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A. M U
I.L DO CHN TI
Vi my tnh in t, mt dng thi hc sinh gii ton mi xut hin: kt hp hu c gia suy lun ton hc vi tnh ton trn my tnh in t.
C nhng bi ton kh khng nhng ch i hi phi nm vng cc kin thc ton (l thuyt ng d, chia ht, ) v sng to (cch gii c o,
suy lun c bit, ), m trong qu trnh gii cn phi xt v loi tr nhiu trng hp. Nu khng dng my tnh th thi gian lm bi s rt lu. Nh
vy my tnh in t y nhanh tc lm bi, do cc dng ton ny rt thch hp trong cc k thi hc sinh gii ton kt hp vi my tnh in
t.
(Trch li dn ca T Duy Phng - Vin ton hc).
- Trong nhng nm qua vic s dng my tnh cm tay(MTCT) c s dng rng ri trong hc tp, thi c . N gip cho hc sinh rt nhiu trong vic
tnh ton v nhng bi tp khng th gii bng tay.
- Mt trong nhng dng bi tp trong chng trnh THCS c th dng MTCT gii l cc bi ton v a thc m hu ht cc cuc thi gii ton
trn MTCT u c .
- Trong thc t, khi bi dng cc em trong i tuyn ca trng, ca huyn s dng MTCT dy v gii Mt s bi ton v a thc th phn ln
cc em nm c kin thc nhng sau vic vn dng ,cng nh k nng trnh by bi gii cha hp l, chnh xc.
V vy ti nhn thy gip cho cc em hc sinh c k nng s dng MTCT gii cc bi ton ni chung v v a thc ni ring mt cch thnh tho
v chnh xc l ht sc cn thit .
Lm th no cho hc sinh nm c cch gii cc bi ton lin quan n a thc c bit l cc thi gii ton bng MTCT v ang din ra
hu ht cc tnh thnh trong c nc.
Do ti chn ti:Gii mt s bi ton v a thc bc THCS bng MTCT
II.NHIM V CA TI:
Nhim v chnh:
Nng cao hiu qu hng dn hc sinh s dng MTCT gii cc bi ton lin quan n a thc.
i vi gio vin:
- C c ni dung n tp cho hc sinh khi lng ghp cc tit ging dy vi s h tr ca MTCT v c bit cho i tuyn t hiu qu hn.
- nh hng c cc dng ton cng nh cc phng php gii cc bi ton v a thc bng MTCT.
i vi hc sinh:
- Nm c c s l lun ca phng php gii cc bi ton v a thc
- Vn dng linh hot, c k nng thnh tho.
III.PHNG PHP C S THI GIAN TIN HNH NGHIN CU
Phng php:
an xen vic gii ton trn MTCT trong cc tit dy( a thm mt s bi tp c s phc tp,kt hp nhiu php tnh,)
Sinh hot ngoi kho thc hnh gii ton trn MTCT ti trng THCS Bnh Nghi.( Theo k hoch c b phn chuyn mn nh
trng duyt)
Hc sinh trng THCS Bnh Nghi.(160 hc sinh c la chn cc khi 7,8,9 t 5/10/2009 n 1/11/2009).
i tuyn HSG gii ton trn MTCT ca trng THCS Bnh Nghi( T 2/11/2009 n 15/11/2009).
i tuyn HSG gii ton trn MTCT ca Huyn Ty Sn( T 14/12/2009 n 5/01/2010).
B.KT QU
I. TNH TRNG S VIC:
- Hc sinh khng bit gii cc bi tp v a thc bng MTCT nh th no
- Nhn chung s em gii c l nh tham kho p n, cha a ra c hng gii chung cho dng bi tp ny.
Thng k vic s dng MTCT trng THCS Bnh Nghi trong nm hc 2009 2010 khi cha thc hin ti
LP
7
8
9
SL
30
40
90
an
an- 1
an - 2
c bn-1 = an bn -2 =
bn -3 =
cbn-1+ an -1 cbn - 2+ an -2
a1
b0 = cb1 +a1
a0
r = cb0 + a0
th m + r = 0 hay m = -r = - P(
).
S dng h qu ca nh l Bezout v chc nng gii phng trnh v h phng trnh ca MTCT gii quyt.
V d 1:Tm m a thc f(x) = 4x4 5x3 + m2 x2 mx 80 chia ht cho x 2
Gii :
t g(x) = 4x4 5x3 80 ta c f(x) = g(x) +m2x2 mx
f(x) M (x 2 ) <-> f(2) = 0 hay g(2) +4m2 2m = 0
Ta c g(2) = 56 f(2) = 0 khi 4m2 2m = 56 <-> 4m2 2m 56 = 0
Gii phng trnh n m , ta c m1 = 4 v m2 = 3,5
(*) vo EQN chn phng trnh bc hai mt n :
nhp vo my a =4 ; b=- 2 ; c= -56-> x1 = 4; x2 =- 3,5
Ngha l hai a thc f1(x) = 4x4 5x3 + 16 x2 4x 80 v
f2(x) = 4x4 5x3 + 12,25 x2 +3,5 x 80 u chia ht cho x 2
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1:Cho a thc f(x) = x5 3x4 +5 x3 m2x2 + mx + 861 .
Tm m f(x) M (x + 3)
HD: t g(x) = x5 3x4 +5 x3 + 861 ta c f(x) = g(x) - m2x2 + mx
g(x)=B(x) 3a +2b
f(3) = A(3) + 2a + 3b = 87 +2a + 3b f(3) = 0 <-> 2a + 3b = 87
g(3) = B(3) 3a + 2b = 3183a +2b g(3) = 0 <-> 3a +2b = 318
Ta c h phng trnh :
Vo MODE EQN gi chng trnh gii h phng trnh bc nht hai n ta c nghim
( x = 60 ; y = 69) hay a = 60 , b = 69 .
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1: (B GD T, 2005)
Cho bit a thc P(x) = x4 +mx3 -55x2 +nx 156 chia ht (x 2) v chia ht cho (x 3). Hy tm gi tr ca m, n v cc nghim ca a thc.
Gii:
P(x) chia ht cho (x 2) khi v ch khi P(2) = 0
t A(x) = x4 55x2 156
Ta c P(x) = A(x) + 8m + 2n
P(2) = A(2) + 8m + 2n = -360 + 8m + 2n P(2) = 0 <-> 8m + 2n = 360
P(3) = A(3) +27m + 3n= -570 + 27m + 3nP(3) = 0 <-> 27m + 3n = 570
Ta c h phng trnh :
( n = 172; m = 2;
P(
) = r ( Bezout)
Gii: t P(x) =
th s d : r =P(1,624) = 1,62414 - 1,6249 - 1,6245 + 1,6244 + 1,6242 + 1,624 723
Qui trnh n my :
n cc phm:
p s: r = 85,92136979
V d 4: Tm s d trong php chia:
Gii:
t P(x) =
(v ax + b bc 1). Th
ta c
th s d : r =P(
) = 3.
+ 5.
- 4.
+ 2.
Qui trnh n my :
n cc phm:
p
s: r =
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1: (S GD - T ng Nai, 1998)
p s: r = 46,07910779
Bi 2: (S GD - T Cn Th, 2003)
Cho
an
bn-1 = an
an- 1
an - 2
bn -2 =
bn -3 =
cbn-1 + an -1 cbn - 2+ an -2
a1
b0 = cb1 +a1
a0
r = cb0 + a0
Vy :
x7 2x5 3x4 + x 1 =
= (x - 5)(x6 + 5x5 + 23x4 + 112x3 + 560x2 + 2800x + 14001) + 7004.
( Ta cng c th s dng bin Ans tm cc h s v s d)
V d 6: Phn tch x4 3x3 + x 2 theo bc ca x 3.
Trc tin thc hin php chia P(x)=q1(x)(x - c)+r0 theo s Horner c q1(x) v r0. Sau li tip tc tm cc qk(x) v rk-1 ta c
bng sau:
Tng qut: P(x) = rn(x-c)n + rn-1(x-c)n-1 ++ r2(x-c)2 + r1(x-c) + r0
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
0
3
6
9
12
-3
6
24
51
1
19
91
-2 x4-3x2+x-2
55 q1(x)=x3+ 3x2 + 6x +19, r0 = 55
q2(x)=x2+ 6x + 24, r1 = 91
q3(x)=x + 9, r2 = 51
q4(x)=1 = a0, r3 = 12
Bi tp tng t :
Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t :
a) 65x2 + 4122x +61093
HD:Tm chc nng gii phng trnh bc hai
Nhp a = 65 , b = 4122 , c = 61093
bn
di dng
Vy
t bn-1 = bnx0 + an; bn-2 = bn-1x0 + an-1; ; b1= b0x0 + a0; bo=a0. Suy ra: P(x0) = bn
T y ta c cng thc truy hi: bk = bk-1x0 + ak vi k 1.
Gii trn my: - Gn gi tr x0 vo bin nh M.
Thc hin dy lp: bk-1
+ ak
Tnh C =
. Vi
Quy trnh:
C = -101,0981355.
8165
khi x = 1,8165
p s : 1.498465582
8165
p s: 1.498465582
Phng php dng s Horner tng i phc tp t hiu qu ,i vi my fx-500 MS;fx-500 ES ch nn dng phng php tnh trc tip
c s dng biu thc cha bin nh, ring fx-570 MS;fx-570 ES c th th cc gi tr ca bin x nhanh bng cch bm
hi X? khi khai bo cc gi tr ca bin x n phm l
, my
V d 10: Tnh
235678
Dng phm mi tn ln mt ln (mn hnh hin li biu thc c) ri n phm
l xong.
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1: (B GD T ,2006)
Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
vi x = 1,257; y = 4,523
p s : B = 7,955449483
vi x = 0,36; y = 4,15
p s : C = 0,788476899
Dng 5.2 : Tnh gi tr ca a thc ti cc gi tr ca bin( a thc cha xc nh)
V d 11 : (Phng GD - T TY SN, 2009)
a thc P(x) =
a) R rng nu ta th 1,2,3,4,5 ch xc nh h s t do , vic cn li l gii h phng trnh bc nht 4 n m my CASIO khng th gii quyt
c . Gii bng tay th rt vt v . Bi ton ny c th gii quyt nh sau :
9 Xt a thc ph k(x) = x2 + 10
Ta c : k(1) = 11 ; k(2) = 14 ; k(3) = 19 ; k(4) = 26; k(5) = 35
t g(x) = P(x) k(x)
Ta c : g(1) = P(1) k(1) = 0
g(2) = P(2) k(2) = 0
g(3) = P(3) k(3) = 0
g(4) = P(4) k(4) = 0
g(5) = P(5) k(5) = 0
T suy ra 1,2,3,4,5 l nghim ca g(x)
Mt khc g(x) l a thc bc 5 (Cng bc vi P(x) v k(x) l bc 2 m g(x) = P(x) k(x) ) v c h s cao nht l 1
T suy ra g(x) phn tch c thnh nhn t :
g(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)
m g(x) = P(x) k(x) P(x) = g(x) + k(x)
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = 0 , c = 10
k(x) = x2 + 10 . Th tip thy k(4) = 26 v k(5) = 35
Vy k(x) = x2 + 10 l a thc ph cn tm . Tt nhin khi th k(4)
26 hoc k(5)
CALCX?
r = - 45,78407.
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1:(Thi khu vc 2002, lp 9)
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = 0 , c = 0
k(x) = x2 . Th tip thy k(4) = 16 v k(5) = 25
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2
P(6) = 36;P(7)=49;P(8) = 64;P(9)=81.
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 0 , b = 2 , c = 3
k(x) = 2x + 3 . Th tip thy k(4) = 11
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)+ 2x + 3
P(10) = 23;P(11)=25;P(12) = 27;P(13)=29.
Cho a thc f(x) = 2x5 +ax4 +bx3 +cx2 +dx + e . Bit f(1) = 1, f(2) = 3,
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = -1 , c = 1
k(x) = x2 x + 1. Th tip thy k(1) = 1 v k(2) = 3
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2 x +1
P(34,567) = (34,567)2 - 34,567 + 1 = 1161,310489
d) Cho a thc f(x) = x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
Bit f(1) = 1 ; f(2) = 1 ; f(3) = 1 ; f(4) = 5 ; f(5) = 11 . Hy tnh f(15) f(16), f(18,25)
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = -1; k(2) = -1 , k(3) = 1
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 1 , b = -3 , c = 1
k(x) = x2 3x + 1. Th tip thy k(4) = 5 v k(5) = 11
Vy P(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5) + x2 3x +1
P(15) = (15)2 3.15 + 1 = 181;P(15) = (16)2 3.16 + 1 = 209;
P(18.25) = (18.25)2 3.18.25 + 1 = 278
Vn dng linh hot cc phng php , kt hp vi my tnh c th gii c rt nhiu dng ton a thc bc cao m kh nng nhm
nghim khng c . Do yu cu phi nm vng phng php v vn dng cc php bin i mt cch hp l , logic.
Bi ton sau y l mt v d m nhiu hc sinh d nhm ln trong qu trnh gii.
V d 12: Cho P(x) = x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 132005
Bit P(1) = 8 , P(2) = 11 , P(3) = 14 , P(4) = 17 Tnh P(15)
Gii :
Xt a thc ph k(x) = 3x + 5
Ta c k(1) = 8 ; k(2) = 11 ; k(3) = 14 ; k(4) = 17
t g(x) = P(x) k(x)
Ta c g(1) = g(2) = g(3) = g(4) = 0 hay g(x) c 4 nghim l 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .
T suy ra g(x) phn tch c thnh nhn t :
g(x) = (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)
m g(x) = P(x) k(x) P(x) = g(x) + k(x)
= (x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4) + 3x + 5
P(15) = 24074!
Chng ta lm ng theo qui trnh ca phng php va a ra nhng kt qu nhn c l mt p n sai. Vy chng ta nhm ln bc
no?
bi ton trn khi chng ta t a thc g(x) = P(x) k(x) th kt qu nhn c l a thc bc 5 (Cng bc vi P(x) v k(x) l bc 2 m g(x) = P(x)
k(x) ) v c h s cao nht l 1 . Nn kt qu ca bi sai l do a thc g(x) tm c ch l mt a thc bc 4.
Vy ta cn gii quyt bi ton ny nh th no?
a thc g(x) phi c h s cao nht l h s cao nht ca P(x) nn g(x) c phn tch thnh nhn t nh sau g(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x
4) .
Vn cn li l tm s I nh th no ?
V g(x) = P(x) k(x) P(x) =g(x) + k(x)
Hay P(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
H s t do ca P(x) l I.(1)(2).(3).(4) + 5 = 132005
hay 24I = 132000
I = 132000:24 = 5500
Vy P(x) = (x + 5500)(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
P(15) = 132492410
V d 13:(B GD T,2005)
Cho a thc P(x) = x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 132005. Bit rng khi x ln lt nhn cc gi tr 1,2,3,4 th gi tr tng ng ca a thc P(x) ln lt
l 8,11,14,17.
Tnh gi tr ca a thc P(x) vi x = 11,12,13,14,15
HD: Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 8; k(2) = 11 , k(3) = 14
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 0 , b = 3 , c = 5
k(x) = 3x + 5. Th tip thy k(4) = 17
Vy P(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
H s t do ca P(x) l I.(1)(2).(3).(4) + 5 = 132005
hay 24I = 132000
I = 132000:24 = 5500
Vy P(x) = (x + 5500)(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 3x + 5
p n: P(11) = 27775417; P(12)= 43655081; P(13) = 65494484
P(14) = 94620287; P(15) = 132492410.
Bi tp tng t :
Bi 1:Cho a thc f(x) = 2x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 115197
Bit f(1) = 1 , f(2) = 1, f(3) = 3 , f(4) = 5 . Tnh f(12)
HD:Ta gi s k(x) = ax2 + bx + c v cho gn cho k(x) nhn cc gi tr
k(1) = 8; k(2) = 11 , k(3) = 14
(nhn 3 trong 5 gi tr ca P(x) cho)
ta c h phng trnh :
nhp cc h s vo my tm c nghim a = 0 , b = 2 , c = -3
k(x) = 2x - 3. Th tip thy k(4) = 5
Vy P(x) = (x + I) (x 1)(x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 2x - 3
H s t do ca P(x) l I.(1)(2).(3).(4) - 3 = 115197
hay 24I = 115200 I = 115200:24 = 4800
Vy P(x) = (x + 4800)(x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 4) + 2x - 3
p s: 38111061
Bi tp tng hp:
Bi 1: (S GD T Bc Ninh, 2005)
Cho a thc bc 4 :f(x) = x4 +bx3 +cx2 + dx + 43 c f(0) = f(-1); f(1)= f(-2);
f(2) = f(-3). Tm b,c,d.
Vi b,c,d va tm c ,Hy tm tt c cc s nguyn n sao cho
f(n)= n4 +bn3 +cn2 + dn + 43 l mt s chnh phng.
HD: Ta c: f(0) = f(-1)
f(1)= f(-2)
f(2) = f(-3).
Gii h pt :
p s: b = 2; c = 2; d = 1
Khi xc nh b, c, d ta c a thc f(x) = x4 +2x3 +2x2 + x + 43 tm n sao cho f(n) l mt s chnh phng ta lm nh sau :
V f(n)= n4 +2n3 + 2n2 + dn + 43=(n2 + n + 1)(n2 + n) +43 > 0,
Gn n vo bin nh
nu kt qu nhn c mt s nguyn th ta xc nh c n
a) t t = 2x 3
f(t) =
f(x)
b)f(2,33)
Qui trnh n phm :
p s :34,57410463
Bi 3:
P(x) =
Ta c g(
) = -12 P(
) = 0 hay g(
)+m=0
p s: m = 12
b)Ta c: P(x) = 6x3 7x2 16x + 12
->S d r = P(
) = 0.
. Tnh gi tr ng v gn ng ca
2
1
8
10
-7
13
2
2
2
1
1
1
16
18
20
45 124
81
Mun t c kt qu cao khi gii cc bi ton a thc bng MTCT chng ta cn nm vng mt s vn :
1.Tnh nng ca cc phm, chng loi my,
2.Dng bi, kiu bi, -> nh hng i.
3.Cc php bin i, thut ton, -> Dy lnh cho my.
4.Trnh by bi lm(l trnh i vi nhng bi tp yu cu vit qui trnh hoc kt qu).
ti: Mt s kinh nghim v gii cc bi ton a thc bc THCS bng MTCT gip chng ta nh hng cho hc sinh cc dng bi tp v a
thc v phng php gii nhng dng ton . Gip cho hc sinh t tin hn trong vic gii cc dng bi tp v a thc mt cch sng to, phi hp
nhp nhng gia t duy v phng tin b tr, s dng c hiu qu v khai thc ht chc nng ca MTCT.
Kt qu kho st nm hc 2009 2010
BIT S DNG MTCT GII CC BI TON LIN QUAN N A THC
TT
LP
7
8
9
SL
30
40
90
SL
10
18
55
TL
33,3%
45%
61,1%
KH - TBNH
SL
TL
18
60%
22
55%
25
27,8%
SL
2
0
0
HN CH
TL
6,7%
0%
0%
K thi HSG gii ton trn MTCT cp huyn:1.Nguyn Lc - lp 9 trng THCS Bnh Nghi gii KK - HSG- MTCT.
K thi HSG gii ton trn MTCT cp Tnh: