, cc ht b phi hn 3 ngy sau, cn cc ht bi nh th gi c th mang i hng nghn cy s v ri xung dn trong nhiu nm. Cc ng v hnh thnh trong cc v n c cc giai on bn phn hy khc nhau, trong c hai ng v phng x nguy him nht l stronti - 90 (giai on bn phn hy l 25 nm) v seri 137 (thi k bn phn hy l 33 nm). S lan truyn ng v phng x xy ra qua cc sn phm thc vt, phn, nc tiu, xc ng vt. S vn chuyn ca n ng vai tr quan trng trong xch thc n. Trong nc, sinh vt ph du hp th cc cht ng v, sau c n cc sinh vt ph du, ri chim n c, cui cng l n ngi. b. Qun l cc ngun thi nhim di ng Cc phng tin giao thng c kh l cc ngun thi di ng gy nhim mi trng khng kh. th cng ln, cng pht trin, th giao thng c gii s cng pht trin v ngun thi cht nhim khng kh do phng tin giao thng c gii gy ra trong th cng ln. rt nhiu th ln trn th gii hin nay lng thi nhim khng kh t cc phng tin giao thng c gii chim 7080% tng lng thi nhim khng kh th. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti nhim bi h hp trong khng kh th do GS.TS Phm Duy Hin ch tr (1999) s b xc nh c t l ng gp ca cc ngun thi vo tng bi h hp (PM10) trong khng kh vn hoa Hng u v trm kh tng Lng (H Ni) nh sau: 48% t mt t, 20% t xe c, 10% l bi th cp, 7% t t than, 6% l sol kh t bin, 4% do t du v 7% do cng nghip. Nu coi bi t mt t v bi th cp ch yu do hot ng giao thng gy ra th t l ngun pht sinh bi ng gp c lin quan n hot ng giao thng ln ti 78%. Nh bng 34 trnh by, cc cht nhim chnh do cc ngun c nh gy ra l cc cht kh oxit cacbon (CO), oxit nit (NO3), cacbua hydro (CnHm), ch (Pb), bi v mui khi. Cc cht nhim ny u l cc cht c hi i vi sc khe con ngi.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
99
i. Qun l ngun thi di ng

rt nhiu nc t ra tiu chun x kh i vi cc ngun di ng (cc loi xe t, xe my). Cc c quan qun l tin hnh cc chng trnh kim tra v chng nhn m bo tiu chun mi trng i vi cc xe mi xut xng, xe nhp khu cng nh l xe ang lu hnh trn ng ph. T chc cc trm kim sot mi trng i vi cc loi xe ang lu hnh trn cc ng ph, bt gi, x pht hoc thu giy php lu hnh i vi cc xe khng t tiu chun mi trng. Bangkok (Thi Lan) thc hin kim sot v bt gi cc xe x kh nhim vt qu tiu chun mi trng t nm 1992. Ni chung, tiu chun x thi cht nhim i vi ngun di ng ngy cng cht ch hn. Th d Lut khng kh sch ca M nm 1990 quy nh gim x thi 35% kh cacbua hydro v 60 oxit nit so vi tiu chun nm 1970 i vi cc loi t con, xe khch v cc xe ti nh. Quy nh ny thc y cc nh sn xut t tin hnh ci tin k thut v lp t cc thit b kim sot kh thi ca cc xe, nh l ci tin v p dng ngy cng nhiu b chuyn ha xc tc mi trong ngnh sn xut t M v Nht Bn. Vi vic p dng cc b chuyn ha xc tc tin tin, mt s loi xe mi kim sot gim thiu kh thi hydrocacbon, oxit cacbon, oxit nit ti mc nng ca chng trong kh thi t xe t xp x bng tr s tiu chun cho php i vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh. mt s nc nh H Lan, Thy in p dng mt loi thu c bit nh thu cc xe khng c cc b phn chuyn ha xc tc khuyn khch s dng cc xe c b phn chuyn ha xc tc, gy nhim t hn. an Mch quy nh l ph ng k rt cao i vi cc xe t nhn nhp khu khng t tiu chun mi trng ca an Mch.
ii. Qun l cht lng nhin liu dng cho phng tin giao thng
loi tr nhim ch trong khng kh th, nhiu nc cm s dng xng pha ch tng ch s octan. u tin l p dng cng c kinh t khuyn khch s dng xng khng pha ch, nh l gim thu i vi mua bn xng khng pha ch, tng thu, tng l ph i vi xng pha ch, dn dn sau cm hn vic s dng xng pha ch trong giao thng vn ti. Hin nay nc ta cm s dng xng pha ch trong giao thng vn ti. gim bt nhim kh SO2 trong thnh ph ngi ta quy nh hm lng lu hunh trong du diezen dng cho t phi rt nh. mt s nc cn quy nh khng cho xe t chy bng du diezen lu hnh trong thnh ph, bi v kh x ca cc loi xe ny khng nhng cha SO2 m cn c nhiu mui v tn khi rt nguy hi i vi sc khe ca con ngi (gy bnh kh thng). gim bt bay hi ca kh hydrocacbua, nm 1990 M quy nh cht lng xng nh sau: cha t nht l 2% xy (bng cch cho thm cn), khng qu 25% cc hp cht hu c thm, khng qu 1% benzen v cht ty ra. Nu dng kh t nhin ha lng (gas) lm nhin liu cho xe t thay cho xng ch th s gim phn ln nhim mi trng khng kh th do giao thng vn ti gy ra. Nm 1992 Bangkok ci tin ng c v lp t c 25 xe t but chy bng kh t nhin ha lng, nhng tr ngi k thut ln nht l th tch thng cha gas rt ln mi chy c ng di. pht trin loi xe ny chc chn cn phi gii quyt nhiu vn k thut v kinh t. gim nhim khng kh th do giao thng vn ti gy ra, mt s nc pht trin tin hnh nghin cu sn xut t con chy bng nng lng mt tri v bng nng lng in. Tuy cc loi xe t ny c u im v mt mi trng rt ln: khng gy nhim mi trng khng kh v khng gy ting n trong thnh ph, nhng p dng rng ri trong giao thng th cn gp mt s tr ngi nh sau: - Sc ko ca ng c cc loi xe ny cn nh, do kh nng chuyn ch c t, tc chy cn hn ch. - Kh nng tch tr nng lng ca cc loi acquy, cc loi pin in dng bng cch np in vo thi gian ban m hoc vo cc gi chun b n sng hoc n tra. - Gi thnh sn xut xe cn cao.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
100
Hin nay, cc nc pht trin trn th gii ang y mnh nghin cu cc vn k thut gii quyt cc tr ngi trn, cc loi xe sch ny p ng c nhu cu s dng rng ri cc th trong th k 21. i vi cc loi xe chy bng nng lng in (acquy, pin), tuy khng gy nhim khng kh trong th, nhng tng nhu cu cung cp in, tc tng sn xut in, nu ngun in cp trong thnh ph l nhit in th s lm tng lng pht thi ni sn xut in, do vy thc cht ca vic p dng loi xe ny ch c tc dng chuyn cht nhim trong thnh ph ra vng sn xut in (vng ngoi thnh ph).
c. u tin pht trin giao thng cng cng, hn ch pht trin xe t con cc nhn
Hin nay hu ht cc th ln, s lng xe t con c nhn tng rt nhanh, l mi e da i vi cht lng mi trng khng kh th. Nhiu ngi coi xe t con khng ch n thun l phng tin i li, m cn l vt trang tr, l th din ca mnh, v vy ny sinh phong tro mua sm t con, nh l ci mt ca thi i, lm tng lu lng dng xe trn ng ph qu mc, khng nhng lm tng ngun thi, m cn gy ra tc nghn giao thng, tai nn giao thng. Kt qu kim nh x kh nhim ca cc xe c nc ngoi cho bit lng pht thi kh nhim tng ln nhiu ln khi khi ng, khi dng xe cng nh khi xe m my nhng ng ti ch. V vy, tnh trng tc nghn giao thng s lm nhim khng kh th cng trm trng thm. Mt trong cc bin php qun l quan trng gim thiu nhim giao thng l u tin, khuyn khch pht trin cc phng tin giao thng cng cng nh giao thng bng xe but, tu in, tu ha, hn ch xe t c nhn. Cc chnh sch c th thng c p dng l gim thu, gim l ph, thm ch c ni nh nc cn b l cho cc phng tin giao thng cng cng gim gi v i xe cng cng; tng thu, tng l ph v tin v xe i vi xe t con t nhn. V d nh Singapore t nm 1975 n nay nh thu rt nng i vi nhp khu, mua bn, ng k xe t con v tng ph cp bng li xe t con, nhm ngn chn s gia tng xe con v to iu kin nng cao cht lng giao thng cng cng.
d. Quy nh cc khu vc hn ch hoc cm cc xe t con hot ng

nhiu thnh ph ln trn th gii, ngi ta thng quy nh hn ch hoc cm cc xe con hot ng mt s khu vc trong thnh ph nh khu vc trung tm thnh ph, khu ph c, khu thng mi tp trung, khu lch s - vn ha, v.v.. gim bt nhim giao thng cc khu vc ny. V d nh Singapore nm 1975 quy nh khu vc hn ch xe con trong gi cao im rng khong 620 ha (khu trung tm thnh ph v khu trung tm thng mi). Cc xe con mun i vo cc khu vc ny phi np l ph v mua cc li xe c bit, ng thi min ph i vi cc xe ca ch nhiu khch i vo khu vc ny. Kt qu thng k cho thy: ngay vo nm u thc hin quy ch s lng xe con c nhn i vo khu vc ny gim t 11.000 xe nm trc (1974) xung cn 3.900 chic, tc l gim i 71% lng xe con lu thng trong khu vc. Tuy hng nm tng s lng xe con ca thnh ph tng ln, nhng nh c quy nh trn m lu lng xe nm 1982 trong khu vc hn ch ny cng ch bng 64% lu lng xe vo nm trc khi ban hnh quy nh (1974). Hiu qu ca quy nh trn c tnh tch cc, ci thin cht lng mi trng khng kh Trung tm Singapore.
. Tng cng s dng vin thng v h thng tin hin i

Tng cng s dng cc k thut cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng hin i c th c nh hng su sc n ci thin mi trng th, gim thiu nhim giao thng trong th, nh l: - Ci thin h thng qun l iu hnh h thng giao thng th trnh tt nghn giao thng, ti u ha vn hnh nng lc vn chuyn ca cc xe, chuyn ch theo tuyn ngn nht v gim cc chuyn xe khng chuyn ch. - S dng h thng thng tin hin i kim sot cc lung giao thng tt hn, tm ra cc phng n s dng ti u cc phng tin giao thng khc nhau. - Pht trin h thng thng tin lin lc trong cc hot ng dch v th, giao tip gia cc c nhn v gia cc cng ng gim bt nhu cu i li trn ng ph, do s gim ngun thi nhim mi trng t giao thng vn ti.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
101
CHNG 5: QUN L CHT THI RN
5.1 Qun l cht thi rn 5.1.1 Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn
Hnh 5 m t cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn ch yu bao gm:
a. Cht thi rn sinh hot

Theo con s thng k ca cc tnh, thnh ph, t nm 1996 n nm 1999, lng cht thi rn pht sinh bnh qun khong t 0,6-0,8 kg/ngi.ngy. mt s th nh, lng cht thi rn pht sinh dao ng t 0,3-0,5 kg/ngi.ngy. Lng rc thi th cng nh cng nghip ngy cng tng, tnh cht c hi ca rc thi cng tng, H Ni nm 1995 thnh phn nilng, cht do trong rc sinh hot l 1,7%, thnh phn kim loi v hp l 1,2%, nm 1997 cc thnh phn tng ng tng ln 4,1% v 5,5%. Nm 1998, t l v thnh phn cc cht trong rc thi cng c nhng bin i hn so vi nhng nm trc (bng 35). nhim khng kh CFC, HCF, CH4, CO2 t RC X l Chn lp Phn bn Thi Bin Sng, h nhim t, nc ngm nhim bin nhim sng, h
Sinh hot Cng nghip Nng nghip Khc t
Ti s dng
Khc
Hnh 15. Minh ha cc ngun thi cht thi rn Bng 35. Thnh phn cht thi rn mt s th nm 1998
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Thnh phn Cht hu c Cao su, nha Giy, cactng, d vn Kim loi Thy tinh, s, gm t, , ct, gch vn m tro T trng, tn/m3
(% theo trng lng) H Ni Hi Phng H Long 50,10 5,50 4,20 2,50 1,80 35,90 47,7 15,9 0,42 50,58 4,52 7,52 0,22 0,63 36,53 45-48 16,62 0,45 40,1-44,7 2,7-4,5 5,5-5,7 0,3-0,5 3,9-8,5 47,5-36,1 40-46 11,0 0,57-0,65
Nng 31,50 22,50 6,81 1,40 1,80 36,00 39,05 40,25 0,38
TP. H Ch Minh 41,25 8,78 24,83 1,55 5,59 18,00 27,18 58,75 0,412
th cng pht trin th lng cht thi rn sinh hot, thng mi, dch v cng tng. BangKok mi ngi dn mi ngy thi ra khong 1 kg cht thi rn.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
102
Nc ta ang trong qu trnh th ha mnh, tt c cc th ang din ra qu trnh ci to nh ca, ci to ng s, cu cng, xy mi, xy chen rt si ng, trong qu trnh hot ng ny thi ra khi lng cht thi xy dng rt ln, y l mt vn cht thi rn th cn quan tm gii quyt.
b. Cht thi rn bnh vin

Nc ta c mt mng li bnh vin t trung ng n a phng. Thng k cho thy ton ngnh y t c 12.556 c s vi 172.642 ging bnh. Ngoi cc bnh vin ca B Y t chng ta cn c c mt h thng bnh vin ca cc lc lng v trang. Tng s c s iu tr v tng s ging ca h thng ny theo c tnh cng c th ln ti hng ngn. B Y t cn c nhiu x nghip dc m trong qu trnh sn xut cng thi ra cht thi c hi. Trong s cc bnh vin hin nay c ti 815 bnh vin khng c h thng x l cht thi hoc c nhng khng hot ng, hoc hot ng khng thng xuyn, khng c hiu qu. Trung bnh mt bnh vin nh thi ra vi trm kg rc, mt bnh vin trung bnh thi ra 600-800 kg rc, bnh vin ln c hn 1 tn mt ngy. Khi lng cht thi ca tng bnh vin ph thuc vo cc yu t c th ca bnh vin nh: chuyn khoa ca bnh vin, s ging bnh, lu lng bnh nhn, k thut iu tr, kh hu thi tit, phong tc tp qun, v.v.. Vn cht thi bnh vin cng ang l mt trong nhng ngun nhim v ly truyn bnh, gy nh hng xu n mi trng sng ca cng ng dn c. Hin ti, hu ht cc ph thi bnh vin c thi ln ln chung vi cc cht thi sinh hot khc ca thnh ph m khng c s phn loi v x l cc b, khng mt bnh vin no c trang b cc phng tin x l cc ph thi c hi mt cch hon chnh, iu ny l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng mm mng nguy hi rt ng k ti sc khe ca dn c cng nh mi trng sng. Rc thi sinh ra t bnh vin nhn chung u c thu gom th cng sau x l bng cch thi ra bi rc cng cng rt d gy ra bnh dch ln trong mt phm vi rng ln. V vy hin nay vn x l rc thi sinh ra t cc bnh vin, cc trung tm y t ang rt c quan tm, c bit l ti cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh, Nng, Hu, v.v.. v y l cc thnh ph ln, ng dn, lng rc thi sinh ra t cc bnh vin, trung tm y t hng ngy rt ln v thnh phn rc thi cng rt a dng. Nm 1999, B Y t ban hnh Quy ch qun l cht thi y t, tuy nhin, vic thc hin quy ch ny hin cha c hiu qu cao. Cho n nm 1999 nc ta mi c 1 thnh ph l H Ni l c l t cht thi rn bnh vin ng k thut v hp v sinh, TP. H Ch Minh cng ang trin khai xy dng l t rc bnh vin theo cng ngh hin i.
c. Cht thi rn cng nghip

Trong qu trnh sn xut bt k ngnh cng nghip no cng u pht sinh cht thi rn, trong bao gm c ph liu v ph phm. Cng ngh sn xut cng lc hu th t l lng cht thi rn tnh trn u sn phm cng ln. C nhiu ngnh sn xut cng nghip c rt nhiu chng loi khc nhau, thnh phn ca cht thi cng nghip cng rt phc tp, mt s chng loi c cha cht c hi, nh thy ngn t cc ngnh cng nghip ha clo, cyanua, crom, km, t cng nghip m, crom t cng nghip crom, luyn kim mu, du m t cng nghip du kh, ch t ch to my, cng nghip sn, sn xut acquy, v.v..
5.1.2 Nhng vn trong qun l cht thi rn hin nay
a. Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn khng p ng yu cu

Hu ht th nc ta hin nay cn rt yu km v vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn; cc thnh ph t l thu gom cht thi rn 1998 dao ng t 40% n 70%; cc th x t l ny ch t t 20% n 40%, thm ch c mt s th x v th trn cha c t chc thu gom cht thi rn. Do t l thu gom cht thi rn thp cng vi thc gi gn v sinh ca ngi dn cn
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
103
km nn xy ra tnh trng vt rc ra ng, vt rc vo ao h, cng rnh, sng ngi trong thnh ph, lm mt v sinh, cnh quan lm tt nghn dng thot nc v gy nhim mi trng nc, mi trng t v mi trng khng kh. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng ny, nh thiu lc lng lao ng thu gom rc, phng tin, cng c, thu gom rc, vn chuyn rc va thiu, va lc hu, va bo dng km, hay b h hng. Quy hoch th khng c din tch tp trung rc, trung chuyn rc, nhiu ng ngch ng ph qu hp, xe thu gom rc khng i vo c. S lng h x thng, hai ngn tuy c gim bt, nhng vn cn tn ti mi th. H Ni nm 1997 mi ngy thu gom 2,75 tn phn ti (nm 1996 l 7,3 tn), Hi Phng nm 1997 thu gom 13,7 tn/ngy (nm 1996 l 18,8 tn/ngy). Cht thi rn thng ri vi ri rc trn mt ng, trong qu trnh ngi bi rc thu nht cc ph liu. Cc thng rc t trn ng cng cng i khi cng b ph. Cng nhn ca URENCO (Cng ty mi trng th) lun phi chu vt v thu gom cht thi trn mt t. Cc cht thi b ngay trong ph, lm chm tr cng vic ca cng nhn URENCO. Hn na, cc cht thi ny hp dn cn trng, rui, chut l nhng loi hay truyn bnh. Thm vo , khi chuyn cht thi vo cc xe ti thng sinh bi v ta mi kh chu ra xung quanh.
b. Cha phn loi cht thi rn

Cht thi rn th v cng nghip nc ta cha c phn loi, trc ht l cha phn loi cht thi rn c hi v cht thi rn thng thng. Mi th cht thi rn u thi ln ln, gy ra hu qu lu di v nghim trng i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi, c bit l sc khe ca ngi thu gom rc.
c. X l, thi cht thi rn khng ng k thut, khng hp v sinh

Hin nay nc ta trong quy hoch pht trin th v khu cng nghip cha quan tm thch ng n vic thi v x l cht thi rn. Cng ngh x l cht thi rn rt n gin v lc hu, ch yu l bng cch chn lp. V tr bi chn rc khng c la chn cn thn trong quy hoch, nhiu ni ch n thun s dng iu kin a hnh t trng hay ao h c sn lm ni chn rc. Cc bi chn rc u khng c xy dng ng k thut, khng c lp chng thm y v xung quanh, nc rc khng c thu gom v x l, quy trnh rc khng ng k thut, do dn n tnh trng r r, thm thu nc rc rt bn ra mi trng xung quanh, gy nhim nc mt v v lu di c th thm thu xung di lm nhim ngun nc ngm. Qu trnh s dng v vn hnh chn lp cht thi rn th ti cc bi chn lp khng hp v sinh to nn nhng i rc. Thng qua cc tc ng ca t nhin nh nng, ma, gi qu trnh phn hy cc cht thi gy nn s nhim mi trng. Mi x u gy s kh chu cho dn c sinh sng quanh bi, ng thi hp dn s tp trung ca chut, cc loi rui, nhng v cc loi cn trng truyn bnh. Bi rc bc mi hi thi, cc kh mtan, H2S bc ln gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh, ni chung l rt mt v sinh, do xy ra tnh trng nhn dn xung quanh ngn chn khng cho rc vo bi.
5.1.3 Qun l cht thi rn th v cng nghip
Qun l cht thi rn bao gm cc khu ch yu sau: thu gom, vn chuyn, phn loi v x l thi b. Di y nu ra mt s bin php qun l chnh.
a. Xy dng chin lc v lp k hoch qun l cht thi rn

Cn phi nghin cu nh gi chnh xc hin trng cht thi rn th v cng nghip hin nay ca a phng, cng nh d bo chng trong tng lai 10 - 15 nm ti, c bit lm r nhng vn sau: - Cc ngun thi cht thi rn, trc mt v lu di; - Lng thi l bao nhiu, trc mt v lu di; - Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi rn, trc mt v lu di;
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
104
T kt qu nghin cu trn tin hnh xy dng chin lc v lp k hoch qun l mi trng ngn hn v di hn cho ph hp. Ni dung chin lc v k hoch qun l cht thi cn tp trung vo cc vn : - Ginh t trong quy hoch pht trin th v cng nghip phc v cho thu gom, vn chuyn (trung chuyn) v x l, thi b cht thi rn; - Xy dng lc lng thu gom, phn loi, vn chuyn v dch v qun l cht thi mnh, lp phng n thu gom v vn chuyn hp l; - u t trang thit b y phng tin thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi rn; - Quy hoch a im x l cht thi rn lu di, t nht l 10 nm; - La chn cng ngh x l thi cht thi rn ph hp; - Lp k hoch phn loi cht thi v k hoch pht trin ti s dng v quay vng s dng cht thi rn; - K hoch kinh t- ti chnh phc v qun l cht thi, p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l cht thi rn; - Nng cao nhn thc v gio dc cng ng tham gia gi gn v sinh v gii quyt vn cht thi rn th v cng nghip.
b. T chc thu gom v phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun

nhiu nc ngi ta tin hnh thu gom v phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun. Cht thi rn t cc h hay t cc c s sn xut c phn loi ngay t ni sn sinh ra n. Cc cht thi c hi, cht thi thng thng, cht thi c th ti s dng c phn tch ring v ng vo cc ti hay cc thng c mu sc khc nhau. Cht thi c hi c tch thu gom, vn chuyn ring v a n ni x l cht thi c hi. Trn cc ng ph v cc a im sinh hot cng cng u sn cc thng rc khch i trn ng ph khng vt rc ra ng. i vi cc xm liu trong th, ng s thng rt hp, xe thu rc thng khng vo c, cn phi gio dc thc v cung cp phng tin cho dn xm liu thu gom rc ti ch ca h a n a im cng cng v t a im ny c th thu gom v vn chuyn rc bng xe n ni x l rc.
c. La chn cng ngh x l thi cht thi rn hp l

Trn thc t c 3 cng ngh x l cht thi thng dng l: chn lp, lm phn compost v thiu t.
- Chn lp cht thi rn:
Chn lp cht thi rn l cng ngh n gin nht, tn km nht, nhng i hi c din tch rt ln. Vic la chn bi chn rc l ht sc quan trng. tng bc qui chun ha vic xy dng bi chn lp rc, B Xy dng v B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng trc y ban hnh Thng t lin tch s 01/2001 v Hng dn thc hin cc quy nh bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im, xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi rn. Thng t ny quy nh vic la chn a im bi chn lp phi tun th cc yu cu di y:
+ Cc a im c la chn phi ph hp vi cc yu cu qui hoch th do chnh ph ph
duyt.
+ Qui nh khong cch t a im chn xy dng bi chn lp n cc vng ph cn nh: cc
trung tm th, sn bay, khu cng nghip, cng v cc khu vc dng nc ngm.
+ Qui m bi chn lp tng ng vi qui m dn s th.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
105
Gio trnh Qun l mi trng + Qui trnh la chn a im xy dng bi chn lp phi tnh n cc iu kin t nhin, kinh
t - x hi, k thut v c s h tng ca khu vc (v d: dn s, c im v s pht sinh rc thi, nh hng pht trin t th, tng trng kinh t, cc iu kin a cht thy vn).
+ Thi gian vn hnh ca bi chn lp t nht l 5 nm v nn vn hnh trong 25 nm hoc lu
hn cng tt. Nm 2001 cng vi vic ban hnh Thng t trn, B Xy dng ban hnh bn ph lc Tiu chun thit k cc bi chn lp cht thi rn cho B TCXDVN 261: 2001. B tiu chun thit k mi a ra hng dn c th v vic thit k v xy dng bi chn lp vi cc chi tit k thut cho phn ln cc hng mc chnh ca mt d n xy dng bi chn lp nh: cc h thng thu gom, x l kh v nc r rc, cc khu vc xy dng bi chn lp, h thng cng rnh, h thng quan trc, ng ngm, khu vc phn loi v cha cht thi, v cc cng trnh ph tr khc. Tiu chun mi ny v thng t c cp trn l nhng bc ngot trong lch s qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam. Cc cn b cng tc ti cc c quan chc nng tham gia vo cc d n bi chn lp hin nay c cng c lut php v cc c s cng cc ch dn c th thc hin cc d n xy dng bi chn lp v quan trng hn c l a ra cc quyt nh hp l v a im ca nhng bi chn lp.
- Ch bin cht thi rn hu c thnh phn compost:
Thnh phn cht thi rn hu c d phn hy, nh rau, qu ph phm, thc phm tha, c, l cy, v.v.. c th ch bin d dng thnh phn compost phc v nng nghip. thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh xy dng th im x nghip ch bin phn compost t cht thi rn sinh hot ca th. Nhng cng sut ca cc x nghip ny cn rt nh b v gp nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh hot ng v gi thnh ca loi phn ny t hn cc loi phn khc nn khng tiu th c, x nghip khng cn bng c thu chi. Nh nc cha c chnh sch kinh t x hi h tr cho cc x nghip ny pht trin sn xut phn compost, va gim c din tch bi chn rc, va c thm lng phn, khng phi l phn ha hc phc v nng nghip.
- Thiu hy cht thi rn:
Xy dng cc l t rc vi nhit cao c th t c cht thi rn thng thng, cng nh cht thi rn nguy hi, trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta kt hp l t rc vi sn xut nng lng nh pht in, cp nc nng. Thiu hy rc c u im ni bt l gim th tch cht thi phi chn (x, tro ca l t), do gim c din tch t dng cho bi thi. Tuy vy, u t cho my rc tng i ln, chi ph vn hnh nh my cng cao, ngoi ra khi thi ca nh my c tnh nguy hi, cn phi tin hnh x l khi thi vi cng ngh cao mi bo v c mi trng. Ngoi ra, mt s nc cn dng phng php b tng ha cht thi rn nguy hi, cht thi nguy hi vo cc thng, b bc kn bng vt liu kin c v chn su di t hoc vt xung y bin.
d. Pht trin ti s dng v quay vng s dng cht thi rn

Pht trin ti s dng v quay vng s dng cht thi rn l phng cch tt nht gim nh nhu cu t chn rc v tit kim vt liu, ti nguyn thin nhin. Hin nay nc ta vic chn la, thu lm cc cht thi c th ti s dng c ch yu l do i qun nht rc c th, cha c t chc thu gom v sn xut c quy m cng nghip. Rt nhiu cht thi rn th v cng nghip c th ti s dng, ti ch nh kim loi vn, v hp, giy, carton, chai l, cc bao b bng nilng, g h hng v.v Cn phi coi vic pht trin ti s dng v quay vng s dng cht thi l c ngha chin lc trong qun l cht thi rn th v cng nghip.
e. p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l cht thi rn - Ph ngi dng: Ph ngi dng c p dng ph bin cc th l ph thu gom v x l cht thi rn th. Ph ny c thu t cc h gia nh v coi l khon tin phi tr cho cc dch v thu gom v x l cht thi, n c tnh ton trn c s tng chi ph trc tip cho cc dch v, khng tnh n thit hi mi trng. Ph ny thay i ty theo gia nh, ph thuc vo s ti rc ca gia
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
106
nh thi ra. Cch tnh thay i ny khuyn khch cc gia nh ti s dng cht thi, kh khn l vic gim st s thi cht thi rn vng trm ca cc h thiu thc bo v mi trng.
- Ph b cht thi rn: mt s nc p dng ph b cht thi rn, ch yu l i vi cht thi rn cng nghip. Ph ny ph thuc tnh cht v lng cht thi. i vi cc cht thi kh x l nh lp xe, cn du th phi np l ph cao hn. Ph ny cng c tc dng khuyn khch cc x nghip ci tin cng ngh sn xut gim cht thi. - Cc ph sn phm v h thng k qu hon tr: Ph sn phm nh vo cc sn phm c bao b khng tr li nh bao b du nhn, phn bn, thuc bo v thc vt, cc lp xe, cc nhin liu t. H thng k qu hon tr c p dng ph bin nht l i vi ung nh chai hp ru, bia, nc gii kht, khuyn khch ti s dng li cc v hp, v chai. Ngi s dng phi k qu tin cc v hp, chai khi mua, khi dng xong em cc v hp, chai tr s nhn li s tin trn. M qui nh mua mi acquy t phi k qu 5 USD, nu em acquy c n ca hng mua acquy mi th khng phi np tin k qu. - Cc khon tr cp: Nh nc cung cp cc khon tr cp cho cc c quan v khu vc t nhn tham gia vo vic qun l cht thi rn, nh tr cp nghin cu v lp k hoch qun l cht thi rn, tr cp cho vic pht trin v lp t cng ngh sn xut thi ra t cht thi hn, tr cp, h tr gi, hoc u i min thu, i vi cng nghip ti ch, ti s dng cht thi v.v
5.2 Qun l cht thi nguy hi
qun l tt cht thi nguy hi, cn thc hin mt cch nghim ngt nguyn tc qun l t ni n m i vi cht thi nguy hi. Nguyn tc ny i hi phi c mt b cc tiu chun, quy nh, yu cu ton din, p dng cho vic qun l cht thi nguy hi t im cht thi nguy hi pht sinh cho n a im hy b cui cng. Cc loi tiu chun, quy nh khc nhau c ban hnh (k thut, vn hnh, lm sch, x l v cc yu cu khc) p dng i vi nhng ngi ch pht sinh cht thi, vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi, cng nh cc phng tin ct cha, x l v hy b chng.
5.2.1 Qun l ngun pht sinh
Cn phi nm vng v qun l cc thng tin v ngun pht sinh cht thi nguy hi: Trong a phng c cc ngun pht thi no? Lng pht thi l bao nhiu? Thnh phn v tnh cht c hi ca cc cht thi . nhiu nc tin hnh th tc ng k v cp giy php i vi cc ngun thi cht thi nguy hi, nht l i vi cc ngnh cng nghip. Nhiu khi c quan qun l mi trng tin hnh kho st, o lng, phn tch cc ngun thi cht nguy him c th m bo cc thng tin v ngun thi cht nguy hi l chnh xc, ng thi cng tin hnh kim tra s tun th lut l v qun l cht thi nguy hi ca cc ch ngun thi, yu cu tt c cc ch ngun thi phn loi v tch cc cht thi nguy hi vi cc cht thi thng thng, i khi ngi ta cn phn loi thnh phn cht thi nguy hi v cht thi rt nguy hi. qun l tt cc loi cht thi sinh hot nguy hi, cn tuyn truyn gio dc xy dng tp qun cho nhn dn t gic tch ring cht thi nguy hi v b vo ti ni lng mu . Cn phi truyn b cc thng tin v cht thi nguy hi, nng cao hiu bit v cc tc ng nguy hi i vi sc khe cng ng, lm sao cho mi ch nhn ca cc ngun cht thi nguy hi thc ht trch nhim ca mnh v bit cch qun l cht thi nguy hi ngay t ngun pht sinh, p dng cc bin php gim thiu cht thi nguy hi v khng cht thi nguy hi ln ln vi cht thi thng thng.
5.2.2 Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi
Vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi a n ni x l cn phi m bo ht sc an ton, khng nh hng n sc khe ca cng nhn vin thu gom cht thi v nhn dn xung quanh, khng r r v ri vi trn ng vn chuyn. Mun t c yu cu trn, mi a phng cn c t chc qun l thu gom v thi cht thi nguy hi ring, chuyn trch cng vic ny, cn c trang b cng c v phng tin thu gom v vn chuyn ng k thut an ton, khng vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi chung vi cht thi thng thng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
107
5.2.3 X l v hy b cht thi nguy hi
X l v hy b cht thi nguy hi thng tn ph hn hy b cht thi rn thng thng rt nhiu ln. V vy trc khi x l v hy b cn phi tin hnh phn loi v chn lc tch bt cc cht thi nguy hi c th ti s dng hoc ti sinh lm nguyn vt liu phc v sn xut cng nghip, gim bt lng cht thi nguy hi cn x l v hy b trit . X l v hy b cht thi nguy hi cn c phng php c bit, khng ging nh i vi cht thi thng thng. Trong thc t ngi ta s dng cc phng php sau: phng php ha hc, dng cc cht ha hc trung ha, bin cc cht thi nguy hi thnh cht khng c hi, p dng i vi cc cht thi nguy hi t cc nh my ha cht; phng php b tng ha, c nh cc cht thi c hi trong cc khi b tng, thng p dng i vi cc cht thi kim loi nng; phng php t trong cc l t nhiu tng vi nhit cao hn 1.300oC, thng p dng i vi cc cht thi bnh vin v cc cht thi nguy hi khc c th chy c; chn ct, lu gi trong cc thng cha kin c, khng cht thi nguy hi r r thm thu ra ngoi.
nc ta hin nay c mt s cc quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi nh sau:
Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph s 155/1999/Q-TTg ngy 16/07/1999 v vic ban hnh Quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi. Quyt nh ca B Y t s 2575/1999/Q-BYT ngy 27/08/1999 v vic ban hnh Quy ch Qun l cht thi y t. Quyt nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2006 v vic ban hnh danh mc cht thi nguy hi p dng nhn bit, phn loi cc cht thi nguy hi, lm cn c cho vic qun l cht thi nguy hi.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
108
CHNG 6: QUN L TI NGUYN T 6.1 Khi nim c bn v ti nguyn t 6.1.1 Khi nim, thnh phn, cu trc
a. Khi nim
Cho ti nay c nhiu nh ngha v t, nhng nh ngha ca acutraep (1879) (L Vn Khoa v cng s, 2003), mt nh th nhng hc ngi Nga c tha nhn rng ri nht. Theo tc gi th t l vt th thin nhin c hnh thnh qua mt thi gian di do kt qu tc ng tng hp ca 5 yu t: m, ng thc vt, kh hu, a hnh v thi gian. y l nh ngha u tin v cng l nh ngha phn nh xc thc ngun gc hnh thnh t. Cc loi v khong cu to nn v Tri t di tc ng ca kh hu, sinh vt, a hnh tri qua mt thi gian nht nh dn dn b vn nt v cng vi xc hu c ri sinh ra t. Sau ny nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng cn b sung thm mt yu t khc c bit quan trng l con ngi. Chnh con ngi khi tc ng vo t lm thay i nhiu tnh cht t v nhiu khi to hn ra mt loi t mi cha tng c trong t nhin (v d nh t trng la nc,). Nu biu th nh ngha ny di dng mt cng thc ton hc th ta c th coi t l mt hm s theo thi gian ca nhiu bin s, m mi bin s l mt yu t hnh thnh t: = f(a, Sv, Kh, h, Nc, Ng)t Trong : : t Sv : sinh vt h : a hnh t : thi gian a : m Kh : kh hu Nc : nc trong t v nc ngm Ng : hot ng ca con ngi
b. Thnh phn
t c cha khng kh, nc v cht rn. Cc cht v c l thnh phn ch yu ca t, chim 9798% trng lng kh. Cc nguyn t xy v silic chim ti 82% trng lng t. Ngoi ra cn c nhm, st v mt s nguyn t khc. Cc nguyn t cn thit cho cy trng nh H, C, S, P, N ch chim 0,5% trng lng t. Cc cht kh ha tan trong t nh SiO2, Al2O3 to nn b xng, phn ch yu ca t. Cht hu c chim vi phn trm trng lng kh nhng li l b phn quan trng nht ca t. Ngun gc cht hu c trong t do xc cht ca sinh vt to nn. Trong cc loi ny, cy xanh c sinh khi ln nht, chng ly thc n v nc t t, nh CO2 trong kh quyn v nng lng mt tri, to nn cht hu c, tng trng v pht trin. Cc cht hu c trong t b bin i theo hai qu trnh: Qu trnh mn ha - to nn cht mn t xc sinh vt v tng hp mt s cht hu c t cht v c nh vi khun v qu trnh khong ha phn hy cht hu c thnh cc cht v c nh mui khong, NH3, H2O, CO2, v.v.. trong c nhng cht khong ha tan, cn thit cho cy trng. t c tnh hp ph cao nh cc ht nh ng knh < 0,001 mm c din tch b mt ln v mang mt lp ion tch in quanh ht. Quan h gia tnh hp th ca t v nng cc ion ngoi dung dch t l mt quan h trao i. Kh nng hp th ca t l kh nng gi nc, gi cht dinh dng v iu ha dinh dng cho cy trng,. Thng thng t no c nhiu mn, nhiu st th kh nng hp th cao. chua ca t - kim, axit hay trung tnh, nh hng ln n hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, cy trng v nhiu tnh cht khc ca t. Khi pH < 7 l t chua. t chua do nhiu nguyn nhn nh do ma cun tri cc cht kim th Ca, Mg ch cn li cc cht gy chua H+, Al3+ v.v.. ; do bn nhiu phn ha hc (NH4)2SO4; hoc do cy ht NH4+ cn li SO42- lm chua t; do ma axit v.v.. Thnh phn c gii ca t - ct d 0,02 - 2 mm, bi d = 0,002 - 0,02 mm v st d < 0,002 mm nh hng nhiu n cy trng v cc tnh cht khc nh thm nc, kh nng hp ph, thong ca t.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
109
c. Cu trc
Cu trc ca t bao gm cc lp khc nhau v mu sc v thnh phn. Nhng lp ny c gi l cc tng. t c cu trc hnh thi rt c trng, xem xt mt phu din t c th thy s phn tng cu trc t trn xung di nh sau:

Tng thm mc v r c c phn hu mc khc nhau. Tng mn thng c mu thm hn, tp trung cc cht hu c v dinh dng ca t. Tng ra tri do mt phn vt cht b ra tri xung tng di. Tng tch t cha cc cht ho tan v ht st b ra tri t tng trn. Tng m b bin i t nhiu nhng vn gi c cu to ca . Tng gc cha b phong ho hoc bin i.
Mi mt loi t pht sinh trn mi loi , trong iu kin thi tit v kh hu tng t nhau u c cng mt kiu cu trc phu din v dy. Cu trc phu din t c xc nh bi kh hu (c bit l ma v nhit ), dng thc vt, m, tui ca t v cc vi sinh vt.
6.1.2 Phn loi ti nguyn t
a. Ti nguyn t trn th gii

S thay i v kh hu, thm thc vt, m, a hnh v tui trn tri t l nguyn nhn hnh thnh nhiu loi t khc nhau v mu sc, dy t, chua v nhiu tnh cht khc. Nhn chung, trn th gii c 5 nhm t ph bin nht: - Nhng vng c kh hu rt, lng ma di do v iu kin thot nc tt c nhm t podzol (spodsols). - Nhng vng kh hu n ha v rng rng l theo ma c nhm t alfisols, t c mu nu hoc xm. - Nhng vng c kh hu n ha v ng c bn kh hn hnh thnh nhm t en giu mn (mollisols), t c tng dy v mu en. - Nhm t kh hn (aridosols) pht trin nhng vng kh hn Bc M, Nam M v Chu Phi ni gn hoang mc hoc hoang mc. Nhm t ny rt xu ch chn nui v pht trin nng nghip nu c ngun nc ti. - nhng vng nhit i v nhit i vi lng ma phong ph, c nhm t (oxisols), ngho dinh dng. Tng din tch t t nhin trn th gii c khong 148 triu km2. T l % din tch cc loi t trn th gii c th hin bng 36.
Bng 36. T l % din tch cc loi t trn th gii (FAO, 1990)
Loi t - Tuyt, bng, h - t hoang mc - t ni - t i nguyn - t podzol - t nu rng - t (oxisols) - t en - t mu ht d - t xm - t ph sa - Cc loi t khc
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
T l % 11,5 8,7 16,3 4,0 9,2 3,5 17,1 5,2 8,9 9,4 3,9 3,2 110
S liu ca bng cho thy, nhng loi t thun li cho sn xut nng nghip nh t ph sa, t en, t nu rng ch chim 12,6%. Nhng loi t qu xu (4 loi u) chim ti 40,5%. Hin trng s dng t ca th gii theo FAO nh sau: - 20% din tch t vng qu lnh khng sn xut c. - 20% din tch t vng qu kh, hoang mc cng khng sn xut c. - 20% din tch t vng qu dc khng canh tc nng nghip c. - 10% din tch t vng c tng t mng (ni , t b xi mn mnh). - 10% din tch ang trng trt. - 20% ang lm ng c, gm nhng ng c chn th t nhin v ng c thm canh. Hin nay, din tch t ang trng trt chim 10% ngha l c khong 1.500 triu ha v c FAO nh gi l: - t c nng sut cao: 14% - t c nng sut trung bnh: 28% - t c nng sut thp: 58% Trong tng lai, c th khai ph v a vo s dng nng nghip khong 15 - 20%. Nhng r rng, trn phm vi ton th gii, t tt th t, t xu nhiu v qu t ngy cng b thoi ha.
b.Ti nguyn t Vit Nam v tnh hnh s dng

Vit Nam c din tch t nhin gn 33 triu ha, cha k cc qun o Trng Sa v Hong Sa, xp th 55 trong tng s 200 nc ca th gii, thuc quy m din tch trung bnh. Nhng v dn s ng nn din tch t bnh qun u ngi l 0,46 ha/ngi (1995), thuc loi thp trn th gii, xp th 120 v bng 1/6 bnh qun ca th gii. Din tch t ang c s dng l 23.222.300 ha, chim 70,53% tng qu t, trong t s dng trong nng nghip: 9.382.500 ha (chim 28,50%), t lm nghip 11.823.800 ha (35,91%), t chuyn dng: 1.568.300 ha (4,76%), t : 447.700 ha (1,36%) v t cha s dng: 9.702.400 ha (29,47%). t cha s dng bao gm din tch sng, sui, ni ; t c mt nc; t bng; t cha s dng khc. Vi thc trng s dng t nh hin nay, cho d n nm 2020 tim nng t nng nghip c khai thc ht (khong 10 triu ha) th vi dn s ng, t nng nghip ch cn di 1.000 m2/ngi. Nh vy, nc ta l mt trong nhng nc him t nht trn th gii nn vic pht trin kinh t-vn ha-x hi ca t nc phi lun gn lin vi chin lc s dng mt cch tit kim, hiu qu ngun ti nguyn c hn ny. t vng ng bng thch hp cho cy hoa mu, lng thc ngn ngy, ch yu phc v cho an ninh lng thc, thc phm quc gia, trn thc t c khai thc ti hn. cc vng chu th ng dn, ni c bnh qun t canh tc ch cn 300m2/ngi, tc l nu sn xut thun nng th mi ngy 1 ngi phi sng da vo sn phm ca 1 m2 t mang li.
6.1.3 H sinh thi mi trng t
Trn quan im v cu trc v chc nng ca t, th t n l mt h sinh thi hon chnh. Tc nhn sn xut ca t l nhng thc vt bc thp v vi sinh vt dinh dng, a y (lichens), to (algae), ru (mosses), cn cc tc nhn tiu th v tc nhn phn hy l cc qun th sinh vt v tng sinh khi ca h sinh thi t nh hn so vi cc h sinh thi khc tn ti trn Tri t. Cc phn v sinh trong t l nc, khong cht hu c v khng kh. Ging nh cc h sinh thi khc, gia cc yu t hu sinh v v sinh trong t lun xy ra s trao i nng lng vt cht. iu ny phn nh tnh chc nng ca mt h sinh thi hon chnh. Trong iu kin bnh thng, h sinh thi t lun n nh v c kh nng t lp li cn bng gia cc qun th sinh vt t, cn vng tun hon vt cht v dng nng lng khi c tc ng ca cc nhn t bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, s t iu chnh ca h sinh thi t c cc gii hn nht nh, nu s thay i vt qu gii hn ny, h sinh thi t mt kh nng t iu chnh v hu qu l chng b nhim, gim ph v tnh nng sn xut. Do , trong th nhng hc, ngi ta chia cc
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
111
nhn t sinh thi ra lm hai nhm: nhn t sinh thi gii hn v nhn t sinh thi khng gii hn. trong t hm lng cc cht dinh dng, pH, nng mui, cc cht c v nhit l nhn t gii hn i vi cy trng v qun x sinh vt t. Trong khi , nh sng, a hnh khng c xem l nhn t sinh thi gii hn i vi sinh vt t. S nhim mi trng t l hu qu cc hot ng ca con ngi lm thay i cc nhn t sinh thi vt qu gii hn sinh thi ca cc qun x sng trong t. kim sot c nhim t, cn phi bit c gii hn sinh thi ca qun x sng trong t vi tng nhn t sinh thi. X l nhim c ngha l iu chnh v a cc yu t sinh thi tr v gii hn sinh thi ca qun x t. y chnh l nguyn l sinh thi c bn c vn dng vo vic s dng hp l ti nguyn t v bo v mi trng. t l ngun ti nguyn quan trng nht trong sn xut nng, lm nghip, ngoi ra con ngi cn s dng t cho nhiu mc ch khc: ni , ng giao thng, kho tng v mt bng sn xut cng nghip. Dn s trn Tri t ngy mt tng, i hi lng thc, thc phm ngy cng nhiu. Con ngi ang phi p dng nhng phng php mi tng mc khai thc ti nguyn t. Nhng phng php ph bin l: tng cng s dng cc cht ha hc trong nng nghip, phn bn, thuc tr su, thuc dit c; s dng cc cht iu khin gim bt s tht thot ma mng v thun li cho thu hoch; s dng cng c v k thut hin i, m rng mng li ti tiu, v.v.. Tt c nhng bin php ny u tc ng mnh m n h sinh thi v mi trng t: lm o ln cn bng sinh thi do s dng thuc bo v thc vt; lm mt cn bng dinh dng; gy xi mn v thoi ha t; ph hy cu trc t v t chc sinh hc ca t do s dng cc my mc hng nng; mn ha, phn ha do ti tiu khng hp l, v.v..
6.1.4 nhim v thoi ha mi trng t
a. nhim mi trng t
Ngun gc gy nhim mi trng t c th chia ra: - Ngun gc t nhin: Ni la, ngp ng, t b mn do xm nhp thy triu, t b vi lp do ct bay. - Ngun gc nhn to: nh hng cht thi sinh hot, cht thi cng nghip, giao thng v hot ng nng nghip... Di y ta xt mt s ngun gy nhim mi trng t.
i. Cc hot ng nng nghip:

Ch canh tc nguyn thy lc hu vi vic t ph rng, lm nng ry, du canh, trng cy lng thc v cy cng nghip ngn ngy theo phng thc lc hu trn vng t dc gy khng t tai hi cho vic tn ph t ai. Vi lng ma hng nm rt ln, tp trung vo mt s thng, l lt lm xi mn cun tri ph sa ca mt din tch ln vng i ni. Vit Nam trn nhng vng t trc, trong 1 nm trn 1 ha t b xi mn mt 200 tn trong trong c 6 tn mn. Vic xy dng h thng ti tiu khng hp l vng ng bng gy ra hin tng thoi ha t, to nn mt vng t phn. Hin tng ha phn ca t c th do mt s nguyn nhn nh khi tiu nc trit , lp t hu c che ph b gt b, t c phi ra nh sng, cc hp cht lu hunh c sn y b xy ha to thnh H2SO4. Axt ny kt hp vi st v nhm c sn trong keo t to thnh sunpht st hoc sunpht nhm. t phn c pH rt thp, kh canh tc. Vng ng bng sng Cu Long vi khong 1 triu ha t phn tr thnh vng t phn ni ting. S dng cc loi phn bn ha hc khng ng quy cch cng nh vic s dng thuc tr su, thuc dit c cng gp phn lm nhim bn t. Do s dng phn ha hc qu liu nn t chua phn pha di bc ln... t chua lm nh hng ti trng thi sinh l cy trng v hiu qu s dng phn bn. Cc hp cht bn vng ca thuc tr su, thuc dit c l cht c, lu li trong t thi gian lu di c th lm t b nhim c, cn tr cc hot ng sinh ha bnh thng trong t.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
112
ii. Cc hot ng cng nghip

Cc hot ng cng nghip x vo mi trng t mt lng ln cc cht thi ca chng qua cc ng khi, bi tp trung rc, cng thot nc...Cc cht thi ny ri xung t lm thay i thnh phn ca t, pH, qu trnh nitrat ha... H sinh vt trong t s b nh hng bi cc loi cht thi ny. Qu trnh khai khong gy nhim v suy thoi mi trng t. Khai thc m, mt lng ln ph thi, qung... t lng t a ln b mt. Mt khc thm thc vt trong khu vc khai khong b hy dit, t c th b xi mn. Mt lng ln cht thi, x qung theo khi v bi bay vo khng kh ri lng ng xung c th lm nhim bn t quy m rng hn. Cc loi cht thi rn c to nn t hu ht cc khu cng ngh sn xut v trong qu trnh s dng sn phm. Theo c tnh l ha, cc cht thi rn cng nghip gy nhim bn t c chia thnh 4 nhm sau y: - Cht thi v c t cc nh my, x nghip m in, thy tinh, cng nghip giy, cn x cc trm x l nc... - Cht thi kh phn hy: nh si nhn to, cht thi cng nghip da... - Cht thi d chy t cc nh my lc du, sa cha xe my, sn xut my lnh, thc phm... - Cht thi c bit c hi: Cc cht thi tc ng ha mnh, cht thi ng v phng x... Ngoi tc ng trc tip cc hot ng cng nghip cn gy nhim gin tip n mi trng t. Vic x cc kh c H2S, SO2 ... t cc ng khi nh my x nghip l nguyn nhn gy hin tng ma axit, lm chua t, km hm s pht trin ca thm thc vt... Cc hot ng xy dng cng nghip nh xy dng bn bi, ng s, nh my... s ph hy thm thc vt v cnh quan khu vc, lm thay i a hnh, cn tr dng chy, to iu kin xi mn t...
iii. Sinh hot ca con ngi

Hng ngy con ngi x mt lng ln cc cht thi sinh hot rn vo mi trng. Sau theo cc con ng khc nhau nh vn chuyn rc thi, h thng thot nc... cc cht thi ny s tp trung trong t. Lng cht thi rn x vo mi trng theo h thng thot nc tnh theo hm lng cht l lng l 65-100g/ngi/ngy m. Thnh phn rc v cht thi rn sinh hot thay i theo ma, c im xy dng thnh ph... Trong rc v cht rn sinh hot c cht thi thc phm, l cy, vt liu xy dng, cc loi bao b, phn ngi v sc vt... Theo con s thng k ca cc tnh, thnh ph, t nm 1996 n nm 1999, lng cht thi rn pht sinh bnh qun khong t 0,6-0,8 kg/ngi-ngy. mt s th nh, lng cht thi rn pht sinh dao ng t 0,3-0,5 kg/ngi-ngy. T trng ca rc thi th l 0,4-0,5 tn/m3. Trong rc, phn v cht thi sinh hot th hm lng cht hu c ln, m cao. l mi trng cho cc loi vi khun, trong c nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh pht trin. Cht thi rn bnh vin l mt dng ca cht thi rn th nhng mc nguy hi cao hn rt nhiu. Trong cht thi rn bnh vin c cc loi rc thi sinh hot, bnh phm, cht thi rn y t (ng tim, kim tim, ti nilon...). Cc loi bnh phm, bng bng v cc loi cht thi y t khc l ngun cha cc loi vi khun gy bnh, d gy nhim lan truyn v kh x l. Khi lng cht thi rn bnh vin khong 1,0-1,2 kg/ging bnh/ngy m.
b. Thoi ha mi trng t
* Cc qu trnh lm thoi ha t trn th gii Nhng tn tht v suy thoi t gy ra bi s mt rng hoc khai thc rng n cn kit (gy xi mn, lm ong ha, lm mt nc, st l,); chn th qu mc (lm cht t, gim che ph ca cy c); hot ng cng nghip (s dng t lm bi thi gy nhim mi trng t,) v do c hot ng nng nghip (mn ha th sinh do ti tiu khng hp l; dng qu nhiu phn
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
113
bn hoc hon ton khng dng phn bn lm xi mn t); nhim t do phn bn, ha cht bo v thc vt v nhim sinh hc. T l ng gp ca cc nhn t trn lm suy thoi t c trnh by bng 37.
Bng 37. T l % ca cc yu t ng gp vo vic lm suy thoi t trn th gii
Nhng nguyn nhn gy thoi ha t - Do mt rng - Do khai thc rng qu mc - Do gm c qu mc - Do hot ng nng nghip - Do hot ng cng nghip
Chu u 39 23 29 9
Bc M 4 30 66 -
Trung M 22 18 15 45 -
Nam M 41 5 28 26 -
Chu Phi 14 13 49 24 -
Chu 40 7 26 27 -
Chu Ton i th gii Dng 12 30 7 80 8 34 28 -
* Cc qu trnh lm thoi ha t Vit Nam Vi c im t i ni chim 3/4 lnh th ton quc li nm vng nhit i, ma nhiu v tp trung, nhit khng kh cao, cc qu trnh khong ha din ra mnh trong t nn d b ra tri, xi mn, ngho cht hu c v cht dinh dng dn n thoi ha. t b thoi ha rt kh c th khi phc li trng thi mu m ban u. Tt nhin, hot ng ca con ngi tc ng n t lun xy ra theo 2 kha cnh tiu cc (thoi ha) v tch cc (ci thin), nhng xu hng thoi ha vn l ch yu. Nhn chung, Vit Nam xy ra cc qu trnh thoi ha t l: - Qu trnh ra tri v xi mn t: y l qu trnh ph bin v 3/4 din tch t nhin l i ni, c dc cao, lng ma ln li tp trung vo 4-5 thng ma ma, chim ti 80% tng lng ma nm. Tuy nhin, qu trnh ra tri, xi mn cng gia tng do hot ng ca con ngi m c trng l: + Mt rng. + t nng lm ry. + Canh tc khng hp l trn t dc. - Qu trnh hoang mc ha: theo nh ngha ca FAO th Hoang mc ha l qu trnh t nhin v x hi ph v cn bng sinh thi ca t, thm thc vt, khng kh v nc cc vng kh hn v bn m t Qu trnh ny xy ra lin tc, qua nhiu giai on, dn n gim st hoc hy hoi hon ton kh nng dinh dng ca t trng, gim thiu cc iu kin sinh sng v lm gia tng sinh cnh hoang tn. Ch tiu quan trng xc nh hoang mc ha l t l lng ma hng nm so vi lng bc thot hi tim nng trong gii hn t 0,05 - 0,65 (Cng c chng sa mc ha). Hin nay, hoang mc ha th hin r nht trn t trng i ni trc, khng cn lp ph thc vt, a hnh dc, chia ct, ni c lng ma thp (700 - 800 mm; 1.500 mm/nm), lng bc hi tim nng t 1.000 - 1.800 mm/nm (Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun, Cheo Reo, Sng M, Yn Chu). Vit Nam, do hu qu ca vic cht ph rng, t rng ba bi, s dng t khng bn vng qua nhiu th h (du canh, du c, c canh, qung canh) nn t b thoi ha nghim trng, nhiu ni mt kh nng sn xut v xu hng hoang mc ha ngy cng pht trin, nht l cc vng t trng i trc. Tc ng tng hp ca cc iu kin t nhin v hot ng kinh t-x hi ca con ngi l 2 qu trnh ng hnh v lm xut hin 6 qu trnh dn n hoang mc ha Vit Nam. + t b thoi ha nghim trng do xi mn, ra tri. + Nn ct bay vng ven bin (hoang mc ct).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
114
+ t b mn ha, ch yu l mn ha th sinh do ti tiu khng ng quy trnh k thut (hoang mc mn). + t b phn ha do cht ph rng trm, rng ngp mn lm nng nghip, lm cc vung nui trng thy sn (hoang mc phn). + t thoi ha do canh tc nng nghip hoc chn th qu mc vng t dc lm xut hin kt von ong (hoang mc t cn). + t thoi ha do khai thc m, i vng ba bi, c bit l nhng ni khai thc t pht ca t nhn khng c k hoch lm tri tng t mt, l d gc (hoang mc ).
6.2 S dng t 6.2.1 S dng t hp l
T nm 1994, Chnh ph cho trin khai xy dng quy hoch s dng t ai trn c nc n nm 2010 trnh Quc hi ph duyt. Quy hoch, k hoch s dng t ai n nm 2010 c lp trn c s cc cn c: Hin php 1992; Lut t ai 1993; Vn kin i hi ng ln th VII v VIII. Quy hoch s dng t ai n thi k 1996 - 2010 mang tnh cht d bo, c xy dng kt gn v th hin nhng mc tiu chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca cc vng, cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng. Mc tiu quy hoch s dng bn vng t ai thi k 1996 - 2010 l: - Xut pht t mt nc c 80% dn s lm nng nghip, kinh t nng nghip chim ti 30% GDP, vic pht trin cng nghip, th, kt cu h tng phi ph hp vi chin lc pht trin nng nghip xy dng nng thn mi x hi ch ngha. S dng t ai mt cch ht sc tit kim, nht l t trng la nc nhm bo v, khai thc s dng tht tt qu t nng nghip m bo an ninh lng thc quc gia. - Phi coi trng vic m bo din tch ph xanh bng cy rng. C chnh sch v xy dng quan im ton dn bo v rng, nht l rng u ngun; chm sc, tu b, phc hi rng, trng cy gy rng ph xanh t trng i ni trc nng t l che ph ln mc 46%; khi phc, ci thin mi trng sng, theo quan im cn bng sinh thi bn vng. - Dnh mt qu t ai hp l trong vic xy dng v pht trin cc khu cng nghip tp trung, khu ch xut nhng a bn kinh t c iu kin thun li pht huy hiu qu u t, ng thi chun b nhng a bn kinh t khc tuy trc mt cn kh khn nhng khng xm ln vo t nng nghip. - Qu t dnh cho pht trin c s h tng cn phi tip tc tng nhanh p ng yu cu cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long, thc hin tng bc ci thin nh chng l, lt cho dn c trong vng phi cn kt hp s dng tht hp l 3 qu t cho khu dn c, giao thng v thy li. - Tng bc b tr li cc khu dn c c nng thn v th, nhng ni hnh thnh kt hp vi quy hoch, xy dng cc khu dn c mi pht trin theo hng va ch ti sinh thi mi trng nh cy xanh, lm vin, cng vin, va p ng cc nhu cu v giao thng, thng tin lin lc, gio dc, vn ha, th thao, du lch v cc cng trnh phc li khc. - Khai thc s dng t ai phi c bit coi trng nguyn tc quc phng kt hp vi kinh t v kinh t kt hp vi quc phng. Trc ht phi u tin b tr nhng a th thun li cho mc tiu an ninh quc phng. c bit quan tm yu t an ninh quc phng trong khai thc s dng t ai vng bin gii t lin, vng b bin v hi o. - Vi 3.200 km b bin v hn 2.000 hi o, Vit Nam c thm lc a v lnh hi rng ln gp hn 3 ln din tch t lin. Phi tin ti xy dng chin lc khai thc s dng v qun l cht ch hi o, thm lc a v lnh hi va to ra kh nng phn b li dn c va pht trin kinh
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
115
t, va tng cng m bo ch quyn lnh th v an ninh quc gia. Phng hng quy hoch s dng t lu di th hin bng 38.
Bng 38. D kin quy hoch s dng t ton quc n nm 2010 1995 Din tch 33.104.200 7.993.700 10.795.000 1.271.000 382.900 57.500 12.604.100 2010 % Din tch 100 33.104.200 24,2 9.419.200 32,6 15.272.800 3,8 1.732.000 1,2 828.400 0,2 248.900 38,1 5.602.900 1995 - 2010 Din tch % + 15,5 + 4,3 + 47,8 + 13,5 + 46,1 + 1,4 + 45,5 + 1,3 +191,4 + 0,6 -7001,2 - 21,2
Loi s dng t Tng din tch t nhin 1. t nng nghip 2. t lm nghip 3. t chuyn dng 4. t khu dn c nng thn 5. t th 6. t cha s dng
% 100 28,5 46,1 5,2 2,5 0,8 16,9
6.2.2 t ai v s pht trin nng nghip
Cho n nay, k t khi con ngi bit lm nng nghip, s pht trin nng nghip c th tri qua 3 giai on:
- Giai on th nht: chim thi gian di nht trong lch s, k t khi con ngi bit chn nui nhng con gia sc u tin, ri bt u trng trt cho n th k 18, khi pht minh ra nhng my hi nc u tin. giai on ny lao ng ca ngi nng dn ch yu da vo sc mnh ca cnh tay v i chn. Con ngi c s dng nhng cng c th s, nhng vai tr ca cng c ch v tr h tr cho sc lao ng c bp. V cui giai on, s lng cng c c dng nhiu hn, cht lng c nng cao ln, cu trc phc tp hn, nhiu tnh nng hn. Do ch yu da vo lao ng th cng, lao ng ca c bp nn nng sut lao ng khng cao, sn phm nng nghip c to ra khng nhiu. Nhng mt khc vi cc c trng l n trnh v li dng, tc ng ca con ngi ln thin nhin ch mang tnh cht cc b, cha gy ra nhng tc ng mang tnh cht hy hoi i vi ti nguyn v mi trng. - Giai on th 2: ko di t th k 18 n th k 20. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut, cc ngnh cng nghip c hnh thnh v pht trin. Cng nghip c kh to ra cho nng nghip nhiu my mc ng c. Con ngi s dng my mc nhiu a nng sut lao ng cc nc cao ln. nhiu nc c ch trng c kh ha nng nghip v c gii ha phn ln cc khu v cc thao tc trong nng nghip. Cng nghip ha cht to ra nhiu loi phn bn, thuc tr dch hi, cht kch thch sinh trng. S dng cc loi ha cht, con ngi a nng sut cy trng, vt nui ln mc cao v rt cao trong nhng khong thi gian ngn. Cng nghip nng lng pht trin to ra sn lng in ln. Nhiu nc ch trng in kh ha nng nghip v nng thn. in cng vi c kh lm tng nng sut, gim nh lao ng chn tay v lm cho sn xut nng nghip tr thnh a dng hn, phong ph hn. Tuy nhin, vi cng c, my mc, ha cht ngy cng mnh, cng nhiu, tc ng ca con ngi ln thin nhin ngy cng mnh m v su sc.
Hin tng hy hoi thin nhin, ph v cn bng sinh thi xy ra nhiu ni. Trc cc tc ng mnh m, lin tc ca con ngi ln thin nhin v thin nhin c nhng phn ng chng tr li khng km phn gay gt. Nhng phn ng ny ca thin nhin trong nng nghip th hin s hy hoi nhiu h sinh thi, l lt, ng hn, su bnh nhiu, Nhiu trng hp nhng n lc v u t ca con ngi hu nh khng mang li hiu qu g. Nng sut cy trng, gia sc khng tng ln m cht lng li gim xung nhiu. Cng v cui giai on ny, hin tng trn cng xy ra mnh m v ph bin.
- Giai on th 3: ch mi bt u trong thi gian gn y, t na cui th k 20. ng trc nhng tc ng su sc c tnh cht hy hoi ln thin nhin, trc nhng phn ng ngy cng mnh ca thin nhin, trc nn nhim mi trng, ph hy tng zn, hiu ng nh knh, Con ngi khng th dn su vo con ng t ra khng c hiu qu l ch yu da vo vt t,
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
116
cng c, my mc. Nhiu xut c a ra. C ngi ch trng t b mi tc ng mnh m ln thin nhin v quay tr li cch lm n nh thi k th nht. Nhng phn ln cc nh khoa hc cho rng, khng nn quay tr li vi thi k hoang s m phi i ti pha trc. Con ng i ln ca nng nghip l phi da vo tr tu, da vo kin thc, vo khoa hc. iu ny th hin trc ht nm bt v vn dng cc quy lut khch quan ca thin nhin v x hi. Trc ht l cc quy lut tn ti v pht trin ca cc HST. Con ngi sng trong cc HST v l mt thnh phn ca cc HST . Sn phm trong nng nghip m con ngi thu c l kt qu ca chu chuyn vt cht bng con ng sinh hc, thng qua cc loi sinh vt. c im ni bt ca th gii sinh vt l cn bng v hp l. V nu khng, qua qu trnh chn lc t nhin, nhng loi sinh vt khng to c s cn bng vi mi trng, khng kp thch nghi vi iu kin bn ngoi s b loi thi. Nhng tc ng t bn ngoi (phn bn, vt t, my mc v nhng tc ng do con ngi to ra hoc t thin nhin) nu khng ph hp, hp l gip cho sinh vt sng hi ha trong tng HST, s khng em li kt qu m cn gy ra nhng hu qu xu. Nng nghip tin tin ca th gii ang trong giai on th 3 ca lch s pht trin. Tuy vy, cn nhiu nc, nht l cc nc ang pht trin, ang vo cui giai on th 1 hoc mi bc vo giai on th 2. Nng nghip nc ta ang vo giai on th 2. Tuy nhin do nhiu iu kin khch quan, cng nghip nc ta cha pht trin, cha sc trang b my mc, ha cht, vt t cho nng nghip nh cc nc pht trin. V vy, phn ln cc sn phm cng nghip cn thit cho nng nghip, chng ta phi nhp t nc ngoi. Nhng nm gn y, do giao lu vi cc nc ngy cng c m rng, chng ta hc tp, thu nhn c nhiu thng tin, kinh nghim ca nhiu nc v cng thy c nhng vn ang ny sinh cc nc v Vit Nam. Lm nng nghip bng tr tu, thc cht l nng nghip hin i, sinh thi v bn vng.
6.2.3 Cc dng ti nguyn khc trong s dng t: nc,nng lng,kh hu,phn bn,
t ch l mt phn ca ti nguyn nng nghip. Nng nghip cng ph thuc vo nc, cc cht dinh dng, kh hu pht trin ma mng v da trn ngun nng lng canh tc v khai thc chng.
a. Nc
Tt c cc cy ci u cn nc pht trin. Nng nghip s dng mt lng ln nc ton cu, khong 73% ca tt c ngun nc ngt c ly t cc sng, h v nc ngm c s dng cho ti tiu. Mt s quc gia giu ngun nc v c nc ti tiu cho cc cnh ng, trong khi cc quc gia khc ngho ngun nc v phi s dng nc rt cn thn. Hiu qu s dng nc ti tiu l kh thp phn ln cc quc gia. Tht thot ln do bc hi v r r v cc con knh khng c lt v che ph, do vy 80% lng nc khai thc cho ti tiu khng n c ni cn s dng. Ngi nng dn c xu hng dng qu mc bi v gi nc ti l kh thp v bi v h thiu cng ngh o lng v phn phi lng nc ti. Phn ln nng dn ngh rng s dng nc trn mc yu cu l tt hn l di mc yu cu. iu ny khng ng. S dng hoang ph khng ch thi nc m kt qu l ngp ng nc. t ngp ng b bo ha nc, v r cy cht v thiu xy. S mn ha do mui khong tch ly trong t v lm cht cy, xy ra c bit khi t vng kh hu kh cn ti nc b nhim mn. Khi nc bc hi, n li cc tinh th mui trn b mt t m lm cht cy ci. Dng nc c th ra c lng mui tch ly ny nhng kt qu l nc b mn nhiu hn cho nhng ngi s dng nc h lu. Trn th gii, ti tiu l ngun ch yu dn n t b phn hy v ma mng gim st. Bo co ca Vin tm nhn th gii 60 triu ha t canh tc b tn hi v mn ha v ngp ng. n l quc gia c din t canh tc ln nht th gii vi 55 triu ha, khong 1/3 b phn hy v 7 triu ha b b hoang. Trung Quc, quc gia ng th hai, c khong 7 triu ha t b mn v kim ha. Pakistan v Lin x c c khong 1/2 din tch t canh tc b phn hy bi ti tiu. Chi ph mi trng v sc khe con ngi ca vic lm dng ti tiu l nghim trng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
117
Cc k thut bo tn nc c th gim ng k cc tc hi do s dng nc qu mc. S bo tn cng gip to ra nhiu nc cho cc i tng s dng khc hay m rng sn xut nng nghip nhng ni b thiu nc.
b. Phn bn
Bn cnh nc, nh sng mt tri v cacbonic, thc vt cn mt lng nh cc cht dinh dng v c pht trin. Nhng nguyn t ch yu cn thit cho thc vt l N, P, K, Ca, Mg, v S. Ca v Mg thng t nhng vng ma nhiu v phi c cung cp dng vi. Thiu N, P v K s dn n thc vt km pht trin. Thm nhng nguyn t ny trong phn bn thng kch thch thc vt pht trin v gia tng nng sut ma v. S gia tng gp i nng sut ma v trn th gii t nm 1950 nh s dng phn bn v c. Nm 1950 lng phn bn s dng trung bnh l 20kg/ha, n nm 1990 l 91 kg/ha. S thay i ny chnh l s gia tng phn bn s dng t 30 triu tn nm 1950 ln n 134 triu tn nm 1990. Ngi nng dn c th bn phn qu mc bi v h khng bit hm lng cht dinh dng no c trong t hay cn thit cho ma mng ca h. Vic bn phn qu mc lm lng ph tin v phn hy mi trng. P v N t cc cnh ng v cc khu chn th gia sc l ngun ch yu gy nhim h sinh thi thy vc. Hm lng nitrat trong nc ngm gia tng n mc nguy him nhiu vng ni cng vic ng ng din ra mnh m. Anh, an Mch, c, H Lan v Hoa K hm lng nitrat cao hn mc an ton (11,3 mg/l) trong nc ung nhng vng lm nng. Nhng a tr nh c bit nhy cm vi s hin din ca nitrat. Dng nc nhim bn nitrat khuy sa c th dn n t vong tr s sinh. Cc phng php khc bn phn cho cy trng l g? Phn gia sc, cc ph phm trong nng nghip, tro, phn compost v phn xanh (cy c trng b sung cc cht dinh dng cho t). Vi khun cng sinh sng nt sn r cy h u (u H Lan, u phng, u tm, ) c th tng hp Nit t kh quyn l loi thc vt dinh dng. Trng xen canh hay lun canh cy u hay cy h u vi cy bp hay la m l cc phng php truyn thng gia tng ph cho t. Trong mt vi trng hp, trng v sau cy vi lp cc cy h u nh cy alfafa, c ba l, hay cy u tm sau mi ba hoc 4 nm l cn thit duy tr ph cho t. C tim nng ng k cho vic cung cp thc phm ngy cng tng trn th gii bng cch gia tng lng phn bn cho cc nc c nn nng nghip nng sut thp. Chng hn Chu Phi s dng phn bn trung bnh 19 kg/ha, bng khong 1/4 mc trung bnh ca th gii v nng sut trn mi ha t bng 1/4 nng sut ca cc nc Chu u hay Bc M. n cng s dng phn bn mc thp (30 kg/ha). Cc nc ang pht trin c th tng nng sut ln gp 3 ln hin nay bng cch gia tng lng phn bn s dng n mc trung bnh ca th gii. Nng sut c th tng bng cch s dng vng t b b hoang bng cc bin php canh tc k thut cao, v bng vic u t h thng ti tiu nhng ni c nc. Tuy nhin, tt c cc gii php s l vin vng tr khi vic xem xt cn thn c t ra l lm th no nn nng nghip c thc hin bn vng v c th phc hi c, lm th no lng thc c phn phi n ngi c nhu cu, v s gia tng dn s th gii l trong gii hn ca ti nguyn thin nhin.
c. Kh hu
Kh hu l mt yu t rt quan trng trong nng nghip. S thay i kh hu ton cu bi hiu ng nh knh c th tc ng nghim trng n nng sut lng thc trn th gii. Nng sut c th gia tng mt s vng. Chng hn Canada v Lin Bang X Vit c s c li t nhit m hn v thi gian canh tc s ko di hn. Hu nh tt c cc ma mng u pht trin tt hn nng CO2 cao. Chng hn nh u nnh nng sut c th tng gp i nu nng CO2 tng gp i. Tc ng nghim trng nht ca tnh trng kh hu m dn l vic gim lng ma vng v cao v su trong t lin. Kh hn thng xuyn v nghim trng hn min Ty Trung M, min Trung Lin Bang X Vit c v Trung Quc s nh hng nng n n vic cung cp lng thc trn th gii. Mt s chuyn gia lo ngi nn i km ti t c th xy ra sau . Cc chi ph v mt x hi,sinh thi v kinh t c th l thm ha.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
118
d. Nng lng
Nn nng nghip cc nc cng nghip pht trin dng nng lng rt nhiu. Nhin liu ha thch cung cp tt c cc ngun nng lng ny. Gia nm 1920 v 1980, nng lng s dng trc tip trn cc cnh ng gia tng khi xng v du c tiu th bi nn nng nghip ngy cng c gii ha. Vic gia tng ng k s dng nng lng mt cch gin tip l phn bn tng hp, thuc BVTV v cc ha cht nng nghip khc cng xy ra c bit l sau chin tranh th gii th hai. Gi du tng vo nhng nm 1970 lm gim vic tiu th nng lng, nhng gi du thp hin nay khuyn khch vic gia tng tiu th tr li. min Ty Hoa K, nng lng c dng ch yu cho ti cy. Vic s dng ngun nhin liu ha thch vi mc d tr ngy cng gim bm ngun nc ngm khan him cho ti cy iu lm suy gim cht lng t. Thm vo , nng lng c s dng sau khi thu hoch nh ch bin thc phm, phn phi, bo qun v nu nng. c tnh thc phm trong ba n ca ngi M di chuyn trung bnh khong 2.000 km gia ni sn xut v tiu th. Nng lng c dng cho qu trnh ch bin v phn phi phc tp ny gp 5 ln nng lng dng trc tip ti cc cnh ng. Ton b lng thc, thc phm s dng ngun nng lng sn xut, ch bin v a ra th trng nhiu hn ngun nng lng c c khi chng ta n n. R rng h thng nng lng hin ti ca chng ta khng n nh, tr khi chng ta tm thy cc ngun nng lng mi. Khi nhin liu ha thch tr nn khan him hn chng ta cn s dng cc phng php canh tc m c kh nng t h tr. C th c khng khi chng ta quay tr li dng cc gia sc ko cy m chng c th n cc cy ci chng ta trng trn cc cnh ng? Chng ta c th quay tr li cc phng php t nhin cho kim sot dch hi, s dng phn bn, phi kh v ti cy? Hay chng ta c th pht trin cc ngun nng lng thay th nh nng lng mt tri vn hnh cc my mc, thit b?
6.2.4 t ai v sn xut nng nghip bn vng
Lin quan ti nng nghip bn vng FAO, 1989 nh ngha: PTBV l vic qun l v bo tn c s ti nguyn thin nhin, nh hng nhng thay i cng ngh v th ch theo mt phng thc sao cho t n s tha mn mt cch lin tc nhng nhu cu ca con ngi ca nhng th h hm nay v mai sau. S PTBV nh vy trong lnh vc nng nghip (nng nghip, lm nghip, thy sn) chnh l s bo tn t, nc, cc ngun gen ng v thc vt khng b suy thoi mi trng, k thut thch hp, sinh li kinh t v chp nhn c v mt x hi. Do , cc ch tiu c th cho nng nghip bn vng theo FAO l: (1) Tha mn nhu cu dinh dng c bn ca cc th h hin ti v tng lai v s lng v cht lng v nhiu cc sn phm nng nghip khc. (2) Cung cp lu di vic lm, thu nhp v cc iu kin sng, lm vic tm tt cho mi ngi trc tip lm nng nghip. (3) Duy tr, v ch no c th, tng cng kh nng sn xut ca cc c s ti nguyn thin nhin v kh nng ti sn xut ca cc ngun ti nguyn ti to c m khng ph v chc nng ca cc chu trnh sinh thi c s v cn bng t nhin, khng ph v bn sc vn ha - x hi ca cc cng ng sng nng thn, hoc khng gy nhng nhim c mi trng. (4) Gim thiu kh nng b tn thng trong nng nghip, cng c lng t tin trong nng dn (hnh 16).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
119
1. Mc tiu
2. Nhng iu kin
Bn vng X hi Nguyn vng chnh tr S nht tr Sinh thi Pht trin v bo tn ti nguyn quc gia Cn bng gia cc th h
Kinh t Ngn hn Di hn
Hnh 16. Pht trin nng nghip bn vng
Nn nng nghip hin i cc nc pht trin v nn nng nghip truyn thng cc nc ang pht trin u khng p ng c cc yu cu i vi nng nghip hin nay l nng cao nng sut bng cch gi li nhng im mnh ca nng nghip truyn thng v p ng cc nhu cu ca thi i mi. Nng nghip bn vng, do phi mang tnh k tha, cht lc nhng tinh ty ca cc nn nng nghip ch khng phi chy theo nhng ci mt, ci hin i v bc b nhng ci thuc v truyn thng. V d, nng nghip bn vng khng loi tr vic s dng phn bn ha hc, HCBVTV, m s dng chng hp l hn, ng thi dng cc cng ngh truyn thng tng lng phn bn hu c v c cu cy trng khng ch su hi. Nhiu ngi tng rng, c th khc phc hu qu tiu cc ca HCBVTV bng cc loi nng dc an ton hn i vi mi trng. Thc t ng nh vy, nhng nhn v lu di, c nng dc ha hc ln sinh hc ch c gi tr tng i. l do thin nhin ph cho c th sng ni chung mt kh nng t iu chnh chng li mi tc ng nhm tiu dit ni ging ca n. Chnh v vy, su hi c kh nng khng vi nng dc ha hc ln sinh hc, nu chng ta c lp i lp li mt loi thuc. Theo thng bo gn y nht th c hn 500 loi cn trng v ve bt chng chu c thuc tr su ha hc v 8 loi khng c thuc tr su sinh hc. Ngay c khi nim c hi cng nn hiu cho ng. Phi chng ci g c hi i vi con ngi cng c hi i vi loi khc v cn phi tiu dit? Thin nhin l mt tn ti sng ng m trong mi thnh phn u c quan h qua li ln nhau v c nhng quan h m n nay chng ta vn cha bit r. Cho nn cch gii quyt ng n nht l gi cho vn vt c hi ha. Nu xy ra hin tng mt cn bng nh dch hi pht sinh th phi tm cch khng ch n tr thnh v hi, khng nh hng ng k n kinh t, x hi v mi trng, ch khng phi l tn st cho n mt cn bng thm. chnh l phng php ti u ca h thng IPM (Qun l dch hi tng hp). iu cng c ngha l nng dc ha hc hay sinh hc nn dng vo lc no, xen k hay phi hp, vi mc no l va phi, nu khng cn bin php no khc. i vi phn bn cng vy. Xu hng chung hin nay l bit p dng khn ngoan v c hiu qu cc loi phn khong, phn hu c v ch phm vi sinh vt, phn bn vi sinh mt cch tng hp song song vi vic qun l ma v, phn khong cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy di dng tp trung, nhng thng t i vi tiu nng. Cc ch phm vi sinh vt tng i r nhng kt qu p dng cn b hn ch mt s t loi v mi trng tng ng, phn hu c thng c sn v l loi phn bn tng hp nhng cn bn nhiu mi p ng c nhu cu dinh dng ca cy. Cho
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
120
nn, vic s dng phi hp cc ngun dinh dng khc nhau khng ch gp phn khc phc nhng bt li phm vi no , m cn lm tng nng sut.
6.3 Qun l ti nguyn t 6.3.1 Cc quy nh v lut l
a. Lut t ai
Ti nguyn t l mt loi ti nguyn c bit v nhy cm trong nn kinh t quc gia, nn nm 1993 Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam ban hnh Lut t ai. c sa i, b sung mt s iu ca lut ny vo nm 1998 v nm 2001. n nm 2003, Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam kha XI, k hp th 4 thng qua lut t ai v c hiu lc thi hnh t 1/7/2004, giao cho Chnh ph ban hnh cc vn bn di lut hng dn thi hnh o lut ny. Lut t ai, quy nh v quyn hn v trch nhim ca Nh nc i din ch s hu ton dn v t ai v thng nht qun l v t ai, ch qun l v s dng t ai, quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng t. i tng p dng Lut ny bao gm: Cc c quan nh nc thc hin quyn hn v trch nhim i din ch s hu ton dn v t ai; ngi s dng t; Cc i tng khc c lin quan n qun l v s dng t. Trong trng hp Lut ny khng quy nh th p dng cc quy nh ca php lut c lin quan. Ni dung c bn ca qun l nh nc v t ai: Nh nc thng nht qun l v t ai; Ban hnh v t chc thc hin cc vn bn quy phm php lut, xc nh a gii, qun l h s a gii, lp bn a gii, kho st, o c, nh gi phn hng t, lp bn a chnh, bn hin trng v quy hoch v quy hoch s dng t. ng thi qun l quy hoch, k hoch, giao t, cho thu, thu hi, chuyn mc ch, ng k, cp giy chng nhn v lp, qun l h s a chnh. Cng nh thng k, kim k, qun l ti chnh, qun l v pht trin th trng quyn s dng t trong th trng bt ng sn. Qun l, gim st vic thc hin quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng t, thanh tra, kim tra vic chp hnh cc quy nh, x l vi phm php lut v gii quyt tranh chp, khiu ni, t co trong qun l, s dng t ai. Qun l cc hot ng dch v cng v t ai. Nh nc c chnh sch u t cho vic thc hin cc nhim v qun l nh nc v t ai xy dng h thng qun l t ai hin i, nng lc, bo m qun l t ai c hiu lc v hiu qu. Quc hi ban hnh php lut v t ai, quy nh quy hoch, k hoch s dng t, thc hin quyn gim st ti cao i vi vic qun l v s dng t ai trong phm vi c nc. Chnh ph quyt nh quy hoch, k hoch s dng t ca tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng v quy hoch, k hoch s dng t vo mc ch quc phng, an ninh, thng nht qun l nh nc v t ai trong phm vi c nc. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph trong vic qun l nh nc v t ai. Hi ng nhn dn cc cp thc hin quyn gim st vic thi hnh php lut v t ai ti a phng. UBND cc cp thc hin quyn i din quyn s hu v t ai v qun l nh nc v t ai ti a phng theo thm quyn quy nh ti Lut ny. Mt trn T quc Vit Nam, cc t chc thnh vin ca Mt trn v cng dn c quyn hn v trch nhim gim st vic qun l v s dng t ai, phi hp vi cc c quan nh nc trong vic bo m thc hin nghim cc quy nh ca Nh nc v qun l v s dng t ai.
b. p dng Lut bo v mi trng

Theo quy nh ca Lut ny, lnh vc phng, chng suy thoi mi trng, nhim mi trng t p dng iu 14 v iu 18 Lut bo v mi trng. l: Vic khai thc t nng nghip, t lm nghip, t s dng vo mc ch nui trng thy sn phi tun theo quy nh s dng t, k hoch ci to t, bo m cn bng sinh thi. Vic s dng ha cht, phn ha hc, thuc bo v thc vt, cc ch phm sinh hc khc phi tun theo quy nh ca php lut. Trong sn xut, kinh doanh, xy dng cc cng trnh phi p dng cc bin php hn ch, phng chng xi mn, st l, trt t, lm t phn ha, mn ha, ngt ha ty tin, ong ha, snh ly ha, sa mc ha v T chc, c nhn khi xy dng, ci to vng sn xut, khu dn c, cc cng trnh kinh t, khoa
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
121
hc, k thut, y t, vn ha, x hi, an ninh, quc phng, ch d n u t ca nc ngoi hoc lin doanh vi nc ngoi, ch d n pht trin kinh t - x hi khc phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c quan qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng thm nh. Kt qu thm nh v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt trong nhng cn c cp c thm quyn xt duyt d n hoc cho php thc hin. Chnh ph quy nh chi tit vic xy dng v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng v c quy nh ring i vi cc c s c bit v an ninh, quc phng ni ti iu 17 v iu ny. Quc hi xem xt, quyt nh i vi d n c nh hng ln n mi trng. Danh mc d n loi ny do U ban Thng v Quc hi quyt nh. Ngoi nhng ni dung c bn qun l ti nguyn t tm v m trn y, chnh quyn a phng cc cp ty theo s phn cp cn phi xy dng, ban hnh cc vn bn di lut v t ai ph hp vi iu kin, hon cnh ca a phng mnh theo quy nh ca php lut. Sau khi c c quan c thm quyn xem xt, ph duyt mi c thc thi a phng mnh cng tc qun l ti nguyn t i vo n np, n nh v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn ny.
6.3.2 Cc bin php qun l ti nguyn t
- Cn c quy hoch s dng t hp l. Ngoi quy hoch tng th rt cn quy hoch chi tit c gi tr thc tin cao n cp x, cn gn lin quy hoch s dng t vi cc ngnh cng nghip v dch v nh du lch, ch bin nng sn, pht trin ngnh ngh th cng m th trng i hi. - Thc hin tt vic giao t, giao rng cho cc t chc h gia nh, c nhn s dng n nh, lu di theo quy hoch, k hoch ca Nh nc. Xc nh r, cng khai v tng quyn s dng t. y l khu t ph, l vn trung tm then cht v cng l bin php v kinh t, qun l bo v v s dng c hiu qu t ai. Giao t, giao rng cn kt hp cht ch vi quy hoch s dng t trong vng, nht l quy hoch vng nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin sau thu hoch. - Tng cng qun l t ai v s lng v cht lng, m nng ct l qun l tng hp vi s lin kt ca nhiu ngnh, nhiu lnh vc theo phng chm tit kim t, c bit t cho xy dng cc cng trnh cng cng v nh . Dnh t tt cho sn xut nng nghip lu di. - Cn c cc chng trnh, d n nghin cu v trin khai v qun l, s dng t lu di, gn kt cht ch vi cc chng trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi phm vi v m (ton quc) v vi m (tng vng c th). Cn thit c nhng chng trnh nghin cu tng hp di hn v bo v v nng cao ph nhiu t, kt hp gia chuyn giao cng ngh tin tin vi cc tri thc bn a, m bo s dng t bn vng, thch hp cho tng vng vi iu kin khai thc kh hu v k thut canh tc khc nhau. - Cn pht trin mnh th trng v quyn s dng t. ng thi tng cng qun l th trng bt ng sn. Nghim chnh thi hnh Lut t ai, kt hp vi cc bin php chnh sch, nhm khuyn khch vic qun l, s dng t ng mc ch. Kin quyt thu hi li t t cc trng hp s dng t sai mc ch.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
122
CHNG 7: QUN L TI NGUYN NNG LNG V KHONG SN 7.1 Gii thiu tng qut
Ph hp vi cng thc ni ting ca Einstein E = MC2 (trong , E l nng lng, M l khi lng, C l tc nh sng trong chn khng), nng lng l mt dng ti nguyn vt cht trn tri t c ngun gc ch yu l Mt Tri v nng lng tn d trong lng Tri t. Nng lng Mt Tri tn ti cc dng chnh: BXMT, nng lng sinh hc di dng sinh khi, nng lng chuyn ng ca thy quyn, kh quyn (gi, bo, sng , cc dng chy sng sui, cc dng hi lu,). Nng lng tn d trong lng T c cc dng chnh: cc ngun nc nng, nng lng ni la, nng lng phng x, nng lng ca cc khi t nng trong thch quyn, Ti nguyn nng lng ca cc quc gia v loi ngi trn Tri t l cc tch t nng lng vi cng v quy m cho php khai thc quy m cng nghip. Khai thc v s dng nng lng l nguyn nhn quan trng nht gy ra nhim mi trng v cc bin i kh hu ton cu. Cc nc ang pht trin ang phi ng u vi tc ng nhim cc b ca cht thi nhim pht sinh trong khai thc v s dng nhin liu ha thch nh: bi v khi, cc loi kh c hi CO, SO2, NO2, CnHm,, s suy thoi ti nguyn t, ti nguyn rng, Mi trng ton cu ang ng trc cc bin i kh hu v nng ln ca bu kh quyn, do s gia tng pht thi kh nh knh CO2. Vic chuyn i ngun cung cp nng lng t nhin liu ha thch sang cc ngun khc hin cha mang li hiu qu. Nng lng nguyn t hin cha an ton v tim n cc tai bin sinh thi to ln. Nng lng BXMT c cng yu v gi thnh qu cao. Nng lng gi khng n nh v hiu sut thp. Nng lng thy in thng lm cho nhiu vng t canh tc v ti nguyn rng b ngp vnh vin. Nng lng thy triu c th gy ra cc bin ng mnh m ti mi trng cc h sinh thi ca sng. Nng lng a nhit hin cha c cng ngh khai thc hiu qu.
7.2 Ti nguyn nng lng 7.2.1 Nhit , nng lng, nhit v cng
a. Nhit :
T lu ngi ta bit rng tnh cht ca vt cht c lin quan mt thit ti mc nng lnh ca vt cht . Nng lnh l th hin tnh trng gi nhit ca vt v mc nng lnh c gi l nhit . Vy nhit l i lng c trng cho trng thi nhit, theo thuyt ng hc phn t th ng nng ca vt. E= Trong : 3 KT 2
K - Hng s Bonltzman E - ng nng trung bnh chuyn ng thng ca cc phn t T - Nhit tuyt i ca vt.
Theo nh lut 2 nhit ng hc: Nhit lng nhn vo hay ta ra ca mi cht trong chu trnh Ccn tng ng vi nhit ca mi cht v c quan h.
Q1 T2 = Q2 T1
T T2 T1 Q2-Q1 Q1
s Vy khi nim nhit khng ph thuc vo bn cht m ch ph thuc nhit lng nhn vo hay ta ra ca vt.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
123
b. Nng lng "Nng lng l mt dng ti nguyn vt cht xut pht t hai ngun ch yu: Nng lng mt tri v nng lng lng t". Nng lng mt tri to tn ti cc dng chnh: bc x mt tri, nng lng sinh hc (sinh khi ng thc vt), nng lng chuyn ng ca kh quyn v thu quyn (gi, sng, cc dng hi lu, thu triu, dng chy sng...), nng lng ho thch (than, du, kh t, du). Nng lng lng t gm nhit lng t biu hin cc cc ngun a nhit, ni la v nng lng phng x tp trung cc nguyn t nh U, Th, Po,... c. Nhit v cng
Nhit v cng l cc i lng c trng cho s trao i nng lng gia mi cht v mi trng khi thc hin mt qu trnh. Khi mi cht trao i cng vi mi trng th km theo cc chuyn ng v m, cn khi trao i nhit th lun tn ti s chnh lch nhit .
- Nhit lng:
Mt vt c nhit khc khng th cc phn t v nguyn t ca n s chuyn ng hn lon v vt mang mt nng lng gi l nhit nng. Khi hai vt tip xc vi nhau th ni nng ca vt nng hn s truyn sang vt lnh hn. Qu trnh chuyn ni nng t vt ny sang vt khc gi l qu trnh truyn nhit. Lng ni nng truyn c trong qu trnh gi l nhit lng trao i gia hai vt, k hiu l: Q nu tnh cho G kg, n v o l j, q nu tnh cho 1 kg, n v o l j/kg, Qui c: Nu q > 0 ta ni vt nhn nhit, Nu q < 0 ta ni vt nh nhit,
Trong trng hp cn bng (khi nhit cc vt bng nhau), vn c th xy ra kh nng truyn ni nng t vt ny sang vt khc (xem l v cng chm) trng thi cn bng ng.
- Cng:
Cng l i lng c trng cho s trao i nng lng gia mi cht vi mi trng khi c chuyn ng v m. Khi thc hin mt qu trnh, nu c s thay i p sut, thay i th tch hoc dch chuyn trng tm khi mi cht th mt phn nng lng nhit s c chuyn ha thnh c nng. Lng chuyn bin chnh l cng ca qu trnh. K hiu l: l nu tnh cho 1 kg, n v o l j/kg, L nu tnh cho G kg, n v o l j, Nu l > 0 ta ni vt sinh cng Nu l < 0 ta ni vt nhn cng,
Qui c:
Cng khng th cha trong mt vt bt k no m n ch xut hin khi c qu trnh thay i trng thi km theo chuyn ng ca vt. V mt c hc, cng c tr s bng tch gia lc tc dng v vi di theo hng ca lc.
7.2.2 Cc dng nng lng
Cc ngun nng lng trn tri t c th c phn thnh mt s dng c bn: - Cc dng nng lng ti to v vnh cu: bc x mt tri, nng lng gi, dng chy v sng bin, nng lng sinh khi. - Cc dng nng lng khng ti to v vnh cu: nng lng a nhit, nng lng nguyn t v ht nhn.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
124
- Cc dng nng lng khng ti to v c gii hn: nng lng ca khong sn chy (du m, kh t, than, chy,). - Nng lng in. Hai dng nng lng u l cc dng nng lng c bn v l ci ngun ca tt c cc dng nng lng ang c loi ngi khai thc v s dng trn tri t. Trong tng lai xa, con ngi c th vn ra ngoi khong khng v tr tin ti nhng ngun nng lng nm ngoi tri t v nhng loi nng lng mi (lc hp dn, in v t trng,...). Bc x mt tri l ngun nng lng c bn ca tri t, vi cng trung bnh khi ti b mt tri t khong 2 cal/cm2/pht. Theo tnh ton, BXMT tn ti trong 5 t nm qua v s tip tc tn ti vi khong 5 t nm na. Phn ln dng nng lng mt tri (98 - 99%) b pht tn trong kh quyn v to nn s chuyn ng ca khng kh v nc. Phn nng lng mt tri c kh quyn v thy quyn hp th hnh thnh nn vng tun hon nc. Phn rt nh (1 - 2%) BXMT c thc vt tri t hp th v chuyn sang dng nng lng ha nng v c lu tr di dng sinh khi thc vt thng qua qu trnh quang hp. Sinh khi thc vt l ngun cung cp nng lng cho ng vt ni ring v h sinh thi ni chung. Sinh khi ng thc vt sau khi b chn vi vo lng tri t tr thnh nng lng ca cc loi khong sn chy. Nng lng a nhit, nng lng nguyn t v ht nhn l mt ngun nng lng c bn khc ca tri t. Ngun nng lng ny c tch ly trong lng tri t ngay vo thi im hnh thnh ban u. Theo cc t liu hin c, ni d tr ln nht nng lng a nhit l nhn tri t, ni c nhit t ti 6.000oC. T ngun nng lng trn mt phn nh nng lng thot ra b mt tri t di cc dng: ni la phun, ng t, chuyn ng ca cc lp t trong thch quyn, hi nc v nc nng, Nng lng nguyn t (nng lng tch ly trong cc nguyn t kim loi phng x nh: U, Th, Po,) v nng lng ht nhn (nng lng tch ly trong cc cc ng v nguyn t nh: H, He, Li, c kh nng gii phng khi tham gia vo cc phn ng tng hp ht nhn) l dng nng lng c bn khc ca tri t, c mt trong lng t t thi im hnh thnh, vi khi lng cung cp cho loi ngi lu di trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, kh nng khai thc ngun nng lng nguyn t v ht nhn cn b gii hn bi s thiu an ton ca cc nh my in ht nhn v kh nng iu khin phn ng tng hp ht nhn. Tuy khng trc tip tham gia vo vic to nn sinh khi; nhin liu ha thch; nng lng a nhit v nng lng hp dn ca mt tri, mt trng c nh hng gin tip ti vic hnh thnh cc ngun nng lng ca loi ngi trn tri t. Nng lng in l mt dng nng lng c bit ca loi ngi, c pht minh vo th k 18, hin ang l dng nng lng ph bin quan trng nht ca con ngi. Hn mt na sn lng than v trn 30% nhin liu c dng to ra in. Mc gia tng nhu cu in ca th gii vo khong 8 - 10% mi nm. Theo cc s liu thng k ca Ngn hng th gii, in chim 31% mc tiu th nng lng thng mi cc nc ang pht trin v 38% mc tiu th tng ng cc nc pht trin cng nghip nm 1988.
7.2.3 Nhin liu ha thch
Ti nguyn nng lng di dng nhin liu ha thch c vai tr quan trng i vi i sng con ngi do mt nng lng cao, d s dng, kh ph bin v d trao i. Cc loi ti nguyn nng lng ha thch ch yu bao gm: than , du m, kh t, phin chy.
a. Than
Than l ngun nng lng ch yu ca loi ngi vi tng tr lng trn 2.000 t tn, tp trung ch yu cc quc gia: Nga, Trung Quc, M, c, c, c kh nng p ng nhu cu con ngi khong 200 nm. Than ang chim mt t trng ln trong nhu cu nhin liu cc quc gia. Than c dng to ra in, to ra hi nc, to ra nhit trong cc nh my luyn kim, sn xut vt liu xy dng, xi mng, Do s cnh tranh ca cc ngun nhin liu l du v kh t, mc s dng than cc nc cng nghip pht trin v gi bn than trn th trng th gii c xu hng tng t hn cc loi nhin liu khc (bng 39).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
125
Tuy nhin, khai thc nng lng than ang t ra hng lot cc vn mi trng. Khai thc than bng phng php l thin, to nn lng t thi ln, nhim bi, nhim nc, mt rng. Khai thc than bng phng php hm l lng ph tr lng ( Vit Nam ti 50%), gy ln t, nhim nc, tiu hao g chng l v cc tai nn hm l. Ch bin v sn tuyn than to ra bi v nc thi cha than, kim loi nng. t than to ra cc loi kh c nh: Bi, SO2, CO2, NOx, Theo tnh ton, mt nh my nhit in chy than cng sut 1.000 MW hng nm thi ra mi trng 5 triu tn CO2, 18.000 tn NOx, 11.000-680.000 tn cht thi rn. Trong thnh phn cht thi rn, bi, nc thi thng cha kim loi nng v cht phng x c hi.
Bng 39. Gi nhin liu ha thch nhp vo th trng Ty u
n v: USD/tn nng lng quy i; Ngun: Nguyn Tin Bo, 1998

Dng nhin liu Du m Kh t thin nhin Than 1970 12 9(75) 19(160) 1975 60 25(40) 23(40) 1980 160 82(50) 42(26) 1985 200 115(58) 69(34)
b. Du m v kh t
Du m v kh t ang v s l ngun nng lng quan trng ca loi ngi trong vi thp k ti. Du m v kh t chim t 51 - 62% ngun nng lng ca cc quc gia. Tuy nhin, cc m du li phn b khng ng u. Mt s vng Trung ng tp trung lng du ln trong mt din tch tng i nh, trong khi nhng vng khc li rt t. Bn cnh chc nng ngun nng lng, du m v kh t cn gi vai tr l nguyn liu ca ngnh cng nghip ha hc. Trong tnh hnh khai thc hin nay, khai thc v s dng du v kh t ang to ra cc vn mi trng nh: qu trnh khai thc gy ln t, nhim du i vi t, nc, gy nhim bin (50% lng du nhim trn bin gy ra do khai thc trn bin), nhim khng kh. Ch bin du gy nhim du v kim loi nng k c kim loi phng x cho mi trng nc v t khu vc. t du kh to ra cc cht thi kh tng t nh t than. Bn cnh cc ngun nhin liu ha thch ph bin trn, nhiu quc gia trn th gii ang s dng nhng loi nhin liu ha thch m thin nhin ban tng cho mnh nh: than bn, than nu (c, Ba Lan), phin chy (cc quc gia vng Ban Tch). Vai tr cung cp nng lng ca cc loi nhin liu trn khng ln, tc ng gy nhim khng km than v du kh.
7.2.4 Nng lng ht nhn nguyn t
Nng lng ht nhn l ngun nng lng gii phng trong qu trnh phn hy ht nhn cc nguyn t U, Th hoc tng hp nhit hch t nhin liu l cc ng v H (D21, T31), He, Li, Theo tnh ton, nng lng gii phng ra t 1 g U235 tng ng vi nng lng do t 1 tn than . Ngun nng lng nguyn t v nng lng ht nhn c u im khng to nn cc loi kh nh knh nh CO2, bi. Tuy nhin, cc nh my in nguyn t hin nay l ngun gy nguy him ln i vi mi trng bi s r r cht thi phng x kh, rn, lng v cc s c n nh my. S c ti nh my in nguyn t Checnobn (Ucraina) l mt v d in hnh. Cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh ca cc quc gia trn th gii ang c nhiu c gng a ra cc thit k nh my in nguyn t ngy cng an ton hn, iu khin c phn ng tng hp nhit hch, x l an ton cc cht thi ht nhn. Trong iu kin cha m bo an ton trong qun l vic vn hnh cc nh my v x l tt cc cht thi ht nhn, nhiu quc gia (Thy in, c) ang c xu hng ng ca dn cc nh my in nguyn t ca mnh.
7.2.5 S s dng nng lng hin ti v tng lai
Nhu cu s dng nng lng ca con ngi tng ln nhanh chng cng vi s pht trin kinh t x hi. Con ngi nguyn thy cch y hng triu nm, hng ngy ch s dng khong 2.000 kcal di dng thc n nguyn khai. Sau khi pht minh ra la, con ngi s dng khong 10.000 kcal/ngi-ngy, sang th k XV tng ln ti 26.000 kcal/ngi-ngy v n gia th k XX l 70.000 kcal/ngi-ngy. Hin nay, mc tiu th trung bnh ca mt ngi trn th gii khong
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
126
200.000 kcal/ngi-ngy. Theo tnh ton, mc gia tng tiu th nng lng thng c gi tr gp hai ln mc gia tng thu nhp GDP. Cng vi s pht trin, c cu tiu dng nng lng chuyn t nng lng sinh khi c truyn sang nng lng thng mi. Phn ln s gia tng tiu th nng lng thng tp trung vo loi nng lng thng mi (in, than, xng du, kh t,). S gia tng nhu cu nhin liu ca th gii t 1900 n 2020 c trnh by trong bng 40.
Bng 40. Nhu cu tiu th nng lng ca th gii t 1900 n 2020 Ngun nng lng 1900 57,6 2,3 0,9 0,3 38,9 1960 42 27 12 7 rt t 12 1980 27 41 17 6 2 1
Than Du m Kh t thin nhin Thy nng Nng lng nguyn t Cc ngun khc Tng cng (t tn nguyn liu quy i)
7.3 Ti nguyn khong sn
(n v tnh: % khi lng) 2000 2020 31 32 34 17 19 18 7 7 8 12 1 14

13-18 18-23
1,3
5,2
10,5
7.3.1 nh ngha v cc c tnh ca cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn
a. Khi nim v ti nguyn khong sn

"Ti nguyn khong sn l tch t vt cht di dng hp cht hoc n cht trong v tri t, m iu kin hin ti con ngi c kh nng ly ra cc nguyn t c ch hoc s dng trc tip chng trong i sng hng ngy". Ti nguyn khong sn thng tp trung trong mt khu vc gi l m khong sn. Ti nguyn khong sn c ngha rt quan trng trong s pht trin kinh t ca loi ngi v khai thc s dng ti nguyn khong sn c tc ng mnh m n mi trng sng. Mt mt, ti nguyn khong sn l ngun vt cht to nn cc dng vt cht c ch v ca ci ca con ngi. Bn cnh , vic khai thc khong sn km theo vic sn sinh mt khi lng t bc v ph thi rn. Theo tnh ton s b, ti cui th k 20, hng nm trn th gii sn sinh ra mt khi lng ln t bc v ph thi: 10 t tn do khai thc than, 65 t tn do khai thc qung kim loi v 40 t tn do khai thc qung phi kim loi. Khi lng t bc v ph thi trn cn mt din tch ln cha ng v gy nhiu tc ng ti sinh thi, mi trng v cn bng t nhin. Mt khc, qu trnh khai thc khong sn gy ra nhng tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng. Khai thc khong sn gia tng, c tc ng ng k ti sinh thi v mi trng trn tri t lm xut hin nhiu vn v ph thi rn, cn kit cc ti nguyn khc (xi mn, thoi ha t, cc tai bin mi trng). Qu trnh ch bin v s dng khong sn sinh ra nhiu dng nhim mi trng ( nhim kh, t, nc, phng x,...) i hi cc nh khoa hc v ton x hi tm kim cc gii php cng ngh sch cng nh qun l v x l cc dng nhim pht sinh. Ti nguyn khong sn c phn loi theo nhiu cch:

Theo dng tn ti: Rn, kh (kh t, Argon, He), lng (Hg, du, nc khong). Theo ngun gc: Ni sinh (sinh ra trong lng tri t), ngoi sinh (sinh ra trn b mt tri t). Theo thnh phn ho hc: Khong sn kim loi (kim loi en, kim loi mu, kim loi qu him), khong sn phi kim (vt liu khong, qu, vt liu xy dng), khong sn chy (than, du, kh t, chy).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
127
b. Cc c tnh ca cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn

* Phn b khong sn:
Din phn b khong sn c phn chia ra lm nhiu loi (ai, b), khu vc, trng, m, thn khong sn.
- M khong sn: l nhng phn v tri t c cu trc c trng, trong khong sn tp trung trong cc thn qung, v mt s lng khai thc, v mt cht lng m bo cc yu cu s dng cho mt hoc nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Cng nh khi nim v khong sn, khi nim m khong sn thay i theo thi gian lch s v theo cc nn kinh t x hi (quc gia) khc nhau. Cc m khong sn ny ty theo tr lng c chia thnh cc loi rt ln, ln trung bnh v nh. - Tnh khong sn: l phn v tri t lin quan vi mt vng nn, mt ai un np a mng hoc mt y i dng cha cc m khong sn c trng cho chng. V d, cc tnh khong sn nn Xibiari, nn Nga, ai sinh khong Thi Bnh Dng, ai sinh khong a Trung Hi Ty thuc vo loi khong sn, ngi ta cn chia ra cc tnh khong sn, tnh cha than hoc du kh. Cc tnh sinh khong phn bit theo chu k kin to ln, v d: tnh sinh khong Paleozoi, Caledoni, Hecxini, Mezozoi, Anpi. Cc tnh cha than c chia theo tui nh: Cacbon, Pecmi-Triat, Creta thng- Tam. Cc tnh cha du c chia thnh cc kiu: vng trng trong nn, trng ra nn, vng trc ni, trng gia ni, - Vng khong sn (ai, b khong sn): chim mt phn tnh khong sn v c c trng bng mt tp hp cc m khong sn xc nh v thnh phn v v ngun gc, cng thuc v mt hoc nhm yu t kin to quan trng ca khu vc (phc np li, phc np lm, i ra a mng, cc khi c trung tm, cc i hot ha, vng trc ni,). - B khong sn: c trng cho cc kin trc cha du kh, than, khong sn phi qung (mui m), qung st v mangan trm tch bin cht. Din tch cc b khong sn thay i trong phm vi rng t vi chc nghn ti vi trm nghn km2. V d, b than ng Bc ko di t Thi Nguyn ti Qung Ninh. - Khu vc khong sn: l mt phn ca vng khong sn c s tp trung cc b cc m khong sn, i khi cn gi l nt khong sn. Din tch mt khu vc khong sn thay i t hng trm ti hng nghn km2. - Trng khong sn: l nhm cc m khong sn c chung ngun gc v ging nhau v cu to a cht. Din tch trng khong sn t vi km2 n vi chc km2. V d, cc trng pecmatit Thch Khon, Yn Bi, Lo Cai. - Thn khong sn: l cc tch t cc b t nhin ca khong sn lin quan ti mt yu t hoc mt tp hp cc yu t cu trc a cht. Mt m khong sn c th gm nhiu thn khong sn hp thnh.
* Thnh phn ha hc v khong vt qung:
Khong sn cha trong mt m c chia ra hai loi: loi cha cc khong vt hoc nguyn t c s dng trc tip hoc dng lm nguyn liu cho ngnh luyn kim gi l qung. Loi cha cc khong vt khc gi l khong vt mch. Trong qu trnh tuyn khong tip theo cc khong vt mch b thi ra ngoi. T l gia qung v khong vt mch i vi cc m khong sn kim loi khc nhau thay i trong phm vi rng t vi phn vn (vng) cho ti hng chc % (st, mangan). Hm lng kim loi trong cc khong vt qung khc nhau ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc v thay i trong phm vi rng. Theo thnh phn khong vt ch yu trng qung, ngi ta chia ra cc loi qung: - Qung xyt: di dng xyt v hydrxyt kim loi Fe, Mn, Sn, U, Cr, Al. - Qung silicat c trng cho khong sn phi kim loi (kaolin, mica, atbet, tan,). - Qung sunfua di dng sunfua, arsenic, thng gp vi phn ln kim loi mu (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Sb,).
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
128
- Qung cacbonat c trng cho cc m qung st, mangan, magi, ch, km, ng. - Qung sunphat: m bari, stronxi. - Qung phtpht: cc m phtpht, apatit. - Qung halogien: cc m mui v fluorit - Qung t sinh: cc m Au, Pt, Cu,
7.3.2 Phn loi v s hnh thnh cc m khong sn
a. Phn loi khong sn

Cc m khong sn c phn loi theo nhiu du hiu nh: hnh thi, thnh phn khong vt, v ngun gc m. Mt khc, cc m khong sn cn c phn ra theo quy m tr lng thnh cc loi: m khong sn rt ln; ln; trung bnh v nh. Trong cch phn loi theo tr lng khng quy nh chung cho tt c cc m khong sn m ch c quy nh cho tng loi hnh m khong sn c th. Theo chc nng s dng, khong sn c phn ra lm 3 nhm ln:
- Khong sn kim loi: nhm khong sn st v hp kim st, (st, mangan, crom, vanadi, niken; molipden; vonfram, coban); Nhm kim loi c bn (thic, ng, ch, km, antimoan); Nhm kim loi nh (nhm, titan, berylly); Nhm kim loi qu him (vng, bc, bch kim); nhm kim loi phng x (uran, thori) v nhm kim loi him v t him. - Khong sn phi kim loi: nhm khong sn ha cht v phn bn: apatit, phtphorit, barit, fluorit, mui m, thch cao, S (pirit, pirotin,), secpentin. Nhm nguyn liu s gm, thy tinh chu la, bo n: st-caolin, magnezit, fenspat, diatomit, Nhm nguyn liu k thut: kim cng, grafit, qu, mica, tan, atbet, zeolit. Vt liu xy dng macma v bin cht, vi, hoa, ct si. - Khong sn chy: than (than , than nu, than bn), du kh (du m, kh t, du).
S phn chia c th tng loi khong sn trong cc nhm mang tnh cht quy c, v trong thc t sn xut hin nay, mt loi khong sn c th c nhiu lnh vc cng nghip s dng.
b. S hnh thnh cc m khong sn

Cc qu trnh thnh to cc m khong sn c th chia thnh: ni sinh (trong lng tri t), ngoi sinh (trn b mt tri t).
* Cc m ni sinh: c hai loi ln l m macma v m bin cht.

- M macma: Cc m ngun gc macma c hnh thnh di tc ng ca cc hin tng xy ra trong lng t. Cc m macma c chia thnh cc nhm ngun gc: + M macma, s ngui ca dung th macma cha cc khong cht qu; + M pecmatit, s ngui ca phn dung th macma tn d giu cht bc ti ch hoc trong cc tng nm trn l macma; + M cacbonit lin quan ti cc phc h macma n matics kim; + M nhit dch - s lng ng vt liu khong sn t dung dch bt ngun t l macma; + M scacno xut hin trn ranh gii gia kh dung th macma ang ngui dn vi vy quanh; Do mt nguyn nhn no , th d nh phn hy phng x hoc chuyn ng kin to trong lng t to nn nhng l macma lm nng chy t . Nu l macma nm di su, cc lp t giu Mg v Fe nng chy to ra mt loi macma mafe (giu Mg v Fe). Cc loi macma cha nhiu cc nguyn t a i vi st nh crom, nickel, bch kim. Do chuyn ng kin to, macma nh vy c th di chuyn ln phn trn ca v tri t ri dn dn ng cng li. Trong qu trnh
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
129
cc khong vt nng cha Cr, Pt, kt tinh trc ri lng xung y. Nu dng nhit lm nng chy nng hn th macma s giu silic v nhm, khi ng cng to nn granit. T cc l macma granit giu hp cht kim loi vi lu hunh, clo, flo, bo, trng thi hi tp trung ln pha trn chu vo cc khe nt l hng trong vy quanh to nn cc thn qung nhit dch. Cc loi qung nhit cao nh nh Mo, Sn, W ng ngay gn khi granit. Xa hn na n Au, Zn, Pb, Ag, cui cng l antimon, Hg lng ng rt xa cc l macma. - M bin cht: S thnh to cc m bin cht xy ra ch yu trong cc qu trnh bin cht khu vc v bin cht nhit tip xc. + Cc tc nhn ch yu ca bin cht khu vc l: p sut tnh nh hng, nhit , dung tch nc, thnh phn v nng kim loi. Cc tc nhn ny gy ra s ti kt tinh mnh m qung lm thay i thnh phn khong vt, s di chuyn vt liu lin quan vi cc qu trnh bin cht trao i. Mt trong cc c im khong sn bin cht l khng cha nc hoc cha t nc. Cc thnh to khong sn bin cht cn cha mch qung kiu thch anh - ampi. Cc hp phn qung thng d b tc ng bin cht hn cc hp phn phi qung th bi vic gia tng kch thc cc khong vt sunfua. + Trong bin cht nhit tip xc, tc nhn bin cht chnh l nhit . Di tc ng nhit v qung s ti kt tinh, t vi thnh hoa, t ct kt thnh quaezit, t than thnh graphic, t st nu v xiderit thnh manhetic, t photphorit thnh apatit, t laterit v bauxit thnh Nazddawes (Corinddon - manhetit).
* Cc m ngoi sinh: Cc m loi ny xut hin trong cc qu trnh xy ra trn b mt v tri t di tc ng ca nc, cc tc nhn kh hu v sinh vt. Ngi ta chia ra hai nhm m chnh: phong ha v trm tch.
- Nhm m phong ha: Cc khong vt v c to ra trong qu trnh macma khi trn b mt tri t tr nn khng bn vng s b phn hy v to nn cc loi mi. - Nhm m trm tch: Dng vt cht sinh ra t s ph hy v ha tan khong vt trong qu trnh phong ha chuyn ng theo a hnh ra sng sui v cui cng vo i dng v cc h nc ln. Trong qu trnh di chuyn dn n s hnh thnh hng lot m khong sn trong mi trng nc-nhm m trm tch.
7.3.3 Phng php khai thc khong sn
Ty thuc vo iu kin t nhin ca khu vc c m khong sn, iu kin a cht ca thn qung v tnh cht ha l ca loi qung, ngi ta tin hnh cc phng php khai thc m khong sn. C ba phng php ch yu khai thc cc m khong sn l khai thc l thin, khai thc hm l, khoan v bm ht khong sn. - Phng php khai thc l thin thng p dng vi khong sn rn nm gn b mt bng cch bc i cc lp t ph ln thn qung ly ln cc khong sn cn thit. Phng php ny thng lm thay i mnh m a hnh, mt t canh tc, mt rng, to ra nhiu bi v cht thi rn. - Phng php khai thc hm l p dng i vi cc thn qung nm su trong lng t bng cch o ging v l n thn qung ly c cc khong sn cn thit. Phng php ny thng tim n nhiu s c mt an ton cho cng nhn khai thc, i hi mt lng ln g chng l v gy ra cc bin ng trn mt t. - Phng php khoan v bm ht khong sn thng c p dng cho mt s loi khong sn tn ti di dng kh v lng nh du v kh t thin nhin. Phng php ny i hi vn u t ln, nhng ch p dng cho cc khong sn tn ti di dng kh v lng. Trc khi tin hnh khai thc v la chn phng php khai thc cng nghip m khong sn, cc nh a cht v cng ngh m phi tin hnh hng lot cc nghin cu nh: thm d tr lng v
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
130
cht lng khong sn, nghin cu cu trc m v tnh cht c l ca cc lp t cha qung, Vic la chn cng ngh khai thc khong sn cn da trn hng lot cc tiu ch cng ngh, k thut, kinh t v ti chnh khc,
7.3.4 Php lut v cc vn s hu khong sn
a. Lut khong sn
Khong sn l ti nguyn hu ht khng ti to c, l ti sn ca quc gia, phi c qun l, khai thc, s dng hp l, tit kim v c hiu qu nhm p ng yu cu pht trin bn vng kinh t-x hi, bo m quc phng, an ninh. tng cng hiu lc qun l nh nc, bo v, s dng c hiu qu mi ti nguyn khong sn ca t nc, nh nc ban hnh cc vn bn lut php v qun l ti nguyn khong sn l Lut Khong sn c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam kha IX, k hp th 9 thng qua ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1996. Tip theo Lut Khong sn c sa i, b sung theo Lut sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Lut Khong sn ca Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam s 46/2005/QH11 ngy 14 thng 6 nm 2005. - Lut Khong sn bao gm 10 Chng vi 66 iu - Lut sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Lut khong sn c 3 iu.
b. Vn s hu khong sn:
Mt s iu khon ca Lut khong sn v vn s hu khong sn v BVMT trong hot ng khong sn: iu 1. S hu ti nguyn khong sn
Ti nguyn khong sn trong phm vi t lin, hi o, ni thy, lnh hi, vng c quyn kinh t v thm lc a ca nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam u thuc s hu ton dn, do nh nc thng nht qun l
iu 6. T chc, cc nhn c hot ng khong sn
T chc, c nhn c iu kin theo quy nh ca Lut ny v cc quy nh khc ca php lut c php hot ng khong sn. Chnh ph quy nh cc iu kin v ti chnh, cng ngh v cc iu kin khc ca t chc, c nhn c php hot ng khong sn.
iu 16. Bo v mi trng trong hot ng khong sn
1- T chc, c nhn c php hot ng khong sn phi s dng cng ngh, thit b, vt liu v thc hin cc quy nh khc ca Lut bo v mi trng hn ch ti a tc ng xu n cc thnh phn mi trng; thc hin vic phc hi mi trng, mi sinh v t ai sau khi kt thc tng giai on hoc ton b hot ng khong sn. 2- T chc, c nhn c php hot ng khong sn phi chu mi chi ph bo v, phc hi mi trng, mi sinh v t ai. Chi ph bo v, phc hi mi trng, mi sinh v t ai phi c xc nh trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, bo co nghin cu kh thi v khai thc, ch bin khong sn hoc n thm d khong sn. T chc, c nhn c php khai thc khong sn phi k qu ti mt Ngn hng Vit Nam hoc Ngn hng nc ngoi c php hot ng ti Vit Nam bo m cho vic phc hi mi trng, mi sinh v t ai.
iu 32. Quyn ca t chc, c nhn c php khai thc khong sn
T chc, c nhn c php khai thc khong sn c cc quyn sau y: 1- S dng s liu, thng tin v ti nguyn khong sn ca Nh nc lin quan n mc ch khai thc v khu vc c php khai thc theo quy nh ca php lut;
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
131
2- Tin hnh khai thc, ch bin khong sn theo quy nh ca giy php; thm d trong khu vc c cp giy php khai thc; 3- Ct gi, vn chuyn, tiu th trong nc v xut khu khong sn c khai thc theo quy nh ca php lut; 4- Xin gia hn, tr li giy php khai thc hoc tr li tng phn din tch khai thc theo quy nh ca Chnh ph; 5- Chuyn nhng quyn khai thc cho t chc, c nhn khc theo quy nh ca Chnh ph; 6- tha k quyn khai thc theo quy nh ca php lut nu l c nhn c php khai thc khong sn; 7- Khai thc khong sn i km vi khong sn chnh vi iu kin thc hin y ngha v lin quan n vic khai thc khong sn i km theo quy nh ca Chnh ph; 8- Khiu ni hoc khi kin v quyt nh thu hi giy php khai thc khong sn hoc quyt nh x l khc ca c quan nh nc theo quy nh ca php lut; 9- c hng cc quyn khc c lin quan theo quy nh ca Lut ny.
7.3.5 Cn kit ti nguyn khong sn
Quy m khai thc khong sn ngy cng m rng trn th gii s dn n s cn kit ti nguyn khong sn. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc (Nguyn c Qu v cng s, 2000) tr lng khong sn c thm d ti nm 1989 cho php khai thc trong mt thi gian nht nh (bng 41).
Bng 41. D tr cc loi khong sn th gii Loi khong sn D tr th gii (nm) 55 47 216 - 393 47 53 24 25
Du Kh t Than ng Molipen Ch Km
Tnh bng nm theo s liu ti 1989 Loi khong sn D tr th gii (nm) Niken 60 Qung st 85 Qung mangan 100 Qung crm 270 Bauxit 290 Thic 20
7.3.6 Khai thc khong sn v cc vn mi trng
Khong sn c con ngi s dng hng ngy trong cc ngnh kinh t khc nhau. Ty thuc vo v tr, cu trc, dng tn ti ca m khong sn khai thc, tc ng mi trng ca qu trnh khai thc rt a dng v c cng khc nhau: Hot ng khai thc khong sn nhn chung rt a dng nh: xy dng c s h tng khu vc khai thc (ng giao thng, nh ca v mt bng), n mn v bc xc t thi, bm nc thi v nc ngm, Cc qu trnh trn gy ra cc tc ng ti hng lot cc yu t mi trng nh: suy thoi cht lng khng kh, cht lng nc mt, lu lng v cht lng nc ngm, thay i cnh quan v a hnh khu vc, mt t rng v suy gim a dng sinh hc, to ra ting n v nh hng ti sc khe ca dn c a phng v ngi lao ng. Do s a dng v phng php khai thc v v tr c th ca cc m khong sn nn tc ng ti mi trng ca vic khai thc cc m khong sn c th rt khc nhau. Tc ng ti mi trng khng kh ca hot ng khai thc khong sn ch yu l to ra bi v cc kh c hi. Bi bao gm cc mnh vn t , bi silic, bi than, bi aming, bi phng x. Hai loi bi sau rt c hi ti sc khe con ngi. Bi thng pht sinh trong qu trnh n mn, o xc t , bc xc v vn chuyn khong sn. Cc kh c hi gm cc dng cacbuahydro
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
132
(metan, propan, butan,), SiO2, CO2, CO, NOx, kh tr v nhiu loi khc. Cc loi kh ny pht sinh t khi khong sn ang khai thc v vt liu n mn. Tc ng ti mi trng nc mt, pht sinh t dng thi bn ct trn cc khai trng, nc ngm trong cc moong, l, ging, nc khoan, nc chy trn qua khai trng, Thnh phn c hi trong cc dng nc thi gm: cht rn l lng trong nc, cc loi mui ha tan nh SO42-, NO3-, cc kim loi nng, du m v ha cht s dng trong qu trnh khai thc,... Tc ng ti nc ngm, th hin nhiu kha cnh: suy thoi, cn kit v h thp mc nc ngm do o moong v khai thc, nhim cc tng cha nc ngt v thu knh nc ngt. Mt t v mt rng thng xy ra vi quy m ln, i vi cc m khai thc bng phng php l thin l do vic lm ng, to cc moong khai thc, t thi, khai thc g chng l gay nn, Bn cnh vic mt din tch t xy dng cc cng trnh h tng, t khu vc khai thc khong sn thng b bc i lp t mu, d b xi mn, khng thun li cho vic ti ph xanh rng. Song song vi vic mt rng, nhiu loi ng vt qu him trong khu vc khai thc ca cc m khong sn s di c hoc b tiu dit. Nhng dng a hnh nhn sinh nh cc moong, cc ni thi, cc taluy ng c hnh thnh lm thay i c bn a hnh nguyn thy (v d cc moong v cc ni thi cc m Cc Su, o Nai-Qung Ninh). Cc m khai thc bng phng php hm l su thng khng nh hng trc tip ti t v rng, nhng c th to ra cc tai bin mi trng i vi cc cng trnh h tng hin ang tn ti trn mt t. Cnh quan v a hnh khu vc b bin ng mnh m do cc hot ng khai thc khong sn, nht l i vi cc m c khai thc bng phng php l thin nh than, vi, st kaolin, vt liu xy dng khc. Cc bi khai thc ct trn sng c th gy ra cc bin ng dng chy chnh ca sng v tc ng ti chn , cng nh cng trnh thy nng v cu cng. Khu vc khai thc khong sn thng c ting n cao hn mc cho php do n mn, hot ng ca cc my thit b khai thc. Ting n tc ng tiu cc ti sc khe ca dn c a phng v cc ng vt hoang d trong khu vc. Mt s cng trnh khai thc du kh v sa khong trn bin cn gy ra cc tc ng mnh m nhiu mt ti cc h sinh thi nc. Theo Seboid (1989) con ngi thc s tr thnh nhn t a cht. Lng t, do con ngi o bi t 20 tn/u ngi. Lng t khng l y c th so snh vi lng t do qu trnh bi t v xi l sn sinh ra. Hot ng khai thc lm cho b mt tri t b bin i su sc, ph i nhng cn bng vn c ca n. Trong cc ngnh cng nghip, th khai thc m tc ng ti mi trng t nhin nhiu hn c, c bit phng php khai thc l thin.
Bng 42. Mc tc ng n mi trng ca 2 phng php khai thc
Phng php khai thc L thin Hm l
Khng kh mnh va
Nc mnh va
Thc vt v ng vt mnh yu
t ai, a hnh mnh va
Lng t mnh mnh
7.3.7 S s dng cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn trong hin ti v tng lai
7.3.7.1. Cc loi khong sn trn th gii

Lm c s cho s pht trin cng nghip hin nay bao gm mt s kim loi ch yu nh st, ng, nhm, ch, km... nhiu quc gia c nn cng nghip pht trin th nhu cu v cc kim loi ny chim t l 80% - 90% tng lng kim loi s dng trn th gii. Ngoi ra nhu cu v khong sn phi kim loi cng tng ln, ch yu c s dng lm phn bn, s dng trong xy dng v dng lm nguyn liu cho mt s ngnh cng ngip. Sau y ch cp n mt s khong sn kim loi ch yu c khai thc s dng:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
133
a. Qung st
y l loi khong sn thng gp v kh ph bin trong v tri t, gm bn loi qung c tm quan trng trong thng mi l: Fe3O4 (magnetit), Fe2O3 (Hematit), FeO2 (limonit) v FeCO3 (Siderit). Cc loi qung ny c cha kh nhiu tp cht nn t l kim loi trong qung gim. Vng Siberia (Lin X c) l vng c tr lng st c xem nh ln nht th gii. Cng nghip sn xut thp trn th gii ngy cng tng theo s pht trin ca nn cng nghip, nm 1965 sn xut trn ton th gii l 370 triu tn n nm 1980 sn xut c gn 1 t tn.
b. Qung ng
Mc d tr lng ng trn th gii t hn nhng nhu cu s dng cng gia tng. Nm 1965 sn xut ng trn ton th gii l 6,6 triu tn v vi nhp iu gia tng hng nm t 3,4% - 5,8%. D kin nhu cu v ng n nm 2000 khong t 16,8 triu St n mc ti a l 34,9 triu St (St=Shortton= 907,2 kg), nh vy so vi nm 1965 mc thp th tng gp 2,6 ln. Vn t ra hin nay trong cng nghip ng l nhu cu v ng cng tng trong khi phm cht ca qung li gim nn gi thnh ca sn xut ng cng ngy cng tng ln. V th nhng cng c truyn thng vn lm bng ng dn dn c thay th bng nhm hoc bng cht do.
c. Qung nhm
Nhm khng c gp trng thi n cht trong t nhin mc d n chim n 8,13% trng lng v tri t. Bauxit cha hydroxyd nhm l qung chnh thng c khai thc ly nhm. Nm 1948 sn xut nhm ton th gii ch t 0,5 triu tn, n nm 1968 ln ti 8 triu tn v nhu cu v nhm cng ngy cng cao hn rt nhiu. Hin nay, hai ngnh xy dng v giao thng vn ti s dng nhm nhiu nht. Hn na do tnh cht bn v chc ca hp kim nhm nn ngnh k thut hng khng v hng khng v tr ngy cng tiu th nhiu nhm hn.
Bng 43. Nhu cu v mt s kim loi chnh c s dng trn ton th gii (Mc.Hale)
(n v Triu St; 1 St = 907, 2 kg) Nm Kim loi St ng Nhm 1966 469, 0 5, 4 7, 7 1980 900, 0 9, 2 32, 0 1985 1130, 0 10, 0 55, 0 1990 1400, 0 13, 5 90, 0 2.000 (D kin) 2250, 0 20, 0 250, 0
d. Mt s khong sn khc
- Qung thic: tr lng thic rt hn ch v tp trung mt s nc ng Nam nh Thi Lan, M Lai, Indonesia, Trung Quc v mt s quc gia khc Chu Phi nh Nigeria, Congo...Thic mm v d dt mng nn c s dng lm thng v hp cha thc phm kh (60%), trong k ngh hn (20%) v mt s cc cng vic khc. Do tnh cht d b han g ca thic nn ngy nay nhm v cht do dn dn thay th v tr ca thic trong vic sn sut cc thng cha thc phm. - Nikel (kn): ch yu khai thc Canada (chim 80% ton th gii) ngoi ra cn c Lin X c, Cuba... - Ch: ch th mm, nng chy nhit tng i thp, khng b han g v nng hn c trong s cc kim loi thng thng. Trong thi gian qua th nhu cu ch ngy cng tng nht l Lin X v mt s nc Chu , mt phn do pht trin sn xut t khu vc ny. - Phn bn: Nng nghip ngy cng pht trin nn nhiu nc s dng cng nhiu phn ha hc tng thu hoch ma mng. Cng nghip phn ha hc cng pht trin, k thut ch to phn bn khng phc tp n i hi s nguyn liu c nh m v x l phosphat. Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut phn bn l P2O5, K2O v N2 di do trong lp v qu t nn gi thnh tr nn h.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
134
7.3.7.2. Tng lai ca ti nguyn khong sn trn th gii

Ti nguyn khong sn khng phi l v tn, mt s li rt hn ch, nht l vi s pht trin ca nn cng nghip hin i th s cn kit ngun ti nguyn khong sn ang l mi e da i vi nhiu quc gia v ni chung l i vi c nhn loi. Theo nh gi ca cc nh chuyn mn v tnh hnh tr lng mt s loi khong sn nh sau: St, nhm, titan, crom, magnesium, platin...tr lng cn kh nhiu cha c nguy c cn kit; Bc, thy ngn, ng, ch, km, thic, molypden...cn t v ang bo ng; Fluorit, grafit, barit, mica...tr lng cn t, ang ng trc nguy c cn kit. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng kin lc quan hn, t hy vng vo s tin b ca khoa hc k thut trong tng lai v da vo ngun ti nguyn khong sn cha c khai thc cc i dng bn cnh ngun ti nguyn cn li trn lc a, ngi ta cho rng: - Vi tin b ca khoa hc k thut th tng lai c th pht hin v to nn nhng nguyn liu mi m bo cho nhu cu ca con ngi. - Tn dng khai thc phn khong sn cn li trn lc a, khi cn th o su hn v thu nhn c nhng khong sn ngho hn. - S pht trin ca ngnh Hi dng hc (oceanography) v ngnh a cht hi dng (marine geology) hy vng rng s pht hin c mt kho tng phong ph v khai thc s dng.
7.4 Ti nguyn nng lng v khong sn ti Vit Nam 7.4.1 Tim nng
Nc ta nm trn bn l ca 2 vnh ai kin to v sinh khong c ln ca hnh tinh: Thi Bnh Dng v a Trung Hi. Bi vy, khong sn nc ta rt phong ph v chng loi, a dng v loi hnh. Nhng kho st cho thy, Vit Nam c hn 3.500 m v im qung ca 80 loi khong sn, trong hn 32 loi v trn 270 m c a vo khai thc hoc thit k khai thc. Nhng khong sn c tr lng khong 3.000 triu tn, bauxit vi t tn, thic Tnh Tc hng chc ngn tn, cha k my chc m thic phn tn khc (Cao Bng, Ngh An, H Tnh, Thun Hi, Khnh Ha...). St cng c tr lng kh, ring m Thch Kh (H Tnh) vi tr lng hng trm triu tn. Than , qu, ch, km, antimoan... cng c tr lng kh. S phn b t nhin ca cc khong sn thng hnh thnh nn nhng t hp c trng cho tng vng nh vng ng Bc, vng Vit Bc, Bc Trng Sn, Nam Trng Sn... Du m v kh t tp trung trong cc trm tch tr tui Mioxen ng bng ven bin v thm lc a. Theo ti liu ca Tng Cc du kh (1989), tr lng du c nh gi nh sau: Vnh Bc B 500 triu tn, Nam Cn Sn 400, Cu Long 300, Vnh Thi Lan 300 triu tn. Khu m Bch H a vo khai thc nm 1986 v n ht nm 1993 t tng sn lng trn 20 triu tn. Khai thc ti nguyn khong sn mang li li ch to ln v r rng, nhng n thng c nh hng ln n mi trng v sc khe con ngi.
7.4.2 Hin trng s dng hin ti v tng lai
Nn cng nghip v nng nghip Vit Nam ang tng bc pht trin vi tc ngy cng tng do i hi cng nhiu khong sn hn. Hin trng khai thc v s dng mt s khong sn thng dng ti Vit Nam nh sau:
7.4.2.1 Hin trng s dng

a. Cc khong sn kim loi chnh
- Qung st: Tr lng 700 triu tn phn b ri rc t Bc b n Nam Trung b. Nhng m t tr lng cng nghip khng nhiu v tp trung Bc b, trong m Thch Kh (Ngh Tnh) c tr lng c tnh khong 500 triu tn, cht lng qung tt. Nm 1979 mi tin hnh khai thc m Thi Nguyn v luyn c 100.000 tn thp, nm 1980 ch khai thc c 60.000 tn, n nm 1989 c 75.000 tn, nm 1995 khai thc khong 150.000 - 175.000 tn.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
135
- Qung ng: Tr lng c tnh 600.000 tn, hu ht tp trung Ty Bc b nh T Khoa (Sn La) v Sinh Quyn (Lo Cai). Hin nay s khai thc th cng vi sn lng 2.000kg/nm. - Qung nhm: Qung bauxit cha hydroxyd nhm c tr lng t yu cu cng nghip tp trung ng Bc b v khu 4 c, Ty nguyn, Lm ng... c tnh c 4 t tn, cht lng qung tt, hm lng qung t 40 - 43%. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc vn cha pht trin v cn thiu nng lng v c s h tng. Tng lai ngnh khai thc bauxit ly nhm c nhiu trin vng. - Qung thic: c tr lng 70.000 tn phn b 3 khu vc: khu vc ng Bc Bc b (Cao Bng, Tuyn Quang); khu vc Bc trung b (Ngh An, H Tnh); khu vc Nam Trung b ( Lm ng, Thun Hi). Hin khai thc khng u, d kin nm 1995 khai thc c 1.000 tn. - Qung cromit: tr lng chung khong 10 triu tn phn b ri rc cc khu vc pha Bc cht lng qung khng cao, tr lng ln tp trung Thanh Ha c tnh khong 3,2 triu tn, hm lng 46%. Vic khai thc c tin hnh t lu song sn lng cha nhiu, hy vng trong tng lai gn s a sn lng ln khong 15.000 - 20.000 tn/nm. - Cc kim loi khc: vng, titan, km, nikel, mangan... phn b rng ri nhiu ni t vng ni n cc bi bin. Vic khai thc cc qung ny cn hn ch v nh nc cha c bin php hu hiu qun l ngun ti nguyn ny nn vic khai thc ba bi lm hao ht ti nguyn v cn nh hng xu n mi trng.
b. Phn bn
- Apatit: tr lng trn 1 t tn tp trung Cam ng (Lo Cai) v Qu Chu (Ngh An) trong qung c cht lng cao ch khong 70 triu tn, s cn li km cht lng. Sn lng khai thc hin nay l 1, 5 triu tn / nm, t ch bin khong 500.000 tn phn ln. Nm 1995 sn xut c 1 triu tn phn ln, s phn ny ch p ng 50% nhu cu trong nc. - vi: l ngun nguyn liu ng k. Tr lng ln phn b Bc b v Trung b v mt s t vng Kin Giang. vi l nguyn liu lm xi mng v mt s t c dng bn rung. Hin nay, sn xut xi mng c th p ng c cho nhu cu trong nc v mt s t c xut khu.
7.4.2.2. Tng lai ca ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam

Tim nng v khong sn kim loi v phi kim loi Vit Nam tng i ln, cc qung m dn dn c xc nh v mt k hoch khai thc ti nguyn khong sn c hiu qu ang tng bc c thc hin. Tuy nhin, thc hin c k hoch ny, c nhng kh khn cn c khc phc nh: - La chn gia vic m cng trng khai thc khong sn vi vic s dng t vi mc ch khc sau cho c hiu qu hn. - Cc hot ng khai thc c trnh hoc hn ch thp nht lm thay i a hnh, gy nn s nhim bn khng kh, nc, t v nh hng xu n cnh quang. - Trnh mi tn tht ti nguyn trong khu thm d khai thc, ch bin s dng. V vy, gii quyt cc vn trn, trong thi gian ti cn y mnh cng tc k hoch thm d, khai thc v ch bin s dng kt hp vi vic bo v ti nguyn trong lng t v mi trng chung quanh, chng nhim trong qu trnh khai thc, phc hi cc h sinh thi vng m, gim bt s tn tht ti nguyn trong qu trnh thm d, khai thc, ch bin s dng, y l vn cn c quan tm.
7.5 Cc bin php qun tr v bo v 7.5.1. Qun l ti nguyn nng lng
Qun l mi trng trong lnh vc nng lng i hi s u t nhiu cng sc trong cc mt sau y:
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
136
- Xy dng mt chin lc quc gia v pht trin bn vng v cc ngun nng lng ca t nc. Trong , ngoi cc dng nng lng hin nay cn m rng kh nng s dng cc ngun nng lng sch, tit kim nng lng ha thch trong tiu dng. - Tng cng s dng cc cng c php lut ca nh nc nh tiu chun, nh gi tc ng mi trng, thanh tra, kim tra qun l mi trng cc d n pht trin ngun nng lng, khai thc ngun nng lng. - Tng cng s dng cc cng c kinh t mi trng nh thu, ph mi trng,... trong vic khai thc v s dng nng lng Vit Nam. Tng gi bn nng lng thng mi (than, in, xng, du,...) to ra cc ngun kinh ph cn thit cho cng tc bo v mi trng.
Chin lc nng lng Vit Nam v trn th gii
a. Chin lc nng lng th gii

Theo bo co ca Lin hip quc, hng nm c th gii tiu th ngun nhin liu tng ng 8 t tn du quy i, trong c 90% c ngun gc t nhin liu ha thch nh: du, than , kh t t nhin. Khi lng ln nhin liu ny b t chy s thi vo mi trng 37.051.670 tn CO2. Vit Nam, nm 2000 c nc tiu th nhin liu tng ng 1,5 triu tn du v thi vo mi trng 113.696 tn CO2. Kh thi ang l mi nguy c thc s cho con ngi v mi trng. V vy, hn ch kh thi, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch mi trng trn th gii v Vit Nam a ra nhiu gii php khc phc v cc chin lc nng lng. Chin lc v chnh sch nng lng th gii c pht tho trong ti liu Cu ly Tri t. Mc tiu chnh ca chin lc l nng cao tnh hiu qu trong trong lnh vc nng lng nhm t c s PTBV ca loi ngi. Chin lc ra mt s hnh ng u tin: - Son tho nhng chin lc quc gia v nng lng tht r rng v chnh xc cho thi gian khong 30 nm ti. - Hn ch s dng cc loi nhin liu ha thch, s lng ph trong vic phn phi nng lng v nhim mi trng trong vic sn xut nng lng thng mi. - Pht trin cc ngun nng lng ti to c v nhng ngun nng lng khng s dng nhin liu ha thch khc. - S dng nng lng c hiu qu cao hn na gia nh, cc khu cng nghip, cc cng trnh cng cng v giao thng. - Pht ng cc chin dch tuyn truyn qung co y mnh hot ng tit kim nng lng v bn cc sn phm tiu th t nng lng. Trong bi cnh mi trng th gii ang b bin ng mnh bi s gia tng hiu ng nh knh v bin i kh hu ton cu, th vic gim bt s pht thi kh nh knh ang l vn cn c u tin ca cc t chc quc t v cc quc gia thnh vin.
b. Chin lc nng lng Vit Nam

Hin ti, Vit Nam vn cha c mt vn bn chnh thc v chin lc v chnh sch nng lng. Tuy nhin, da vo cc vn bn v mi trng v cch tip cn h thng c th pht tho khung chin lc nng lng Vit Nam gm cc im ch yu sau:
Chin lc v ngun nng lng

Vit Nam l quc gia c d tr tng i cao v nng lng gm tr lng ln than (3,5 t tn), than nu, du kh, thy in v ngun nhit bc x mt tri phong ph. V vy, vic u tin l xy dng c mt c cu ngun nng lng, c bit l ngun nng lng thng mi hp l bng cch kt hp hi ha gia nng lng ha thch, thy in v cc ngun nng lng ti to khc. Ngun nng lng nguyn t ch nn s dng khi cc ngun nng lng khc khng vi nhu cu s dng trong nc.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
137
Chin lc tit kim tiu dng nng lng thng mi

Vic tit kim tiu dng nng lng thng mi cn c thc hin k t qu trnh khai thc v s dng nhin liu ha thch, nng cao hiu sut s dng nhin liu ha thch trong cc c s sn xut in thng mi, tit kim tiu dng in thng mi trong cc ngnh cng nghip, giao thng, h gia nh v cng s. Bin php c hiu qu thc hin l la chn cc thit b c hiu sut nng lng cao, gim tn tht truyn ti nng lng t ni sn xut n ni tiu dng, s dng c hiu qu cc cng c kinh t (thu, ph nng lng) gim mc tiu th nng lng c bit l in tiu dng...
Chin lc u tin pht trin v s dng nng lng sch, nng lng ti to quy m nh
Do cc c im t nhin, lnh th Vit Nam c nhiu ngun nng lng sch, nng lng ti to quy m va v nh nh: bc x mt tri vng nhit i, cc ngun thy in, cc ngun a nhit, mt lng sinh khi ln di dng cc cht thi nng lm nghip v rc thi sinh hot, mt s khu vc c thy triu cao v gi thng xuyn tc ln, V vy, vic khai thc cc ngun nng lng sch v ti to trn khng ch c li cho hot ng BVMT, m cn c hiu qu kinh t cao do gim bt chi ph chuyn ti nng lng thng mi ti vng su, vng xa. Chin lc ny i hi c cc chnh sch u t v khoa hc, kinh t v x hi thch hp.
7.5.2 Qun l ti nguyn khong sn
Qun l ti nguyn khong sn bao gm hai ni dung quan trng: bo v mi trng hot ng khai thc khong sn v s dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn.
a. Cc bin php bo v mi trng trong khai thc v ch bin khong sn

Cc bin php bo v mi trng trong khai thc v ch bin khong sn bao gm: lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) cc d n khai thc v ch bin khong sn, kim ton v thanh tra thng k hot ng khai thc ti c s khai thc v ch bin, thc hin cc cng trnh gim thiu ngun nhim ti ngun, s dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng, quan trc thng xuyn tc ng mi trng ca hot ng khai thc v ch bin khong sn. Lp v thm nh bo co TM l bin php bo v mi trng c bn v quan trng i vi hot ng khai thc v ch bin khong sn. Cc phng php c s dng trong bo co TM ca cc d n khai thc v ch bin khong sn c th bao gm danh mc iu kin mi trng, ma trn mi trng, phn tch li ch v chi ph m rng, m hnh lan truyn cht nhim, Trong phng php danh mc iu kin mi trng, ngi ta thng k cc thnh phn mi trng c th b nh hng bi hot ng ca d n v nh gi nh tnh cc nh hng trn. Phng php ny c th c dng trong qu trnh lp d n tin kh thi. Trong phng php ma trn mi trng, ngi ta lit k cc hot ng pht trin khai thc, ch bin khong sn v cc yu t ti nguyn mi trng c th b nh hng bi cc hot ng di dng ma trn. nh hng ca hot ng pht trin ti cc yu t ti nguyn mi trng c th nh lng bng cch cho im. Phng n ti u c la chn theo gi tr tng tc ng mi trng ca d n. Phng php ma trn mi trng c s dng trong giai on lp d n tin kh thi v d n kh thi khai thc v ch bin khong sn. Phng php phn tch li ch - chi ph, thng c cc nh kinh t s dng s dng trong qu trnh lp lun chng kinh t k thut d n. Mc tiu ca cc phn tch kinh t y l nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca vic u t khai thc v ch bin khong sn. i vi d n khai thc v ch bin khong sn, bn cnh vic phn tch thun ty li nhun u t cn phi a thm cc yu t mi trng vo chi ph d n. Phng php phn tch li ch - chi ph m rng m bo nh gi ng n hiu qu kinh t mi trng ca hot ng u t khai thc v ch bin khong sn. Kim ton mi trng (kim ton cc cht thi) cc c s ang hot ng khai thc v ch bin khong sn c mc ch xc nh s lng cht thi m c s ang to ra, cc tc ng n mi trng xung quanh ca n v nhng bin php hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng. Thanh tra mi trng cc c s ang hot ng nhm kim tra s tun th v mt php l v k thut cng ngh cc quy nh lut php ca nh nc v bo v mi trng.
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
138
Cc cng trnh x l v gim thiu nhim ti ngun cng rt a dng. x l bi c th s dng phng php phun nc, to sng m, to m cho nguyn liu khong sn, hn ch tc ng ca kh c hi c th s dng phng php thu hi kh c, thng kh hoc pha long, hn ch tc ng nhim nc mt trn cc khai trng m, c th s dng cc cng trnh k p chn t thi trn dng chy, lc v x l nc thi. i vi dy chuyn tuyn khong c th s dng vic quay vng nc thi trong cng ngh sn xut, lc nc thi, hn ch tc ng i vi ti nguyn rng, t, a hnh, cnh quan c th p dng cc bin php trng cy v ph xanh bi thi, Lin B Ti Chnh-Cng nghip-Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t s 126/TTLT-BTC-BCN-BKHCNMT ngy 22 thng 10 nm 1999 hng dn vic k qu phc hi mi trng trong khai thc khong sn. Trn c s B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng xy dng Ti liu hng dn k thut tnh tng d ton chi ph phc hi mi trng trong khai thc khong sn s 832/BKHCNMT-Mtg ngy 08 thng 04 nm 2002. Cc cng c kinh t c th s dng hiu qu cho bo v mi trng cc hot ng khai thc v ch bin khong sn l t cc v hon tr, a t t, s dng thu v ph mi trng, Cc hot ng quan trc mi trng i vi vng khai thc khong sn hoc m v c s ch bin khong sn ln thng rt cn thit trong cng tc bo v mi trng.
b. S dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn

S dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn l mt vn phc tp, c gii quyt theo cc phng hng a cht, k thut m, cng ngh, kinh t v t chc. Phng hng a cht bao gm cc cng vic: hon chnh cc phng php thm d, tnh ton v lp bn a cht; i mi cng ngh thit k khai thc cc m khong sn. Phng hng k thut m bao gm vic xy dng v hon chnh cng ngh khai thc m, m bo vic tng hiu sut v cht lng khong sn ly ra t lng t. Phng hng cng ngh ch bin lin quan ti vic xy dng v hon chnh cc qu trnh ch bin khong sn cho php thu hi mt cch c hiu qu tt c cc hp phn c ch cha trong qung, ch bin qung ngho, qung tn thu v s dng vy quanh v cht thi ca sn xut. Trong cn quan tm ti cng ngh to ra t cht thi, cng ngh sch. Phng hng kinh t nhm to ra vic s dng tng hp ti nguyn khong sn. Phng hng t chc m bo vic t chc khai thc v s dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn. S tng hp cc phng hng s dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn v bo v lng t c trnh by trong hnh 17.
S dng hp l v bo v lng t S dng hp l tr lng khong sn v lng t S dng tng hp khong sn
S dng lng t vo cc mc ch lin quan ti khai thc khong sn Ly ti a khong sn trong khu khai thc v ch bin
Khai thc tng hp m
Ly ti a cc hp phn c ch t nguyn liu khong Tn dng nguyn liu khong v ph thi tuyn S dng ph thi ca qu trnh ch bin s khai v ti ch nguyn liu, nhin liu khong sn
Hnh 17. Cc phng hng s dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn

MSc. Phan Nh Thc
139
MU{C LU{C
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG1 1.1 Khi nim c bn v khoa hc, cng ngh mi trng ..........................................................1 1.1.1 Khoa hc mi trng .......................................................................................................1 1.1.2 Cng ngh mi trng .....................................................................................................1 1.2 Cht lng mi trng............................................................................................................1 1.2.1 nh ngha .......................................................................................................................1 1.2.2 Tiu chun mi trng.....................................................................................................1 1.2.3 Suy thoi mi trng .......................................................................................................2 1.3 Khi nim v qun l mi trng ...........................................................................................2 1.3.1 nh ngha .......................................................................................................................2 1.3.2 Mc tiu qun l mi trng ...........................................................................................2 1.3.3 Cc nguyn tc chung v qun l mi trng .................................................................4 1.4 H thng qun l mi trng ..................................................................................................5 1.4.1 nh ngha .......................................................................................................................5 1.4.2 Cc thnh phn ca h thng qun l mi trng ...........................................................5 1.5 Bo v mi trng ..................................................................................................................6 1.5.1 S cn thit ca bo v mi trng .................................................................................6 1.5.2 Con ngi v mi trng.................................................................................................6 1.6 Khi nim chung v pht trin bn vng ................................................................................7 1.6.1 Khi nim.........................................................................................................................7 1.6.2 Phn loi ..........................................................................................................................7 1.6.3 Thc o v pht trin bn vng.....................................................................................8 1.6.4 Ni dung ca pht trin bn vng....................................................................................9 1.7 Bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng Vit Nam........................................................10 CHNG 2: TIU CHUN V QUY NH TRONG QUN L MI TRNG ..................16 2.1 Chin lc v chnh sch mi trng ...................................................................................16 2.1.1 Tm quan trng ca chin lc v chnh sch mi trng............................................16 2.1.2 Ni dung ca chnh sch v chin lc mi trng ......................................................16 2.1.3 H thng qun l nh nc v mi trng ....................................................................19 2.2 Cc quy nh v bo v mi trng ......................................................................................20 2.2.1 Lut php v cng c bo v mi trng ....................................................................20 2.2.2 Lut bo v mi trng ca Vit Nam ..........................................................................21 2.2.3 Cc quy nh v bo v mi trng...............................................................................22 2.3 ISO 14000 v qun l cht lng mi trng.......................................................................24 2.3.1 nh ngha ISO ..............................................................................................................24 2.3.2 Gii thiu ISO 9000 v ISO 14000 ...............................................................................24 2.3.3 Trin khai p dng tiu chun ISO 14000 Vit Nam .................................................25 2.4 Cc tiu chun trong qun l mi trng..............................................................................25 2.4.1 Tiu chun v ti lng cht thi...................................................................................25 2.4.2 Tiu chun vng v lu vc ..........................................................................................27 2.4.3 Tiu chun cht lng mi trng nc .......................................................................29 2.4.4 Tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh ...............................................................34 2.4.5 Tiu chun ting n .......................................................................................................36 2.4.6 Tiu chun v cht thi rn ............................................................................................38 2.4.7 Tiu chun v cht thi nguy hi ...................................................................................39
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
140
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP TRONG QUN L MI TRNG.................................42 3.1 Quy hoch mi trng ..........................................................................................................42 3.1.1 Khi nim chung............................................................................................................42 3.1.2 Quy trnh quy hoch mi trng ...................................................................................42 3.1.3 Ni dung quy hoch mi trng....................................................................................43 3.2 Ngn nga nhim v vng i sn phm...........................................................................43 3.2.1 Ngn nga nhim........................................................................................................43 3.2.2 Vng i sn phm ........................................................................................................44 3.3 Cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng ............................................................................45 3.3.1 Khi nim c bn v kinh t mi trng .......................................................................45 3.3.2 Khi nim c bn v kinh t cht thi ...........................................................................45 3.3.3 Kim ton mi trng....................................................................................................45 3.3.4 p dng cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng.......................................................50 3.4 H thng thng tin mi trng..............................................................................................54 3.4.1 Khi nim.......................................................................................................................54 3.4.2 Ch th cht lng mi trng .......................................................................................54 3.4.3 Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng ..............................................................60 3.4.4 Mng li thng tin mi trng ....................................................................................62 3.5 nh gi tc ng mi trng ..............................................................................................63 3.5.1 Nhim v .......................................................................................................................63 3.5.2 Qu trnh lp v thm nh bo co TM .....................................................................63 3.5.3 Thc hin, kim sot v qun l mi trng .................................................................65 3.6 M hnh ha mi trng .......................................................................................................65 3.6.1 Phng php m hnh ha .............................................................................................65 3.6.2 M hnh ha qu trnh lan truyn cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh ...............66 3.6.3 M hnh ha qu trnh lan truyn cht nhim trong mi trng nc .......................71 3.6.4 M hnh ha cc h sinh thi .........................................................................................74 CHNG 4: QUN L TI NGUYN THIN NHIN.............................................................79 4.1 Qun l v s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin ...............................................................79 4.1.1 S cn thit ....................................................................................................................79 4.1.2 Cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin .................................................................................79 4.1.3 Bo v v s dng hp l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ........................................79 4.2 Qun l ti nguyn sinh hc v h sinh thi .........................................................................81 4.2.1 Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................................81 4.2.2 Ti nguyn ng thc vt ..............................................................................................82 4.2.3 Ti nguyn rng.............................................................................................................83 4.2.4 a dng sinh hc v bo tn thin nhin .......................................................................88 4.3 Qun l ti nguyn nc .......................................................................................................88 4.3.1 Ti nguyn nc ............................................................................................................88 4.3.2 Cht lng nc ............................................................................................................90 4.3.3 nhim ngun nc .....................................................................................................91 4.3.4 Qun l ti nguyn nc................................................................................................92 4.3.5 Lut ti nguyn nc .....................................................................................................93 4.3.6 Bo v mi trng nc ................................................................................................94 4.4 Qun l cht lng mi trng khng kh............................................................................95 4.4.1 Tng quan mi trng khng kh ..................................................................................95 4.4.2 Bin i mi trng khng kh......................................................................................95 4.4.3 nhim mi trng khng kh .....................................................................................96 4.4.4 Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh .............................................97
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
141
4.4.5 Qun l mi trng khng kh ......................................................................................98 CHNG 5: QUN L CHT THI RN...............................................................................102 5.1 Qun l cht thi rn ...........................................................................................................102 5.1.1 Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn................................................................................102 5.1.2 Nhng vn trong qun l cht thi rn hin nay .....................................................103 5.1.3 Qun l cht thi rn th v cng nghip ................................................................104 5.2 Qun l cht thi nguy hi ..................................................................................................107 5.2.1 Qun l ngun pht sinh ..............................................................................................107 5.2.2 Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi .................................................................107 5.2.3 X l v hy b cht thi nguy hi..............................................................................108 CHNG 6: QUN L TI NGUYN T............................................................................109 6.1 Khi nim c bn v ti nguyn t....................................................................................109 6.1.1 Khi nim, thnh phn, cu trc ..................................................................................109 6.1.2 Phn loi ti nguyn t...............................................................................................110 6.1.3 H sinh thi mi trng t .........................................................................................111 6.1.4 nhim v thoi ha mi trng t ..........................................................................112 6.2 S dng t .........................................................................................................................115 6.2.1 S dng t hp l.......................................................................................................115 6.2.2 t ai v s pht trin nng nghip ...........................................................................116 6.2.3 Cc dng ti nguyn khc trong s dng t: nc,nng lng,kh hu,phn bn, 117 6.2.4 t ai v sn xut nng nghip bn vng..................................................................119 6.3 Qun l ti nguyn t ........................................................................................................121 6.3.1 Cc quy nh v lut l ................................................................................................121 6.3.2 Cc bin php qun l ti nguyn t ..........................................................................122 CHNG 7: QUN L TI NGUYN NNG LNG V KHONG SN .......................123 7.1 Gii thiu tng qut ............................................................................................................123 7.2 Ti nguyn nng lng .......................................................................................................123 7.2.1 Nhit , nng lng, nhit v cng............................................................................123 7.2.2 Cc dng nng lng ...................................................................................................124 7.2.3 Nhin liu ha thch ....................................................................................................125 7.2.4 Nng lng ht nhn nguyn t...................................................................................126 7.2.5 S s dng nng lng hin ti v tng lai ...............................................................126 7.3 Ti nguyn khong sn .......................................................................................................127 7.3.1 nh ngha v cc c tnh ca cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn..............................127 7.3.2 Phn loi v s hnh thnh cc m khong sn ...........................................................129 7.3.3 Phng php khai thc khong sn .............................................................................130 7.3.4 Php lut v cc vn s hu khong sn.................................................................131 7.3.5 Cn kit ti nguyn khong sn ...................................................................................132 7.3.6 Khai thc khong sn v cc vn mi trng .........................................................132 7.3.7 S s dng cc ngun ti nguyn khong sn trong hin ti v tng lai...................133 7.4 Ti nguyn nng lng v khong sn ti Vit Nam..........................................................135 7.4.1 Tim nng ....................................................................................................................135 7.4.2 Hin trng s dng hin ti v tng lai......................................................................135 7.5 Cc bin php qun tr v bo v ........................................................................................136 7.5.1. Qun l ti nguyn nng lng...................................................................................136 7.5.2 Qun l ti nguyn khong sn....................................................................................138
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
142
Danh mc bng
Bng 1. S pht thnh mt chin lc mi trng .......................................................................................18 Bng 2. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my sn xut bt giy vi cng ngh bt sulfat c ty ...........................................................................................................................26 Bng 3. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my sn xut bt giy vi cng ngh bt CTMP....................................................................................................................................26 Bng 4. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my sn xut giy t giy loi....26 Bng 5. Gi tr gii hn ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi NM SX giy t bt giy.....................27 Bng 6. Gi tr h s Kp ng vi lu lng ngun thi ca c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v thi vo mi trng khng kh.............................................................................................................27 Bng 7. Gi tr h s Kv ng vi cc vng, khu vc c c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v. .....28 Bng 8. Tiu chun nc thi lin quan n mi trng vng ca Nht Bn (1984) (tiu chun chung v tiu chun ca Osaka) ..........................................................................................................................29 Bng 9. Mt s tr s tiu chun cht lng nc mt theo TCVN 5942:1995............................................30 Bng 10. Mt s gii hn nng nhim cho php trong nc thi cng nghip.....................................31 Bng 11. Gi tr h s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca sng tip nhn ngun nc thi .....................31 Bng 12. Gi tr h s Kq ng vi dung tch h tip nhn ngun nc thi ..................................................32 Bng 13. Gi tr h s Kf ng vi lu lng ngun nc thi ......................................................................32 Bng 14. Mt s tr s ca tiu chun nc ngm (TCVN 5944:1995)........................................................32 Bng 15. Mt s tr s ca tiu chun nc bin ven b (TCVN 5943:1995)..............................................33 Bng 16. Tiu chun cht lng khng kh xung quanh (TCVN 5937:2005) ..............................................34 Bng 17. Gii hn ti a cho php ca bi v cc cht v c trong kh thi cng nghip............................35 Bng 18. Gi tr mc n ti a cho php (TCVN 5948:1999) ......................................................................36 Bng 19. Gii hn ti a cho php i vi khu vc cng cng v dn c (theo mc m tng ng), dBA .............................................................................................................................................................37 Bng 20. Mc p sut m ti mt s v tr lm vic ......................................................................................38 Bng 21. nh lng u ra ..........................................................................................................................48 Bng 22. Bng tnh lng cht thi a ra ngoi nh my ...........................................................................48 Bng 23. Cc tc ng ca mt s ngun gy nhim.................................................................................55 Bng 24. Cc thng s ch th nh gi nhim nc .............................................................................56 Bng 25. La chn cc thng s ch th quan trc cht lng nc t nhin (khng c trng cho nhim cng nghip) .............................................................................................................................57 Bng 26. Cc thng s ch th cho cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc...............................................58 Bng 27. La chn cc thng s nhim khng kh ....................................................................................60 Bng 28. Cng thc tnh ton cc h s y v z (x tnh theo m) .................................................................70 Bng 29. Cc h s a, b, c, d trong cng thc ...............................................................................................70 Bng 30. Xc nh cc cp n nh ca kh quyn theo Pasquill ..................................................................71 Bng 31. Din bin din tch rng qua cc thi k .......................................................................................86 Bng 32. Din tch cc loi rng v t rng Vit Nam (1995)....................................................................86 Bng 33. Ngun pht sinh v tc ng ca cc cht nhim khng kh ch yu.........................................96 Bng 34. Cc thng s ch th nhim khng kh do d n cng nghip .....................................................98 Bng 35. Thnh phn cht thi rn mt s th nm 1998 ....................................................................102 Bng 36. T l % din tch cc loi t trn th gii (FAO, 1990).............................................................110 Bng 37. T l % ca cc yu t ng gp vo vic lm suy thoi t trn th gii ..................................114 Bng 38. D kin quy hoch s dng t ton quc n nm 2010 ...........................................................116 Bng 39. Gi nhin liu ha thch nhp vo th trng Ty u .................................................................126 Bng 40. Nhu cu tiu th nng lng ca th gii t 1900 n 2020 .......................................................127 Bng 41. D tr cc loi khong sn th gii .............................................................................................132 Bng 42. Mc tc ng n mi trng ca 2 phng php khai thc..................................................133 Bng 43. Nhu cu v mt s kim loi chnh c s dng trn ton th gii (Mc.Hale) ...........................134
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
143
Danh mc hnh
Hnh 1. H thng qun l nh nc v mi trng Vit Nam ......................................................................19 Hnh 2. Quy trnh quy hoch mi trng ......................................................................................................42 Hnh 3. Cc bc trin khai m hnh ho mi trng...................................................................................65 Hnh 4. Cc m hnh trong qun l mi trng lu vc ...............................................................................66 Hnh 5. S khuch tn lung kh thi t ng khi....................................................................................67 Hnh 6. th phn b nng kh nhim theo chiu vung gc vi chiu gi .......................................68 Hnh 7. S tnh cao pht ca lung kh thi ........................................................................................68 Hnh 8. H s khuch tn ngang y ...............................................................................................................69 Hnh 9. H s khuch tn ng z.................................................................................................................69 Hnh 10. S phn hy cc tc nhn nhim khng bn vng trong sng rch........................................72 Hnh 11. Cc mi quan h gia khoa hc mi trng, sinh thi, m hnh ha sinh thi v qun l mi trng & cng ngh .............................................................................................................................74 Hnh 12. Gii bng th s cnh tranh gia hai qun th ...........................................................................76 Hnh 13. H ng cong biu din s dao ng s lng vt d v s lng con mi trong m hnh ton Lotke-Volterra .....................................................................................................................................77 Hnh 14. Chu trnh thu vn ton cu hng nm...........................................................................................89 Hnh 15. Minh ha cc ngun thi cht thi rn..........................................................................................102 Hnh 16. Pht trin nng nghip bn vng..................................................................................................120 Hnh 17. Cc phng hng s dng hp l ti nguyn khong sn..........................................................139
MSc. Phan Nh Thc
144

QL Moi Truong

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

QL Moi Truong

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

3. Giai on thc hin:

4. Giai on kim tra:

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Cc Phng chc nng

Hnh 1. H thng qun l nh nc v mi trng Vit Nam

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

Bn b sung Lun n cho cng c, Lun n, 1990. Bn b sung Copenhagen, 1992.

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip

Gio trnh Qun l mi trng

MSc. Phan Nh Thc

Khoa Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip