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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Phn II

HA HC CC HP CHT V C
Chng 1 CC NGUYN T NHM VIIA Nhm Halogen
1. Cu to nguyn t Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca X l ns2np5. D dng thc hin qu trnh : X2 + 2e -> 2XTh hin tnh oxi ho mnh. S oxi ho: Flo ch c s oxi ho 1, cc halogen khc c cc s oxi ho 1, +1, +3, +5 v +7. T F2 I2: tnh oxi ha gim, tnh kh tng, m in gim. 2. Tnh cht vt l F2, Cl2 l cht kh, Br2 l cht lng, I2 l cht rn. Kh flo mu lc nht, kh clo mu vng lc, cht lng brom mu nu, tinh th iot mu tm en. Cc halogen u rt c. F2 khng tan trong nc v n phn hy nc rt mnh; Cc halogen khc tan tng i t trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c nh: C6H6, CCl4,. 3. Tnh cht ho hc Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca cc halogen l tnh oxi ha mnh a. Phn ng vi hiro: Xy ra vi mc khc nhau: H2 + F2 -> 2HF phn ng xy ra ngay trong bng ti, k thng, n H2 + Cl2 -> 2Cl phn ng xy ra khi chiu sng hoc c t nng, n H2 + Br2 -> 2HBr phn ng xy ra khi t nng H2 + I2 2HI phn ng xy ra nhit cao, thun nghch b. Phn ng mnh vi kim loi 2Fe + 3Cl2 -> 2FeCl3 Phn ng to thnh hp cht kim loi c s oxi ho cao (nu kim loi c nhiu s oxi ho nh Fe, Sn) c. Phn ng vi H2O: Khi cho halogen tan vo nc th: Flo phn hu nc: F2 + H2O -> 2HF + 1/2O2 Clo to thnh hn hp 2 axit: Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO Brom cho phn ng tng t nhng tan km clo. Iot tan rt t. d. Phn ng vi phi kim khc 2P + 3Cl2 -> 2PCl3 2P + 5Cl2 -> 2PCl5 Cl2, Br2, I2 khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi. e. Phn ng vi dung dch kim Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim long v ngui to thnh nc Javen: Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim c v nng to thnh mui clorat:
Cl 2 + NaOH t Na Cl + Na Cl O3 + H2O
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Cl 2 + NaOH Na Cl + Na Cl O + H2O
1 +5

+1

Clo tc dng vi vi ti to thnh clorua vi:


Cl 2 + Ca(OH)2 bt m, huyn ph CaOCl 2 + 2H2O
ng c Thin
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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Nc Javen, clorua vi l nhng cht oxi ho mnh do Cl+ trong phn t gy ra. Chng c dng lm cht ty mu, st trng. f. Halogen mnh y halogen yu ra khi hp cht: 2Cl2 + NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br2 g. Oxi ha cc hp cht c tnh kh: Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI 4. ng dng v iu ch clo Clo c dng : + Dit trng trong nc sinh hot cc thnh ph + Ty trng vi si, giy + Sn xut nc Javen, clorua vi, axit HCl + Sn xut cc ho cht trong cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip dt Trong phng th nghim, clo c iu ch t axit HCl: 4HCl + MnO2 t MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2 O 16HCl + 2KMnO4 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2 O Trong cng nghip: clo c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch mui clorua kim loi kim. Khi clo thot ra ant theo phng trnh. mn 2NaCl + 2H2O dpdd 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 , 5. Trng thi t nhin Trong lp v tri t, clo ng th 11 trong tt c cc nguyn t ha hc v ng th 35 nht trong cc halogen. Clo t nhin tn ti hai dng ng v: 17 Cl (75,77%) 37 v 17 Cl (24,23%). Do hot ng ha hc mnh, clo ch tn ti trong t nhin dng hp cht, ch yu l mui clorua (trong nc bin, m mui, khong vt: cacnalit KCl. MgCl2.6H2O v xinvinit NaCl. KCl). 6. Hp cht a. Hiro halogenua_ axit halogenhiric (HX) u l cht kh, tan nhiu trong H2O thnh nhng axit mnh (tr HF l axit yu v gia cc phn t c to lin kt hiro), in li hon ton trong dung dch: HX + H2O -> H3O+ + XHCl l cht kh khng mu, mi xc, nng hn khng kh (d = 1,26). Trong khng kh m n to thnh cc ht nh nh sng m. Nng cho php trong khng kh l: 0,005mg/l. Axit halogenhiric c y cc tnh cht ha hc c trng ca mt axit: + Lm i mu cht ch th: qu tm ha + Tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to thnh mui v nc HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O 2HCl + CuO -> CuCl2 + H2O + Tc dng vi kim loi mnh (trc H trong dy in ha) gii phng H2 2HCl + Zn -> ZnCl2 + H2 + Tc dng vi mui to thnh mui mi v axit mi (mui mi phi t tan hoc axit mi phi d bay hi): 2HCl + CaCO3 -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Ring HF c tnh cht c bit: n c th tc dng c vi SiO2 (thy tinh) 4HF + SiO2 -> SF4 + 2H2O 2HF + SF4 -> H2[SF6] Do vy ngi ta khng ng dung dch HF trong cc l thy tinh m ng trong cc l bng cht do.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

- Ngoi tnh axit, cc HX do c cha X-1 nn chng cn th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha mnh. T HF -> HI tnh kh tng dn V d: 16HCl + 2KMnO4 -> 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O Phn ln cc mui clorua tan nhiu trong H2O, tr mt s t tan nh AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, Cu2Cl2,Tnh tan ca cc mui bromua v ioua tng t mui clorua. - iu ch cc HX: + Tng hp trc tip: H2 + X2 -> 2HX + Dng phng php trao i ion: HCl + NaHSO4 NaClrn + H2SO4 c t Cch nhn bit ion Cl (Br , I ): Bng phn ng to mui clorua (bromua) kt ta vi Ag+ (AgNO3) AgNO3 + NaCl -> NaNO3 + AgCl Trng AgBr kt ta mu vng, AgI kt ta mu vng m b. Axit hipoclor (HClO) L axit yu, km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Axit HClO v mui ca n l hipoclorit (nh NaClO) u c tnh oxi ho mnh v c cha Cl+ : Cl+ + 2e -> Cl-1 c. Axit cloric (HClO3) L axit kh mnh, tan nhiu trong H2O, ch tn ti trong dung dch nng di 50%. Axit HClO3 v mui clorat (KClO3) c tnh oxi ho mnh.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Cl + 6e Cl

+5

- Mui clorat l nguyn liu iu ch Oxi trong phng th nghim ,t KClO3 MnO KCl + 3/2O2 d. Axit pecloric (HClO4) L cht lng khng mu, bc khi trong khng kh, l axit mnh nht trong cc axit, tan nhiu trong H2O, HClO4 c tnh oxi ho mnh. Axit pecloric c iu ch bng phn ng: 2KClO4 + H2SO4 2HClO4 + K2SO4 T HClO -> HClO4 tnh bn, tnh axit tng v kh nng oxi ha gim.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 2 OXI LU HUNH I. Oxi


1. Cu to nguyn t Oxi (Z = 8) c cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p4 1s2 2s2 2p4 C 6 e lp ngoi cng, d dng thu 2e bo ho lp ngoi cng. L cht oxi ho mnh: O2 + 4e -> 2O-2 iu kin bnh thng, oxi tn ti dng phn t 2 nguyn t : O2 Dng th hnh khc ca oxi l ozon: O3 Oxi c 3 ng v tn ti trong t nhin: 16 17 18 8 O (99,76%); 8 O (0,037%); 8 O (0,2%) 2. Tnh cht vt l Oxi l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng kh (d = 1,1), ho lng 183oC, ho rn 219oC, tan t trong nc, duy tr s chy s sng. Oxi lng v rn c mu xanh da tri. Ozon l cht kh mi xc, mu xanh da tri. 3. Tnh cht ho hc: Oxi l cht oxi ha mnh, th hin qua: Tc dng vi kim loi: Oxi phn ng trc tip vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au v Pt) to thnh oxit Fe + O2 -> Fe3O4 i vi phi kim (tr halogen) oxi tc dng trc tip khi t nng (ring P trng tc dng vi O2 to thng) S + O2 t SO2 C + O2 t CO2 Ozon c tnh oxi ho mnh hn O2, do n khng bn, b phn hu thnh oxi t do. O3 -> O2 + O iu ny th hin phn ng O3 y c iot khi dung dch KI (O2 khng c phn ng ny). 2KI + O3 + H2O -> I2 + O2 + 2KOH 4. iu ch Trong phng th nghim: nhit phn cc mui giu oxi. V d:
0 0

K Cl O 3 t K Cl + O 2

+5 2

hay 2KMnO4 t K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 Trong cng nghip: ho lng khng kh nhit rt thp (200oC), sau chng phn on ly O2 ( 183oC) 5. Trng thi t nhin: Oxi l nguyn t ph bin nht trn tri t, chim khong 20% th tch khng kh, khong 50% khi lng v tri t, khong 60% khi lng c th ngi, 89% khi lng nc. Mi ngi mt ngy cn 20 30m3 oxi th.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

II. Lu hunh
1. Cu to nguyn t Lu hunh (S) cng nhm VIA vi oxi, c cu hnh e : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. Lp e ngoi cng cng c 6e, d dng thc hin qu trnh. S + 2e -> S-2 th hin tnh oxi ho nhng yu hn oxi. trng thi rn, mi phn t lu hunh gm 8 nguyn t (S8) khp kn thnh vng: S S S S

S S S S 2. Tnh cht vt l Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng nht, khng tan trong H2O, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c nh: CCl4, C6H6, rudn nhit, dn in rt km. Lu hunh nng chy 112,8oC n tr nn sm v c li, gi l S do. Srn -> S lng, vng - > S qunh, nht, nu -> S si ->S hi -> S bt vng 1190C 1870C 4450C lm lnh 3. Tnh cht ho hc Lu hunh va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh, thng gp cc mc oxi ha sau: S-2, S+4, S+6. to thng, S hot ng km so vi oxi. to cao, S phn ng c vi nhiu phi kim v kim loi. 0 +4 S + O2 t SO2 (S -> S ) 0 -2 S + Fe t FeS (S -> S ) 0 -2 S + H2 t H2S (S -> S ) Ho tan trong axit oxi ho: 0 +6 S + 2HNO3 t H2SO4 + 2NO (S -> S )
0 0 0 0

0 +4 S + 2H2SO4 c t 2H2O + 3SO2 (S -> S ) * 90% lng S dng sn xut H2SO4, 10% cn li dng lu ha cao su, sn xut dim, cht do ebonit,. 4. Hp cht a) Hiro sunfua (H2S2) L cht kh khng mu, mi trng thi, c, nng hn khng kh (d = 1,17), t tan trong H2O. H2S ha lng -600C v ha rn - 860C. Dung dch H2S l axit sunfuhiric. C tnh kh mnh, chy trong O2: H2S + 3/2O2 t SO2 + H2O 2H2S + SO2 t 3S + 2H2O Khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nh Cl2, S-2 c th b oxi ho n S+6: H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O t 8HCl + H2SO4 H2S l axit yu. Khi c mt oxi v nc, H2S c th phn ng vi mt s kim loi nh: Ag, Cu: 2H2S + 4Ag + O2 2Ag2S + 2H2O V vy mt s vt bng bc, ng trong khng kh m b ha en. Mui sunfua trung tnh (v d ZnS) hu ht t tan trong H2O. Ch c sunfua kim loi kim, kim th tan nhiu.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

nhn bit H2S hoc mui sunfua (S2) dng mui ch, kt ta PbS mu en s xut hin. Pb(NO3)2 + Na2S -> PbS + 2NaNO3 b) Lu hunh ioxit SO2 v axit sunfur H2SO3 ( S ) SO2 l cht kh khng mu, mi hc, nng hn khng kh (d = 2,2), ha lng -100C, c, tc dng vi H2O: SO2 + H2O H2SO3 HSO3- + H+ - SO2 va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh v l mt oxit axit. SO2 + 1/2O2 t SO3 SO2 + 2H2S t 3S + 2H2O SO2 + NaOH -> NaHSO3 SO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO3 + H2O H2SO3 l axit yu (K1 = 2.10-2), khng bn ch tn ti trong dung dch long. Mui ca axit sunfur l sunfit (v d Na2SO3). Mc oxi ho +4 l mc trung gian, nn H2SO3 v mui sunfit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh. S+4 2e -> S+6: tnh kh S+4 + 4e -> S0: tnh oxi ha c) Lu hunh trioxit SO3 v axit sunfuric (H2SO4) iu kin thng, SO3 l cht lng khng mu, d bay hi, nhit nng chy l 16,80C, nhit si l 44,70C. SO3 rt ho nc, tan v hn trong H2O v trong axit H2SO4 v to nhiu nhit. SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4 H = - 88KJ/mol SO3 khng c ng dng thc t, n l sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh sn xut axit H2SO4. H2SO4 l cht lng snh, tan v hn trong nc, H2SO4 c ht m rt mnh v to nhiu nhit. Dung dch H2SO4 long c y cc tnh cht ha hc ca mt axit thng thng: + Lm i mu cht ch th: qu tm ha + Tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to thnh mui v nc H2SO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O H2SO4 + CuO -> CuSO4 + H2O + Tc dng vi kim loi mnh (trc H trong dy in ha) gii phng H2 Fe + H2SO4 l -> FeSO4 + H2 + Tc dng vi mui to thnh mui mi v axit mi (mui mi phi t tan hoc axit mi phi d bay hi): H2SO4 + CaCO3 -> CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O Dung dch H2SO4 m c l cht oxi ho mnh, ho tan c hu ht cc kim loi khi un nng (tr Au v Pt). Kim loi cng mnh kh S+6 ca H2SO4 c v hp cht c s oxi ho cng thp (SO2, S, H2S). V d: 3H2SO4 , nng + 4Na -> 2Na2SO4 + H2S + 2H2O 3H2SO4 , nng + 2Mg -> 2MgSO4 + S + 3H2O 2H2SO4 , nng + Cu -> CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Ch : Fe v Al b th ng ho trong H2SO4 c ngui, do c th dng thng bng nhm hoc st ng axit sunfuric c ngui.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Ngoi nhng tnh cht trn, H2SO4 cn c tnh cht c bit l tnh ho nc. N c kh nng chim nc ca nhiu mui kt tinh hoc ca cc hp cht: CuSO4. 5H2O H SO CuSO4 Xanh trng Hoc: C12H22O11 trng H SO C en Mt phn C tham gia phn ng: C + 2H2SO4 -> CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O Phn ln cc mui sunfat tan nhiu trong nc. Ch c 1 s mui khng tan l : BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4 v CaSO4 t tan. Cch nhn bit ion SO42-. Bng phn ng to thnh mui sunfat kt ta: Ba2+ + SO42- -> BaSO4 (trng) iu ch axit H2SO4. Axit sunfuric ch yu c iu ch t lu hunh v t qung pirit FeS2 theo cc phn ng: Fe2O3 + 4SO2 2FeS2 + 11O2 t t SO2 + 1/2O2 SO3 SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4 d) Cc mui sunfat: Cc mui sunfat quan trng c gi tr trong thc t l: CaSO4 (thch cao) c dng trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng, c tng, lm bt b ch xng gy. MgSO4 dng lm thuc nhun trng. Na2SO4 dng trong cng nghip thu tinh. CuSO4 dng m in, thuc tr nm Na2S2O3 (natri thiosunfat) dng trong php chun iot (cht ch th l h tinh bt). 2Na2S2O3 + I2 -> 2NaI + Na2S4O6 Thiosunfat cn dng trong k thut in nh
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 3 NIT - PHOTPHO


I. Nit
1. Cu to nguyn t Nit c cu hnh electron

1s2 2s2 2p3 Do c 3 e c thn nn nit c kh nng to ra ba lin kt cng ho tr vi nguyn t khc. m in ca N l 3, ch nh hn ca F v O, do N c s oxi ho dng trong hp cht vi 2 nguyn t ny. Cn trong cc hp cht khc, nit c s oxi ho m. S oxi ho ca N : 3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 v +5. Nit tn ti bn dng phn t N2 (N N). Nguyn t nit t nhin l hn hp ca hai ng v 14 N v 15 N vi t l 272 : 1. Nit 7 7 chim 0,01% khi lng v Tri t. Dng tn ti t do l nhng phn t hai nguyn t. 2. Tnh cht vt l Nit l cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, ho lng 195,8oC v ho rn 209,9oC. Nit nh hn khng kh (d = 1,2506g/lt ktc), ho tan rt t trong nc. 3. Tnh cht ho hc V c lin kt ba nn phn t N2 rt bn, ch nhit rt cao mi phn li thnh nguyn t. Do vy nhit thng, nit rt tr, khng phn ng vi cc nguyn t khc. nhit cao, c bit l khi c cht xc tc, nit phn ng vi nhiu nguyn t kim loi v phi kim. a) Tc dng vi hiro 400oC, c bt Fe xc tc, p sut cao, N2 tc dng vi H2. Phn ng pht nhit: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 b) Tc dng vi oxi 3000oC hoc c tia la in, N2 tc dng vi O2. Phn ng thu nhit: N 2 + O2 2NO nhit thng, NO ho hp ngay vi O2 ca khng kh to ra NO2 mu nu: NO + 1/2O2 NO2 c) Tc dng vi kim loi: AlN (nhm nitrua) Al + 1/2N2 t Nit khng phn ng trc tip vi halogen, lu hunh. 4. iu ch v ng dng a) Trong cng nghip : Ho lng khng kh, sau chng ct phn on v thu N2 -196oC. b) Trong phng th nghim: Nhit phn 1 s mui amoni. V d: NH4NO2 t N2 + 2H2O N2 +Cr2O3 + 4H2O (NH4)2Cr2O7 t Nit ch yu c dng sn xut amoniac, axit nitric, phn m, to mi trng lnh. 5. Cc hp cht quan trng ca nit. a) Amoniac
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Cng thc cu to:


H N H

Phn t NH3 tn ti trong khng gian di dng t din, gc lin kt l 107,80 (ba lin kt to thnh bi 3 obitan lai ho sp3 ca N) Lin kt gia N v 3H l lin kt cng ho tr c cc, cp e dng chung lch v pha N. Phn t NH3 l phn t phn cc, N cn 1 cp electron t do lm cho NH3 to c lin kt hiro. Tnh cht vt l: NH3 l cht kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, nh hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong H2O ( o 20 C, mt th tch nc c th ho tan 700 th tch NH3 kh). NH3 ho lng 33,4oC, ho rn 77,8oC. Tnh cht ho hc + Tnh baz: NH3 l mt baz v c kh nng nhn proton. NH3 + HOH -> NH4+ + OHKbaz = 1,8.103 * NH3 tc dng vi axit to thnh mui amoni: NH3 + HCl -> NH4Cl Dng ion: NH3 + H+ -> NH4+ Nu thc hin phn ng gia NH3 (kh) v HCl (kh) th to thnh m khi trng - l nhng tinh th rt nh NH4Cl. * Dung dch NH3 lm xanh qu tm, lm hng phenolphtalein * Dung dch NH3 c kh nng kt ta nhiu kim loi m hiroxit ca chng khng tan: V d nh: 3NH3 + 3HOH + AlCl3 -> 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 + c bit: NH3 c th to phc vi mt s ion kim loi nh Ag+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, V vy, khi cho dung dch NH3 tc dng t t vi dung dch mui ca cc kim loi trn thy kt ta (hiroxit hoc mui baz) sau kt ta tan v to phc: 2NH3 + 2HOH + ZnCl2 -> 2NH4Cl + Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 -> [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH+ Tnh kh: NH3 chy trong oxi cho ngn la mu vng: N2 + 3H2O 2NH3 + 3/2O2 kk t NH3 chy trong Cl2 to khi trng NH4Cl 2NH3 + 3Cl2 kk t N2 + 6HCl v NH3 k + HClk = NH4Clrn NH3 kh c mt s oxit kim loi: 2NH3 + 3CuO t 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O + Bn thn NH3 c th b nhit phn thnh N2, H2 khong 6000C 8000C: 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 + Cc mui amoni d b nhit phn: NH4Cl t NH3 + HCl t 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O (NH4)2CO3 NH4HCO3, (NH4)2CO3 l bt n, 60oC phn hu, c dng trong cng ngh thc phm.
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

+ Mui amoni nitrat b nhit phn theo 2 cch: NH4NO3 t N2O + 2H2O > 200 C NH4NO3 N2 + 1/2O2 + 2H2O iu ch: iu ch NH3 da trn phn ng. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q (ta nhit) Mun phn ng t hiu sut cao cn tin hnh p sut cao (300 1000 atm), nhit va phi (400oC 5000C) v c bt st lm xc tc. Kh N2 ly t khng kh. Kh H2 ly t kh t nhin, kh l cc hoc t sn phm ca phn ng gia cacbon v H2O. ng dng: NH3 dng iu ch axit HNO3, cc mui amoni (NH4Cl, NH4NO3), iu ch xa b) Cc oxit ca nit Nit to vi oxi 5 loi oxit: N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2 v N2O5. S oxi ho: +1, +2, +3, +4, v +5. Ch c NO v NO2 iu ch trc tip c bng cc phn ng ha hc. N2O : kh khng mu, mi d chu, hi c v ngt. N2O khng tc dng vi oxi. 500oC b phn hu thnh N2 v O2. N2O N2 + 1/2O2 NO: kh khng mu, trong khng kh phn ng vi oxi to thnh NO2 mu nu. NO + 1/2O2 NO2 NO2: kh mu nu, rt c, b ime ho theo cn bng. 2 NO2 N 2O 4 iu kin thng, tn ti hn hp NO2 v N2O4. T l s mol NO2 : N2O4 ph thuc vo nhit . Trn 100oC ch c NO2 NO2 l oxit axit hn hp. Khi tc dng vi H2O cho hn hp hai axit: 2NO2 + H2O -> HNO3 + HNO2 v 3HNO2 -> HNO3 + 2NO + H2O Khi tc dng vi kim c hn hp gm mui nitrat v mui nitrit. 2NO2 + 2NaOH -> NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O Cc oxit NO v NO2 th hin tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi cht kh mnh: NO2 + SO2 -> NO + SO3 NO + H2S -> 1/2N2 + S + H2O V th hin tnh kh khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nh Cl2, Br2, O3, KMNO4 NO + 1/2Cl2 -> NOCl (nitrozyl clorua ) 2NO2 + O3 -> N2O5 + O2 c) Axit nitr HNO2 L axit yu, km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch long. Khi c hoc nng d b phn hu. 3HNO2 -> HNO3 + 2NO + H2O HNO2 v mui nitrit va c tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh: N+3 + 1e -> N+2 (NO) N+5 -2e -> N+5 (HNO3) d) Axit nitric HNO3
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Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Cng thc cu to:


O H O N O

Trong phn t HNO3 c mt lin kt cho - nhn v ho tr ca N l IV (4 cp e dng chung), cn s oxi ho ca N l +5 (v hnh thc N c ho tr V). Tnh cht vt l: Axit nitric nguyn cht l cht lng khng mu, si 86oC, ho rn 41oC. HNO3 d b phn hu ngoi nh sng thnh NO2, O2 v H2O nn dung dch HNO3 c c mu vng (v c ln NO2) v phi c bo qun trong cc bnh ti mu. HNO3 c d gy bng nng, lm vng da, ph hng vi, giy. Tnh cht ho hc: * Tnh axit: L axit mnh, phn li hon ton. HNO3 -> H+ + NO3Hay HNO3 + H2O -> H3O+ + NO3* Tnh oxi ho: Do cha N+5 (l mc oxi ha cao nht ca N) HNO3 l cht oxi ho manh. N tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr vng v platin) v khi N+5 c th b kh thnh N+4, N+2, N+1, No v N-3 tu thuc vo nng axit, nhit v hot ng ca kim loi. i vi axit HNO3 c, nng: Oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt), sn phm kh l NO2 mu nu. 4H NO3 ,n + Mg -> Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O 4H NO3 ,n + Cu -> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O HNO3 c, ngui: th ng vi Fe v Al i vi axit HNO3 long: Oxi ho hu c ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt), sn phm kh l NO, N2O, N2 hoc NH3 (NH4NO3). Khi axit cng long, cht kh cng mnh th N+5 (trong HNO3) b kh v s oxi ho cng thp (tnh oxi ha cng mnh) V d: 30HNO3 + 8Al -> 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O * Hn hp dung dch m c ca HNO3 v HCl c t l mol: 1mol HNO3 + 3mol HCl gi l nc cng thy hay cng toan, ho tan c c Au v Pt. HNO3 + 3HCl + Au -> AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O Axit HNO3 cng oxi ho c nhiu phi kim nh C, Si, P, S: 2HNO3 + S -> H2SO4 + 2NO 2HNO3 + 3/2C -> 2NO + 3/2CO2 + H2O iu ch axit HNO3: * Trong phng th nghim KNO3 + H2SO4 -> KHSO4 + HNO3 thu HNO3, ngi ta chng ct dung dch trong chn khng. * Trong cng nghip, sn xut HNO3 t NH3 v O2: , Pt 2NH3 + 5/2O2 kk 850 2NO + 3H2O C NO + 1/2O2 -> NO2 2NO2 + 1/2O2 + H2O -> 2HNO3 ng dng: HNO3 l nguyn liu c bn iu ch mui nitrat, phn bn, cht n, nhin liu tn la, cc hp cht nitro, amin. e) Mui nitrat
0

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Tnh tan: Tt c cc mui nitrat u d tan trong H2O, l nhng cht in li mnh. Cu(NO3)2 -> Cu2+ + 2NO3 Kh nng b nhit phn: Tt c cc mui nitrat u khng bn nhit cao. Tu thuc ion kim loi c trong mui, cc nitrat b phn hu to thnh nhng loi hp cht khc nhau (nhng u phi gii phng O2) * Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi mnh (ng trc Mg trong dy Bktp): -> Mui Nitrit + O2 KNO3 t KNO2 + 1/2O2 * Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi trung bnh (T Mg Cu): -> Oxit + NO2 + O2 Cu(NO3)2 t CuO + 2NO2 + 1/2O2 * Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi yu (sau Cu): -> kim loi + NO2 + O2
0 0

AgNO3 t Ag + NO2 + 1/2O2 ng dng ca mui nitrat: dng lm phn bn, thuc n, cung cp oxi trong phng th nghim,... Kali nitrat dng ch to thuc n en (thuc n c khi). Thnh phn thuc n en : 75% KNO3, 10% S, 15% C. Khi hn hp n, xy ra phn ng. KNO3 + S + C -> K2S + SO2 + CO2 Nhn bit ion NO3- : nhn bit ion NO3- (HNO3, mui nitrat) c th dng hn hp Cu trong mi trng axit (v d H2SO4) 2NO3- + 3Cu + 8H+ -> 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O Ta thy Cu tan, dung dch c mu xanh, c kh khng mu bay ra, ri ho nu trong khng kh.

II. Phot pho


1. Cu to nguyn t Photpho c in tch ht nhn +15 Cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p3 Photpho phn nhm chnh nhm V, chu k 3. Nguyn t P c 3 electron phn lp 3p v phn lp 3d cn trng (cha c electron) nn 1e phn lp 3s c th nhy ln 3d lm cho P c 5e c thn v nh vy c th c ho tr V (khc N) 2. Tnh cht vt l v cc dng th hnh n cht photpho c th tn ti di nhiu dng th hnh khc nhau. Hai dng th hnh quan trng l photpho trng v photpho . Photpho trng: l cht rn mu trng hoc hi vng, rt c. 280oC, photpho trng chuyn thnh photpho . Photpho trng t bc chy trong khng kh, pht sng trong bng ti (ln tinh). Ngi ta bo qun n bng cch ngm trong nc, trnh nh sng. Photpho : l cht rn c mu , khng c. nhit cao, P thng hoa. Gp lnh, hi P ngng t thnh P trng. P kh bn, kh nng chy, khng tan trong bt k dung mi no. 3. Tnh cht ho hc: Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t P c 5e. Trong cc hp cht, P c s oxi ho l -3, +3 v +5. Photpho th hin c hai tnh cht: tnh kh v tnh oxi ha: So vi nit, photpho hot ng hn, c bit l P trng. Tc dng vi oxi: Photpho chy trong khng kh to ra iphotpho pentaoxit P2O5.
ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

4P + 5O2 t 2P2O5 P trng b oxi ho chm trong khng kh thnh P2O3, khi phn ng khng pht nhit m pht quang. Tc dng vi axit nitric: 3P + 5HNO3 , n + 2H2O -> 3H3PO4 + 5NO Tc dng vi halogen: P bc chy trong clo v n trong flo. 2P + 3Cl2 -> 2PCl3 Tc dng vi mui : P c th gy n khi tc dng vi nhng mui c tnh oxi ho mnh nh KNO3, KClO3, 5KClO3 + 6P -> 5KCl + 3P2O5 Tc dng vi hiro v kim loi (P th hin tnh oxi ho). 2P + 3Ca -> Ca3P2 (canxi photphua) Cc mui photphua d b thy phn to thnh PH3 (photphin) PH3 l cht kh, rt c. Trn 150oC b bc chy trong khng kh: P2O5 + 3H2O 2PH3 + 4O2 kk t PH3 sinh ra do s thi ra xc ng thc vt, nu c ln iphotphin P2H4 th t bc chy pht ra nh sng xanh ( l hin tng "ma tri") 4. iu ch v ng dng P kh hot ng, trong t nhin n tn ti dng hp cht nh cc qung photphorit Ca3(PO4)2, apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2. P c dng ch to dim: Thuc gn u que dim gm mt cht oxi ho nh KClO3, KNO3.., mt cht d chy nh S v keo dnh. Thuc qut bn cnh hp dim l bt P v keo dnh. tng c st cn trn thm bt thu tinh mn vo c 2 loi thuc trn. P dng sn xut axit photphoric: P -> P2O5-> H3PO4 Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch P bng cch nung hn hp canxiphotphat, SiO2 (ct) v than: 2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C t 6CaSiO3 + 10CO + P4 5. Hp cht ca photpho a) iphotpho pentaoxit P2O5 P2O5 l cht rn, mu trng, rt ho nc, tc dng mnh lit vi nc to thnh axit photphoric: P2O5 + 3HOH -> 2H3PO4 Chnh v vy ngi ta dng P2O5 lm kh nhiu cht. b) Axit photphoric H3PO4. H3PO4 l cht rn, khng mu, nng chy 42,5oC, tan v hn trong nc. Trong P2O5 v H3PO4, photpho c s oxi ho +5. Khc vi nit, photpho c m in nh nn bn hn mc +5. Do vy H3PO4 v P2O5 kh b kh v khng c tnh oxi ho nh HNO3. H3PO4 l axit trung bnh nc 1, yu v rt yu nc 2 v nc 3; trong dung dch in li theo 3 nc: trung bnh nc th nht, yu v rt yu cc nc th hai, th ba. H2PO4- + H+ H3PO4 HPO42- + H+ H2PO42PO43- + H+ HPO4 Dung dch axit H3PO4 c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit: lm qu tm, tc dng vi baz, oxit baz to thnh mui axit hoc mui trung ho nh NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, Na3PO4.
0 0

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

H3PO4 c th tc dng vi nhng kim loi ng trc H trong dy Bktp cho H2 thot ra. V d: 3Zn + 2H3PO4 -> Zn3(PO4)2 + 2H2 c) Mui photphat ng dng vi 3 mc in li ca axit H3PO4 c dy mui photphat: Mui photphat trung ho: Na3PO4, Zn3(PO4)2, (NH4)3PO4 Mui ihiro photphat NaH2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2,.... Mui hiro photphat: Na2HPO4, CaHPO4, Cc mui trung ho v mui axit ca kim loi Na, K v amoni u tan trong nc. Vi cc kim loi khc ch mui ihiro photphat l tan c, ngoi ra u khng tan hoc tan t trong H2O. d) iu ch v ng dng Trong cng nghip, iu ch H3PO4 t qung Ca3(PO4)2 v axit H2SO4: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 -> 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 Trong phng th nghim, H3PO4 c iu ch t P2O5 (ho tan vo H2O) hay t P (ho tan bng HNO3 c). Axit photphoric ch yu c dng sn xut phn bn. 6. Phn bn ho hc Phn bn ho hc l nhng ho cht c cha nguyn t dinh dng, dng bn cho cy trng nhm nng cao nng sut. Nhng ho cht dng lm phn bn phi l nhng hp cht tan c trong dung dch thm trong t r cy hp th c. Ngoi ra, hp cht phi khng c hi, khng gy nhim mi trng. C ba loi phn bn ho hc c bn: phn m, phn ln v phn kali. a) Phn m l phn cha nguyn t nit. Cy ch hp th m di dng ion NO3- v ion NH4+. Cc loi phn m quan trng: Mui amoni: NH4Cl (25% N), (NH4)2SO4 (21% N), NH4NO3 (35% N, thng c gi l "m hai l") Ure: CO(NH2)2 (46% N) giu nit nht. Trong t ure b bin i dn thnh amoni cacbonat. CO(NH2)2 + 2H2O -> (NH4)2CO3 Cc mui amoni v ure b kim phn hu, do khng nn bo qun phn m gn vi, khng bn cho cc loi t kim. Mui nitrat: NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2,thng bn cho cc vng t chua mn. b) Phn ln l phn cha nguyn t photpho. Cy hp th ln di dng ion PO43-. Cc loi phn ln chnh. Phn ln t nhin: Qung photphat Ca3(PO4)2 thch hp vi t chua ; phn nung chy (nung qung photphat vi olomit). Supephotphat n: Hn hp canxi ihiro photphat v thch cao, c iu ch theo phn ng: Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 -> 2CaSO4 + Ca(H2PO4)2 Supe photphat kp: l mui canxi ihiro photphat, c iu ch theo phn ng: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 -> 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 -> 3Ca(H2PO4)2
ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Amophot: cha c m v ln, c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi axit photphoric thu c hn hp trong mono v iamophot NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4 c) Phn kali: cha nguyn t kali, cy hp th kali di dng ion K+. Phn kali ch yu l KCl ly t qung mui cacnalit (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O), sinvinit (KCl.NaCl). Ngoi ra ngi ta cng dng KNO3.K2SO4. d) Phn vi lng: l loi phn cha mt s lng rt nh cc nguyn t nh ng, km, molipen, mangan, coban, bo, iot Ch cn bn mt lng rt nh cc nguyn t ny cng lm cho cy pht trin tt. nc ta c mt s nh my ln sn xut supephotphat (Lm Thao - Ph Th), sn xut phn m (H Bc) v c mt s a phng sn xut phn ln nung chy

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 4 CACBON - SILIC


I. Cacbon
1. Cu to nguyn t Cacbon thin nhin l hn hp hai ng v bn: 12 C (98,982%) v 13C (0,108%). NTK = 6 6 12,0115. Cu hnh e nguyn t ca cacbon trng thi c bn:

2s 2p2 1s Do cacbon c th c ho tr II (lin kt cng ho tr) trng thi kch thch, c 1e phn lp 2s nhy ln phn lp 2p to thnh 4e c thn ng nht, v th cacbon c ho tr IV trong hu ht cc hp cht. trng thi rn, cc nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi nhau theo kiu kim cng hoc graphit. 2. Cc dng th hnh v tnh cht vt l Cacbon c 3 dng th hnh: kim cng, than ch (graphit) v cacbon v nh hnh. a) Kim cng Kim cng c cu trc mng tinh th nguyn t, mi nguyn t C lin kt cng ho tr bn vng vi 4 nguyn t C xung quanh, to hnh t din u. S ng nht v bn vng ca lin kt ny khin kim cng c tnh rt cng, khng bay hi v tr vi nhiu cht ho hc.

b) Than ch Tinh th than ch (graphit) c cu trc lp. Trn mi lp, mi nguyn t C lin kt vi 3 nguyn t C khc bng lin kt cng ho tr. Lin kt gia nhng nguyn t C trong 1 lp rt bn vng, lin kt gia cc lp rt yu, do vy cc lp trong tinh th c th trt ln nhau. Cu trc ny lm than ch mm, trn, dng lm bt ch, bi trn cc bi. c) Cacbon v nh hnh Cacbon v nh hnh (than cc, than g, b hng,) gm nhng tinh th rt nh, c cu trc khng trt t. Tnh cht ca cacbon v nh hnh tu thuc vo nguyn liu v phng php iu ch chng. Than g v than xng c cu to xp nn chng c kh nng hp ph mnh cc cht kh v cht tan trong dung dch. 3. Tnh cht ho hc Cc dng th hnh ca cacbon tuy c tnh cht vt l rt khc nhau nhng tnh cht ho hc ca chng cn bn ging nhau: chy trong oxi, c kim cng v than ch u to thnh kh CO2. a) Phn ng vi oxi Khi chy trong oxi, phn ng to nhiu nhit: C + O2 350 CO2 + Q C
0

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

V vy cacbon c dng ch y lm nhin liu trong i sng, trong cng nghip. b) Phn ng vi cc oxit kim loi Cacbon kh c nhiu oxit kim loi. V d: 3C + 2Fe2O3 t 3CO2 + 4Fe t CO2 + 2Cu C + 2CuO c) Phn ng vi oxit phi kim Cacbon phn ng vi oxit ca mt s phi kim to thnh cc hp cht c lin kt cng ho tr v rt rn. V d: SiO2 + 3C t SiC + 2CO t nng cacbon trong kh CO2, to ra CO 2CO C + CO2 t d) Phn ng vi hi nc Cacbon tc dng vi hi nc nhit cao to ra kh thanh (mt hn hp gm CO v H2) C + H2O t CO + H2 Kh than l nhin liu quan trng trong cng nghip. e) Hp cht vi cc halogen Cacbon to nhiu hp cht vi halogen: CF4, CCl4, CF2Cl2, Trong CCl4 c dng lm dung mi, CF2Cl2 (freon) l cht lm lnh trong cc my lnh v n l mt trong cc cht gy "thng" tng ozon. f) Trong cc hp cht vi hiro v kim loi, cacbon c s oxi ho m. V d:
0 0 0 0 0

C + H2 t C H4 CaO + 3C 2000 Ca C 2 + CO C 4. Cc hp cht quan trng ca cacbon a) Cacbon monooxit CO Cng thc cu to: C O CO l kh khng mu, khng mi, rt c (gy cht ngi), CO ho lng -191,5oC v ho rn -205oC. to thng, CO rt tr; to cao, CO b chy thnh CO2 cho ngn la mu xanh: CO + 1/2O2 t CO2 Vi clo to thnh photgen l mt cht c ho hc: CO + Cl2 -> COCl2 CO c tnh kh mnh, n kh c cc oxit kim loi hot ng va v yu. V d: CO + CuO t Cu + CO2 CO c dng lm cht kh trong cng nghip luyn kim. b) Cacbon ioxit CO2 Cng thc cu to: O = C = O. Phn t i xng, nguyn t C v hai nguyn t O nm trn mt ng thng, do phn t khng phn cc. CO2 l kh khng mu, khng mi, nng hn khng kh 1,5 ln. CO2 t tan trong nc ( 20oC, mt th tch nc ho tan c 0,88 th tch CO2). Di p sut thng, -78oC, kh CO2 ho rn, gi l nc kh. CO2 c tnh cht ca oxit axit v c tnh oxi ho yu. + Tc dng vi H2O:
0 0 0

+4

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

CO2 + H2O CO + H2 H2CO3 l axit yu (K1 = 4,5.10-7, K2 = 4,7.10-11), km bn, khi b un nng n phn hu cho CO2 bay ra. + Tc dng vi kim: CO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + NaOH -> NaHCO3 + Tc dng vi kim loi: CO2 c th oxi ho mt s kim loi c tnh kh mnh nhit cao: 2MgO + C CO2 + 2Mg t + Tc dng vi NH3 : To thnh ure. 2NH3 + CO2 t (NH2)2CO iu ch CO2: + Nung vi: C CaCO3 1200 CaO + CO2 + Trong phng th nghim: CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 - ng dng ca CO2: Cha chy. Trong cng nghip thc phm, sn xut xa, ure, c) Mui cacbonat Tn ti 2 loi mui cacbonat. - Mui cacbonat trung ho : Na2CO3, CaCO3, - Mui hirocacbonat (mui axit): Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2,... Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim, amoni v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim, kim th (tr NaHCO3) tan c trong nc, cc mui cacbonat cn li khng tan. - to cao : mui cacbonat kim loi kim khng b phn hu, cacbonat ca cc kim loi khc phn hu, to ra oxit kim loi. CaCO3 t CaO + CO2 - Mui hirocacbonat km bn, b phn hu > 100oC. Mt vi mui (v d Ca(HCO3)2) ch tn ti trong dung dch. Mg(HCO3)2 t MgO + 2CO2 + H2O - Mui cacbonat tc dng vi nhiu axit, gii phng CO2 : CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
0 0 0 0 0

II. Silic
1. Cu to nguyn t Silic l nguyn t ph bin th hai trong t nhin sau oxi, gm ba loi ng v : 28 28 28 14 Si (92,27%); 14 Si (4,68%); 14 Si (3,05%) Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca silic : 3s23p2. 2. Tnh cht vt l Silic l cht rn, mu xm, dn in, dn nhit. Nng chy 1423oC. Silic dng n tinh th l cht bn dn nn dng trong k thut radio, pin mt tri. 3. Tnh cht ho hc Silic tinh th tr, silic v nh hnh kh hot ng: Si + O2 t SiO2 2000 C Si + C SiC
0 0

ng c Thin

47

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Silic ho hp c vi flo to thng : SiF4 Si + 2F2 iu kin thng, silic khng tc dng vi axit, ch tc dng vi hn hp HNO3 + HF: 3Si + 4HNO3 + 18HF 3H2[SiF6] + 4NO + 8H2O Silic tc dng vi kim to ra mui silicat v gii phng H2: Na2SiO3 + 2H2 Si + 2NaOH + H2O Tnh cht ho hc c bit ca silic l n c th to thnh cc silan kiu ankan vi hiro v halogen : SinH2n+2 ; SinCl2n+2 4. ng dng v iu ch Silic c ng dng ch yu trong cc lnh vc chnh sau: Ch to hp kim c bit c tnh cng v chu axit. Ch to cht bn dn trong k thut v tuyn in, pin mt tri. Trong phng th nghim, silic v nh hnh c iu ch bng phn ng: 2Mg + SiO2 900 2MgO + Si C Trong cng nghip: 2C + SiO2 1800 2CO + Si C 5. Cc hp cht quan trng ca silic a) Silic ioxit SiO2 SiO2 l cht rn, khng mu, nng chy 1700oC. Thch anh, phal, ametit l SiO2 nguyn cht. SiO2 l oxit axit, to cao n tc dng c vi oxit baz, kim, cacbonat kim loi kim, to ra silicat : CaO + SiO2 t CaSiO3 2NaOH + SiO2 t Na2SiO3 + H2O t K2CO3 + SiO2 K2SiO3 + CO2 SiO2 c tnh cht ho hc c trng l tan c trong dung dch axit HF: SiO2 + 4HF -> SiF4 + 2H2O Khi d HF: SiF4 + 2HF d -> H2[SiF6] tan V vy ngi ta dng HF khc ch, khc hnh trn thu tinh. SiO2 c dng rng ri trong xy dng, sn xut thu tinh, mi, b) Axit silicic v mui silicat H2SiO3 l axit yu, t tan trong nc. iu ch H2SiO3: Na2SiO3 + 2HCl -> 2NaCl + H2SiO3 Mui ca axit silicic l silicat. Na2SiO3 v K2SiO3 trng ging thu tinh, tan c trong nc nn c gi l thu tinh tan. Thu tinh tan dng ch to xi mng, btng chu axit. Nguyn liu sn xut thu tinh l ct thch anh, vi v xa: Na2SiO3 + CO2 Na2CO3 + SiO2 t t CaCO3 + SiO2 CaSiO3 + CO2 Thnh phn ho hc ca thu tinh ny c biu din gn ng bng cng thc cc oxit: Na2O.CaO.6SiO2.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ng c Thin

48

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 5 I CNG V KIM LOI


1. V tr v cu to ca kim loi a. V tr Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, kim loi nhng v tr: Phn nhm chnh nhm I, II, III (tr bo) (nhm IA, IIA, IIIA) Phn nhm ph nhm I n nhm VIII (nhm IB -> VIIIB) H lantan v h actini (nhng nguyn t xp ring di bng). Mt phn ca cc phn nhm chnh nhm IV, V, VI. Hin nay ngi ta bit khong 109 nguyn t ho hc, trong c trn 85 nguyn t l kim loi. Cc nguyn t cng nm bn tri, pha di ca bng, tnh kim loi cng mnh. b. Cu to ca nguyn t kim loi Nguyn t kim loi c s electron lp ngoi cng nh ( 4 ), d dng cho i trong cc phn ng ho hc. Trong cng 1 chu k, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t kim loi c bn knh ln hn v c in tch ht nhn nh hn so vi cc nguyn t phi kim. Nhng nguyn t c bn knh ln l nhng nguyn t nm gc di, bn tri ca bng tun hon. c. Cu to tinh th kim loi Cc nguyn t kim loi sp xp theo mt trt t xc nh lm thnh mng li tinh th kim loi. Nt ca mng li l cc ion dng hoc cc nguyn t trung ho. Khong khng gian gia cc nt li khng thuc nguyn t no, lm thnh "kh electron" m cc nguyn t kim loi nt li lin kt vi nhau to thnh mng li bn vng. Lin kt sinh ra trong mng li kim loi do cc e t do gn cc ion dng kim loi li vi nhau gi l lin kt kim loi. c im ca lin kt kim loi: Do tt c cc e t do trong kim loi tham gia. Lin kt kim loi do tng tc tnh in gia cc ion dng v cc e t do. 2. Tnh cht vt l iu kin thng, cc kim loi u trng thi rn (tinh th), tr Hg l cht lng. Nhit nng chy rt khc nhau. Ngi ta phn bit : Cc kim loi en (gm Fe, Mn, Cr) v kim loi mu (cc kim loi cn li). Kim loi c tnh dn in, dn nhit tt, c tnh do, c nh kim. Nhng tnh cht ca kim loi c th c gii thch bi nhng c im cu to ca chng. a) Tnh dn in v dn nhit Khi ni 2 u thanh kim loi vi 2 cc ca ngun in. Di tc dng ca in trng, cc e t do chuyn ng theo 1 hng xc nh lm thnh dng in trong kim loi. Khi un nng kim loi ti 1 im no , cc nt li (nguyn t, ion) im nhn thm nng lng, dao ng mnh ln v truyn nng lng cho cc e t do. Cc e t do li truyn nng lng cho cc nt xa hn. V c nh th nng lng (dng nhit) c truyn ra khp thanh kim loi. l bn cht tnh dn nhit ca kim loi. b) Tnh do (d ko si, dt mng): Khi tc dng lc c hc ln thanh kim loi, mt s nt mng li kim loi c th b x dch, nhng mi lin kt gia cc lp nt trong mng nh cc e t do vn c bo ton, do mng li tinh th vn bn vng, mc d hnh dng thanh kim loi b thay i.
ng c Thin

49

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

3. Tnh cht ho hc * Do c c nhng c im cu to trn, cc nguyn t kim loi d dng cho e ho tr, th hin tnh kh: M ne -> Mn+ So snh tnh kh ca kim loi : i t u n cui "dy th in ha" ca cc kim loi th tnh kh gim dn. K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg, Au. * Cc phn ng c trng ca kim loi: a) Phn ng vi oxi : to thng, phn ln kim loi phn ng vi O2 ca khng kh to thnh lp bo v cho kim loi khng b oxi ho tip tc. Khi nung nng, phn ln kim loi chy trong oxi. V d: 4Na + O2 -> 2Na2O Fe3O4 3Fe + 2O2 t b) Phn ng vi halogen v cc phi kim khc Vi halogen: cc kim loi kim, kim th, Al phn ng ngay to thng. Cc kim loi khc phn ng yu hn, phi un nng. Hp cht to thnh kim loi c ho tr cao: 2FeCl3 2Fe + 3Cl2 t Vi phi kim khc (yu hn) phi un nng : ZnS Zn + S t c) Phn ng vi hiro: Kim loi kim v kim th phn ng to hp cht hirua kim loi dng mui, s oxi ho ca H l -1 2Na + H2 -> 2NaH d) Phn ng vi nc: to thng, ch c cc kim loi kim, kim th phn ng c vi nc to thnh dung dch kim v gii phng H2. Mt s kim loi yu hn to thnh lp bo v hiroxit hoc to thnh axit. Na + H2O -> NaOH + 1/2H2 nhit nng , nhng kim loi ng trc hiro trong dy th in ho phn ng vi hi nc. V d: Fe + H2O >570 FeO + H2 C e) Vi axit thng thng (tnh oxi ha th hin ion H+): HCl, H2SO4 long, Phn ng xy ra d dng khi: Kim loi ng trc H2. Mui to thnh phi tan Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2 g) Vi axit HNO3, H2SO4 c nng: Tr Au v Pt, cn hu ht cc kim loi tc dng c vi HNO3 (c hoc long), H2SO4 (c, nng), Vi HNO3 c: (Kh duy nht bay ra l NO2 mu nu). Mg + 4HNO3 , n t Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O t Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O Cu + 4HNO3 , n
0 0 0 0 0 0

ng c Thin

50

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Vi HNO3 long: Tu theo mnh ca kim loi v long ca axit, sn phm kh bay ra c th l N2, N2O, NO. i vi kim loi mnh v axit rt long, sn phm l NH4NO3. V d: 8Na + 10HNO3 , n t 8NaNO3 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O 4Mg(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2O 4Mg + 10HNO3 , n t t 3Cu(NO3)2 + NO + 4H2O 3Cu + 8HNO3 , n Vi axit H2SO4 c nng. Kim loi + H2SO4 .n mui + (H2S, S, SO2) + H2O. Tu theo mnh ca kim loi m sn phm ca s kh S+6 (trong H2SO4) c th l H2S, S hay SO2. Kim loi cng mnh th S+6 b kh v s oxi ho cng thp. V d: 8Na + 5H2SO4 , n t 4Na2SO4 + H2S + 5H2O 2MgSO4 + S+ 3H2O 2Mg + 3H2SO4 , n t t CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Cu + 2H2SO4 , n Ch : Al v Fe b th ng ho trong H2SO4 c, ngui v HNO3 c, ngui. Nguyn nhn l do khi 2 kim loi ny tip xc vi cc axit c, ngui th trn b mt chng c to lp mng mng, c xt bo v kim loi khng b axit tc dng. Do , trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc xitec bng st chuyn ch cc axit trn. h) Phn ng vi kim: Mt s kim loi ng trc H2 v hiroxit ca n c tnh lng tnh c th phn ng vi kim mnh. V d nh Be, Zn, Al: Al + NaOH + H2O -> NaAlO2 + 3/2H2 k) Phn ng kim loi mnh y kim loi yu ra khi hp cht: y kim loi yu khi dung dch mui. V d: Fe + CuSO4 -> FeSO4 + Cu Ch : Nhng kim loi tc dng mnh vi H2O nh kim loi kim, kim th, khi gp dung dch nc th trc ht phn ng vi H2O v khng c phn ng y kim loi yu hn ra khi mui. y kim loi yu khi oxit (phn ng nhit kim loi). Xy ra to cao, to nhiu nhit lm nng chy kim loi: Al + Fe2O3 t Al2O3 + Fe +Q 2Al + 3NiO t Al2O3 + 3Ni Phng php ny thng c dng iu ch cc kim loi kh nng chy nh Cr, Mn, Fe v c ng dng nhiu trong k thut hn kim loi (ng ray xe la,...). 4. Dy th in ho ca kim loi a. Cp oxi ho - kh ca kim loi Gia kim loi M v ion kim loi Mn+ tn ti mt cn bng: M+n + ne M0 Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, cn bng c th xy ra theo 1 chiu xc nh. Dng oxi ho v dng kh ca cng mt nguyn t to thnh cp oxi ho - kh (oxh/kh) ca nguyn t . V d:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ng c Thin

51

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Cc cp oxi ho - kh : Fe2+/Fe, Cu2+/Cu, Al3+/Al. b. in th oxi ho - kh: c trng cho kh nng oxi ho - kh ca mt cp oxi ho - kh, ngi ta dng i lng gi l in th oxi ho - kh v k hiu Eoxh/kh. Khi nng dng oxi ho v nng dng kh bng 1mol/l ([oxh] = [kh] = 1mol/l), ta c th oxi ho - kh chun E0oxh/kh. Tnh oxi ha ca kim loi tng dn: Dng oxi ha: K+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Hg22+ Ag+ Pt2+ Au3+ Dng kh: K Na Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu 2Hg Ag Pt Au Tnh kh ca kim loi gim dn c. ngha ca dy th in ho ca kim loi - D on chiu phn ng gia 2 cp oxh - kh: Khi cho 2 cp oxh - kh gp nhau, dng oxi ha mnh nht s tc dng vi dng kh mnh nht to thnh dng oxi ha yu hn v dng kh yu hn: V d: C 2 cp oxh - kh : Zn2+/Zn v Fe2+/Fe phn ng: Zn + Fe2+ -> Zn2+ + Fe0 C 2 cp oxh - kh: Zn2+/Zn v Cu2+/Cu phn ng: Zn + Cu2+ -> Zn2+ + Cu0 - Nhng kim loi ng trc H y c hiro ra khi dung dch axit. V d: Fe + H2SO4 -> FeSO4 + H2 5. Hp kim a. nh ngha: Hp kim l cht rn thu c sau khi nung chy mt hn hp nhiu kim loi khc nhau hoc hn hp kim loi v phi kim. b. Cu to ca hp kim: Hp kim thng c cu to bng cc loi tinh th: + Tinh th hn hp: Gm nhng tinh th ca cc n cht trong hn hp ban u, khi nng chy chng khng tan vo nhau. + Tinh th dung dch rn: L nhng tinh th c to thnh sau khi nung nng chy cc n cht trong hn hp tan vo nhau + Tinh th hp cht ho hc: L tinh th ca nhng hp cht ho hc c to ra sau khi nung nng chy cc n cht trong hn hp. c. Lin kt ho hc trong hp kim: Lin kt trong hp kim ch yu l lin kt kim loi. Trong loi hp kim c tinh th l hp cht ho hc, kiu lin kt l lin kt cng ho tr. d. Tnh cht ca hp kim: Hp kim c nhng tnh cht ho hc tng t tnh cht ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u, nhng tnh cht vt l v tnh cht c hc li khc nhiu. e. ng dng: Hp kim c dng nhiu trong: Cng nghip ch to my: ch to t, my bay, cc loi my mc Cng nghip xy dng 6. n mn kim loi v chng n mn a. S n mn kim loi:
ng c Thin

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

52

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

S ph hu kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ho hc ca mi trng xung quanh gi l s n mn kim loi. Cn c vo c ch ca s n mn, n mn kim loi c chia thnh 2 loi chnh: n mn ho hc v n mn in ho. * n mn ho hc: n mn ho hc l s ph hu kim loi do kim loi phn ng ho hc vi cht kh hoc hi nc nhit cao. c im ca n mn ho hc: Khng pht sinh dng in. Nhit cng cao th tc n mn cng nhanh. S n mn ho hc thng xy ra : Nhng thit b ca l t. Nhng chi tit ca ng c t trong. Nhng thit b tip xc vi hi nc nhit cao. V d: Fe3O4 + 4H2 3Fe + 4H2O t
0

Cu + Cl2 t CuCl2 Bn cht ca n mn ho hc l qu trnh oxi ho - kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi chuyn trc tip sang mi trng tc dng: M0 ne -> M+n * n mn in ho: n mn in ho l s ph hu kim loi do kim loi tip xc vi dung dch cht in li to nn dng in. C ch n mn in ho: Nhng kim loi dng trong i sng v k thut thng t nhiu c ln tp cht (kim loi khc hoc phi kim), khi tip xc vi mi trng in li (nh hi nc c ho ln cc kh CO2, NO2, SO2,hoc nc bin, ) s xy ra qu trnh n mn in ho. Xt c ch n mn st c ln ng trong khng kh m c ho tan H+, O2, CO2, NO2,to thnh mi trng in li. St c ln ng tip xc vi mi trng in li to thnh 1 pin, trong Fe l kim loi hot ng hn l cc m, Cu l cc dng.

2
Fe2+

H+
Cu
+

Fe

Fe 2e -> Fe2+
cc m: Fe b oxi ho v b n mn. Fe 2e -> Fe2+ Ion Fe2+ tan vo mi trng in li, trn st d e. Cc e d ny chy sang Cu ( gim bt s chnh lch in tch m gia thanh st v ng). cc dng: Xy ra qu trnh kh ion H+ v O2. Ion H+ v O2 trong mi trng in li n ming Cu thu e: 2H+ +2e -> H2 O2 + H2O + 4e -> 4OHng c Thin

53

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Sau xy ra qu trnh to thnh g st: Fe2+ + 2OH- -> Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH)2 +O2 + 2H2O -> 4Fe(OH)3 Cc hiroxit st ny c th b mt H2O to thnh g st, c thnh phn xc nh: xFeO. yFe2O3. mH2O Bn cht ca s n mn in ha: Bn cht ca n mn in ho l mt qu trnh oxi ha kh xy ra trn b mt cc in cc. cc m xy ra qu trnh oxi ha kim loi, cc dng xy ra qu trnh kh cc ion H+ (nu dng dung dch in li l axit). Cc iu kin cn v xy ra hin tng n mn in ha: - Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau : c th l cp kim loi khc nhau, cp kim loi phi kim (C), cp kim loi - hp cht ha hc (xmentit Fe3C). Trong kim loi c tnh kh mnh s l cc m. Nh vy, kim loi nguyn cht kh b n mn. - Cc in cc phi tip xc vi nhau (trc tip hoc gin tip qua dy dn). - Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch in li. b. Cch chng n mn kim loi: + Cch li kim loi vi mi trng: Dng nhng cht bn vi mi trng ph ln b mt kim loi. l: Cc loi sn chng g, vecni, du m, trng men, ph hp cht polime. M mt s kim loi bn nh crom, niken, ng, km, thic ln b mt kim loi cn bo v. + Dng hp kim chng g (hp kim inox): Ch to nhng hp kim khng g trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng ho cht. Nhng hp kim khng g thng t tin, v vy s dng chng cn hn ch. + Dng cht chng n mn (cht km hm) Cht chng n mn lm b mt kim loi tr nn th ng (tr) i vi mi trng n mn. Ngy nay ngi ta ch to c hng trm cht chng n mn khc nhau, chng c dng rng ri trong cc ngnh cng nghip ho cht. + Dng phng php in ha: Ni kim loi cn bo v vi 1 tm kim loi khc c tnh kh mnh hn. V d, bo v v tu bin bng thp, ngi ta gn vo v tu (phn chm trong nc bin) 1 tm km. Khi tu hot ng, tm km b n mn dn, v tu c bo v. Sau mt thi gian ngi ta thay tm km khc. 7. iu ch kim loi a. Nguyn tc: Kh ion kim loi thnh kim loi. Mn+ + ne -> M b. Cc phng php iu ch * Phng php thy luyn: Dng kim loi t do c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi trong dung dch mui. V d: iu ch ng kim loi: Zn + Cu2+ -> Zn2+ + Cu iu ch bc kim loi: Fe + Ag+ -> Fe2+ + Ag * Phng php nhit luyn: Dng cc cht kh nh CO, H2, C hoc kim loi kh ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao. Phng php ny c s dng sn xut kim loi trong cng nghip:
ng c Thin

54

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

CuO + H2 t Cu + H2O 2Fe + 3CO2 Fe2O3 + 3CO t


0

* Phng php in phn: Dng dng in 1 chiu trn catt (cc m) kh ion kim loi trong hp cht. Bng phng php ny, ngi ta c th iu ch c hu ht cc kim loi mt cch rt tinh khit. iu ch kim loi c tnh kh mnh (t Na n Al). in phn hp cht nng chy (mui, kim, oxit). V d: iu ch Na bng cch in phn NaCl nng chy. NaCl dpnc Na + Cl2 iu ch kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu: in phn dung dch mui ca chng trong nc. V d: iu ch Cu bng cch in phn dung dch CuSO4. CuSO4. + H2O dpdd Cu + H2SO4 + 1/2O2 Bng phng php in phn c th iu ch c kim loi c tinh khit cao. 8. Hp cht ca kim loi a. Oxit MxOy + u l tinh th. + Tc dng vi H2O. Ch c mt s oxit kim loi mnh (v d kim loi kim, kim th) v mt s anhirit axit c s oxi ho cao mi phn ng trc tip vi H2O. Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH CrO3 + H2O -> H2CrO4 Mn2O7 + H2O -> 2HMnO4 + Tc dng vi axit: Phn ln cc oxit baz phn ng vi axit. CuO + 2HCl -> CuCl2 + H2O + Tc dng vi oxit axit. Ch c oxit ca cc kim loi mnh phn ng c. CaO + CO2 -> CaCO3 + Tc dng vi kim: Cc oxit axit v cc oxit lng tnh phn ng c. Al2O3 + 2NaOH -> 2NaAlO2 + H2O Mn2O7 + 2KOH -> 2KMnO4 + H2O b. Hiroxit Hiroxit l hp cht tng ng vi sn phm kt hp oxit v H2O. Hiroxit c th c tnh baz hoc axit. + Hiroxit ca mt s kim loi (tr ca kim loi kim, kim th) b nhit phn khi nung nng to thnh oxit: 2M(OH)n t M2On + nH2O + Tnh tan trong H2O: Phn ln t tan, ch c hiroxit ca kim loi kim, Ba(OH)2 v mt s hiroxit trong kim loi c s oxi ho cao l tan c trong H2O. V d: H2CrO4, H2Cr2O7, H2MnO4, HMnO4. + Tnh axit - baz: Phn ln c tnh baz, mt s c tnh lng tnh (nh Be(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Sn(OH)2,), mt s l axit (H2CrO4, H2Cr2O7, HMnO4). + Tnh oxi ho - kh: Th hin r i vi mt s hiroxit ca kim loi c nhiu s oxi ho hoc hiroxit ca kim loi yu. 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O -> 4Fe(OH)3 2Ni(OH)3 + 6HCl -> 2NiCl2 + Cl2 + 6H2O
0

ng c Thin

55

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

c. Mui *Tnh tan ca mui: Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi: u d tan trong nc. Mui sunfat ca cc kim loi: phn ln d tan, tr CaSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4. Mui clorua ca cc kim loi: phn ln d tan, tr AgCl, PbCl2, CuCl, Hg2Cl2, Mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi: phn ln kh tan, tr cacbonat ca kim loi kim v amoni. Mui cacbonat axit: ni chung tan tt hn mui cacbonat trung tnh (tr cacbonat axit ca kim loi kim). *Tnh oxi ho - kh ca mui: Mt s mui c s oxi ho thp ca kim loi km bn, c tnh kh. FeCl2 + 3/2Cl2 -> FeCl3 Mt s mui ca kim loi yu, hoc c s oxi ho cao ca kim loi th km bn, c tnh oxi ho hoc d b phn hu: AgCl -> Ag + 1/2Cl2

ng c Thin

56

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 6 CC NGUYN T NHM IA


1. Cu to nguyn t C 1 e ho tr lp ngoi cng. Bn knh nguyn t ln, in tch ht nhn nh (so vi cc nguyn t cng chu k). V vy kim loi kim rt d nhng 1e ho tr - th hin tnh kh mnh. M 1e -> M+ i t Li Fr tnh kh tng dn (Fr l nguyn t phng x t c nghin cu). 2. Tnh cht vt l L nhng kim loi mm, nh, trng nh bc. D to hp kim vi Hg gi l hn hng. Nhit nng chy v nhit si thp. i t Li Cs, nhit nng chy v nhit si gim dn. Dn nhit v dn in tt. n cht v hp cht khi chy cho ngn la c trng: Li : ta ; Na : vng; K : tm Rb : huyt. Bng 3: Cc nguyn t nhm IA
Nguyn t Cu hnh electron Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol Bn knh nguyn t, nm Nhit nng chy oC Nhit si, oC Khi lng ring, g/cm3 Li (He) 2s 520 0.15 180 1330 0.53
1

Na (Ne) 3s 500 1.19 98 892 0.97 0.4


1

K (Ar) 4s 420 0.24 64 760 0.86 0.5


1

Rb (Kr) 5s 400 0.25 39 688 1.53 0.3


1

Cs (Xe) 6s1 380 0.27 29 690 1.90 0.2

cng (ly kim cng = 0.6 10) Kiu mng tinh th

Lp phng tm khi

3. Tnh cht ho hc a) Phn ng vi oxi: to thng : Li, Na, K + O2 lp oxit trn mt ; Rb, Cs bc chy. Khi un nng : Li, Na, K bc chy mnh lit to thnh oxit (Li2O) hay peoxit Na2O2, K2O2. b) Vi cc phi kim khc: Phn ng mnh lit vi halogen to thng, hoc khi un nh: 2Na + Br2 -> 2NaBr Khi t nng phn ng vi S, H2, P, 2K + S t K2S 2NaH 2Na + H2 t NaH l cht rn, khi gp nc, b thu phn: c) Phn ng vi nc: Phn ng mnh ngay nhit thng to thnh dung dch kim.
0 0

ng c Thin

57

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Na + H2O -> NOH + 1/2H2 d) Phn ng vi axit thng v axit oxi ho: phn ng xy ra mnh lit. 4. Hp cht a. Oxit M2O l cht rn, phn ng mnh vi nc, vi axit v oxit axit. V d: Na2O + HOH -> 2NaOH Li2O + H2S -> Li2S + H2O K2O + CO2 -> K2CO3 b. Hiroxit MOH L cht rn, ht m mnh, tan nhiu trong nc v to nhit do to thnh hirat. D nng chy (3220C).. L baz mnh, in li hon ton trong dung dch nc. Phn ng trung ho vi axit, oxit axit. V d Na2O + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + H2O K2O + CO2 -> K2CO3 Khi d CO2: CO2 + K2CO3 + HOH -> 2KHCO3 Cacbonat axit ca kim loi kim kh bn, c th tch khi dung dch di dng tinh th khi un cn dung dch. Nhng khi nung nng tinh th b phn tch thnh cacbonat, v d NaHCO3 b phn tch 160oC. Mui cacbonat kim loi kim rt bn, nng chy khong 800oC, khng b phn tch. - Cc dung dch MOH c th kt ta cc ion kim loi m hiroxit ca chng khng tan trong kim d: 2NaOH + CuCl2 -> 2NaCl + Cu(OH)2 iu ch hiroxit kim loi kim: in phn dung dch mui clorua long, ngui c mng ngn (xem phn in phn). Bng phn ng trao i: Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCO3 + 2NaOH c. Mui Hu ht cc mui ca kim loi kim u tan nhiu trong nc (tr KClO4), mt s mui tn ti trong thin nhin : NaCl, Na2SO4.10H2O, Na2AlF6, KCl, NaCl.KCl (xinvinit), KCl.MgCl2.H2O (cacnalit), KCl.MgSO4.3H2O. (cainit). Mt s mui kim loi quan trng: Natri clorua NaCl: NaCl l cht rn, khng mu, d tan trong nc, nng chy 800oC. NaCl c khai thc t nc bin, t mui m. N c dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm, sn xut clo, axit clohiric, nc Javen, Natri hirocacbonat: Mui natri hirocacbonat NaHCO3 l cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc, bn nhit thng, b phn hu nhit cao. 2NaHCO3 t Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 l mui ca axit yu, khng bn, tc dng c vi axit mnh: NaHCO3 + HCl -> NaCl + H2O Mt khc, NaHCO3 l mui axit, tc dng c vi kim: NaHCO3 + NOH -> Na2CO3 + H2O Mui natri cacbonat Na2CO3:
0

ng c Thin

58

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Na2CO3 l cht rn mu trng, d tan trong nc. nhit thng n tn ti dng mui ngm nc Na2CO3.10H2O. nhit cao, mt nc to thnh mui khan Na2CO3 c nhit nng chy 850oC. Na2CO3 b thu phn trong dung dch cho mi trng kim mnh: Na2CO3 + HOH NaOH + NaHCO3 CO32- + HOH OH- + HCO3Na2CO3 l nguyn liu ho hc quan trng sn xut thu tinh, x phng v nhiu mui khc. d. Nhn bit kim loi kim v hp cht ca chng. Da vo mu ngn la: dng dy Pt sch nhng vo cc hp cht ca cc kim loi kim em t trn ngn la n cn: Hp cht ca Li+ : ngn la mu . Hp cht ca Na+: ngn la mu vng. Hp cht ca K+: ngn la mu tm. 5. iu ch Kim loi kim rt d b oxi ha thnh ion dng, do vy trong t nhin kim loi kim ch tn ti dng tng hp cht (mui). Nguyn tc iu ch l kh cc ion kim loi kim : M+ + e = M Tuy nhin s kh cc ion l rt kh khn. Phng php quan trng nht iu ch kim loi kim l in phn mui halogenua hoc hiroxit ca chng dng nng chy. V d: NaCl pnc Na + 1/2Cl2 6. ng dng ca kim loi kim Kim loi kim c nhiu ng dng quan trng : - Dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp. - Cc kim loi kali v natri dng lm cht trao i nhit trong cc l phn ng ht nhn. - Kim loi Cs dng ch to t bo quang in. - Kim loi kim c dng iu ch mt s kim loi him bng phng php nhit kim loi. - Kim loi kim c dng lm cht xc tc trong nhiu phn ng hu c v ch to cht chng n cho xng 7. Trng thi t nhin Natri thng gp di dng NaCl (mui n), Na2SO4.10H2O, Na2CO3 (xa), NaNO3 (dim tiu). Kali thng gp dng : KCl.NaCl (xinvinit), KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (cacnanit)

ng c Thin

59

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 7 CC NGUYN T NHM IIA


1. Cu to nguyn t C 2 electrong ho tr lp ngoi cng. Bn knh nguyn t kh ln, in tch ht nhn tng i nh (so vi cc nguyn t trong cng chu k). V vy cc nguyn t u c tnh kh mnh (nhng km kim loi kim), d nhng 2e. M 2e -> M2+ 2. Tnh cht vt l L nhng cht rn, c nh bc, dn in, dn nhit tt. Nhit si v nhit nng chy tng i thp (cao hn kim loi kim) V d : ca Mg l 650oC, ca Ba l 710oC. Mu ngn la c trng ca n cht v hp cht: Ca: da cam; Sr, Ra: son; Ba: xanh lc. Bng 4: Cc nguyn t nhm IIA
Nguyn t Be Cu hnh electron (He) 2s2 Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol M 1800 - 2e = M2+ Bn knh nguyn t, nm 0.11 o Nhit nng chy, C 1280 Nhit si, oC Khi lng ring, g/cm3 cng (ly kim cng =10) Kiu mng tinh th 2770 1.85 Mg (Ne) 3s2 1450 0.16 650 1110 1.74 Ca (Ar) 4s2 1150 0.2 838 1440 1.55 Sr (Kr) 5s2 1060 0.21 768 1380 2.6 Ba (Xe) 6s2 970 0.22 714 1640 3.5 Lp phng tm khi

2.0 Lc gic u

1.5 1.8 Lp phng tm din

3. Tnh cht ho hc Kim loi nhm IIA l nhng nguyn t nhm s, nguyn t c 2 electron ha tr (s2), c bn knh nguyn t tng i ln. Do , chng d dng nhng 2e to thnh ion dng, th hin tnh kh mnh, trong cc hp cht chng c s oxi ha l +2. Tnh kh ca nhng kim loi ny th hin qua cc phn ng ho hc sau : a. Phn ng vi oxi nhit thng, cc kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm II b O2 khng kh oxi ho to thnh lp oxit trn b mt. Khi t nng bc chy mnh lit. V d: 2Ca + O2 t 2CaO b. Phn ng vi cc phi kim khc. Vi halogen: phn ng d dng ngay nhit thng Ca + Cl2 -> CaCl2
0

ng c Thin

60

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Vi cc phi kim km hot ng: phi un nng Ca + 2C t CaC2 3Mg + 2N2 t Mg3N2 t Ca + H2 CaH2 c. Phn ng vi H2O Be khng phn ng v c lp oxit bo v Mg khng tan trong nc lnh, khi un nng to tan chm do phn ng vi nc. Ca, Sr, Ba phn ng mnh vi nc nhit thng. Ca + 2H2O -> Ca(OH)2 + H2 d. Phn ng vi axit (axit thng v axit oxi ho) Be, Mg phn ng d dng. Ca, Sr, Ba phn ng mnh lit Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2 4Ca + 10HNO3 -> 4Ca(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 5H2O e. Phn ng vi dung dch kim v kim nng chy Ch c Be phn ng: Be + NaOH + H2O -> Na2[Be(OH)4] + H2 Be + 2NaOH t Na2BeO2 + H2 f. Phn ng y kim loi yu hn khi oxit hoc mui khan khi un nng 2Mg + TiO2 t 2MgO + Ti 2CaCl2 + Ti 2Ca + TiCl4 t 4. iu ch Phng php ph bin nht v quan trng nht l in phn mui halogenua nng chy: CaCl2 pnc Ca + Cl2 5. Mt s hp cht quan trng a. Oxit MO: u l cht rn, mu trng, rt bn nhit, nng chy nhit rt cao (v d CaO nng chy 2585oC). MgO phn ng chm vi H2O ; CaO ; SrO ; BaO phn ng mnh lit vi nc: CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2
0 0 0 0 0 0

Cc oxit u tan d dng trong axit. BeO tc dng vi dung dch kim BeO + NaOH -> Na2BeO2 + H2O Quan trng nht trong s cc oxit l CaO. CaO c gi l vi sng, tc dng vi nc cho Ca(OH)2 gi l vi ti, dng lm vt liu xy dng. b. Hiroxit M(OH)2 Tnh tan v tnh baz tng dn: Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Be(OH)2 c tnh lng tnh Be(OH)2 + 2HCl -> BeCl2 + H2O Be(OH)2 + 2KOH -> K2BeO2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 kt ta trng, l baz yu, tan trong axit. Ca(OH)2 t tan trong nc, l baz kh mnh. Ba(OH)2 tan kh nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch kim mnh.
ng c Thin

Ba(OH)2

61

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Khi un nng, Be(OH)2 v Mg(OH)2 b mt nc bin thnh oxit: Mg(OH)2 t MgO + H2O Ch : Khi cho kh clo tc dng vi Ca(OH)2 hoc CaO ta thu c clorua vi CaOCl2 c cng thc cu to:
0

Cl Ca O Cl

Ca(OH)2 (bt m, huyn ph) + Cl2 -> CaOCl2 + H2O Clorua vi l cht oxi ho mnh, dng st trng v ty trng. Cc phn ng quan trng ca clorua vi l: CaOCl2 t CaCl2 + 1/2O2 CaOCl2 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O 2CaOCl2 + CO2 -> CaCl2 + CaCO3 + Cl2 c. Mui a) Mui nitrat: tan nhiu trong nc. b) Mui clorua: tan nhiu trong nc c) Mui sunfat: t BeSO4 BaSO4 tan gim dn. BeSO4, MgSO4 tan nhiu, SrSO4, BaSO4 khng tan. d) Mui cacbonat: Mui cacbonat trung tnh MCO3 : t tan trong nc, khi nung nng b phn tch. V d: MCO3 t MO + CO2 Mui cacbonat axit Me(HCO3)2 tan nhiu trong nc, ch tn ti trong dung dch v c cn bng sau; MCO3 + CO2 + H2O M(HCO3)2 Khi d CO2, cn bng chuyn dch sang phi. Khi un nng, cn bng chuyn dch sang tri. Phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun nghch gii thch s to thnh thch nh trong cc hang ng v s to thnh lp cn vi trong m un nc, phch ng nc nng. 6. ng dng Kim loi beri to ra nhng hp kim cng, n hi, khng b n mn, dng ch to my bay, v tu bin Kim loi magie to ra c nhng hp kim c c tnh nh v bn, dng ch to my bay, tn la, t Kim loi canxi dng lm cht kh tch mt s kim loi khi hp cht; tch oxi, lu hunh ra khi thp.. Cc kim loi kim th cn li t c ng dng trong thc t 7. Trng thi t nhin Mg thng gp dng MgCO3 (manhezit), CaCO3.MgCO3 (olomit), KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (cacnalit), KCl.MgSO4.6H2O (cainit). Ca thng gp dng CaCO3 ( vi, phn, hoa), CaCO3.MgCO3 (olomit), CaO4.2H2O (thch cao), Ca3(PO4)2 (photphorit), 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2 (apatit). 8. Nc cng a. nh ngha Tu theo lng ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c trong nc nhiu hay t m ngi ta chia nc thin nhin thnh 2 loi:
0 0

ng c Thin

62

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

+ Nc mm: C t ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ho tan (tng nng 2 ion ny < 0,002 mol/l). + Nc cng: C ho tan nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+ (tng nng 2 ion ny > 0,002 mol/l). cng ca nc gm 2 loi: + cng tm thi: Do mui cacbonat axit ca canxi v magie gy ra, khi un si nc, cc mui ny b phn hu to ra mui, cacbonat kt ta: M(HCO3)2 t MCO3 + CO2 + H2O + cng vnh cu: gy ra do mui clorua, sunfat ca Ca2+ v Mg2+. Khi un si, vnh cu khng b mt. + cng ton phn: l tng ca hai cng trn. b. Tc hi ca nc cng ng cn vo thnh ni hi lm gim dn nhit nn lm tn nhin liu v c th gy ra n ni hi. Dng nc cng cho nu n lm thc phm lu chn, gim mi v Nc cng cng lm hng nhiu dung dch cn pha, dn ti sai s trong nhiu php phn tch, nghin cu, Git x phng trong nc cng s kh sch, tn x phng v x phng bin thnh mui ca Ca2+, Mg2+ t tan, vn cc trn vi. V d: 2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ -> (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+ c. Cch lm mm nc. * Kh cng tm thi : un si nc. Dng cc phng php vi, xt v xa. + Phng php vi: Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 -> 2CaCO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 -> CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2 + H2O + Phng php xt: 2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + Mg(HCO3)2 -> MgCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O + Phng php xa: Na2CO3 + Mg(HCO3)2 -> MgCO3 + 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + Ca(HCO3)2 -> CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 * Kh cng ton phn: Dng phn ng trao i (vi Na2CO3 hay Na3PO4) kt ta Ca2+ v Mg2+: Na2CO3 + Ca2+ -> CaCO3 + 2Na+ Dng nha trao i ion (gi l cc ionit): cho nc chy qua ct cha nha trao i ion, cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ s b gi li trn ct.
0

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

ng c Thin

63

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 8 NHM ST I. Nhm


1. Cu to nguyn t Nguyn t Al c 3 electron ho tr lp ngoi cng (cu hnh e : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 31). Bn knh nguyn t tng i ln. in tch ht nhn Z tng i nh. V th Al c tnh kh mnh (km Mg), d nhng 3e ho tr: Al 3e -> Al3+ 2. Tnh cht vt l Al l kim loi nh (d = 2,7 g/cm3), trng nh bc, nhit nng chy l 6000C. Al rt do, d ko di, dt mng ti 0,01mm. Nhm c cu to mng lp phng tm din, mt electron t do tng i ln. Do vy nhm c kh nng dn in v nhit tt. dn in bng 2/3 ng, nhng nhm nh hn ng 3 ln. dn nhit ca nhm hn st 3 ln. To hp kim vi nhiu kim loi khc. 3. Tnh cht ho hc Trong dy in ho, nhm ng lin sau cc kim loi kim v kim loi kim th, nn nhm l kim loi c tnh kh mnh, n b oxi ha d dng thnh ion Al3+ Al 3e -> Al3+ a. Phn ng vi oxi nhit thng: do lp oxit mng bo v nn Al khng phn ng vi oxi. Nu lm sch lp Al2O3 th nhm s phn ng mnh vi oxi. 4Al + 3O2 -> 2Al2O3 V d, sau khi nhng Al vo thu ngn to thnh hn hng trn b mt Al, khi ra khng kh s xy ra hin tng "Al mc lng t". dng bt, khi un nng, Al chy mnh to nhiu nhit. b. Phn ng vi cc phi kim Vi Cl2, Br2 : Al phn ng ngay nhit thng, to thnh AlCl3, AlBr3. Khi un nng, Al phn ng vi I2, S. nhit cao, Al phn ng c vi N2, C. 2Al + 3I2 H 2AlI3 (bc chy ta nhiu nhit) O 2Al + 3S t Al2S3 2Al + N2 t 2AlN c. Phn ng vi H2O nhit thng, Al khng phn ng vi H2O v c lp oxit bn vng bo v. Nu nh b lp oxit i, Al phn ng vi H2O nhit thng. 2Al + 6H2O -> 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 Phn ng trn nhanh chng dng li v Al(OH)3 bo v khng cho Al tip xc vi H2O. d. Phn ng vi axit thng Vi dung dch HCl v H2SO4(l), nhm phn ng d dng (Al ng trc H): Al + 3HCl -> AlCl3 + 3/2H2 e. Phn ng vi axit oxi ho Vi HNO3 c, ngui v H2SO4 c, ngui : Al b th ng ho. Trong cc trng hp khc (axit long, axit c, nng) phn ng xy ra d dng: V d:
2 0 0

ng c Thin

64

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Al + 4HNO3 l-> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O f. Phn ng vi dung dch kim Phn ng mnh v Al(OH)3 lng tnh, tan c trong kim. Al + NaOH +H2O -> NaAlO2 + 3/2H2 g. Phn ng y kim loi yu hn khi hp cht Vi dung dch mui: 2Al + 3Cu2+ -> 2Al3+ + 3Cu Phn ng nhit nhm: y kim loi yu khi oxit khi nung nng. 2Al + Fe2O3 t Al2O3 + 2Fe Phn ng nhit nhm c dng iu ch Mn, Cr, V, W v cc hp kim ca st. 4. Hp cht ca Al a. Nhm oxit Al2O3 Mu trng, rt bn vi nhit, kh nng chy (nhit nng chy > 2000oC) Khng tc dng vi nc, khng tan trong nc. Al2O3 l oxit lng tnh, tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh v dung dch kim. D phn ng vi kim nng chy. Al2O3 + 2NaOH t 2NaAlO2 + H2O Al2O3 + 6HCl -> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Tinh th nhm oxit khng mu hoc c mu, mt phn dng lm n trang, mt phn dng ch to cc chi tit trong cc ngnh k thut chnh xc, nh chn knh ng h, my pht laze.. Nhm oxit ln tp cht c rn cao, c dng lm vt liu mi ( mi, bt giy rp, bt nh bng) b. Nhm hiroxit Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 l cht kt ta dng keo, t tan trong nc. L hiroxit lng tnh, d tan trong axit v trong dung dch kim, c bit khng tan vo dung dch NH3 long. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl -> AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NaOH -> NaAlO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 nung nng b mt nc. 2Al(OH)3 t Al2O3+ 3H2O iu ch Al(OH)3 bng phn ng trao i vi dung dch NH4OH: Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O -> Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ c. Mui nhm Cc mui nitrat, sunfat, halogenua ca nhm u tan nhiu trong nc. Mt loi mui Al ph bin l phn chua. l mui kp Al - K c cng thc: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O, phn chua c dng lm trong nc, dng trong k ngh thuc da v giy. Mui aluminat: C ion AlO2-, ch bn trong dung dch kim (v d NaAlO2). Trong mi trng axit yu to thnh Al(OH)3 kt ta. V d: NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O -> NaHCO3 + Al(OH)3 AlO2-+ CO2 + 2H2O -> HCO3- + Al(OH)3 5. Mt s hp kim quan trng ca nhm Nhm c nhiu tnh cht qu, nhng c nhc im l qu mm v km dai (d gy t). Hp kim nhm c nhng tnh cht vt l ha hc hn hn nhm. Di y l mt s hp kim quan trng ca nhm: a. Hp kim uyra
0 0 0

ng c Thin

65

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Hp kim quan trng nht ca nhm l uyra. Thnh phn c 94% Al; 4%Cu; cn li l cc nguyn t Mn, Mg, Si Hp kim ny c bn hn nhm 4 ln (gn bng bn ca thp), c t khi xp x 2,75 g/cm3. uyra c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ch to my bay, t, xe la.... b. Hp kim silumin Thnh phn chnh ca hp kim silumin l Al v Si (10 n 14% Si). Hp kim ny c u im l nh, bn, v rt n khun (th tch dn n khi nhit gim). Silumin c dng c mt s b phn my mc. c. Hp kim almelec Hp kim almelec c cha 98,5% nhm ; cn li l Mg, Si, Fe. Hp kim ny c u im l in tr nh, dai v bn hn nhm. Almelec dng ch to dy cp dn in cao th thay cho ng l kim loi qu him v nng. d. Hp kim eletron Thnh phn chnh ca hp kim electron l magie (83,3%) nhm(10,5%), cn li l km v mangan. Electron c nhng u im l nh (c khi lng ring 1,75g/cm3), bng 0,65 ln so vi nhm), rt bn v mt c hc (bn hn thp) chu c s va chm v s thay i nhit trong gii hn ln v t ngt. Electron dng ch to tu v tr, v tinh nhn to 6. ng dng ca nhm Nhm l kim loi c s dng rng ri (sau st) trong nhiu ngnh kinh t quc dn v i sng thng ngy. Nhng ng dng ca nhm c lin quan cht ch vi tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca nhm. - Tnh nh v bn i vi khng kh v nc, c ng dng lm vt liu ch to my bay, t, tn la, tu v tr. - Mu trng bc, p c dng xy dng nh ca v trang tr ni tht. - Nhm dn in v nhit tt, c dng lm dy cp dn in cao th thay cho ng v kim loi t tin. Nhm dng ch to thit b trao i nhit, cc dng c un nu, va c v p va bn, tit kim nng lng. Giy nhm dng bao gi thc phm, cc loi bnh ko, khng gy c hi cho sc kho con ngi. - Nhm l kim loi c tnh kh kh mnh, bt nhm dng ch to hn hp tecmit (hn hp tecmit l hn hp gm bt nhm v bt oxi st t (Fe3O4), khi chy to ra nhit t 2300 - 2700oC) hn kim loi, iu ch mt s kim loi trong phng th nghim. 7. iu ch Al Trong cng nghip, sn xut nhm ch yu bng phng php in phn nng chy Al2O3 c mt criolit Na3AlF6 lm gim nhit nng chy ca Al2O3. Khi nng chy: Al2O3 t 2Al3+ + 3O-2 Catot: 4. Al3+ + 3e -> Al Anot: 3. 2O-2 + 4e -> O2 Pt din phn Al2O3 p 2Al + 3/2O2 o in phn 950 C, in th 4 - 5 von. Cc in cc lm bng than graphit, do ant b n mn bi phn ng. C + O2 -> CO2 V vy, khi in phn phi thng xuyn b sung than ant. Al2O3 ly t qung boxit. 8. Nhn bit ion Al3+ Nhn bit ion Al3+ bng phn ng to kt ta keo Al(OH)3 tan trong kim d nhng khng tan trong NH3.
0

ng c Thin

66

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

9. Trng thi t nhin ca nhm Nhm thng gp di dng : boxit (Al2O3.nH2O), cao lanh (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O),

II. St
1. Cu to nguyn t St nm nhm VIIIB, thuc nhm cc nguyn t h d.Cu hnh electron: [Ne] 3s23p63d64s2 Lp st ngoi cng c 14 electron, ang xy dng d dang nn km bn. V vy Fe c th nhng 2 electron lp ngoi cng v mt s electron lp st ngoi cng c s oxi ho +2, +3 v +6. St l kim loi hot ng trung bnh, s oxi ho thng gp l +2 v +3. 2. Tnh cht vt l St nguyn cht c nh bc, do, dn in, dn nhit tt, nng chy 1539oC. Di 800oC st c tnh nhim t, b nam chm ht v tr thnh nam chm (tm thi). 3. Tnh cht ho hc Khi tham gia phn ng ha hc, nguyn t st c th nhng 2e phn lp 4s hoc nhng thm mt s electron phn lp 3d cha bo ho (thng l 1e). Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca st l tnh kh v nguyn t st c th b oxi ha thnh ion Fe2+ hoc Fe3+, tu thuc vo cht oxi ha tc dng vi st. a. Phn ng vi O2: nhit thng, trong khng kh kh, to thnh lp oxit b mt (Fe3O4). Trong khng kh m, st b g (do b n mn in ho). Khi nng , chy vi oxi: 3Fe + 2O2 t Fe3O4 b. Phn ng vi cc phi kim: Khi b t nng, Fe phn ng vi hu ht cc phi kim, v d: 2Fe + 3Cl2 t 2FeCl3 t Fe + S FeS c. Phn ng vi nc: nhit nng , Fe phn ng mnh vi hi nc: Fe + H2O >570 FeO + H2 C 3Fe + 4H2O <570 Fe3O4 + 4H2 C d. Phn ng vi axit thng thng: Fe + H2SO4 -> FeSO4 + H2 e. Phn ng vi axit oxi ho: Fe b th ng ho bi HNO3 c, ngui v H2SO4 c, ngui. Trong cc trng hp khc (H2SO4 c, nng; HNO3 long), Fe d dng phn ng. Fe + 2H2SO4 t FeSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Fe + 4HNO3 l t Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O f. Vi dung dch kim: Fe khng tc dng vi dung dch kim g. y kim loi yu khi hp cht: Fe + CuSO4 -> Cu + FeSO4 4. Hp cht a. Oxit C 3 loi: FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3).
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ng c Thin

67

Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

C 3 u l cht rn, khng tc dng vi H2O v khng tan trong H2O Vi cht kh (nh CO, H2 nhit cao) : Oxit cha st c s oxi ho cao b kh thnh oxit c s oxi ho thp ri thnh kim loi: , , , Fe2O3 CO Fe3O4 CO FeO CO Fe t t t
0 0 0

Vi cht oxi ho: Oxit cha st c s oxi ho thp bin thnh oxit c s oxi ho cao: 2FeO + 1/2O2 -> Fe2O3 C 3 u l oxit baz, ho tan trong axit, khng ho tan trong kim. FeO + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + H2O Fe3O4 + 3H2SO4 -> FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O Nu ho tan trong axit oxi ho th to thnh mui Fe3+: 3FeO + 10HNO3 -> 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O b. Hiroxit Fe(OH)2 c mu trng. Fe(OH)3 c mu nu. C 2 hiroxit ny u t tan trong nc. Khi nung nng (khng c khng kh), b mt nc to thnh oxit: Fe(OH)2 t FeO + H2O 2Fe(OH)3 t Fe2O3 + 3H2O Nu nung trong kh quyn c oxi th u to thnh Fe2O3, v: 2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2 t Fe2O3 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 d b oxi ho (ngay trong khng kh) thnh Fe(OH)3: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O -> 4Fe(OH)3 C 2 hiroxit u l baz yu, tan trong axit: Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + 2H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl -> FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 khng tan trong kim d, nhng tan mt t trong kim c v c tnh axit v rt yu. c. Mui +) Cc mui nitrat, halogenua, sunfat ca Fe u tan nhiu trong nc. +) Mui Fe2+ c tnh kh mnh. 10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 18H2SO4 -> 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 18H2O +) Mui Fe3+ c tnh oxi ho FeCl3+ KI -> FeCl2 + KCl + 1/2I2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Na2S -> 2FeS + 3Na2SO4 + S d. Cch nhn bit +) Nhn bit hp cht ca Fe2+ Bng phn ng to kt ta Fe(OH)2 mu trng, ri b oxi ho dn thnh Fe(OH)3 mu nu. Bng phn ng th hin tnh kh ca Fe2+. V d lm mt mu KMnO4 (xem phn ng 3b.) +) Nhn bit hp cht ca Fe3+ Bng phn ng to thnh kt ta Fe(OH)3 mu nu . e. Hp cht ca Fe trong t nhin Trong t nhin, st tn ti ch yu trong cc khong cht sau : Oxit st t (Fe3O4), hmatit (Fe2O3), hmatit nu (Fe2O3 . H2O), xeerit (FeCO3), pirit (FeS2)
0 0 0

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

5. Hp kim ca Fe a. St non: l hp kim ca st c cha di 0,01% cacbon. b. Gang: l hp kim ca st cha 2 - 6% cacbon, ngoi ra cn c mt t Mn, Si, P, S. Ngi ta phn bit: Gang xm: Ch to nhit cao, c cha nhiu cacbon (3,5 - 6%) v t Si hn. Gang trng: Rt cng nhng rt dn, dng luyn st hoc thp. Gang c bit: C cha nhiu Mn, Si, Cr, W. Dng trn vo gang thng luyn thp qu. c. Thp: l hp kim ca st c t 0,01 - 2% cacbon v mt s nguyn t khc. Ngi ta phn bit: +) Thp thng hay thp cacbon: c cha t C, Si, Mn v rt t P, S. cng ca thp ph thuc vo hm lng cacbon. +) Thp c bit: c cha nhng lng ng k cc nguyn t khc nh Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, W. Thp c bit c nhng tnh cht c hc v vt l rt qu. V du: Thp Ni - Cr: Rt cng, t dn. Dng ch to vng bi, v xe bc thp. Thp W - Mo - Cr: Rt cng ngay nhit cao. Dng ch to dng c ct gt kim loi. Thp Si: Rt do, n hi tt. Dng ch l xo, dp t. Thp Mn: Rt bn, chu c va p mnh. Dng ch my nghin , thanh ng ray. 6. Luyn gang a. Nguyn tc Dng CO kh st oxit (nu l qung FeCO3 th nung trc bin thnh st oxit). b. Cc phn ng trong l cao: pha trn ni l: C + O2 t CO2 CO2 + C t 2CO Kh CO bc ln gp st oxit: 3Fe2O3 + CO t 2Fe3O4 + CO2 t Fe3O4 + CO 3FeO + CO2 t Fe + CO2 FeO + CO ng thi xy ra tng tc gia Fe v C to thnh st cacbua Fe3C ho tan trong gang. Mt phn cacbon trong gang dng than ch (graphit). Gang trng cha nhiu Fe3C, gang xm cha nhiu than ch. 7. Luyn thp a. Nguyn tc Tch bt khi gang mt phn ln C, Cr, Si, Mn v hu ht P, S. b. Phn ng xy ra khi luyn thp. O2 ca khng kh oxi ho mt phn Fe trong gang lng. 2Fe + O2 t 2FeO FeO oxi ho cc tp cht nh Si, Mn, C: 2FeO + Si -> 2Fe + SiO2 FeO + Mn -> Fe + MnO FeO + CO -> Fe + CO2 SiO2 v MnO b loi cng x l, CO chy:
0 0 0 0 0 0

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

CO + 1/2O2 -> CO2 Loi P, S: FeO + P -> Fe + P2O5 P2O5 + 3CaO -> Ca3(PO4)2 FeS + CaO -> CaS + FeO Ca3(PO4)2, CaO v CaS c loi cng vi x. Kh FeO cn st li trong thp FeO + SiO2 -> FeSiO3 FeO + Mn -> Fe + MnO MnO + SiO2 -> MnSiO3 FeSiO3, MnSiO3 c loi cng x.

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Chng 9 CC NGUYN T NHM B I. Cc nguyn t nhm IB (Cu, Ag, Au)


1. Tnh cht vt l u l kim loi mu, nng, cng, qu. Nhit nng chy cao (Cu: 10830C, Ag: 960,80C, Au: 10630C). Dn in, dn nhit tt. Ag dn in tt nht trong cc kim loi 2. Tnh cht ho hc u l kim loi hot ng yu, ng sau H trong dy th in ho. Cc s oxi ho ch yu: Cu : +1, +2 ; Ag : +1 ; Au : +1, +3. Mt s phn ng quan trng: a. Phn ng vi oxi Ch c Cu phn ng trc tip khi un nng. 2Cu + O2 t 2CuO ( nhit thng, trong kh quyn trn mt ng to thnh lp oxit rt mng bo v). b. Phn ng vi halogen C 3 kim loi phn ng trc tip to thnh CuCl2, AgCl, AuCl3. Khi nung nng, Cu phn ng vi S to thnh Cu2S. c. Phn ng vi axit oxi ho HNO3 (c, long), H2SO4 (c) ch phn ng trc tip vi Cu v Ag: 3Cu + 8HNO3 t 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
0 0

2Ag + 2H2SO4 , n t Ag2SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

Au ch tan trong nc cng toan: Au + HNO3+ 3HCl -> AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O 3. Hp cht 3.1. Hp cht c s oxi ho +1 a) Oxit: Cu2O: mu gch, khng tan v khng tc dng vi nc. Ag2O: mu nu, ch tan mt lng nh trong nc. b) Hiroxit: Hiroxit khng bn, b phn tch ngay khi va to thnh AgO AgNO3 + NaOH -> NaNO3 + AgOH H2O c) Mui Mui ca Ag+: AgNO3 tan nhiu, AgCl v Ag2SO4 khng tan Trong dung dch NH3 to thnh phc cht tan. AgCl + 2NH3 -> [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl Mui Cu+ v Au+ : khng bn, d b oxi ho hoc t bin i thnh hp cht c s oxi ho bn hn. 3.2. Hp cht c s oxi ho +2 Ch c trng i vi Cu.
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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

a) Oxit CuO cht rn mu en, khng tc dng vi nc, khng tan trong nc. b) Hiroxit Cu(OH)2 Kt ta xanh da tri, khi nung nng b phn tch thnh CuO v H2O. Cu(OH)2 t CuO + H2O c) Mui: Cc mui nitrat, sunfat, halogenua u tan nhiu. C khuynh hng to phc cht. Cu2+ + 2OH- -> Cu(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 -> [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH3.3. Hp cht c s oxi ho +3 Ch c trng vi Au. a) Au2O3 : Rn, mu en, khng tan trong nc. b) Au(OH)3: Kt ta, lng tnh, tan trong dung dch kim v axit. c) Mui: Cc mui nitrat, clorua, sunfat u d tan. 4. Trng thi t nhin Cu thng gp dng Cu2S (pirit ng), CuS.FeS (cancopirit), CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (malakit), 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (azurit), Cu2O (cuprit). Ag: Thng gp mui sunfua bc ln trong cc qung mui sunfua kim loi khc. Au: gp dng n cht.
0

II. Cc nguyn t nhm IIB (Zn, Cd, Hg)


1. Tnh cht vt l Zn, Cd, Hg l nhng kim loi trng bc. Hg l cht lng, Zn, Cd l cht rn tng i d nng chy. Hg rt d to hp kim vi nhiu kim loi khc gi l hn hng. Zn v Cd ng trc H, Hg ng sau H trong dy th in ho. 2. Km 2.1. Tnh cht ho hc ca Zn Zn l kim loi kh hot ng: Zn 2e -> Zn2+ a) Phn ng vi nhiu phi kim: Zn + Cl2 t ZnCl2 Zn + O2 t ZnO b) Phn ng vi H2O: nhit thng to thnh lp Zn(OH)2 bo v. Khi nung nng Zn phn ng vi hi nc: Zn + H2O t ZnO + H2 c) Phn ng vi axit v kim: Zn phn ng d dng vi axit thng v axit oxi ho. Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2 4Zn + 10HNO3 long t 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 5H2O Zn phn ng vi dung dch kim: Zn + 2NaOH + H2O -> Na2ZnO2 + H2 d) Zn tan c trong dung dch NH3 (khc Al) Zn + 4NH3 + 2H2O -> [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + H2 2.2. Hp cht ca Zn a) Oxit ZnO:
0 0 0 0

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

L cht rn, mu trng, khng tan trong nc, nhng tan trong dung dch axit v dung dch kim ZnO + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + H2O ZnO + 2NaOH -> Na2ZnO2 + H2O b) Hiroxit Zn(OH)2: L cht kt ta trng, c tnh lng tnh (tan trong axit v kim). Zn(OH)2 + H2SO4 -> ZnSO4 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH -> Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O D to phc cht vi dung dch NH3: Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 -> [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 c) Mui Zn: Zn(NO3)2, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, ZnBr2 u tan nhiu trong nc. ZnS kt ta trng. 2.3. iu ch Zn Nung qung (ZnS hay ZnCO3) to thnh oxit, sau : ZnO + C t Zn + CO 2.4. Trng thi t nhin Sphalerit(ZnS), ganmay (ZnCO3), ZnO v ZnO. Al2O3, Zn2SiO4. H2O 3. Thu ngn 3.1. Tnh cht ho hc: a) Phn ng vi oxi: Khi un nng Hg + O2 t HgO Hg phn ng vi Cl2 v S ngay nhit thng. Hg + Cl2 HgCl2 b) Phn ng vi axit oxi ha: 3Hg + 10HNO3 long 3Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO +5H2O c) Phn ng vi mui Hg2+ to thnh Hg+: Hg2+ + Hg -> Hg22+ 3.2. Hp cht Hp cht ca thu ngn tn ti 2 s oxi ho : +2, +1. a) Oxit HgO: cht rn, mu hoc vng, khng tan v khng tc dng vi nc. Tan trong axit, khi nung nng b phn tch thnh Hg v O2. 2HgO t 2Hg + O2 b) Hiroxit: khng bn, b phn tch ngay khi va to thnh: Hg(OH)2 -> HgO + H2O c) Mui: Cc mui Hg(NO3)2, Hg2SO4, HgCl2 u tan nhiu trong nc.
0 0 0

III. Mt s nguyn t quan trng khc


1. Thic v ch (Sn, Pb) 1.1. Tnh cht vt l Sn l kim loi mu trng, Pb l kim loi mu xm. u c nhit nng chy kh thp. 1.2. Tnh cht ho hc L nhng kim loi hot ng trung bnh. Trong cc hp cht tn ti 2 s oxi ho: +2 v +4. a) Phn ng vi oxi: nhit thng, trn b mt to thnh lp oxit bo v. Khi nung nng phn ng mnh vi oxi to thnh SnO2 v PbO. Sn + O2 t SnO2
0

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c 0 1 Pb + O2 t PbO 2

b) Phn ng vi halogen Phn ng to thnh halogenua SnX4, PbX2: Sn + 2Cl2 t SnCl4 Pb + 2Cl2 t PbCl4 c) Phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh lp hiroxit bo v. Khi c mt oxi, Pb phn ng c vi H2O. Pb + 1/2O2 + H2O -> Pb(OH)2 d) Phn ng vi axit thng (HCl v H2SO4 long). Sn phn ng chm. Pb hu nh khng phn ng v to thnh mui khng tan bo v. Sn + 2HCl -> SnCl2 + H2 Pb + 2HCl -> PbCl2 + H2 e) Phn ng vi axit oxi ho Pb phn ng to thnh mui Pb2+ 3Pb + 10HNO3 -> 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO + 5H2O Pb + 3H2SO4 , n -> PbSO4 + 2SO2 + 3H2O Sn phn ng to thnh mui Sn2+ v Sn4+ tu tng trng hp: Sn + 4H2SO4 , n -> Sn(SO4)2 + 2SO2 + 4H2O 4Sn + 10HNO3 -> 4Sn(NO3)2 +NH4NO3 + 5H2O Sn + 4HNO3 -> H2SnO3 + 4NO2 + H2O f) Phn ng vi dung dch kim C 2 kim loi u tan: Sn + 2NOH -> Na2SnO2 + H2 Pb + 2NOH -> Na2PbO2 + H2 1.3. Hp cht ca Sn v Pb. a) Oxit: SnO2, PbO2, SnO, PbO Cc oxit u l cht rn, khng tc dng vi nc. Tc dng vi axit rt kh khn (ngay c khi un nng). Tc dng vi kim nng chy CaO + PbO2 -> CaPbO3 PbO2 th hin tnh oxi ho: 3PbO2 + 2MnO2 + 3H2SO4 t 2HMnO4 + 3PbSO4 + 2H2O b) Hiroxit: Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)4, Pb(OH)4 u l nhng cht khng tan trong nc v l nhng hirxit lng tnh. V d: Sn(OH)4 + 4HCl -> SnCl4 + 4H2O Sn(OH)4 + 2NaOH -> Na2[Sn(OH)6] Pb(OH)2 + 2HCl -> PbCl2 + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH -> Na2PbO2 + 2H2O c) Mui Mui Pb4+ : km bn, d chuyn thnh mui Pb2+. PbCl4 -> PbCl2 + Cl2 Mui halogenua v sunfat Pb2+ : t tan. Mui Sn2+ c tnh kh: SnCl2 + HgCl2 -> SnCl4 + Hg (en)
0 0 0

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

2. Crom 2.1. Tnh cht Crom (Cr = 52) l kim loi sng trng, kh nng chy, rt cng. Crom bn i vi nc v khng kh nhit thng. Khi nung nng, trng thi bt, crom d b oxi ho bi cc phi kim. V d: 4Cr + 3O2 t 2Cr2O3 2Cr + 3Cl2 t 2CrCl3 Crom d dng tan trong axit thng. Cr + 3HCl -> CrCl3+ 3/2H2 Crom b th ng ho trong HNO3 c, ngui v trong H2SO4 c, ngui Crom d dng tc dng vi cht oxi ho trong mi trng kim. Cr + 3NaNO3 + 2NaOH -> Na2CrO4 + 3NaNO2 + H2O 2.2. Hp cht: Trong cc hp cht, crom tn ti 2 s oxi ho in hnh : +3 v +6. a) Oxit Cr2O3 L cht rn, mu xanh l cy, khng tc dng vi nc, khng tc dng vi dung dch kim v axit. Cr2O3 tc dng vi kim nng chy to thnh mui cromit MeCrO2 Cr2O3 + 2NaOH t 2NaCrO2 + H2O b) Hiroxit Cr(OH)3 L cht khng tan trong nc, mu xanh l cy, lng tnh. Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl -> CrCl3 + 3H2O Cr(OH)3 + NaOH -> NaCrO2 + 2H2O c) Mui Cr3+ Cr(NO3)3, CrCl3, Cr2(SO4)3 u tan nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch mu xanh l cy. d) Hp cht Cr+6 H2CrO4: axit cromic H2Cr2O7: axit icromic. Gia hai ion CrO42- v ion Cr2O72- c cn bng trong dung dch do: CrO42- bn trong mi trng kim Cr2O72- bn trong mi trng axit 2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O Hp cht Cr6+ c tnh oxi ho: K2Cr2O7 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H2SO4 -> K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO4 + 4H2O K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr -> 2KBr + 2CrBr3 + 3Br2 + 7H2O 3. Mangan 3.1. Tnh cht Mangan l kim loi trng bc, cng dn, kh nng chy,kh hot ng (km Al nhng mnh hn Zn). Mangan c th tn ti nhng mc oxi ho +2, +3, +4, +6 v +7. Nhng bn nht v ph bin nht l cc mc : +2 ; +4 ; +6 v +7. Phn ng vi oxi: nhit thng to lp oxit MnO2 bo v, dng bt b oxi ho d dng. Mn + O2 t MnO2 Phn ng vi cc phi kim khc: to thnh nhng hp cht mangan (II).
0 0 0 0

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Mn + Cl2 t MnCl2 t Mn + S MnS Phn ng vi nc: nhit thng phn ng chm, nhit cao phn ng nhanh hn. Mn + H2O t Mn(OH)2 + H2 Phn ng vi axit thng v axit oxi ho to thnh mui Mn2+. Mn + HCl -> MnCl2 + H2 Mn+ H2SO4 long -> MnSO4 + H2 3Mn + 8HNO3 -> 3Mn(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Mn b HNO3 c, ngui th ng ho. 3.2. Hp cht a) Hp cht Mn2+ Oxit MnO l cht rn, tan trong axit, b oxi ho thnh MnO2. Hiroxit Mn(OH)2 l cht kt ta trng, d chuyn thnh Mn(OH)4 mu nu. Mn(OH)2+ 1/2O2 + H2O -> Mn(OH)4 Mun Mn2+ mui nitrat, clorua,sunfat, axetat tan nhiu trong nc. b) Oxit MnO2 l cht rn mu en, khng tan trong nc, phn ng vi axit to thnh mui Mn2+. MnO2 + 4HCl t MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O Trong kim nng chy, oxi khng kh oxi ho c MnO2: 2MnO2 + O2 + 4KOH t 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O 4+ Mui Mn km bn, d b chuyn thnh mui Mn2+. c) Kali manganat K2MnO4 L cht tinh th mu xanh, tan trong nc, km bn trong dung dch, d b chuyn thnh KMnO4: 3K2MnO4 + 2H2O -> 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 4KOH d) Kali pemanganat KMnO4 L cht tinh th mu tm, tan nhiu trong nc, c tnh oxi ho mnh, tu theo mi trng Mn7+ b kh: Mi trng axit: Mn+7 + 5e -> Mn2+ Mi trng trung tnh: Mn+7 + 3e-> Mn+4(MnO2) Mi trng kim: Mn+7 + 1e-> Mn+6 (MnO42-) V d: 2KMnO4 + 5Na2SO3 + 3H2SO4 -> K2SO4 + 5Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O 2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 + H2O - > 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 2KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + 2KOH -> 2K2MnO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O 2KMnO4 + 16HCl -> 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2+ 8H2O KMnO4 b nhit phn gii phng oxi:
0 0 0 0

2KMnO4 t K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 4. Coban v niken 4.1. Tnh cht Coban v niken u l kim loi mu trng bc, c bit Ni c v sng p nn thng dng m kim loi. C 2 u cng, nng, nhit nng chy cao.
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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c

Coban v niken u ng trc H trong dy th in ho, nhng hot ng km Fe. Khi un nng, coban v niken c kh nng tham gia phn ng vi mt s phi kim nh: O2, Cl2, S, P, 4.2. Hp cht ca coban v niken Hp cht ca coban, niken c s oxi ho +2 c trng hn +3 (khc Fe). a) Oxit CoO, NiO, Co2O3, Ni2O3. Cc oxit ny u l cht rn, khng tc dng vi nc. Tc dng vi axit nhng khng tc dng vi kim: CoO + 2HCl -> CoCl2 + H2O Ni2O3 + 6HCl -> 2NiCl3 + 3H2O b) Hiroxit M(OH)2 : u l cht kt ta, Co(OH)2 mu hng, Ni(OH)2 mu xanh l cy. + Di tc dng ca cht oxi ho mnh (v d NaClO) chuyn thnh Me(OH)3. 2Co(OH)2 + NaClO + H2O -> 2Co(OH)3 + NaCl + Ni(OH)2 khng b oxi ho bi oxi nhit thng. + Me(OH)2 l nhng baz yu, tan trong axit. M(OH)3: + L nhng cht kt ta, Co(OH)3 mu xanh thm, Ni(OH)3 mu nu en. + u l baz yu, ho tan trong axit to thnh mui c s oxi ho +2. 4Co(OH)3 + 4H2SO4 -> 4CoSO4 + O2 + 10H2O 2Ni(OH)3 + 6HCl -> 2NiCl2 + Cl2 + H2O c) Mui: Ch c mui vi oxi ho +2 l bn. Mui Co2+: mui khan mu xanh lam, khi b hirat ho v tan trong dung dch c mu hng. Mui Ni2+: c mu xanh l cy. Cc mui nitrat, sunfat, halogenua tan nhiu trong nc.

ng c Thin

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Trng THPT Sn ng s 3

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