Phng php so snh tnh axit v nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c.

. So snh tnh axit ca 1 s hp cht hu c l so snh linh ng ca nguyn t H trong HCHC.Hp cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t H cng cao th tnh axit cng mnh. 1. nh ngha linh ng ca nguyn t H ( hidro) : L kh nng phn ly ra ion H(+) ca hp cht hu c . 2. Th t u tin so snh : - so snh ta xt xem cc hp cht hu c (HCHC) cng nhm chc cha nguyn t linh ng ( VD : , ....) hay khng. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th ta phi xt xem gc hydrocacbon ca cc HCHC l g y in t hay ht in t. + Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( hyrocacbon no )th linh ng ca nguyn t hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c gim. +Nu cc HCHC lin kt vi cc gc ht in t ( hyrocacbon khng no ,hyrocacbon thm ) th linh ng ca nguyn t hay tnh axit ca cc hp cht hu c tng. 3.So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c khc nhm chc..

Tnh axit gim dn theo th t: Axit V C > Axit hu c > > Phenol > > Ru.

4. So snh tnh axit ( hay linh ng ca nguyn t ) ca cc hp cht hu c cng nhm chc.. -Tnh axit ca HCHC gim dn khi lin kt vi cc gc hyrocacbon( HC) sau : Gc HC c lin kt 3 > gc HC thm > gc HC cha lin kt i > gc HC no . -Nu HCHC cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t ( gc hyrocacbon no) th gc axit gim dn theo th t : gc cng di cng phc tp ( cng nhiu nhnh ) th tnh axit cng gim. VD : > > . -Nu cc hp cht hu c cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t nhng trong gc ny li cha cc nhm ht in t(halogen ) th tnh axit tng gim theo th t sau : + Cng 1 nguyn t halogen , cng xa nhm chc th th tnh axit cng gim . VD : >

+ Nu cng 1 v tr ca nguyn t th khi lin kt vi cc halogen s gim dn theo th t : > > > ..................

VD : > >............................ Ht !

Phng php so snh nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c.

1. nh ngha : Nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha trn b mt cht lng bng p sut kh quyn. 2. Cc yu t nh hng n nhit si ca cc hp cht hu c. C 2 yu t nh hng n nhit si l khi lng phn t ca HCHC v lin kt hiro ca HCHC . 3. So snh nhit si gia cc hp cht. - Nu hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. -Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm chc th cht no c khi lng phn t ln hn th nhit si cao hn. - Cht c lin kt hiro thi c nhit si cao hn cht khng c lin kt hiro. -Nu cc HCHC c cc nhm chc khc nhau th cht no c linh ng ca nguyn t ln hn th c nhit si cao hn nhng 2 hp cht phi c khi lng phn t xp x nhau. Ht !!

Do gc Ankyl l gc y e nn s lm giu mt e ca O trong -OH do vy lin kt H s bn hn --> si tng ln - Gc y cng ln th dng e cng nhiu ---> lin kt cng bn ---> nhit si cng cao Do vy th t ng l CH3OH < C2H5OH < C3H7OH

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_____________________________ Theo mnh anilin c nhit si cao hn do n phn cc nhiu hn=>lin kt hidro mnh hn.Trong cc amin th amin bc 2 l mnh nht cn amin bc 1 v bc 3 th xp x nhau rt kh so snh ________________________________ Mun xc nh nhit si ca cht th ta phi theo mt lot cc iu kin sau : 1. ionic bond ( highest boiling point => ton l kim loi vi cht rn th hi sao khng cao ) 2. colvalent bond ( Cht rn v phi kim ) 2.a) polar bond th cao hn Nonpolar bond 3. Phn t c nhiu hay t nguyn t khc loi nhau ( CH4 b hn C2H6, CH3Cl b hn CH2Cl2 ). Phn t c nhiu nguyn t th n chn p khng gian nn khi bn mun tch ti 1 khu vc c nh th nng lng b cc nguyn t bn cnh ht k ( b mt to hn ). 4. Trong phn t c th k mt ng thng hay mt phng chia phn t ra lm hai phn ging nhau khng (symmetry th phi). Vng th c nhiu ng symmetry hn l mch ri. 5. Hiu ng khng gian ( cht d bay hi c cht kh bay hi bao bc quanh th nhit phi tng . Bc 3 ln hn bc 2 ln hn bc 1. 6. Lin kt n ln hn lin kt i cng ln hn lin kt ba 7. Lin kt hydro ( gach t qung - - -) ________________________________________

Nu cc hp cht hu c cng lin kt vi cc gc y in t nhng trong gc ny li cha cc nhm ht in t(halogen ) th tnh axit tng gim theo th t sau : + Cng 1 nguyn t halogen , cng xa nhm chc th th tnh axit cng gim . VD : > + Nu cng 1 v tr ca nguyn t th khi lin kt vi cc halogen s gim dn theo th t : > > > .................. VD : > >............................ Ht !

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Nhit si cua ancol cao hn, ankan, ete (xapxi ankan), dn xut halogen , andehit, xeton cung kl ; tng khi khi phn t lng tng. Dn xut halogen:nds cao hn cac ankan t.ung', cua F ->nhiet do soi thap nhat, cua I cao nhat Andehit, xeton phn cc, co nds cao hon cac h/c fan t luong tuong ung', nhung ko co kha nng tao lin kt hidro vi nhau nn co nds thp hn ancolhay axit cacboxilic t/u Axit cacboxilic phn cc tuong tu ancol, co kha nng tao lin kt hydro gia chung va vi cac phn t cua h/c khac, nds cao hn ancol ----->nds ax cacboxilic>ancol>dx halogen>ankan, ete