Kinh nghim gii bi ton a thc bng my tnh cm tay(MTCT) bc THCS

Cp nht: 12/10/2010 - c: 2370 ln

A. M U
I.L DO CHN TI
Vi my tnh in t, mt dng thi hc sinh gii ton mi xut hin: kt hp hu c gia suy lun ton hc vi tnh ton trn my tnh in t.
C nhng bi ton kh khng nhng ch i hi phi nm vng cc kin thc ton (l thuyt ng d, chia ht, ) v sng to (cch gii c o,
suy lun c bit, ), m trong qu trnh gii cn phi xt v loi tr nhiu trng hp. Nu khng dng my tnh th thi gian lm bi s rt lu. Nh
vy my tnh in t y nhanh tc lm bi, do cc dng ton ny rt thch hp trong cc k thi hc sinh gii ton kt hp vi my tnh in
t.
(Trch li dn ca T Duy Phng - Vin ton hc).
- Trong nhng nm qua vic s dng my tnh cm tay(MTCT) c s dng rng ri trong hc tp, thi c . N gip cho hc sinh rt nhiu trong vic
tnh ton v nhng bi tp khng th gii bng tay.
- Mt trong nhng dng bi tp trong chng trnh THCS c th dng MTCT gii l cc bi ton v a thc m hu ht cc cuc thi gii ton
trn MTCT u c .
- Trong thc t, khi bi dng cc em trong i tuyn ca trng, ca huyn s dng MTCT dy v gii Mt s bi ton v a thc th phn ln
cc em nm c kin thc nhng sau vic vn dng ,cng nh k nng trnh by bi gii cha hp l, chnh xc.
V vy ti nhn thy gip cho cc em hc sinh c k nng s dng MTCT gii cc bi ton ni chung v v a thc ni ring mt cch thnh tho
v chnh xc l ht sc cn thit .
Lm th no cho hc sinh nm c cch gii cc bi ton lin quan n a thc c bit l cc thi gii ton bng MTCT v ang din ra
hu ht cc tnh thnh trong c nc.
Do ti chn ti:Gii mt s bi ton v a thc bc THCS bng MTCT
II.NHIM V CA TI:
Nhim v chnh:
Nng cao hiu qu hng dn hc sinh s dng MTCT gii cc bi ton lin quan n a thc.
i vi gio vin:
- C c ni dung n tp cho hc sinh khi lng ghp cc tit ging dy vi s h tr ca MTCT v c bit cho i tuyn t hiu qu hn.
- nh hng c cc dng ton cng nh cc phng php gii cc bi ton v a thc bng MTCT.
i vi hc sinh:
- Nm c c s l lun ca phng php gii cc bi ton v a thc
- Vn dng linh hot, c k nng thnh tho.
III.PHNG PHP C S THI GIAN TIN HNH NGHIN CU
Phng php:

an xen vic gii ton trn MTCT trong cc tit dy( a thm mt s bi tp c s phc tp,kt hp nhiu php tnh,)
Sinh hot ngoi kho thc hnh gii ton trn MTCT ti trng THCS Bnh Nghi.( Theo k hoch c b phn chuyn mn nh
trng duyt)

Bi dng i tuyn HSG gii ton trn MTCT ca trng.

Bi dng i tuyn HSG gii ton trn MTCT ca Huyn.

C s Thi gian tin hnh nghin cu: Nm hc: 2009 2010

Hc sinh trng THCS Bnh Nghi.(160 hc sinh c la chn cc khi 7,8,9 t 5/10/2009 n 1/11/2009).
i tuyn HSG gii ton trn MTCT ca trng THCS Bnh Nghi( T 2/11/2009 n 15/11/2009).
i tuyn HSG gii ton trn MTCT ca Huyn Ty Sn( T 14/12/2009 n 5/01/2010).

B.KT QU
I. TNH TRNG S VIC:
- Hc sinh khng bit gii cc bi tp v a thc bng MTCT nh th no
- Nhn chung s em gii c l nh tham kho p n, cha a ra c hng gii chung cho dng bi tp ny.
Thng k vic s dng MTCT trng THCS Bnh Nghi trong nm hc 2009 2010 khi cha thc hin ti

LP
7
8
9

SL
30
40
90

BIT S DNG MTCT GII CHA BIT S DNG MTCT GII

CC BI TON LIN QUAN N CC BI TON LIN QUAN N A
A THC
THC
SL
TL
SL
TL
5
16,7%
25
83,3%
10
25%
30
75%
23
25,6%
67
74,4%

II. NI DUNG GII PHP:

A.KIN THC CN VN DNG TRONG CC BI TON A THC :
nh l Bezout : D trong php chia a thc f(x) cho nh thc x a l f(a)
H qu :

- Nu f(a) = 0 , a thc f(x) chia ht cho nh thc x a

- D trong php chia a thc f(x) cho (ax + b) l f

- Nu a thc P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 +.+a1x + a0 ( n TM N) c n nghim x1 , x2 ,xn th a thc P(x) phn tch c thnh nhn t :
P(x) = a(x x1)(x x2) .(x xn-1)(x xn)
S Horner:
tm thng v s d khi chia a thc P(x) (t bc 4 tr ln) cho (x - c) trong trng hp tng qut. P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 ++ a2x2 +
a1x + a0 chia cho (x c)
ta c s :

an
an- 1
an - 2
c bn-1 = an bn -2 =
bn -3 =
cbn-1+ an -1 cbn - 2+ an -2

a1
b0 = cb1 +a1

a0
r = cb0 + a0

Vy: P(x)=q(x)(x - c) + r vi q(x) = bn-1xn-1 + bn-2xn-2 ++ b1x + b0 v

r = c(c((c(can + an-1))..)) + a0 = cnan + cn -1an-1 + + ca1 + a0
B. GII THIU CC PHM CHC NNG PHC V VIC GII TON CA CHNG LOI MTCT CASIO:
- Cc loi my c s dng hin nay trng ph thng hu ht l dng my casio fx: 500MS,500ES;500VN-Plus;570MS;570ES.
- Tu theo cch s dng nhng nhn chung c hai cch c bn dnh cho hai dng my:500ES;500VN-Plus;570ES v 500MS,570MS nhng i vi
dng my 500ES;500VN-Plus;570ES th vic nhp d liu vo my cng nh kt qu truy xut hin th ging nh php ton sch gio khoa.
- Cc phm chc nng , cc hm c bn c b tr di dng hin th menu rt thng dng
- Trong phm vi ca ti ny chng ta xem nh hc sinh bit cch s dng MTCT
C. CC DNG BI TPNG DNG :
Dng 1:Xc nh tham s m a thc P(x) + m chia ht cho
nh thc (ax + b)
Khi chia a thc P(x) + m cho nh thc (ax + b) ta lun c: P(x)=Q(x)(ax+b) + m + r.

Mun P(x) chia ht cho x +

th m + r = 0 hay m = -r = - P(

).

S dng h qu ca nh l Bezout v chc nng gii phng trnh v h phng trnh ca MTCT gii quyt.
V d 1:Tm m a thc f(x) = 4x4 5x3 + m2 x2 mx 80 chia ht cho x 2
Gii :
t g(x) = 4x4 5x3 80 ta c f(x) = g(x) +m2x2 mx
f(x) M (x 2 ) <-> f(2) = 0 hay g(2) +4m2 2m = 0
Ta c g(2) = 56 f(2) = 0 khi 4m2 2m = 56 <-> 4m2 2m 56 = 0
Gii phng trnh n m , ta c m1 = 4 v m2 = 3,5
(*) vo EQN chn phng trnh bc hai mt n :
nhp vo my a =4 ; b=- 2 ; c= -56-> x1 = 4; x2 =- 3,5
Ngha l hai a thc f1(x) = 4x4 5x3 + 16 x2 4x 80 v
f2(x) = 4x4 5x3 + 12,25 x2 +3,5 x 80 u chia ht cho x 2
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1:Cho a thc f(x) = x5 3x4 +5 x3 m2x2 + mx + 861 .
Tm m f(x) M (x + 3)
HD: t g(x) = x5 3x4 +5 x3 + 861 ta c f(x) = g(x) - m2x2 + mx

Gii phng trnh n m , ta c : m1 = 5 v m2 =

Bi 2:
(S GD T TP. H Ch Minh. 2003)
Tm gi tr ca m bit gi tr ca a thc f(x) = x4 2x3 + 5 x2 +(m - 3)x+ 2m -5
ti x = - 2,5 l 0,49.
HD: y l bi ton tm m a thc f(x) chia cho x + 2,5 c s d l 0,49
Ta c: f(x) 0,49 M (x + 2,5)
- >Tm gi tr ca m bit a thc x4 2x3 + 5 x2 +(m - 3)x+ 2m - 4,51 chia ht cho x + 2,5
p s:209,105
V d 2 : Tm a v b sao cho hai a thc
f(x) = 4x3 3x2 + 2x + 2a + 3b v
g(x) = 5x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x 3a + 2b cng chia ht cho (x 3)
Gii:
f(x) , v g(x) cng chia ht cho (x 3) khi v ch khi f(3) = g(3) = 0
t A(x) = 4x3 3x2 + 2x v B(x) = 5x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x
Ta c f(x) = A(x) + 2a + 3b

g(x)=B(x) 3a +2b
f(3) = A(3) + 2a + 3b = 87 +2a + 3b f(3) = 0 <-> 2a + 3b = 87
g(3) = B(3) 3a + 2b = 3183a +2b g(3) = 0 <-> 3a +2b = 318

Ta c h phng trnh :
Vo MODE EQN gi chng trnh gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n ta c nghim
( x = 60 ; y = 69) hay a = 60 , b = 69 .
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1: (B GD T, 2005)
Cho bit a thc P(x) = x4 +mx3 -55x2 +nx 156 chia ht (x 2) v chia ht cho (x 3). Hy tm gi tr ca m, n v cc nghim ca a thc.
Gii:
P(x) chia ht cho (x 2) khi v ch khi P(2) = 0
t A(x) = x4 55x2 156
Ta c P(x) = A(x) + 8m + 2n
P(2) = A(2) + 8m + 2n = -360 + 8m + 2n P(2) = 0 <-> 8m + 2n = 360
P(3) = A(3) +27m + 3n= -570 + 27m + 3nP(3) = 0 <-> 27m + 3n = 570

Ta c h phng trnh :
( n = 172; m = 2;

Bi 2:Tm m v n hai a thc P(x) v Q (x) cng chia ht cho (x +4 )

P(x) = 4x4 3x3 + 2x2 x + 2m 3n
Q(x) = 5x5 7x4 + 9x3 11x2 + 13x 3m + 2n
HD : Tng t nh v d 2
p s:m = 4128,8 ; n = 2335,2
Dng 2 : Tm d trong php chia a thc P(x) cho nh thc ax + b

Khi chia a thc P(x) cho nh thc ax + b ta lun c P(x)=Q(x)(ax+b) + r, trong

P(

) = r ( Bezout)

Nh vy tm s d khi chia P(x) cho nh thc ax+b ta ch cn i tnh r = P(

V d 3: (S GD - T TPHCM, 1998) Tm s d trong php chia:

Gii: t P(x) =
th s d : r =P(1,624) = 1,62414 - 1,6249 - 1,6245 + 1,6244 + 1,6242 + 1,624 723
Qui trnh n my :
n cc phm:

p s: r = 85,92136979
V d 4: Tm s d trong php chia:

Gii:
t P(x) =

(v ax + b bc 1). Th

ta c

th s d : r =P(

) = 3.

+ 5.

- 4.

+ 2.

Qui trnh n my :

n cc phm:
p

s: r =
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1: (S GD - T ng Nai, 1998)

Tm s d trong php chia

Gii:
S d : r = (-2,318)5 6,723(-2,318)3 + 1,857(-2,318)2 - 6,458(-2,318) + 4,319
Qui trnh n my :
n cc phm:

p s: r = 46,07910779
Bi 2: (S GD - T Cn Th, 2003)
Cho

Tm phn d r1, r2 khi chia P(x) cho x 2 v x 3.Tm BCNN(r1,r2)?

Gii:
S d : r1 = 24 + 5.23 4.22 + 3.2 + 50
S d : r2 = 34 + 5.33 4.32 + 3.3 + 50
Qui trnh n my :
n cc phm:
=

p s: r1 = 96 ;r2 =239 ;BCNN(r1,r2) = 22944

Dng3 : Tm a thc thng v d khi chia a thc cho a thc
Bi ton : Chia a thc a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 cho x c ta s c thng l mt a thc bc hai Q(x) = b2x2 + b1x + b0 v s d r.
Vy a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 = (b2x2 + b1x + b0)(x - c) + r
= b2x3 + (b2-b1c)x2 + (b1-b0c)x + (r + b0c).
Ta li c cng thc truy hi Horner: b2 = a3; b1= b2c + a2; b0= b1c + a1; r = b0c + a0.
Vy: r = a0 +ca1 + c2a2 + c3a3
Tng t nh cch suy lun trn, ta cng c s Horner tm thng v s d khi chia a thc P(x) (t bc 4 tr ln) cho (x - c) trong
trng hp tng qut. P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 ++ a2x2 + a1x + a0 chia cho (x c)
Trc tin thc hin php chia P(x)=q(x)(x - c)+r theo s Horner c q(x) v r vi q(x) = bn-1xn-1 + bn-2xn-2 ++ b1x + b0 ta c
bng sau:

an
bn-1 = an

an- 1
an - 2

bn -2 =
bn -3 =

cbn-1 + an -1 cbn - 2+ an -2

Do : r = c(c((c(can + an-1))..)) + a0 = cnan + cn -1an-1 + + ca1 + a0

V d5: Tm thng v s d trong php chia x7 2x5 3x4 + x 1 cho x 5.
Gii
Ta c: c = 5; a7 =1; a6 = 0; a5 = -2; a4 = -3; a3 = a5 = 0; a1 = 1; a0 = -1; b6 = a7 = 1.
Qui trnh n my

a1
b0 = cb1 +a1

a0
r = cb0 + a0

Vy :
x7 2x5 3x4 + x 1 =
= (x - 5)(x6 + 5x5 + 23x4 + 112x3 + 560x2 + 2800x + 14001) + 7004.
( Ta cng c th s dng bin Ans tm cc h s v s d)
V d 6: Phn tch x4 3x3 + x 2 theo bc ca x 3.
Trc tin thc hin php chia P(x)=q1(x)(x - c)+r0 theo s Horner c q1(x) v r0. Sau li tip tc tm cc qk(x) v rk-1 ta c
bng sau:
Tng qut: P(x) = rn(x-c)n + rn-1(x-c)n-1 ++ r2(x-c)2 + r1(x-c) + r0

3
3
3
3

1
1
1
1
1

0
3
6
9
12

-3
6
24
51

1
19
91

-2 x4-3x2+x-2
55 q1(x)=x3+ 3x2 + 6x +19, r0 = 55
q2(x)=x2+ 6x + 24, r1 = 91
q3(x)=x + 9, r2 = 51
q4(x)=1 = a0, r3 = 12

Vy :x4 3x3 + x 2 = (x-3)4+ 12(x-3)3+ 51(x-3)2 + 91(x-3) + 55

Dng 4: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
Nu khng c s h tr ca MTCT th vic phn tch a thc thnh nhn t l mt bi ton kh.
Tuy nhin chng ta c th s dng chc nng gii phng trnh ca MTCT tm nghim, sau s dng h qu ca nh l Bezout
gii quyt.
Gi s a thc P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 ++ a2x2 + a1x + a0 (
V d 7:Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t : 105x2 + 514x 304
9 Gii:
Tm chc nng gii phng trnh bc hai:
Nhp a = 105 , b = 514 , c = 304

Tm c nghim ca a thc trn :

Vy a thc 105x2 + 514x 304 c phn tch thnh

Bi tp tng t :
Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t :
a) 65x2 + 4122x +61093
HD:Tm chc nng gii phng trnh bc hai
Nhp a = 65 , b = 4122 , c = 61093

Tm c nghim ca a thc trn :

Vy a thc 65x2 + 4122x + 61039 c phn tch thnh

b) 299 x2 2004x + 3337

HD:Tm chc nng gii phng trnh bc hai
Nhp a = 299 , b =- 2004 , c = 3337

Tm c nghim ca a thc trn :

Vy a thc 299 x2 2004x + 3337 c phn tch thnh

) c n nghim l x1;x2,,xn th P(x) = an(x - x1)(x - x2)(x - xn)

c) 156x3 413 x2 504 x+ 1265

HD:Tm chc nng gii phng trnh bc ba

Nhp a = 156 , b =- 413 , c = -504, d = 1265. Tm c nghim ca a thc trn :

bn

Vy a thc 156x3 413 x2 504 x+ 1265 c phn tch thnh

Dng 5: Tnh gi tr ca a thc

Dng 5.1: Tnh gi tr ca a thc ti cc gi tr ca bin(a thc cho trc)
Bi ton:Tnh gi tr ca a thc P(x,y,) khi x = x0, y = y0;
Phng php 1: (Tnh trc tip) Th trc tip cc gi tr ca x, y vo a thc tnh.
Phng php 2: (S Horner, i vi a thc mt bin)
Vit

di dng

Vy

t bn-1 = bnx0 + an; bn-2 = bn-1x0 + an-1; ; b1= b0x0 + a0; bo=a0. Suy ra: P(x0) = bn
T y ta c cng thc truy hi: bk = bk-1x0 + ak vi k 1.
Gii trn my: - Gn gi tr x0 vo bin nh M.
Thc hin dy lp: bk-1

+ ak

V d 8: (Phng GD - T TY SN, 2009)

Tnh C =

. Vi

Quy trnh:

C = -101,0981355.

V d 9 : (S GD TP HCM, 1996) Tnh

Cch 1: Tnh nh vo bin nh
An phm: 1

8165

khi x = 1,8165

p s : 1.498465582

Cch 2: Tnh nh vo bin nh

An phm: 1

8165

p s: 1.498465582
Phng php dng s Horner tng i phc tp t hiu qu ,i vi my fx-500 MS;fx-500 ES ch nn dng phng php tnh trc tip
c s dng biu thc cha bin nh, ring fx-570 MS;fx-570 ES c th th cc gi tr ca bin x nhanh bng cch bm
hi X? khi khai bo cc gi tr ca bin x n phm l

, my

xong. c th kim tra li kt qu sau khi tnh nn gn gi tr x0 vo mt

bin nh no khc bin Ans tin kim tra v i cc gi tr.

V d 10: Tnh

khi x = 1,8165; x = - 0,235678; x = 865,321

Khi ta ch cn gn gi tr x1 = - 0,235678 vo bin nh X:

235678
Dng phm mi tn ln mt ln (mn hnh hin li biu thc c) ri n phm

l xong.

Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1: (B GD T ,2006)
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc

vi x = 1,257; y = 4,523
p s : B = 7,955449483

vi x = 0,36; y = 4,15
p s : C = 0,788476899
Dng 5.2 : Tnh gi tr ca a thc ti cc gi tr ca bin( a thc cha xc nh)
V d 11 : (Phng GD - T TY SN, 2009)
a thc P(x) =

. c gi tr l 11;14;19;26;35 khi x nhn cc gi tr ln lt l: 1;2;3;4;5.

Tnh P(11) v P(15).

Tm s d r khi chia P(x) cho 10x 3 .
Gii :

a) R rng nu ta th 1,2,3,4,5 ch xc nh h s t do , vic cn li l gii h phng trnh bc nht 4 n m my CASIO khng th gii quyt
c . Gii bng tay th rt vt v . Bi ton ny c th gii quyt nh sau :
9 Xt a thc ph k(x) = x2 + 10
Ta c : k(1) = 11 ; k(2) = 14 ; k(3) = 19 ; k(4) = 26; k(5) = 35
t g(x) = P(x) k(x)
Ta c : g(1) = P(1) k(1) = 0
g(2) = P(2) k(2) = 0
g(3) = P(3) k(3) = 0
g(4) = P(4) k(4) = 0
g(5) = P(5) k(5) = 0
T suy ra 1,2,3,4,5 l nghim ca g(x)
Mt khc g(x) l a thc bc 5 (Cng bc vi P(x) v k(x) l bc 2 m g(x) = P(x) k(x) ) v c h s cao nht l 1
T suy ra g(x) phn tch c thnh nhn t :
g(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)
m g(x) = P(x) k(x) P(x) = g(x) + k(x)

Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2 + 10

P(11) = 30371;P(15)=240475
9 Vn y l lm sao tm c a thc ph k(x) = x2 + 10 ?
Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr k(1) = 11 k(2) = 14 , k(3) = 19
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = 0 , c = 10
k(x) = x2 + 10 . Th tip thy k(4) = 26 v k(5) = 35
Vy k(x) = x2 + 10 l a thc ph cn tm . Tt nhin khi th k(4)

26 hoc k(5)

35 th buc phi tm cch gii khc .

cu b) vic tm s d qu n gin y l bi ton dng 2 trn.

Quy trnh: D trong php chia P(x) cho 10x -3 l P(

CALCX?

r = - 45,78407.

Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1:(Thi khu vc 2002, lp 9)

Cho a thc P(x) = x5 +ax4 +bx3 +cx2 +dx + e .

Bit P(1) = 1 ; P(2) = 4 ; P(3) = 9 ; P(4) = 16 ;

P(5) = 25 . Tnh cc gi tr ca P(6) ; P(7) , P(8) , P(9)
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 1; k(2) = 4 , k(3) = 9
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = 0 , c = 0
k(x) = x2 . Th tip thy k(4) = 16 v k(5) = 25
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2
P(6) = 36;P(7)=49;P(8) = 64;P(9)=81.

Cho a thc Q(x) = x4 + mx3 + nx2 + px + q v bit Q(1) = 5 , Q(2) = 7 ,

Q(3) = 9, Q(4) =11

Tnh cc gi tr Q(10) , Q(11) Q(12) , Q(13)
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 1; k(2) = 4 , k(3) = 9
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 0 , b = 2 , c = 3
k(x) = 2x + 3 . Th tip thy k(4) = 11
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)+ 2x + 3
P(10) = 23;P(11)=25;P(12) = 27;P(13)=29.

Cho a thc f(x) = 2x5 +ax4 +bx3 +cx2 +dx + e . Bit f(1) = 1, f(2) = 3,

f(3) = 7, f(4)= 13, f(5) = 21

Tnh f(34,567).
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 1; k(2) = 4 , k(3) = 9
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = -1 , c = 1
k(x) = x2 x + 1. Th tip thy k(1) = 1 v k(2) = 3
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2 x +1
P(34,567) = (34,567)2 - 34,567 + 1 = 1161,310489
d) Cho a thc f(x) = x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
Bit f(1) = 1 ; f(2) = 1 ; f(3) = 1 ; f(4) = 5 ; f(5) = 11 . Hy tnh f(15) f(16), f(18,25)
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = -1; k(2) = -1 , k(3) = 1
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = -3 , c = 1
k(x) = x2 3x + 1. Th tip thy k(4) = 5 v k(5) = 11
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2 3x +1
P(15) = (15)2 3.15 + 1 = 181;P(15) = (16)2 3.16 + 1 = 209;
P(18.25) = (18.25)2 3.18.25 + 1 = 278
Vn dng linh hot cc phng php , kt hp vi my tnh c th gii c rt nhiu dng ton a thc bc cao m kh nng nhm
nghim khng c . Do yu cu phi nm vng phng php v vn dng cc php bin i mt cch hp l , logic.
Bi ton sau y l mt v d m nhiu hc sinh d nhm ln trong qu trnh gii.
V d 12: Cho P(x) = x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 132005
Bit P(1) = 8 , P(2) = 11 , P(3) = 14 , P(4) = 17 Tnh P(15)
Gii :
Xt a thc ph k(x) = 3x + 5
Ta c k(1) = 8 ; k(2) = 11 ; k(3) = 14 ; k(4) = 17
t g(x) = P(x) k(x)
Ta c g(1) = g(2) = g(3) = g(4) = 0 hay g(x) c 4 nghim l 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
T suy ra g(x) phn tch c thnh nhn t :
g(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
m g(x) = P(x) k(x) P(x) = g(x) + k(x)
= (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4) + 3x + 5
P(15) = 24074!
Chng ta lm ng theo qui trnh ca phng php va a ra nhng kt qu nhn c l mt p n sai. Vy chng ta nhm ln bc
no?
bi ton trn khi chng ta t a thc g(x) = P(x) k(x) th kt qu nhn c l a thc bc 5 (Cng bc vi P(x) v k(x) l bc 2 m g(x) = P(x)
k(x) ) v c h s cao nht l 1 . Nn kt qu ca bi sai l do a thc g(x) tm c ch l mt a thc bc 4.
Vy ta cn gii quyt bi ton ny nh th no?
a thc g(x) phi c h s cao nht l h s cao nht ca P(x) nn g(x) c phn tch thnh nhn t nh sau g(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x
4) .
Vn cn li l tm s I nh th no ?
V g(x) = P(x) k(x) P(x) =g(x) + k(x)
Hay P(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
H s t do ca P(x) l I.(1)(2).(3).(4) + 5 = 132005
hay 24I = 132000
I = 132000:24 = 5500
Vy P(x) = (x + 5500)(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
P(15) = 132492410
V d 13:(B GD T,2005)
Cho a thc P(x) = x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 132005. Bit rng khi x ln lt nhn cc gi tr 1,2,3,4 th gi tr tng ng ca a thc P(x) ln lt
l 8,11,14,17.
Tnh gi tr ca a thc P(x) vi x = 11,12,13,14,15
HD: Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 8; k(2) = 11 , k(3) = 14
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 0 , b = 3 , c = 5
k(x) = 3x + 5. Th tip thy k(4) = 17
Vy P(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
H s t do ca P(x) l I.(1)(2).(3).(4) + 5 = 132005
hay 24I = 132000
I = 132000:24 = 5500
Vy P(x) = (x + 5500)(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
p n: P(11) = 27775417; P(12)= 43655081; P(13) = 65494484
P(14) = 94620287; P(15) = 132492410.
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1:Cho a thc f(x) = 2x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 115197
Bit f(1) = 1 , f(2) = 1, f(3) = 3 , f(4) = 5 . Tnh f(12)
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 8; k(2) = 11 , k(3) = 14
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)

ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 0 , b = 2 , c = -3
k(x) = 2x - 3. Th tip thy k(4) = 5
Vy P(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 2x - 3
H s t do ca P(x) l I.(1)(2).(3).(4) - 3 = 115197
hay 24I = 115200 I = 115200:24 = 4800
Vy P(x) = (x + 4800)(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 2x - 3
p s: 38111061
Bi tp tng hp:
Bi 1: (S GD T Bc Ninh, 2005)
Cho a thc bc 4 :f(x) = x4 +bx3 +cx2 + dx + 43 c f(0) = f(-1); f(1)= f(-2);
f(2) = f(-3). Tm b,c,d.
Vi b,c,d va tm c ,Hy tm tt c cc s nguyn n sao cho
f(n)= n4 +bn3 +cn2 + dn + 43 l mt s chnh phng.
HD: Ta c: f(0) = f(-1)
f(1)= f(-2)
f(2) = f(-3).

Gii h pt :
p s: b = 2; c = 2; d = 1
Khi xc nh b, c, d ta c a thc f(x) = x4 +2x3 +2x2 + x + 43 tm n sao cho f(n) l mt s chnh phng ta lm nh sau :
V f(n)= n4 +2n3 + 2n2 + dn + 43=(n2 + n + 1)(n2 + n) +43 > 0,
Gn n vo bin nh

thc hin dy tng ,gim ca bin nh tm

f(n) l mt s chnh phng.

p s : n = -7; - 2; 1; 6.
Bi 2:
Cho f(2x 3) = x3 + 3x2 4x + 5
a) Xc nh f(x)
b) Tnh f(2,33)
Gii:

nu kt qu nhn c mt s nguyn th ta xc nh c n

a) t t = 2x 3

f(t) =

f(x)
b)f(2,33)
Qui trnh n phm :

p s :34,57410463
Bi 3:

Cho a thc P(x) =

a) Tnh f(4) , f(3) , f(2) , f(1) ,f(0) , f(1) , f(2) ,f(3) , f(4)
b) Chng minh rng vi mi xTM Z th P(x) nhn gi tr nguyn .
Gii :
a) Tnh c f(4) = f(3) = f(2) = f(1) = f(0) = f(1) = f(2) = f(3) = f(4) = 0
b) Suy ra 4 ,3 , 2 ,1 , 0 , 1 , 2, 3 , 4 l 9 nghim ca ca P(x)
P(x) c phn tch thnh nhn t nh sau :

P(x) =

(x 4)(x 3) (x 2 (x 1)x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x +3)(x + 4 )

Vi x TMZ th (x 4)(x 3) (x 2 (x 1)x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x +3)(x + 4 ) l 9 s nguyn lin tip

Trong c t nht 1 s chia ht cho 2 , 1 s chia ht cho 5, 1 s chia ht cho 7 v 1 s chia ht cho 9
t A = (x 4)(x 3) (x 2 (x 1)x (x + 1) (x + 2) (x +3)(x + 4 )
V CLN(2,5) = 1 A M 10
CLN(7,9) = 1 A M 63
CLN(10 ,63) = 1 A M 630

l mt s nguyn hay P(x) lun nhn gi tr nguyn vi mi x TMZ

Bi 4: (Thi khu vc 2001, lp 8) Cho a thc P(x) = 6x3 7x2 16x + m.

a. Tm m P(x) chia ht cho 2x + 3.
b. Vi m va tm c cu a hy tm s d r khi chia P(x) cho 3x-2 v phn tch P(x) ra tch cc tha s bc nht.
c. Tm m v n Q(x) = 2x3 5x2 13x + n v P(x) cng chia ht cho x-2.
d. Vi n va tm c phn tch Q(x) ra tch cc tha s bc nht.
HD:a)t g(x) = 6x3 - 7x2 16x ta c P(x) = g(x) + m

P(x) M (2x + 3 ) <-> P(

Ta c g(

) = -12 P(

) = 0 hay g(

)+m=0

) = 0 khi -12 + m = 0 <-> m = 12

p s: m = 12
b)Ta c: P(x) = 6x3 7x2 16x + 12

->S d r = P(

) = 0.

c)P(x) , v Q(x) cng chia ht cho (x 2) khi v ch khi P(2) =Q(2) = 0

t A(x) = 6x3 7x2 - 16x v B(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 13x
Ta c f(x) = A(x) + m
g(x)=B(x) + n
P(2) = A(2) + m= -12 + m P(2) = 0 <->m = 12
Q(2) = B(2) + n = -30 + n Q(2) = 0 <->n = 30
d)Tm chc nng gii phng trnh bc ba

Nhp a = 2 , b =- 5 , c = - 13, d = 30. Tm c nghim ca a thc trn :

Vy a thc Q(x) = 2x3 5x2 13x + 30 c phn tch thnh

Bi 5: (Thi khu vc 2002, lp 9) Cho P(x) = x4 + 5x3 4x2 + 3x + m v
Q(x) = x4 + 4x3 3x2 + 2x + n.
a. Tm gi tr ca m, n cc a thc P(x) v Q(x) chia ht cho x 2.
b. Vi gi tr m, n va tm c chng t rng a thc R(x) = P(x) Q(x) ch c mt nghim duy nht.
HD:P(x) , v Q(x) cng chia ht cho (x 2) khi v ch khi P(2) =Q(2) = 0
t A(x) = x4 + 5x3 4x2 + 3x v B(x) = = x4 + 4x3 3x2 + 2x
Ta c f(x) = A(x) + m
g(x)=B(x) + n
P(2) = A(2) + m= 46 + m P(2) = 0 <->m = - 46
Q(2) = B(2) + n = 40 + n Q(2) = 0 <->n = - 40
-> R(x) = P(x) Q(x) = x3 x2 + x 6 -> R(x) = 0 <-> x3 x2 + x 6 = 0
<->(x 2)( x2 + x + 3) = 0 c nghim duy nht x = 2
Bi 6: (Thi khu vc, 2003, lp 9)
a. Cho P(x) = x5 + 2x4 3x3 + 4x2 5x + m.
1. Tm s d trong php chia P(x) cho x 2,5 khi m = 2003
2. Tm gi tr m P(x) chia ht cho x 2,5
3. P(x) c nghim x = 2. Tm m?
b. Cho P(x) = x5 + ax4 +bx3 + cx2 + dx + e. Bit P(1) = 3, P(2) = 9, P(3) = 19, P(4) = 33, P(5) = 51. Tnh P(6), P(7), P(8), P(9), P(10), P(11).
HD:a) Da vo cc v d 1;3
b)Da vo cc v d 11
Bi 7: (S GD - T Cn Th 2002)

Cho f(x)= x3 + ax2 + bx + c. Bit

. Tnh gi tr ng v gn ng ca

HD: Da vo bi tp 1(Bi tp tng hp)

Bi 8: (S GD - T Lm ng, 2005)
Tm m P(x) chia ht cho (x -13)
bit P(x) = 4x5 + 12x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 5x m + 7
HD : t g(x) = 4x5 + 12x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 5x + 7 ta c P(x) = g(x) m
P(x) M (x 13 ) <-> P(13) = 0 hay g(13) m = 0
Ta c g(13) = 1834775 P(13) = 0 khi 1834775 m = 0 <-> m = 1834775
p s: m = 1834775
Bi 9: (Thi khu vc 2004)
Cho a thc P(x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d. Bit P(1) = -15; P(2) = -15; P(3) = -9. Tnh:
a. Cc h s b, c, d ca a thc P(x).
p s : b = - 3 ; c = 2; d = - 15
b. Tm s d r1 khi chia P(x) cho x 4.
p s :
c. Tm s d r2 khi chia P(x) cho 2x +3.
p s :
Bi 10: (S GD - T Hi Phng, 2004)
Cho a thc P(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c. Bit P(1) = -25; P(2) = -21; P(3) = -41. Tnh:
a. Cc h s a, b, c ca a thc P(x).
b. Tm s d r1 khi chia P(x) cho x + 4.
c. Tm s d r2 khi chia P(x) cho 5x +7.
d. Tm s d r3 khi chia P(x) cho (x+4)(5x +7).
Bi 11: (S GD - T Thi Nguyn, 2003)
a. Cho a thc P(x) = x4+ax3 + bx2 + cx + d. Bit P(1) = 0; P(2) = 4; P(3) = 18; P(4) = 42. Tnh P(2002)?
b. Khi chia a thc 2x4 + 8x3 7x2 + 8x 12 cho a thc x 2 ta c thng l a thc Q(x) c bc 3. Hy tm h s ca x2 trong Q(x)?
HD:a) Tng t nh v d 11
p s: P(2002)= 1598401602004
b)Ta lp bng

2
1

8
10

-7
13

8 -12 2x4+8x3 - 7x2+ 8x -12

34 56 q1(x)=x3+ 10x2 + 13x +34, r0 = 56

2
2
2

1
1
1

16
18
20

45 124
81

q2(x)=x2+1 6x + 45, r1 = 124

q3(x)=x + 18, r0 = 81
q4(x)=1 = a0, r0 = 20

Vy h s ca x2 trong a thc Q(x) c bc 3 l 10

C. KT LUN
1.khi qut cc b :
Qua thc t dy hc v s dng MTCT gii ton, thy v tr cn nm vng chu trnh tng qut :

Mun t c kt qu cao khi gii cc bi ton a thc bng MTCT chng ta cn nm vng mt s vn :
1.Tnh nng ca cc phm, chng loi my,
2.Dng bi, kiu bi, -> nh hng i.
3.Cc php bin i, thut ton, -> Dy lnh cho my.
4.Trnh by bi lm(l trnh i vi nhng bi tp yu cu vit qui trnh hoc kt qu).
ti: Mt s kinh nghim v gii cc bi ton a thc bc THCS bng MTCT gip chng ta nh hng cho hc sinh cc dng bi tp v a
thc v phng php gii nhng dng ton . Gip cho hc sinh t tin hn trong vic gii cc dng bi tp v a thc mt cch sng to, phi hp
nhp nhng gia t duy v phng tin b tr, s dng c hiu qu v khai thc ht chc nng ca MTCT.
Kt qu kho st nm hc 2009 2010
BIT S DNG MTCT GII CC BI TON LIN QUAN N A THC

TT
LP
7
8
9

SL
30
40
90

SL
10
18
55

TL
33,3%
45%
61,1%

Trng THCS Bnh Nghi:

KH - TBNH
SL
TL
18
60%
22
55%
25
27,8%

SL
2
0
0

HN CH
TL
6,7%
0%
0%

K thi HSG gii ton trn MTCT cp huyn:1.Nguyn Lc - lp 9 trng THCS Bnh Nghi gii KK - HSG- MTCT.
K thi HSG gii ton trn MTCT cp Tnh:

1.Nguyn Lc - lp 9 trng THCS Bnh Nghi gii KK - HSG- MTCT.

2.Nguyn Quang Sinh- lp 9 trng THCS Bnh Thnh gii KK - HSG- MTCT.
3. L Vn - lp 9 trng THCS Ty Giang gii KK - HSG- MTCT. ( i tuyn Tnh d thi khu vc)
2. li ch v kh nng vn dng:
- Gio vin nh hng cch gii cc bi tp v a thc bng MTCT.
- C c ti liu v vic gii ton bng MTCT an xen trong cc tit dy chnh kho v s dng trong cc bui sinh hot ngoi kho v gii ton trn
MTCT.
- Hc sinh nm c phng php gii, vn dng hp l, sng to s dng hiu qu MTCT trong vic gii ton. Kt hp gia t duy v thc hnh
bc u hnh thnh n np lm vic vi MTT ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca CNTT.
3. xut kin ngh:
- Gio vin t rn, dy rng ri MTCT nghin cu chuyn su phc v i tuyn v nng cao cht lng cc k thi.
- Th vin trng cn tng hp nhiu ni dung ,kin thc lin quan n MTCT phc v cho vic ging dy.
- Lnh o: Ch o, kim tra, gim st pht trin rng khp vic s dng MTCT trong dy hc
Vi kinh nghim cn t mc d c gng tm ti nghin cu nhng khng trnh nhng thiu st. Mong qu ng nghip hy th p dng vo qu
trnh ging dy v ng gp kin hon thin ti tt hn.
D.TI LIU THAM KHO
- Sch hng dn s dng v gii ton trn my tnh casio.( Nh xut bn GD)
- kim tra HSG Gii ton trn my tnh casio ca cc tnh, thnh ph.(T nm 1998 n nay)
- Chuyn v a thc.