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Dng 1: Vit phng trnh phn ng ha hc (1) Vit pt ha hc theo s chuyn ha: (2) Vit pt ha hc theo cc d kin (3)

3) Vit pt ha hc vi cc hin tng xy ra (4) B sung cc cht theo pt c sn Cu 1. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra theo s chuyn ha sau y 4 1 2 3 Fe3O4 Al2O3 Al Cu Na2SO4 5 NaCl N aHCO3 CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 Na2SO4 9 7 8 10 HD:(1) 3Fe3O4 + 8Al tC 9Fe + 4Al2O3 pnc (2) Al2O3 2Al + 3O2 (3) 2Al + 3CuSO4 3Cu + Al2(SO4)3 (4) 3Cu + NaNO3 + H2SO4 Cu(NO3)2 + 4Na2SO4 + 2NO + 4H2O (5) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl (6) NaCl + H2O NaClO + H2 pdd (7) NaClO + H2O + CO2 NaHCO3 + HClO CaCO3 + NaOH + H2O (8) NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 Hoc 2NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O (9) CaCO3+ H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 (10)Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaHSO4 CaSO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 Cu 2: Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra theo s chuyn ha sau y ( ( ( ( St pyrit (1) Lu hunh ioxit 2) axit sufuric 3) axit clohiric 4) st(II) clorua 5) (6) (7) (8 ) (9 ) (1 0) st (III) clorua st (III) nitrat st (III) oxit nhm oxit nhm natri aluminat HD: (1) 4FeS2 + 11O2 tC 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 (2) SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2SO4 (3) H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl (4) 2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2 (5) 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 (6) FeCl3 + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 2AgCl (7) 2Fe(NO3)3 tC Fe2O3 + 6NO2 + 2O2 (8) Fe3O3 + 2Al tC Al2O3 + 3Fe pnc (9) 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 (10) 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 Cu 3: Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra theo s chuyn ha sau y
o

NaClO

FexOy Al2O3 Al Cu NaCl NaOH 9 8 10 CaCO3 7 Na2SO4 NaOH NaAlO2 NaHCO3 Cu 4: Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra theo s chuyn ha sau y 3 1 4 5 KClO3 Cl2 NaCl Gia-ven NaHCO3 2
6 7 8 9 10

K2SO4

KNO3 Cu(NO3)2 CuS SO2 S Cu 5: Ho tan Fe3O4 vo dung dch H2SO4 (long, va , khng c khng kh), thu c dung dch A. Cho Cu (d) vo dung dch A, thu c dung dch B. Thm dung dch NaOH (long, d, khng c khng kh) vo dung dch B, lc ly kt ta em nung trong khng kh ti khi lng khng i. Vit cc phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng xy ra. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. HD: Fe3O4 + 4H2SO4 (long) FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 2FeSO4 + CuSO4 CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 t 2Fe2O3 + 4H2O Cu(OH)2 t CuO + H2O
o o

Cu 6: Cho s cc phn ng sau: (a) H2O + Na + X1 X2 + + X3 t (b) X2 C X5 + H2O (c) X1 + X4 X2 + X3 (d) BaCl2 + X1 X6 + BaSO4 X1 l mui ca kim loi ho tr II. Khi lng mol ca X1 ln hn khi lng mol ca X2 l 62 gam. Hy vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng trn. Cu 7: - Cho dy chuyn i
0

A1 A2
A A

A3
A A

B1 B2 B3 Xc nh A; A1; A2; A3; B1; B2; B3. Bit A l hp cht v c sn c trong t nhin.Vt PT ha hc thc hin chui bin ho trn. CaO Ca(OH ) 2 CaCl2 HD:
CaCO3

CO2 NaHCO3 Na2 CO3

CaCO3

CaCO3

CaCO3

Cu 8: Tin hnh cc th nghim sau. a- Cho mu qu tm vo ng nghim ng dung dch NaOH sau nh t t dung dch H2SO4 vo ng nghim. b- Cho mu Na vo dung dch AlCl3. c- Cho t t ti d bt Fe vo dung dch HNO3 c, un nng. Cho bit hin tng cc th nghim trn . Vit PT ha hc v gii thch. HD: a) Khi cho qu tm vo dung dch NaOH th qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh. Sau nh t t dung dch H2SO4 th qu tm dn chuyn v mu tm. Khi lng axit d th qu tm chuyn thnh mu . PTP 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O b) Khi cho mu Na vo dung dch AlCl3 , ta thy mu Na xoay trn, chy trn mt dung dch v tan dn, c kh khng mu thot ra. 2Na + H2O 2NaOH + H2 Mt lc sau thy c kt ta keo trng. 3NaOH + AlCl3 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 Kt ta keo trng tan dn. NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO2 + 2H2O c) St tan dn lc u c kh mu nu thot ra, v sau HNO3 long dn c kh khng mu thot ra ho nu trong khng kh. t0 Fe + 6HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 +3NO2 +3H2O t0 Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 +NO +2H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 khng mu nu Fe + 2Fe(NO3)3 3Fe(NO3)2 Cu 9: Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc th nghim sau: a, Cho Ba vo dung dch CuSO4. b, Na2O vo dung dch ZnCl2. c, Cu vo dung dch Fe(NO3)3. d, Al vo dung dch H2SO4. e, Cho hn hp X gm : Na, Al2O3, Fe, Fe3O4, Cu v Ag vo mt lung nc d, khi phn ng kt thc, cho tip lng va dung dch H2SO4 long vo.

Cu 10: Cho BaO tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long c kt ta A v dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng va vi Al, thu c kh bay ra v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi dung dch K2CO3, thu c kt ta E. Vit phng trnh ho hc minh ha to A, B, D, E. HD: BaO + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O Nu BaO d: BaO + H2O Ba(OH)2 Trng hp 1: Dung dch B cha H2SO4 d 3H2SO4 + 2Al Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2CO3 + 3H2O 2Al(OH)3 +3K2SO4 +3CO2 Trng hp 2: Dung dch B cha Ba(OH)2 2Al + Ba(OH)2 + 2H2O Ba(AlO2)2 +3H2 Ba(AlO2)2 + K2CO3 BaCO3 +2KAlO2 Cu 11: Sc kh A vo dd Na2SO3 thu c dd cha mui B duy nht cho B tc dng dd axit D li to ra kh A khi cho kh A tc dng vi dd nc brom thu c axit D. Xc nh A, B, D v vit pt ha hc xy ra. Cu 12: Hoan thanh s phan ng sau ( ghi iu kin nu co): C1 +Y D1 +Z E1 + I F
1 1

xc tc A + X, B

men
+Y +Y +G C2 C1 E2 D2` F
2 1

+ Z1

Bit (A) l tinh bt va (F) l barisunfat. Xc nh B, C1, C2 D1, D2, E1, E2, Y1, Y2, Z, I, G v vit pt ha hc xy ra (1) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O nC6H12O6 n (2) C6H12O6 me 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (3) CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O (4) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O (5) Na2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2NaOH (6) C2H5OH + 3O2 TC 2CO2 + 3H2O (7) CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 (8) NaHCO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + Na2CO3 + H2O (9) BaCO3 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + CO2 + H2O Cu 13: Nu hin tng v vit PTHH xy ra khi cho Na ln lt vo cc dung dch sau y: a) dung dch CuSO4 ; b) dung dch Al2(SO4)3 ; c) dung dch Ca(OH)2 d) dung dch Ca(HCO3)2 ; e) dung dch NaHSO4 ; g) dung dch NH4Cl Hng dn: a) c si bt kh v xut hin kt ta xanh l. Na + H2O NaOH + H2 CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 b) u tin c si bt kh, xut hin kt ta, sau kt ta tan ra ( nu NaOH c d ). Ba + 2H2O Ba(OH)2 + H2 6NaOH + Al2(SO4)3 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4 Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O c) Natri tan ra, dung dch si bt: Na + H2O NaOH + H2 d) Natri tan ra, dung dch si bt kh, xut hin kt ta. 2NaOH + Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + 2H2O e) Natri tan ra, dung dch si bt kh , n v p rt mnh lit. NaHSO4 + Na Na2SO4 + H2 g) ban u xut hin kh khng mi, sau c kh mi khai. NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O ( do NH4OH khng bn ) Cu 14: Nu hin tng xy ra v vit PTHH cho cc th nghim sau:
0

xt, H +

a) Cho t t Na2CO3 vo dung dch HCl. b) Cho t t dd HCl vo Na2CO3 . c) Cho AlCl3 vo dung dch NaOH d. d) Cho dung dch NaOH vo dd AlCl3 d. e) Cho Zn vo dung dch Fe2(SO4)3 d. g) Sc t t CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 n khi kt thc ri un nng dung dch thu c. Hng dn : * Cu a,b: kt qu 2 TN l khc nhau: - Nu cho Na2CO3 vo HCl th ban u HCl d c kh thot ra ngay: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ( HCl khng hp th c CO2) Khi Na2CO3 c d th trong dung dch khng c cht no p vi n. - Nu cho HCl vo Na2CO3 th ban u Na2CO3 d nn khng c kh thot ra: Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 ( Na2CO3 hp th c CO2 NaHCO3) Khi HCl c d th mi c CO2 thot ra : NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2 * Cu c,d: kt qu 2 TN l khc nhau: - Nu cho AlCl3 vo NaOH : u tin NaOH d, nn kt ta to ra b tan ngay ( d AlCl3 s c KT) AlCl3 + NaOH NaCl + NaAlO2 + H2O ( Al(OH)3 chuyn thnh NaAlO2 + H2O ) - Nu cho NaOH vo AlCl3 th u tin AlCl3 d nn kt ta to ra lin tc n cc i. AlCl3 + 3NaOH 3NaCl + Al(OH)3 ( Al(OH)3 khng tan trong AlCl3 d ). Khi NaOH d th kt ta bt u tan n ht: Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O Cu 15: Cho a (mol) Mg vo dung dch cha ng thi b (mol) CuCl2 v c (mol) FeCl2. a) Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra theo trnh t. b) Hy thit lp mi lin h gia a,b,c sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c mt dung dch c cha: ba mui, hai mui ; mt mui . Hng dn: V hot ng ca cc kim loi l : Mg > Fe > Cu nn th t cc phn ng xy ra: Mg + CuCl2 MgCl2 + Cu (1) b b (mol) Mg + FeCl2 MgCl2 + Fe (2) c c (mol) -Nu sau p thu c 3 mui : MgCl2, CuCl2, FeCl2 sau p (1) cn d CuCl2 : a < b. -Nu sau p thu c 2 mui: MgCl2, FeCl2 sau p (2) cn d FeCl2 : b a < b + c . -Nu sau p thu c 1 mui : MgCl2 CuCl2 v FeCl2 p ht: a b + c. Cu 16: Hy nu hin tng v vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra khi cho KHSO4 ln lt vo cc cc ng sn : dd Na2CO3 , dd (NH4)2CO3, dd BaCl2, dd Ba(HCO3)2, Al, Fe2O3. Cu 17: TN1: Khi cho dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch FeCl3 thy c kt ta nu v bay ra mt kh lm c nc vi. Nhit phn kt ta ny th to ra mt cht rn mu nu v khng sinh ra kh ni trn. TN2: Cho Ba(HCO3)2 vo dung dch ZnCl2 th thu c kt ta, kh thot ra cng lm c nc vi trong. Hy gii thch cc th nghim bng cc phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn : * TN1: Fe2(CO3)3 b nc phn tch ( coi nh phn hy ra axit v baz ) nn ta c p: 2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 6NaCl + 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 t0 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O * TN2: trong dung dch th Ba(HCO3)2 c tnh kim Ba(OH)2 . 2CO2 Ba(HCO3)2 + ZnCl2 Zn(OH)2 + BaCl2 + 2CO2 ( p kh ) Cu 18: Nu hin tng xy ra cho mi th nghim v gii thch: a) Cho SO2 li chm qua dd Ba(OH)2 , sau thm nc vi trong vo dung dch thu c. b) Ha tan Fe bng dd HCl v sc kh Cl2 i qua hoc cho KOH vo dung dch, lu ngoi khng kh. c) Cho AgNO3 vo dung dch AlCl3 , nh tip vi git qu tm v ngoi nh sng. d) Cho HCl c tc dng vi KMnO4, sau cho AgNO3 vo dung dch thu c.

e) Sc kh CO2 i chm vo dung dch NaAlO2. Cu 19: Khi trn dung dch AgNO3 vi dung dch H3PO4 th khng thy kt ta xut hin. Nu thm dung dch NaOH th c kt ta mu vng, nu thm tip dung dch HCl th kt ta mu vng chuyn thnh kt ta mu trng. Gii thch cc hin tng bng phn ng ha hc. Cu 20: Tm mui X va tc dng vi dung dch HCl va tc dng vi dung dch NaOH tha mn iu kin sau y: a) C 2 phn ng u thot kh. b) Phn ng vi HCl kh, phn ng vi NaOH to ta. c) C 2 phn ng u to kt ta. Hng dn : a) X phi l mui amoni v tc dng vi kim c thot kh. X tc dng HCl sinh kh, nn phi mang gc axit d phn hy. Chn (NH4)2CO3 b) X l mui cacbonat v to kt ta vi NaOH nn phi l mui axit : Ca(HCO3)2 c) X to kt ta vi HCl X c Ag. Chn AgNO3. Cu 21: Hn hp A gm : Fe3O4, Al, Al2O3, Fe. Cho A tan trong dd NaOH d rn A1, dung dch B1 v kh C1. Cho kh C1 d tc dng vi A nung nng th c rn A2. Cho A2 tc dng vi H2SO4 c, ngui c dd B2. Cho B2 tc dng vi dd BaCl2 kt ta B3. Vit cc PTHH xy ra. Cu 22: C nhng thay i g khi lu ngy nhng bnh h ming cha cc dung dch sau y: nc clo, nc brom, nc H2S, nc vi trong, nc Javen ( NaCl, NaClO). Hng dn: cc cht Cl2, Br2 tc dng vi H2O. H2S tc dng O2 S ( c) + H2O. Cn dung dch NaClO tc dng vi CO2 NaHCO3 + HClO. Cu 23: Cho Zn d vo dung dch H2SO4 96% th u tin c kh khng mu, mi xc bay ra, sau mt thi gian thy xut hin kt ta mu vng, sau li c kh mi trng thi v sau cng c kh khng mu, khng mi thot ra. Hy gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. ( ngun : BTLT&TN Cao C Gic , NXBGD 2003 ) Hng dn: Ban u H2SO4 c SO2 (mi xc) 2H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 V sau do H2SO4 b pha long do tiu hao v do H2O sinh ra, nn to kt ta S ( mu vng) 4H2SO4 + 3Zn 3ZnSO4 + 4H2O + S Tip n l : 5H2SO4 + 4Zn 4ZnSO4 + 4H2O + H2S ( mi trng thi) Khi nng H2SO4 long th H2: H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2 Cu 24: mt mu Na ngoi khng kh m, sau mt thi gian thu c rn A. Ha tan rn A vo nc th thu c dung dch B. Vit cc PTHH c th xy ra, xc nh cc cht c trong A v B. Hng dn: Trong khng kh m c H2O, CO2, O2 4Na + O2 2Na2O 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Na2O + H2O 2NaOH Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O ( hoc NaHCO3 ). Rn A : Na( d), Na2O, NaOH, Na2CO3 , NaHCO3 ha tan vo nc s xy ra cc phn ng: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Na2O + H2O 2NaOH Cu 25: Khi cho mt mu kim loi Cu d vo trong dung dch HNO3 m c th u tin thy xut hin kh X mu nu, sau li thy c kh Y khng mu thot ra v ha nu trong khng kh. Dn kh X i vo dung dch NaOH d th thu c mui A v mui B. Nung nng mui A li thu c mui B. Hy xc nh cc cht X, Y, A, B v vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn: Ban u HNO3 c NO2, sau HNO3 long dn NO 4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 ( kh X ) 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO ( kh Y ) NO + O2 NO2

NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O t0 NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2 (A) (B) Cu 26: Hy dng cc phng trnh ha hc gii thch v sao khng c bn chung cc loi phn m : m 2 l NH4NO3, m sunfat (NH4)2SO4 v ur CO(NH2)2 vi vi hoc tro bp ( cha K 2CO3). Bit rng trong nc ur chuyn ha thnh amoni cacbonat (NH4)2CO3.( ngun : BTLT&TN Cao C Gic , NXBGD 2003 ). Hng dn: * Nu bn chung vi vi th : 2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2NH3 + 2H2O * Nu chung vi tro bp ( cha K2CO3) 2NH4NO3 + K2CO3 2KNO3 + H2O + CO2 + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4 + K2CO3 K2SO4 + H2O + CO2 + 2NH3 (NH4)2CO3 + K2CO3 2KHCO3 + 2NH3 Nh vy bn chung phn m vi vi hoc tro bp th lun b tht thot m do gii phng NH3. * Nhn xt v mui amoni: Khi tc dng vi cc dung dch mui c tnh kim ( nh Na2CO3, NaAlO2 , NaClO ) th cc mui ammoni tc dng nh axit tng ng: Trong cc phn ng ny, c th xem mui amoni l cc axit tng ng ngm NH3, v d: NH4NO3 HNO3.NH3 ( khi p phn NH3 b gii phng ) (NH4)2SO4 H2SO4.2HN3 NH4Cl HCl . NH3 (NH4)2CO3 H2CO3.NH3 V d : NaAlO2 + NH4Cl + H2O NaCl + Al(OH)3 + NH3

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