Lng ti thiu Vit Nam con ng i ti mc sng ti thiu1

Bi vit tm hiu v vn lng ti thiu Vit Nam t phng din li an ton nhm m bo mt mc sng ti thiu cho ngi lao ng v gia nh h. lm iu , bi vit s tp trung phn tch ba cu hi: 1) t cch tip cn lch i, lng ti thiu c n nh nh th no? 2) Chnh sch lng ti thiu tc ng th no n i sng ngi lao ng? C mt thc t l cc mc lng ti thiu nhiu nc, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin, thp hn nhiu so vi mt mc lng sng. Vit Nam khng phi l mt ngoi l. T thc t , liu rng lng ti thiu thp c phi l ci gi phi tr cho s pht trin? bi vit tranh lun v im ny da trn cc s liu thng k v thc tin hnh x ca c ch s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng. 3) Cc nhm bo tr x hi c hng li nh th no t chnh sch lng ti thiu? ci vng lun qun lng ti thiu thp dn ti qu hu tr thp phi tng h tr x hi nhng Ngn sch hn ch - li dn ti lng ti thiu thp gi mt cch tip cn khc vi t cch l mt cng c ca pht trin.

Lng ti thiu c n nh nh th no
Vit Nam c bn ln ci cch tin lng vo cc nm 1960, 1985, 1993 v 2003. hai ln ci cch u, tin lng ti thiu do nh nc quy nh l cng c ca nn kinh t k hoch ha tp trung, p dng cho khu vc nh nc2. T 1993 tin lng ti thiu bt u c n nh theo hng ph hp hn vi nn kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha. Cc nguyn tc n nh lng ti thiu theo hng ny c xc nh trong B lut lao ng, theo mc lng ti thiu c n nh theo gi sinh hot, bo m cho ngi lao ng lm cng vic gin n nht trong iu kin lao ng bnh thng b p sc lao ng gin n v mt phn tch lu ti sn xut sc lao ng m rng v c dng lm cn c tnh cc mc lng cho cc loi lao ng khc. Lng ti thiu c iu chnh bo m tin lng thc t khi ch s gi sinh hot tng ln lm cho tin lng thc t ca ngi lao ng b gim st (iu 56). Mc lng ti thiu c iu chnh ty thuc vo mc tng trng kinh t, ch s gi sinh hot v cung cu lao ng3. Mc lng ti thiu chung cng c iu chnh theo mc tng thu nhp dn c trong x hi m bo cn i quan h cng nng4. Phng php n nh lng ti thiu Vit Nam c xy dng da vo cc nguyn tc ny, c tham kho gi ca ILO v cn c vo iu kin c th ca nn kinh t chuyn i ca Vit Nam. Vit Nam c mc lng ti thiu chung, mc lng ti thiu vng v mc lng ti thiu ngnh. Cc mc lng ny do Chnh ph quyt nh theo tng thi k sau khi ly kin ca Tng LL v i din ngi s dng lao ng. C hai h thng lng ti thiu, mt h thng cho khu vc hnh chnh v cc doanh nghip nh nc v t nhn trong nc, v mt h thng cho cc doanh nghip u t nc ngoi. C ba c ch tr lng, p dng cho khu vc hnh
1 2

Vn Thu H - Bi vit phn nh quan im ring ca tc gi Tin lng ti thiu trong ln ci cch nm 1985 da vo nh mc lao ng v n gi tin lng trn n v sn phm i cng vi ci cch v gi c theo hng th trng, tuy nhin, cuc ci cch khng trit v b chi phi bi li t duy c. Thm vo , ci cch duy ch v tin t (ng thi vi ci cch v gi v lng) nh hng ln n nn kinh t, gy ra lm pht phi m ba con s vo nm 1986 v ch gim xung 2 con s (34.7%) vo nm 1989) 3 ngh nh 114/2002/N -CP ngy 31/12/2002, ngh nh 203/2004/N -CP ngy 14/12/2004 4 n ci cch chnh sch tin lng 2004, B LTBXH

chnh s nghip, doanh nghip nh nc v doanh nghip t nhn. Phn ny s m t mt cch khi qut cc mc lng ti thiu chung, lng ti thiu vng v lng ti thiu ngnh. Lng ti thiu chung5. Cn c vo Cng c 131 v khuyn ngh 135 ca ILO v tin lng ti thiu6 v cn c vo iu kin c th ca Vit Nam, n ci cch chnh sch tin lng nm 1993 v 2004 a ra 4 phng php (4 tiu ch) xc nh mc lng ti thiu chung: 1. tnh t mc sng ti thiu theo nhu cu ca mt ngi lao ng lm cng vic gin n nht trong iu kin lao ng bnh thng v c nui con. H thng nhu cu ti thiu gm nhu cu lng thc thc phm tnh theo gi tr r hng ha cn thit, bo m lng calo tiu th cho mt ngi lao ng; nhu cu phi lng thc thc phm tnh theo t trng chi tiu phi lng thc thc phm trong ngn sch gia nh (theo s liu thng k) v nhu cu nui con. 2. iu tra tin lng tin cng trn th trng lao ng ca mt lao ng khng c chuyn mn k thut, lm cng vic gin n nht trong iu kin lao ng bnh thng. 3. tnh t kh nng nn kinh t (GDP) v qu tiu dng c nhn dn c 4. tnh t ch s trt gi sinh hot so vi k gc xc nh mc lng ti thiu chung
Hp 1. L thuyt v thc t trong n nh lng ti thiu (trng hp nm 1993) Nm 1993, lng ti thiu c n nh l 120,000 ng (tng ng 11.1USD) trn c s xem xt i) nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng c nui con (tnh n 8 yu t: n, mc, , i li, hc tp, vn ha-giao tip x hi, bo him y t, bo him x hi); ii) iu tra tin lng, thu nhp ca cng nhn vin chc v cc tng lp dn c 25 tnh thnh ph; iii) thc trng mc lng ti thiu ca cng nhn vin chc nh nc cng vi tin t ha cc khon phn phi v nh , hc tp, cha bnh, i li, dng gia nh, b tin in, nc sinh hotv iv) kh nng nn kinh t thng qua qu tiu dng c nhn dn c trong kt cu GDP (tip cn t tin lng trung bnh). Theo , nhu cu ti thiu c tnh theo c cu 60% cho n t 2200Kcal/ngy, 8% cho nh , 2.5% cho gio dc, 6% cho bo him y t v x hi, 23.5% cho cc khon chi khc cng vi 60% cho con (tnh theo gi thng 10/1990 v tin t ha v nh , tin hc, i li, bo him y t trong nm 1992). Tuy nhin, theo gio s Hong Mai, vn cn mt s khon pht sinh cha c tnh vo c cu ny nh phng dng cha m gi, ng gp x hi, chi ph an ninh, ph v sinh khong 12% mc lng. Nu theo phng php tnh tiu ch nhu cu ti thiu theo c cu 51% cho lng thc thc phm theo r hng ha gm 44 mt hng bo m 2300 Kcal/ngy/ngi (theo khuyn ngh ca Vin Dinh dng) tnh theo gi nm 1993, 49% cho nhu cu phi lng thc thc phm v 70% cho nui con th mc lng ti thiu c xc nh ch p ng 38% so vi kt qu tnh ton ca B Lao ng2.
1: http:/baoquangnam.com.vn, 24/5/2007, v cc phng n iu chnh lng ti thiu 2: Cn c l lun v thc tin xy dng phng n tin lng ti thiu v cc gii php thc hin, B LTBXH, 2007 (tr 20) 5 Lng ti thiu chung l lng ti thiu c p dng u tin cho khu vc nh nc v sau p dng cho c hai khu vc nh nc v t nhn trong nc (cho n 2008 th ch p dng cho khu vc nh nc vi vic n nh lng ti thiu vng ring cho khu vc t nhn trong nc) 6 Cng c131 ca ILO v n nh lng ti thiu nm 1970, iu 3: cc yu t c cn nhc xc nh mc lng ti thiu s ph hp vi thc tin v iu kin tng nc, bao gm: (a) nhu cu ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h, c tnh n mc tin cng chung trong nc, gi sinh hot, cc li ch an sinh x hi v mc sng ca cc nhm x hi khc; (b) cc yu t kinh t, gm c yu cu pht trin kinh t, nng sut lao ng v mong mun t c v duy tr vic lm.

5.

n xy dng phng n tin lng ti thiu cho giai on 2006-2012, tiu ch 2 v 3 c thm phng php tnh t mc lng trung bnh v phng php phn tch s liu thng k quc gia bng cng c kinh t lng tm tng quan gia lng ti thiu v GDP (vi h tr k thut ca WB). Tuy nhin, phng php tnh trung bnh mc tin cng ti thiu t thng tin thu thp trn thc t th trng c im mnh l phn nh c thc cht ca th trng lao ng v c tnh khch quan cao nhng ph thuc nhiu vo chnh xc ca cc cuc iu tra, c coi l rt kh thc hin Vit Nam. Ch tiu th 3 nu p dng kinh nghim cc nc c iu kin tng t Vit Nam (tng 1% GDP th mc lng ti thiu c th iu chnh tng 0.91%) th mc tng hng nm s rt thp khng tip cn c ti nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng v mc lng ti thiu chung Vit Nam c n nh thp v khng phn nh y trong thang bng lng. Do B LTBXH coi hai phng php ny ch tham kho thm m cha p dng7. Cc tiu ch c s dng iu chnh lng ti thiu l nhng tiu ch nh tnh nn vic xc nh thi im v mc iu chnh lng ti thiu c linh hot ln ph thuc nhiu vo ch ch quan ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch hn l c ch th trng. Trong bn tiu ch ny, B Lao ng da ch yu vo tiu ch tin lng tin cng trung bnh thp nht trn th trng lao ng, cc tiu ch khc ch c gi tr h tr. Tuy nhin, khi quyt nh la chn mc lng ti thiu c th, kh nng cn i thu chi ca ngn sch nh nc tr thnh ngng gii hn v tiu ch c vai tr quyt nh li l tiu ch trt gi sinh hot. Bng 1- So snh lng ti thiu chung vi tin
cng bnh qun thp nht trn th trng, GDP bnh qun u ngi v CPI
1200

t l phn trm

Cn c l lun v thc tin xy dng phng n tin lng ti thiu v cc gii php thc hin, B LTBXH, 800 Tin cng bnh 2007, tr. 57
600 400 200 0

1000

Lng ti thiu chung

Lng ti thiu chung c n nh t nm 1993 mc thp (xem Hp 1). Mc

qun thp nht trn th trng GDP bnh qun u ngi/thng Trt gi sinh hot (CPI)

20 00 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11

nm

n nh ny nh hng ti ton b tin trnh iu chnh lng ti thiu chung sau ny. Theo , vic tng lng ti thiu c iu chnh theo hng ly nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng lm mc tiu phn u hn l m bo nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng trn thc t. T 1993 n nay c 10 ln iu chnh lng ti thiu. Hai ln iu chnh u tin (nm 1997 v 2000) ch yu b lm pht (lng ti thiu tng 50% t 1993 n 2000 v lm pht tng 53% cng k). Bng tng hp trn (Bng 1) cho php hnh dung v i th tin lng ti thiu chung c n nh theo cc phng php nu trn nh th no trn thc t trong giai on 2000-20108. Nhn vo Bng 1, c th thy r lng ti thiu chung tng cao hn mc lm pht gi tiu dng trong giai on u c bit vo cc nm 2001, 2003 v 2006, sau gim mnh vo nm 2008 ri chng li, t mc tng lng ti thiu ch yu ch b lm pht. Trong 11 nm, lng ti thiu chung tng gp i so vi ch s tng gi tiu dng. Nh th, nu loi tr yu t mc tiu dng dn c th lng ti thiu gip ngi dn tng ng k mc sng so vi nm 2000. So vi tin lng ti thiu trn th trng, tc tng lng ti thiu cao hn 1.45 ln (Trn thc t, tc c th khng ti 1.45 ln v s liu t 2009 ch l s liu c tnh9) v so vi GDP bnh qun u ngi th tc tng lng ti thiu ch nhnh hn mt cht xu (1.01 ln). Nh vy d mc lng ti thiu cn thp hn nhiu so vi GDP nhng tin lng ti thiu c iu chnh tng dn v a mc lng ti thiu tng ng 37.97% so vi GDP nm 2000 ln 38.44% nm 2010. Theo PGS.TS Nguyn B Ngc - ph vin trng Vin Khoa hc lao ng v x hi tin lng ti thiu thi gian qua mc d c iu chnh lin tc vi tc kh cao song ch p ng 60-65% nhu cu c bn ca ngi lao ng, thp hn mc lng ti thiu thc t trn th trng khong 20%10.
Bng 2-Lng ti thiu vng trong khu vc t nhn trong nc v u t trc tip nc ngoi
1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200

1,000 vng 2 800 phng n d tnh nhu cu ti thiu nm 1993-2005 l: c cu 51% cho n theo r hng ha gm 44 mt hng bo vng 3 600 m 2300 Kcal/ngy/ngi tnh theo gi nm 1993, 49% cho nhu cu phi lng thc thc phm v 70% cho nui vng 4 400 con. Phng n d tnh nhu cu ti thiu nm 2006-2012 l: c cu 45% cho n theo r hng ha 54 mt hng m 200 bo 2300Kcal/ngi/ngy, 55% cho chi ph phi lng thc thc phm, 70% cho nui con, cn c vo kt qu iu 0 tra mc sng dn c 2004 c tnh n yu t trt gi (B LTBXH, 2007, sd). S liu tnh nhu cu ti thiu bng 1 c iu chnh theo ch s gi tiu dng thc t. Tin cng trung bnh ti thiu trn th trng t 1993 n 2008 theo gi thc t, t 2009 l s liu c tnh (gi nh 1992 1996 1999 2003 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 mc tin cng tng n nh 10%/ nm kim tra nu c s liu thc t): 2008: trung bnh tng 15% theo vin CS v nm chin lc PT nng nghip nng thn (http://www.ipsard.gov.vn/news/newsdetail.aspx?targetid=3822) Mc tng ch s gi sinh hot ly mc so snh 2000 (GSO 2006, 2010, lm pht 2010, d kin CPI 2011l18% (http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20110629/thu-nhap-thuc-te-cua-nguoi-dan-thap-hon-truoc.aspx ) GDP bnh qun u ngi trn thng theo gi thc t (GSO 2010) Cch lp bng: nm 2000: t mc lng ti thiu v CPI l 100%; so snh GDP bnh qun u ngi trn thng vi lng ti thiu (=263%)v so snh tin cng trung bnh ti thiu trn th trng vi lng ti thiu (=177%)

1000 VND

hnh dung mc lng ti thiu Vit Nam c n nh thp nh th no, c th ly v d nm 2005, mc lng ti thiu Vit Nam ch t 22USD/thng, thp hn t 40% vng 1n 70% so vi mc lng ti thiu

TNTN

TNTN

theo gi nh mc tin cng tng n nh 10%/ nm trong n tin lng 2006-2012 ca B Lao ng. hi tho n pht trin th trng lao ng VN (2011-2020) ngy 17/3/201. http://www.coalimex.com.vn/index.php/227/6124/Nam-2020-tien-luong-toi-thieu-dat-85-muc-trung-binh-ASEAN
10

TNTN

TNTN

FDI

FDI

FDI

FDI

FDI

FDI

FDI

FDI

FDI

ca mt s nc trong khu vc11. Vit Nam ng th 79/100 trong 102 nc nm 2007 v mc lng ti thiu theo sc mua tng ng t cao xung thp12. Mc tiu phn u B lao ng a ra l tin lng ti thiu t 85% mc trung bnh ASEAN vo nm 202013. Mc lng ti thiu vng14. Mc lng ti thiu vng c n nh theo cc tiu ch tng t mc lng ti thiu chung nhng c c th ha theo vng dn c v nhm khuyn khch u t theo chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi (xem Bng 215). Mc lng ti thiu vng c p dng u tin khu vc FDI vo nm 1990 l 50USD/ thng16. y c coi l mc lng c tnh ton vi c cu kh y cc yu t bo m nhu cu thit yu ca ngi lao ng. Nhng n nm 1992 mc ny b tt xung v chia theo 2 vng (35 v 30USD) vi mc ch thu ht u t nc ngoi. Phi bn nm sau (1996) lng ti thiu vng mi c iu chnh tng v chia theo ba vng (45-40-35USD). n nm 1999, mc lng nm 1996 vn gi nguyn nhng c i sang tin VND tng ng, b sung vng 4 v b ng bng t cho n nm 2006 (nm 2003 c b vng 4 thp nht v ba vng cn li gi nguyn, iu ny lm cho mc lng ti thiu trung bnh khu vc FDI c tng ln mt cht). Chnh sch ny c gii thch l do tc ng ca khng hong tin t khu vc ng Nam (nm 1999, VND gim gi gn 30% so vi USD) cn gim bt kh khn cho doanh nghip nhng l do chnh vn l nhm BNG 3- LNG TI THIU SO SNH VI NHU thu ht u t nc ngoi. iu ny CU TI THIU lm cho cc mc lng ti thiu t cao Lng ti thiu hn mt cht so vi nhu cu ti thiu 1600 chung 1400 chung trong giai on 1992-1999 b 1200 1000 Lng ti thiu tt xung di mc nhu cu ti thiu vo 800 trung bnh trongnm 2005, tng ln mt cht vo nm DNTN 600 2006 sau li tt xung v t 2008 tr 400 Lng ti thiu i mc tng lng ti thiu trung bnh 200 trung bnh trong lun lun di mc nhu cu ti thiu 0 DN FDI (t 92% nm 2008 ln 95% vo nm Nhu cu ti 2010 v tt xung 93% nm 201117, xem thiu Nm Bng 318).
VND (1000 ng)
11

Campuchia 45USD/thng, Thi lan 75USD/thng, Indonesia 35USD/thng, Philipin 71USD/thng, Trung Quc 65USD/thng, n 70USD/thng s liu ca ILO v WB - theo B LTBXH, 2007, sd (tr 20) 12 Cp nht v lng ti thiu, ILO, 2009 13 http://www.coalimex.com.vn/index.php/227/6124/Nam-2020-tien-luong-toi-thieu-dat-85-muc-trung-binhASEAN 14 Lng ti thiu vng l lng ti thiu p dng c th theo vng. Vit Nam, vic xc nh vng da vo mt s ch s nh mc sng, thi quen tiu dng dn c, v.v. 15 1992: lng ti thiu vng FDI c n nh bng tin USD: 35$-30$ (quy i tng ng sang tin vit): gim xung thu ht u t nc ngoi 1996: lng ti thiu vng FDI tng ln 45$-40$-35$ 1999: L mc lng ca nm 1996 tnh theo t gi 13,910VND/1USD 2003: lng ti thiu vng FDI vn gi mc nm 1999 nhng b vng 4
16

Mc lng ny c tnh theo c cu 36.8% chi n ung, 3% may mc, dng c nhn, 36% nh , in, nc, phc v sinh hot, cng cng; 2.4% dng gia nh; 4.6% i li; 3.4% hc tp; 10% bo him x hi; 3.8% sinh hot vn ha x hi. (B LTBXH, 2007, sd, tr. 23) 17 Nu d kin lm pht nm 2011 l 18% (thp hn so vi kh nng thc t)
18

Bng 3 so snh mc lng ti thiu chung, mc lng ti thiu trung bnh trong khu vc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc v FDI vi nhu cu ti thiu theo phng php tnh ca B Lao ng tnh ti trt gi thc t.

20 00 20 01 20 03 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11

Mc lng ti thiu vng p dng cho khu vc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc bt u c xc nh vo nm 2008. Trc doanh nghip t nhn chu s quy nh ca lng ti thiu chung. Mc lng ti thiu vng thp nht lun trng vi mc lng ti thiu chung. Ni chung cc mc lng ti thiu vng cho khu vc ny kh thp, hu ht cc mc lng u thp hn so vi nhu cu ti thiu chung. Tuy nhin mc iu chnh theo hng tng dn lin tc t 1999 n 2011 (t 33% tng dn n 80%, xem Bng 3). i vi doanh nghip nh nc, cha c mc lng ti thiu vng nhng p dng cc loi ph cp c tnh cht vng nh ph cp khu vc, ph cp thu ht, ph cp c bit, v t 1997 n 2001 c thm h s chnh lch vng theo ba mc (0.1, .0.2 v 0.3) so vi mc lng ti thiu chung (gn vi iu kin v hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh). V s linh hot ny nn kh xc nh mc lng ti thiu trung bnh c tnh ti yu t vng trong khu vc nh nc. B Lao ng ang nghin cu xy dng mc lng ti thiu vng p dng cho khu vc ny, ng thi xut tch xy dng mc lng ti thiu ring cho khu vc hng lng t ngn sch nh nc v da vo mc lng ti thiu chung tin ti p dng mc lng ti thiu thng nht gia cc loi hnh doanh nghip. L trnh st nhp lng ti thiu d kin t c vo nm 2012 trong n xy dng phng n tin lng ti thiu cho giai on 2006-2012. C nhiu kh nng l l trnh ny s c y ln sm hn vo thng 10 ti. Theo ng Phm Minh Hun -th trng b L,TB&XH trong bui hp bo Chnh ph chiu ngy 1/7 ti H Ni, Vic iu chnh tng lng sm trc 3 thng so vi l trnh l do tnh hnh thc t thu nhp ca ngi lao ng, ngi lm cng n lng gim st19. Theo , mc lng ti thiu trung bnh s cao hn nhu cu ti thiu 19%, tuy nhin con s tnh ton ny vn ch c ngha b p lm pht nu tnh ti tc tng gi chng mt ca mt s mt hng thit yu i vi ngi lao ng sng bng tin lng ti thiu hin nay (lng thc thc phm 6 thng u nm 2011 tng trn 20% so vi thng 12/201020.) Mc lng ti thiu ngnh21. Mc lng ti thiu ngnh da trn mc lng ti thiu chung v iu kin ring v mc phc tp v trnh tay ngh thp nht trong mt ngnh. Mc d s u i theo yu t ngnh ngh c thit k thng qua h s lng22 hoc ch ph cp, tr cp nhng vn cha c mc lng ti thiu ngnh c n nh chnh thc. Mc lng ti thiu ngnh ang c th im ngnh dt may vi im khc bit chnh ch xy dng thang bng lng theo mc lng ti thiu vng23.
19

http://chaobuoisang.net/khoi-doanh-nghiep-tang-luong-toi-thieu-som-3-thang-327319.htm Vng 1 l 1,9 triu ng; vng 2 l 1,73 triu ng; vng 3 l 1,55 triu ng; vng 4 l 1,44 triu ng. Nh th, lng ti thiu vng 1, vng 2, vng 3 v vng 4 s tng trung bnh 28% v 50% trong khu vc doanh nghip FDI v doanh nghip t nhn trong nc, trong tng thp nht l 23% (FDI khu vc 1) v cao nht l 69% (doanh nghip t nhn khu vc 4). 20 http://vef.vn/2011-07-07-lam-phat-cuoi-nam-an-so-luong-thuc-thuc-pham-lo-dien 21 L lng ti thiu p dng cho tng ngnh cng nghip 22 ngh nh 28/CP ngy 28/3/1997, thng t 13/L TBXH-TT ngy 10/4/1998, thng t 5/2001/TT-L TBXH ngy 29/1/2001 23 http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=181736 Tha c lao ng tp th ngnh may k kt trong 69 doanh nghip (a phn l doanh nghip Vit Nam) nm 2010: lin quan n chnh sch tin lng, tha c lao ng tp th quy nh, cc n v t xy dng thang bng lng th tin lng cc bc lng ca nhm iu kin lao ng nng nhc, c hi, nguy him phi cao hn t nht 7% so vi iu kin bnh thng (quy nh ca Nh nc l 5%); s bc lng mi ngch bc lng hoc nhm lng thit k khng qu 15 bc (Nh nc khng quy nh v bc) v mc lng bc 1 i vi cc cng vic i hi phi qua o to ngh cao hn t nht l 10% so vi mc lng ti thiu vng do Chnh ph quy nh; sau 1 n 2 nm phi xt nng bc lng. Nu ngi lao ng lm vic 12 thng v m bo nh mc lao ng th ngi s dng lao ng phi c trch

 kt lun, c th ni rng vic n nh v iu chnh lng ti thiu c tc ng nht nh n vic m bo mc sng ti thiu ca ngi lao ng (nh cho thy trong Bng 3). Tuy nhin, nh B lao ng nh gi, qua thc t thc hin, do kh nng ca nn kinh t c hn, vic xc nh mc lng ti thiu chung cn thp li ph thuc ch yu vo kh nng cn i thu chi ngn sch nh nc nn mc d mc tiu a ra, v mt l thuyt l ph hp vi kinh t th trng v thng l quc t nhng v c bn vn cha thc hin c, nht l mc tiu bo m ti sn xut sc lao ng gin n v mt phn tch ly ti sn xut sc lao ng m rng cho ngi lao ng24. Phn tip theo ca bi vit s cp su hn vn ny.

Chnh sch lng ti thiu tc ng nh th no n i sng ngi lao ng?

Bng 3 trn mi ch l bc tranh s khi, cha phn nh chnh xc thc t bi v mc lng ti thiu ch l c s tnh mc lng cho cc loi lao ng khc. C ch p dng lng ti thiu chung c iu chnh linh hot. Cc doanh nghip nh nc c php p dng h s iu chnh tng thm bng 1.5 ln (t nm 1997), 2 ln (t nm 2001) v 1.34 ln (t 2006) mc lng ti thiu chung tnh n gi tin lng, xc nh qu lng v tr lng cho ngi lao ng theo hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh. Mc lng ti thiu chung l mc sn thp nht i vi cc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc (t 2008 l mc lng ti thiu vng p dng cho khu vc t nhn trong nc). Mc lng ti thiu vng p dng cho khu vc FDI l mc sn thp nht i vi cc doanh nghip FDI. Nh nc khng khng ch mc trn cc doanh nghip t n nh thng qua c ch tha thun vi ngi lao ng. Chnh ph quy nh thang lng bng lng i vi doanh nghip nh nc. T nm 2002, cc doanh nghip ngoi nh nc c t xy dng thang lng bng lng v nh mc lao ng theo cc nguyn tc hng dn ca Chnh ph. (B lut lao ng, iu 57).
Bng 4- C cu thu nhp trong khu vc DN nh nc, t nhn trong nc v FDI
90.0 80.0

83.7

75.2

82.3

T l phn trm

70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

11.1 5.2 Thu nhp trung bnh trong DN TNTN

18.4 6.5

7.310.4

nhim bo m mc thu nhp bnh qun nm (bao gm tin lng, ph cp lng, tin thng, khng k n ca v cc khon np bo him) tng ng vi cc vng c Nh nc quy nh v mc lng ti thiu vng (1.700.000 ng/ngi/thng i vi vng 1, 1.600.000 ng/ngi/thng i vi vng 2, 1.500.000 ng/ngi/thng vng 3 v thp nhp l 1.300.000 ng/ngi/thng i vi vng 4). http://www.tapchicongnghiep.vn/News/channel/1/News/310/15458/Chitiet.html Tha c ny c k li thng 6/2011 sa i, b sung mt s ni dung nh: Mc n gia ca p dng theo tng vng c Nh nc qui nh v mc lng ti thiu vng; Tng mc thu nhp ti thiu cho cng nhn khi p ng c cc qui nh v thi gian lao ng tiu chun, nh mc v cht lng sn phm; i vi cc n v t mc cao hn cc ch qui nh trong Tha c ti thi im k kt th ngi s dng lao ng phi m bo ti thiu bng cc mc t c; Tha c s c hiu lc trong vng 2 nm, thay v 1 nm trong thi gian th im 24 Nghin cu chnh sch v gii php m bo cng bng x hi trong phn phi tin lng v thu nhp trong cc loi hnh doanh nghip, B LTBXH, nxb L-XH 2010, tr. 10

Thu nhp Thu nhp trung bnh trung bnh trong DN nh trong DN FDI nc

Vi khung php l ny, thc hnh v xy dng thang bng lng c s khc bit ln gia khu vc nh nc v khu vc ngoi nh nc. Cc lng (c lm thm doanh nghip nh nc tun th tt gi) hn quy nh ca Chnh ph v lp Thng thang bng lng. Khu vc ngoi nh thu nhp khc gm nc khng tnh ng tnh tin ph cp, bo himlng cho ngi lao ng thng qua thc hnh v thang bng lng c coi l c tnh ph bin. C th minh ha cho nhn nh ny qua s liu

iu tra doanh nghip va v nh ca B LTBXH nm 2006 (xem Bng 425), theo trong c cu thu nhp, lng (k c lng lm thm gi) ca ngi lao ng khu vc nh nc c t trng thp hn so vi khu vc ngoi nh nc, v ngc li, t trng ca cc khon thu nhp khc (ph cp, bo him x hi v bo him y t) cao hn hn. Trn thc t, a s cc doanh nghip nh nc p dng cao hn mc lng ti thiu chung. Cc doanh nghip nh nc c xu hng y lng ti thiu ln mc cho php trong khi nng sut lao ng thp hn khu vc FDI. Cc doanh nghip FDI p lng ti thiu xung st mc nh nc quy nh trong khi lao ng phi lm cng cao, thm gi nhng khng c tr lng tha ng26. y l l do gii thch lng ca lao ng n v lao ng ngoi tnh thng thp hn so vi nam v lao ng a phng (cng theo iu tra trn, lng lao ng n ch bng 82% so vi nam trong doanh nghip FDI, do phn ln h lm trong cc doanh nghip thm dng lao ng c mc lng thp nh dt may, da giy ,ch bin thc phm; lng lao ng ngoi tnh ch bng 75% so vi lao ng a phng do h thng lm cc cng vic ph thng v lao ng bn lnh ngh). Cc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc c xu hng p dng mc lng ti thiu vng thp nht. Mc chnh lch gia tin lng bnh qun thp nht v cao nht trong doanh nghip nh nc v t nhn trong nc l khng ln, khc vi cc doanh nghip FDI27. Cc doanh nghip t nhn v FDI t lp thang lng bng lng theo cch gim thiu chnh lch gia cc mc lng, chia nh thang lng, tr lng cho lao ng k thut bng hoc cao hn mt cht so vi lng ti thiu, tng cc ph cp v cc khon tr c tnh cht lng khc ct gim cc khon tr bo him x hi v bo him y t (ni nh ng ng Ngc Tng, ch tch Tng LDLD l cp ot li ch bo him x hi ca ngi lao ng) cng nh c th tr lng ngi lao ng mt cch d dng m khng phm lut. Thm vo , doanh nghip cn gim n gi sn phm hoc tng nh mc lao ng vo cc t iu chnh lng ti thiu buc ngi lao ng phi ko di thi gian lao ng. V d sau y c th coi l in hnh:
Mc thu nhp ph bin hin nay ca CN ngnh giy khong 2,2 triu ng/thng. Ti Cng ty Pou Yuen, mc thu nhp ny c chia ra lm nhiu phn: lng c bn khong 1,3 triu ng; thng nng sut 100.000 ng - 200.000 ng; tin ngoi gi khong 250.000 ng/thng, ph cp chuyn mn, chuyn cn... Khi CN khng lm 26 cng/thng, s b ct tin chuyn cn; nu lm khng t sn lng s b ct tin nng sut... Ch Hunh Tuyt Hng, CN khu A5, cho bit lng c bn ca ch l 1,35 triu ng. Trong thng 9 va qua, ch tng ca 70 gi, ngh vic ring 2 ngy. Tin lng ca ch b tr chuyn cn, tr thng nng sut nn ch cn cha n 1,6 triu ng. Mc thu nhp ny khng sng28.
Bng 5- lng ti thiu so snh vi thu nhp ti thiu
4000 3500

VND (1000 ng)

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

Kt qu l g? Tnh ti cc c ch tr lng ny, trn thc t khng phi l c hai m l ba h thng lng ti thiu vi mt c im hon ton mi theo , Lng ti thiu chung trong DN nh nc mc tng lng thc t khu vc nh Thu nhp trung bnh trong DN nh nc nc cao hn v vt tuyt i so vi lng ti thiu trung lng thc t trong khu vc FDI t nm

bnh trong DNTNTN Thu nhp trung bnh trong DN TNTN 25 500 ton theo s liu ca Trn Vn Hoan, ILSSA s 14/2007. Tnh Lng ti thiu trung 26 B 0 LTBXH, 2010, sd bnh trong DN FDI 27 Thu nhp trung bnh Cuc iu tra nm 2010 ca b LDTBXH 1.581 doanh nghip ti 15 tnh, thnh ph cho bit chnh lch tin trong DN lng gia lao ng qun l so vi lao ng gin n caFDI doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi nm 2006 mc nm
20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11

9 n 10 ln nhng n nm 2010 khong cch ny l 20 n 21 ln; doanh nghip trong nc c mc chnh lch ny thp hn, ch t 7 n 8 ln http://cafef.vn/20110311123417294CA36/nam-2010-nganh-mo-luyen-kim-co-mucluong-cao-nhat.chn 28 http://nld.com.vn/2009101409512582P0C1010/kho-vi-luong-co-ban.htm 15/10/2009 00:12

2005 (xem Bng 529). Nhn vo bng, c th thy r thu nhp trung bnh khu vc nh nc v khu vc t nhn tng u cng vi mc tng lng ti thiu. Chnh sch ng bng tin lng khu vc FDI giai on 1999-2005 cng phn nh mc thu nhp trung bnh hu nh khng tng trong c giai on khu vc FDI khin cho khu vc ny phi nhng li cho khu vc doanh nghip nh nc v tr s 1 trong bnh qun thu nhp ca ngi lao ng. Nm 2005, so vi doanh nghip FDI mt s nc trong khu vc c cng iu kin, tin lng bnh qun ca doanh nghip FDI Vit Nam ch bng khong 50%30. Trong khi , li nhun thu c t mt ng tin lng khu vc FDI nm 2005 l siu li nhun (bng 2.24 so vi 0.88 khu vc nh nc v 0.24 khu vc t nhn31) Nu nh phn 1 (Bng 1) cho thy mc tng lng ti thiu loi tr bin i trong tiu dng dn c chi tiu cho i sng (tc l gi nh thi quen tiu dng, 2011 ca nhm thu nhp mc tiu dng hon ton khng thp nht (2 2010 thay i t nm 2000) ci thin ngi/thng) Lng ti thiu trung 2008 kh r iu kin sng ca ngi lao bnh trong khu vc ng. Tuy nhin, bc tranh tr nn FDI 2006 t lc quan hn khi tnh ti yu t Lng ti thiu trung 2004 ny(xem Bng 632). Hin ti, vi bnh trong khu vc nhng ngi sng bng lng ti 2002 t nhn thiu th l cuc sng cht vt, 0 500 1000 1500 Lng ti thiu nm trong hoc hn cht xu nhm chung Nghn ng c chi tiu thp nht cho cuc sng hay ni cch khc h thuc din ngho hoc cn ngho. T nm 2008, cho d mc lng ti thiu tng nhng vn tng chm hn so vi mc tng chi tiu ca nhm ngho nht, ngha l ngi lao ng sng bng lng ti thiu ngy cng ngho hn. Tnh hnh tr nn trm trng hn t cui nm 2010 do nhng cn bo gi xng v in ko theo mt lot cc hng ha thng thng cho tiu dng hng ngy khc. ng lng khng sng c ni ti ngy cng nhiu hn trn phng tin thng tin i chng. i vi ngi lao ng, c c ng lng sng, cch ph thng nht l lm thm gi - lm n mc cn c th chu c v hn ch chi tiu n mc thp nht c th (xem Hp 2). Ngng vic, nhy vic cng l nhng bin php c tnh cht tc thi. C gng hc nng cao trnh v c c vic lm c tr cng cao hn cng l mt bin php c tnh di hn hn nhng khng phi ngi lao ng no cng lm c.
Bng 6-so snh lng ti thiu vi chi tiu cho i sng ca nhm thu nhp thp nht
nm

29

S liu t http://www.molisa.gov.vn/news/detail2/tabid/371/newsid/52030/seo/VI-SAO-TIEN-LUONG-CUACONG-NHAN-TRONG-CAC-DOANH-NGHIEP-TU-NHAN-THAP-/language/vi-VN/Default.aspx http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/Pages/20110310/Cong-bo-muc-luong-binh-quan-mot-so-nganh-nghe.aspx http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/thoisu/doisong/28268/

30 31

Theo s liu ca T chc thng mi i ngoi Nht Bn (Jetro), trch theo B LTBXH, 2007 (sd. tr 42) GSO, iu tra doanh nghip 32 Nin gim thng k tm tt 2010, chi tiu bnh qun dn c nm 2010 tng 52.8% so vi nm 2008 theo kho st mc sng 2010 (http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20110629/thu-nhap-thuc-te-cua-nguoi-dan-thap-hon-truoc.aspx), ng chi tiu cho cuc sng ca nhm dn c ngho nht l mc tnh cho hai ngi so snh vi mc lng cho 1 ngi ln 1 tr em

y phi chng l ci gi phi c ca s pht trin? Nu Bng 5 trn cho thy chnh sch lng ti thiu c tm quan trng nh th no trong vic nng cao thu nhp ca ngi lao ng, th Bng 6 cho thy chnh sch lng ti thiu c tm quan trng nh th no trong vic m bo cng bng cho nhng ngi lao ng sng da vo lng ti thiu. Vn y l cn c mt tng quan cng bng hn gia li nhun doanh nghip vi thu nhp ca ngi lao ng nhn t hai pha: lng v cc khon khc c tnh cht lng ca ngi lao ng vi t cch l chi ph sn xut kinh doanh v thng cng vi cc li ch khc vi t cch l phn phi li li nhun doanh nghip; cng nh mt tng quan cng bng hn gia cc cng ty xuyn quc gia vi cc nh thu ph trong nc, ni m cuc chy ua xung y nhm ginh git n t hng trong h thng cung ng ton cu tr thnh mt kiu thc hnh ph bin v cui cng, ngi lao ng phi hng chu tt c nhng h ly ca n trn vai mnh nh lng thp, iu kin lao ng ti t, vic lm bp bnh. Tng quan hon ton c th ci thin tt hn nu nhn vo Bng 7, li nhun doanh nghip, nht l doanh nghip FDI, vn rt cao so vi lng ngi lao ng ngay c vo nm 2008, khi nn kinh t chu nh hng ca khng hong ti chnh th gii. Tt nhin khng d dng g cc ng ch t nguyn nhng cm s o, san bt li nhun cho ngi lao ng. Cng kh hn khi bn mua chu tr gi cao hn bn cung cp c th ci thin ng lng cho cng nhn ca mnh. Ngoi vic t cu mnh trc khi tri cu ca bn thn ngi lao ng, th nh nc c vai tr rt ln trong vic iu chnh quan h ny qua chnh sch lng ti thiu. Trong xu th thc hnh xy dng thang bng lng ca doanh nghip nh nu trn, t phng din qun 3 l quan h lao ng, Chnh ph tng nhanh hn mc v thng nht 2.5 Trong khu vc DN cc mc lng ti thiu l cc c 2 nh nc ch hiu qu cn bng li ch Trong khu vc DN 1.5 gia doanh nghip v ngi lao TNTN 1 ng, gia cc cng ty v nh thu Trong khu vc DN FDI ph. t nht vic tng nhanh hn 0.5 lng ti thiu cng lm gim s 0 bt cng i vi nhng ngi lao 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ng sng da vo lng ti thiu. nm t nht vic thng nht cc mc lng ti thiu gia cc loi hnh doanh nghip cng em li cng bng hn trong sn xut kinh doanh gia cc loi hnh doanh nghip, l iu kin lm gim thc hnh p n gi ca bn mua, v cng bng hn cho ngi lao ng lm nhng vic tng ng nhau v iu kin v k nng. Dng nh cc bc iu chnh lng ti thiu t ra qu thn trng vi nhng ni lo nh qu kh nng chi tr ca DN, qu kh nng ngn sch, qu kh nng pht trin nn kinh t, nh hng ti vic lm, y lm pht m bi hc ci cch lng ti thiu nm 1985 vn nh mt ni m nh. Cho nn c cu chuyn lng ti thiu c lo o i theo tin cng ti thiu thc t trn th trng33. iu ny nh hng khng nh ti i sng ngi lao ng. n lc Chnh ph cn c bin php mnh hn trong cc chnh sch lng ti thiu, theo phng php n nh mc lng ti thiu da trn nhu cu mc sng ti thiu ca ngi lao ng c
Bng 7- So snh li nhun doanh nghip vi mi 1000 ng thu nhp ca ngi lao ng
33

Kt qu kho st ti 1.700 DN nm 2010 cho thy c hn 90% DN tr lng cho ngi lao ng cao hn mc d kin tng lng ti thiu nm 2011 (http://daidoanket.vn/index.aspx?Menu=1368&Chitiet=17610&Style=1 )

nghn ng

10

p dng nh l phng php ch yu trong hoch nh chnh sch tin lng ch khng cn l xu hng p dng tng bc nh hin nay na34. Ngoi tng nhanh hn mc lng ti thiu, th vic ci tin v hiu lc ha thang bng lng l mt i hi cp thit. Mt khc, cp doanh nghip v ngnh, mt hnh lang php l gip thc y i thoi v thng lng gia ngi s dng lao ng v cng nhn thng qua tho c lao ng tp th cng l mt c ch hiu qu cn bng li ch doanh nghip v ngi lao ng. Thc t cho thy iu ny Vit Nam v cc nc khc. Mt cuc iu tra ngi lao ng ca Vin KHLXH 5 tnh/ thnh ph nm 2006 cho bit chnh lch tin lng bnh qun thng thc tr ca cc doanh nghip c tho c lao ng tp th so vi cc doanh nghip khng c tho c lao ng tp th l 32,16% (Nguyn Quang Hu ILSSA s 15/2008). Mt nh gi gn y nht ca ILO cng kt lun rng mt phn trm tng trng GDP c chuyn dch vo 0.87 phn trm tng trng ca lng trung bnh nhng nc c bao ph ln ca tha c lao ng tp th, so vi ch 0.65 phn trm nc nc c bao ph thp35.

hp 2 ai ni g v lng Trn cc bo in t t 2007-2011 ngi lao ng Khu vc nh nc ni g: ng lng: "suy dinh dng", bo bt, cm ci, eo hp, ba cc ba ng kt qu: thu nhp gn nh st t, cha ht thng ht tin, bn chi lm thm, Sng tm gi, Sng mn, cha dm lp gia nh, Khng dm sinh con ngi lao ng Khu vc t nhn ni g: "n ung kham kh rit cng quen ri", m con v qu nh ba m nui gim git gu v vai, tht lng buc bng, gi tng l thy chng mt, c n u xu n y, 1 gi lm = 1 que kem, Lng khng sng ni g n tit kim hay gi v qu, Ti khng nhn thy tng lai ca mnh. Vi cng nhn khu cng nghip, c l cch duy nht chng chi vi bo gihin nay l lm thm gi Bo ch ni g: Lng khng sng. 34 .Xu hng ti nhn ngy cng tut dc,ch t bc p 50% dinh dng. Ba n cngtrong chnh sch tin lng vn l tngtrn didng phng php xc nh da trn nhu cu mc sng ti thiu ca ngi lao ng thp cng c tnh n ni th lng y h vo ng hp. n nh ng lng nhn c qu l ch yu gi c t mt bng tin ang hnh thnh trn th trng mc lng tikhng- nuicu chnh sch v gii phpth gi l cng bng x hi trong phn phi tin lng v Vic lm thiu Nghin sng bn thn th khng m bo vic lm.
thu nhp trong cc loi hnh doanh nghip, B LTBXH, nxb L-XH 2010, tr. 254
35

Bo co lng ton cu ca ILO 2010/2011, tr.56

11

hp 2 ai ni g v lng (tip) Trn cc bo in t t 2007-2011 doanh nghip ni g: Mc thu nhp bnh qun hin nay ca ngi lao ng trong cng ty ch 1,9 triu ng/ thng l khng sng. Chng ti cng mun tng thu nhp cho cng nhn bng cch tm tht nhiu hp ng, c nhiu sn phm cng nhn lm thm (B ng Th Dim Thy - Gim c Cng ty TNHH Okuda Vit Nam (KCN in Nam- in Ngc) Mc lng bao nhiu cho sng ? V chng lm. Nhng ni thit, vi thu nhp khong 1,7-1,8 triu ng/thng, sinh hot mt ngi rt kh (ng Wen Shih Hung (ngi i Loan), Gim c nhn s Cng ty Pouchen (ng Nai) Cc cng ty m khng chp nhn tr lng cho cng nhn Vit Nam cao khi m lng ti thiu c quy nh qu thp, n gi m doanh nghip thng lng c vi khch hng thng cng khng cao, do khch hng da vo mc lng quy nh chung ca nh nc tnh ra n gi (hi ngh ly kin iu chnh lng ti thiu do B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi (LTB&XH) t chc ti TPHCM ngy 16/9/2010). Cng on ni g: Vi ng lng nh th, vi ba n ca nh th, ngi cng nhn khng th sng ni (ng ng ngc tng ch tch tng LDLD, i thoi chnh sch VTV1, 13/7/2011) Nh nc ni g: Tin lng qu thp, khng sng. c thm ng tin, CN phi lm vic ngy 12 ting. Nh vy, thay v mt lao ng c th s dng 30 - 40 nm nhng vi tnh trng tng ca nhiu nh th, mt CN ch c th lm vic c 10 - 20 nm (ng L Thnh Tm, Gim c S L-TB-XH TP.HCM) Hy nghe ting ku cu ca NL, mi thu hiu h sng nh th no vi ng lng (ng H Xun Lm, i din Ban Qun l cc KCX-KCN TP.HCM (Hepza) Hin c ti 48,2% lao ng c mc thu nhp thp nn phn ln phi lm thm gi hoc chp nhn sng thiu thn (Thng k ca B K hoach va u t) Phng vn cng nhn (thng 6/2011) Lng ca em 2.4 triu ng, c tng ca c 4 triu ri. Em thch cng ty ny lm v lm y em c nhiu c hi tng ca, nh th mi sng v gi tin v nui con. Trc em lm cng ch chng em, lng cng tng t th thi nhng t c hi tng ca (Ch H, cng nhn nhp c c 7 nm, nh my in t Nht Bn, khu cng nghip Bin Ha 2, 28 tui, 1 con trai 5 tui gi b m qu nui h, chng lm nh my ch bin g cng khu cng nghip)

Cc nhm bo tr x hi c hng li nh th no t chnh sch lng ti thiu? Vit Nam, lng ti thiu l cn c tnh cc khon tr cp x hi cho ngi lao ng nh tr cp m au, tai nn v bnh ngh nghip, mt sc lao ng, thai sn, hu tr, tut, mt vic. Ngoi ra, lng ti thiu chung cn c dng tnh tr cp x hi v chm sc sc khe cho cc nhm bo tr x hi, tr cp thi vic cho lao ng di d, cng nhn cao su ngh vic, cn 12

b x ngh hu v iu chnh lng hu, cng nh tnh cc mc lng, ph cp lng khu vc hng lng t ngn sch nh nc. Do , cc khon tr cp x hi i theo lng thng c iu chnh cng vi vic iu chnh tin lng ti thiu . Trn thc t, cc mc tng lng hu phn nh tnh a dng ca lng hu nh mt 350 Tng lng hu kt qu ca nn kinh t chuyn 300 ti thiu khu vc i v c tnh n lm pht. Bng 8 so snh mc tng lng DN nh nc 250 Tng lng hu hu ti thiu vi mc tng 200 ti thiu khu vc CPI36. Theo c th thy mc DN TNTN 150 tng lng hu chm hn mt Tng lng hu cht so vi mc tng CPI (bng 100 ti thiu khu vc 0.93 ca mc tng CPI). iu 50 FDI c ngha l nh nc c Trt gi sinh hot gng gi gi tr ng lng 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 (CPI) hu. Tuy nhin, nu li tnh ti nm s thay i trong tiu dng dn c th nhng ngi sng bng lng hu ch c th duy tr mc sng ca h mc ca nm 2003. C ngha l cuc sng ca ngi v hu tr nn ngy mt kh khn hn.
Bng 8- So snh tng lng hu ti thiu vi trt gi sinh hot

Tc ng ln nht n quyn li an sinh x hi ca ngi lao ng l ch, lng ti thiu c n nh thp v khng pht huy tc dng hiu qu trong vai tr l c s tnh cc mc lng trong h thng thang lng, bng lng, lm cho h thng ny ch c gi tr lm cn c tnh bo him x hi v bo him y t, khng phn nh ng gi tr ca sc lao ng trn th trng. iu ny ng vi c khu vc nh nc, t nhn v FDI. Ly v d trong giai on 2001-2005 trong khu vc nh nc, mc tin lng trung bnh trong thang lng bng lng do nh 120 100 100 100 100 nc quy nh ch bng t 30-40% so vi lng trung bnh 100 trong thang bng mc lng bnh qun thc t trong cc 80 lng (bc 1 ca doanh nghip nh nc (Bng 9), iu ny ngi tt nghip i 60 hc qua tp s) c ngha l mc hng hu tr, sinh , thi 40 38 40 32 32 lng bnh qun vic/ tht nghip, m au, tai nn ca thc t trong DN nh 20 ngi lao ng cng gim theo, ng thi nc 0 cc qu bo him tht thu ng k. Cc 2001 2003 2004 2005 doanh nghip t nhn trong nc v FDI nm tham gia ng bo him cho ngi lao ng khng khai bo ht s lng lao ng ca mnh, v ch mt phn nh trong lng ca h c s dng lm c s tnh ton mc ng gp - ni theo cch ca b Nguyn Th Dn, Trng phng Lao ng Tin lng - Tin cng (S LTB-XH TPHCM) l : bm nhuyn tin lng dn n thc t phn lng chnh thng tr thp hn phn lng ph v ng BHXH da trn
Bng 9- lng tnh bo him x hi trong DN nh nc
36

Gi nh lng hu ca ngi lao ng khu vc FDI v t nhn trong nc c tnh trn c s lng c bn cao hn mc ti thiu 10%.

t l phn trm

t l phn trm

13

mc lng c bn ghi trong hp ng (ch c phn chnh)37. Trong nm 2005, con s thc t chi tr bo him cho ngi lao ng ca cc doanh nghip ch nm trong khong t 1/3 n 1 na mc phi ng gm 17% tng s chi tin lng38, con s tng t cng phn nh trong cuc iu tra nm 2006 (Bng 4). Hu qu l g? Nhiu ngi trong nhng ngi ang hng lng hu phi sng ngho kh. It nht, 9.4 triu ngi ang ng bo him x hi (chim 18% lc lng lao ng nm 2009) s tham gia vo mt lp ngi ngho mi khi h ngh hu, trong s h, nhng ngi lao ng ngho s tr thnh nhm ngi v hu cc ngho, v nh th, s tham gia vo cc nhm bo tr x hi trong tng lai. Mt th h tng lai mi ra i trong ni lo cm o khn ngui ca ngi m:
n thng 11 ti, ch Trn Th Nhn, CN Cng ty May Phng Khoa (qun 12-TPHCM) s sinh con nhng n gi ny, d nng n v rt mt mi nhng ch vn cha dm xin ngh. Bi nu ngh sm, ch ch nhn c tr cp thai sn khong 1,2 triu ng/thng v cng ty ng BHXH trn mc lng c bn 1,2 triu ng/thng. Thu nhp ny khng mt mnh ch sng, lm sao nui thm con nh? Ch Nhn tnh: Tin nh 400.000 ng, tin cm ngy 3 ba, mt thng 900.000 ng... by nhiu cng ht hi, ni g nhng chi ph khc nh vin ph, sa, t lt cho con... S tin trn ch l tr cp cm hi, mun lo cho con tm phi gp 3 ln mc trn ch Nhn bc xc. Bi vy, ch phi rng lm vic cho n st ngy sinh c nhn tin lng thc t, khong 2,1 triu ng/thng39.

C ch ng bo him qu thit thi cho ngi lao ng nh th b coi l lch lut, cn phi sa i. Nhng sa i nh th no? Tch khu vc hng lng nh nc (hnh chnh v s nghip cng) ra khi h thng lng ti thiu ginh cho doanh nghip xa ci ro cn kh nng ngn sch cho vic tng mnh lng ti thiu, xy dng h thng lng ti thiu vng cho khu vc doanh nghip nh nc (thng nht vi lng ti thiu vng cho khu vc t nhn trong nc v FDI) gim bt bnh ng trong thu nhp ca ngi lao ng l nhng gii php dng nh r rng. Tuy nhin, lm sao xa i ci ro cn v c ch thang bng lng va phc tp trong khu vc nh nc, va lng lo trong khu vc ngoi nh nc th c l vn cn l bi ton kh, i hi mt tinh thn ci cch dng cm. Tht cht qun l nh nc i vi xy dng thang bng lng th lc lng qun l lao ng qu mng, cn th lng hon ton theo c ch th trng th thiu mt c ch thc y bnh ng trong thng lng gia ch s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng.

37

http://www.baomoi.com/Home/LaoDong/sggp.org.vn/Tang-muc-dong-bao-hiem-xa-hoi--Dam-bao-luong-huu-dusong/5260920.epi 38 Bo co bo tr x hi Vit Nam 2008 39 http://nld.com.vn/2009101409512582P0C1010/kho-vi-luong-co-ban.htm 15/10/2009 00:12

14