PHNG PHP DI HU HN TRONG PHN TCH KT CU

L Vn Bnh
( ) *

1. Tng quan v phng php di
hu hn
Cuc thi Qu to vng ca Khoa KT & CN.
gii quyt mt bi ton c
hc vt rn bin dng tng qut cn
thit phi tm c 15 n hm (gm 3
phng trnh vi phn cn bng ni, 6
phng trnh lin tc - phng trnh
Cauchy, 6 phng trnh quan h gia
ng sut - bin dng), ng thi cc
n hm ny phi tha mn cc iu
kin bin ng hc v tnh hc. iu
ny r rng khng thc hin c i
vi nhng bi ton tng qut do kh
khn v mt ton hc. V th c nhiu
phng php tnh ra i nhm gii
quyt vn trn. Hin nay phng
php s c ng dng nhiu nht
trong phn tch kt cu l phng php phn t hu hn (finite element method - FEM).
FEM l mt cng c rt mnh m v linh hot trong vic phn tch kt cu c
pht trin nhanh chng v ng dng gii quyt rt nhiu nhng bi ton c hc. Tuy
nhin i vi nhng kt cu c c tnh hnh hc thng thng v iu kin bin n
gin, nu phn tch bng FEM mt cch y l khng cn thit v thng dn n vic
phn tch mt bi ton bc cao c th thu c nghim tt. Chnh v vy bi ton
chnh xc i hi nhiu cng c my mc h tr cho ngi thit k, bi ton c gii
quyt mt cch cng nhc hoc phi thc hin nhiu bc tnh ton trung gian di dng
v tn thi gian. iu ny th hin r trong cc bi ton phn tch kt cu trng thi
tnh (static analysis) ca vt rn 3 chiu hay nhng bi ton phn tch dao ng v n
nh ca cc kt cu khng gian. Do chng ta cn la chn mt phng php tnh c
th gim bt khi lng tnh ton bng cch s dng linh hot phng php phn t hu
hn phn tch cc loi kt cu mong mun.
T nhng vn nu trn, gn y pht trin mt phng php phn tch kt
cu c th tha mn nhng yu cu ca bi ton l phng php di hu hn (finite
strip method - FSM). Trong phng php ny, kt cu c chia thnh nhng di (strip)
hoc nhng min con (subdomain) 3 chiu nh lng tr (prism) hoc lp (layer) m cc
di c mt cp cnh (2-D) hay nhiu mt i din (3-D) trng lp vi nhau cc bin
ca kt cu. Do c tnh ca phng php, cc kt cu thng c dng hnh hc khng
thay i dc theo mt hoc hai trc ta kch thc mt ct ngang ca cc di
(hoc ca lng tr hay lp) khng thay i t u n cui. V vy cc kt cu nh dm
cu dng hp (box girder bridge) hoc cc loi tm mng (voided slab) rt d dng chia
thnh cc di hoc lng tr, hay cc loi kt cu tm v v dy nhiu lp ng hng rt
thun tin khi chia thnh cc layer nghin cu. Cc dng kt cu sau y s minh ha
cch chia phn t theo di v p dng phng php tnh ton FSM.

1
( ) *
Thc s, GVCH Khoa K Thut & Cng Ngh i hc M Bn cng TP.HCM
T
2
3
4
5

7
8
T
2
3
4
5

7
8

T
TT
T2
T3
(c) fcm phcng (c) fcm rcng khcel |c lrcn
(P|cle Slr|p) (CUccr||clerc| l|n|le Pr|m)

T
2
3
4
5
T 2 4 8 T T2
3 5 7 TT
(She|| Slr|p)
(c) CcU ccm hcp ccng (c) fcm ccy nh|eU |cp
(l|n|le lcyer)


Hnh 1 : Cc loi kt cu c th tnh ton bng FSM
2. La chn hm chuyn v
FSM c th xem l trng hp c bit ca FEM bng cch s dng hm gn ng
ca chuyn v (displacement approach) theo m hnh tng thch. Tuy nhin, FEM s
dng mt hm xp x chuyn v dng a thc trong tt c cc chiu, trong khi FSM s
dng cc a thc n gin kt hp vi chui hm lng gic v cc chui o hm ring
lin tc vi iu kin cc chui phi tha mn mt iu kin tin quyt (priori) v iu
kin bin ti bin ca cc di (lng tr, lp). Cng thc tng qut ca hm chuyn v
c cho bi tch ca cc a thc v chui. V vy, i vi cc di trong bi ton 2 chiu
c gim xung bi ton mt chiu. Hm chuyn v c vit nh sau :

=
=
r
m
m m
Y x f w
1
) (
(2.1a)
Tng t cho trng hp "di prism", bi ton ba chiu c gim xung thnh bi
ton 2 chiu :

=
=
r
m
m m
Y z x f w
1
) , (
(2.1b)
i vi "di layer" bi ton ba chiu c phn tch nh bi ton 1 chiu :

= =
=
t
n
n m mn
r
m
Y X z f w
1 1
) (
(2.1c)
Trong biu thc trn, cc chui c ct bt bc th r v s hng th t;
l cc biu thc a thc vi cc hng s khng xc nh cho s
hng th m v n ca chui. tng ng l cc chui tha mn cc iu kin bin
theo phng x v y v ch r hm vng trong cc phng ny. Chnh v th bc t do
ca h thng gim nn s n s cn tm gim. Bi ton tr nn n gin hn.
) ( ), , ( ), ( z f z x f x f
mn m m
m m
Y X ,
Th d: Hm vng ca di chu un c xc nh nh sau:
(i) phn chui ca hm chuyn v ny c dn t phng trnh vi phn ch o
ca bi ton dm chu un (ng nhin, mt "di" c th xem nh mt kt cu dng
thanh l bi ton 1 chiu ca c hc vt rn), c th:
Y
a
Y
4
4
) 4 (

=
(2.2)
2
Trong a l chiu di ca dm (di) v l thng s.
Dng tng qut nghim ca phng trnh c bn (2.2) l:

=
a
y
C
a
y
C
a
y
C
a
y
C y Y

cosh sinh cos sin ) (
4 3 2 1
(2.3)
vi cc h s C
1
. C
2
. c xc nh t iu kin bin.
(ii) Phn a thc ca hm chuyn v hay hm dng (shape function) l mt a thc
lin kt vi thng s chuyn v nt, v n m t trng chuyn v tng ng bn trong
mt ct ngang ca di khi thng s chuyn v nt c cho bng n v. Hm dng ph
thuc vo hnh dng mt ct ngang ca strip v s ng nt bn trong strip.
T 2
c
x
c
T
x
2
c
T
x
2
c]2
T
x
2
c]2
3
c]2 c]2
T
x
2 3
T
2
3
5

4
x
y
x
y

(c) (c) (c)
(c) (e)
(f) (g)

Hnh 2 - Mt ct ngang dng di v dng lng tr
K hiu = f ; = f,
x
f

; = f,
x
f

,
2
2
x
f

.
Hm dng i vi phn t di chu un trn hnh 2b, ta c hm dng:
[ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
[ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]

=
+ + =
x x x x x C
x x x x x C
2 3 2
2
2 3 2
1
, 2 3
2 1 , 2 3 1

Hm chuyn v s l
[ ]{ } [ ][ ] [ ]{ }

=
= =
r
m
m m
C C Y N w
1
2 1

Trong , cc thng s ca ng nt l:
{ } { }
T
m m m m
T
m
w w
2 2 1 1
=
.
w
m
v
m
l chuyn v v gc xoay cho s hng th m ca chui v xem nh l
cc n s cn tm theo FSM.
m
Y
T tng ch yu ca phng php FSM cng tng t nh FEM l tm dng gn
ng ca n hm trong cc min con V
e
(hay cn gi l phn t - element) thuc min V
ca n. Tuy nhin dng V
e
ca phng php FSM c tnh cht khng thay i trong ton
min V do ch p dng trong cc bi ton nh nu trn. Cc min con V
e
ny lin
kt vi nhau trn bin gi l ng nt (nodal line). Cc thng s ca ng nt c th
gi l bc t do ca phn t v xem l cc n s cn tm. Sau khi tnh ton c cc
thng s chuyn v ca ng nt
{ }
T
m

, cc thnh phn chuyn v, ng sut, bin dng

ca phn t s c "ni suy" bng ma trn cc hm dng thng qua cc php ni suy
3
4
ca Lagrange hay Hermitian. r hn v phng php ny, ta xem bng so snh s
khc nhau ca phng php phn t hu hn v phng php di hu hn.

Phng php phn t hu hn
(FEM)
Phng php di hu hn
(FSM)
C th p dng phn tch kt cu vi mi
dng hnh hc, mi iu kin bin v vt
liu khc nhau. L cng c rt mnh v
linh hot.
Trong bi ton tnh, thng c p dng
cho cc kt cu vi gi ta n gin, c
hoc khng c gi ta n hi trung gian,
c bit l cu. Trong bi ton ng,
thng s dng cho kt cu vi mi iu
kin bin nhng khng c gi ta ri rc.
Thng c s lng phng trnh nhiu v
ma trn cng c di rng (bandwith)
tng i ln. C th khng tm c li
gii v gii hn ca cc cng c tnh ton.
S lng phng trnh t hn v ma trn
cng c di hp, c bit ng cho bi
ton gi ta n gin. Do thi gian tnh
ton t hn nhiu tm ra li gii chnh
xc.
S lng d kin a vo rt ln v d gy
ra cc li lm, i hi s t ng ho vic
ph li v pht sinh ti trng.
S lng d kin a vo rt t v cc
ng li t do vic gim kch thc bi
ton phn tch.
S lng d liu xut ra ln bao gm tt c
cc chuyn v nt v ng sut phn t. Cc
phn t bc thp hn s khng c c
ng sut chnh xc ti cc nt v ng sut
trung bnh c ni suy.
D dng ch r cc chuyn v v ng sut
cn tm v xut ra kt qu mt cch chnh
xc
i hi mt s lng ln cc yu t ct li
v rt kh khn lp trnh. Thng thng
cn c nhng k thut tnh ton cao phi
dng n nh phng php thu gn khi
lng hay phng php lp gim cc
yu cu chnh.
Cn mt s nh cc yu t ct li v d
lp trnh hn. Bi v ch cn mt vi tr
ring thp nht nn t 2 n 3 s hng
u tin ca chui cng cho kt qu kh
chnh xc, c th gii cc ma trn bng
cc ma trn con tr ring chun.
3. Mt s kt qu tnh ton
Kho st bi ton ng sut phng ca l thuyt n hi, c gii theo 3 phng
php khc nhau:
1. S dng phng php gii tch ca l thuyt n hi
2. S dng FEM (phn mm SAP2000 - hng CSI, M)
3. S dng FSM vi 2 loi phn t bc thp (LO2) v bc cao (HO2) (chng trnh
FSMISA - L Vn Bnh - H M BC TpHCM)

BIE U O CHUYE N V
(a=8, b=4; a/b=2)
0.E+00
1.E-03
2.E-03
3.E-03
4.E-03
5.E-03
6.E-03
7.E-03
8.E-03
9.E-03
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
(m)
GT
FEM
LO2
HO2


Nhn xt: Kt qu tnh ton cho thy, mc d dng SAP2000 vi li phn t l
8x8=64 phn t, nhng li gii ca FEM cho kt qu khng chnh xc so vi FSM ch vi
li 4 strip (li gii ca l thuyt n hi xem nh chnh xc). iu ny c th d dng l
gii c, do FEM ch tnh ton v quy i ton b ti trng v cng ca kt cu v
nt, do vy kt cu b "cng ha", do vy li gii chuyn v ng nhin s nh hn so
vi FSM v l thuyt n hi.
Tng t nh FEM, kh nng t ng ha ca FSM rt cao, do vy ch cn s dng
mt chng trnh vi th vin phn t c lp sn th c th gii quyt hu ht cc bi
ton kt cu nh nu phn 1. S gii thut thc hin theo chng trnh FSMISA
nh sau:
5
B/f /U
(Slcrl)
(Pecc Dclc lnpUl)
OC DU llLU NH/P
l/P fPLN f/f C/ C/C SO H/NG CU/ CHUOl
(lccp cn NUmcer cf ferm)
NH/P C/C HL SO f/l fPONG CHUOl
(Pecc lcUr|er lccc Cceff|c|enl)
(lccp cn NUmcer cf Slr|p)
l/P fPLN f/f C/ C/C PH/N fU D/l
(lcrm S|ffne cnc lccc lclr|x fcr Slr|p)
flNH fO/N l/ fP/N O CUNG V/ f/l fPONG PH/N fU
(/emc|cge cf Sl|ffne cnc lccc lclr|x)
l/P GHLP V/O l/ fP/N O CUNG V/ f/l fPONG fONG fHL
(Sc|Ul|cn cf S|mU|lcnecU LUcl|cn)
Gl/l HL PHUONG fPlNH /l SO fll fHONG SO UONG NUf
(OUlpUl D|p|ccemenl Pcrcmeler)
XU/f C/C fHONG SO CHUYLN V| UONG NUf
(OUlpUl lnlernc| lcrce)
flNH fO/N C/C fH/NH PH/N UNG SU/f, CHUYLN V|...
(Slcp)
KLf fHUC

4. Kt lun
FSM c bit c hiu qu khi gii cc kt cu tha mn cc iu kin nh nu
phn 1. Trong thc t c rt nhiu cc kt cu nh cu dm hp (box girder bridge), cu
dy vng (cable-stayed bridge), kt cu tm v bng cc vt liu phc tp. c th p
dng FSM tnh ton. Ngoi ra, trong bi ton phn tch kt cu chu ti di ng th FSM
khng nh u th vt tri so vi FEM. Cc phn mm phn t hu hn hin nay ch c
kh nng phn tch kt cu chu ti di ng trn phn t 1 chiu (1-D element) (chng
hn nh SAP2000), do vn hn ch v kh nng tnh ton. Vi FSM, hon ton c th
phn tch bi ton trn cc "di layer" vi phng php tnh n gin, kh nng t ng
ha tnh ton v chnh xc cao.

TM TT
6
Phng php di hu hn (FSM) l mt cng c mnh m trong phn tch cc kt
cu c dng hnh hc thng thng v iu kin bin n gin, chng hn nh cu dm
hp, cu dy vng, cc kt cu tm v. Ngoi ra, phng php ny rt tin li phn
tch cc kt cu chu ti trng di ng, phn tch dao ng v n nh ca kt cu. Bi
7
bo ny trnh by nhng ng dng c bn ca phng php, t c th pht trin
thnh mt phn mm chuyn dng tnh ton cho cc cng trnh cu chu ti trng di
ng.
SUMMARY
Finite strip method (FSM) is a powerful tool for analyzing structures having regular
geometric plans and simple boundary conditions, such as box girder bridges, cable-stayed
bridges, plate and shell structures, etc. Furthermore, this method is very convenient to
analyze structures having moving load, and the vibration and stability of structures. This
article shows some basic applications of the FSM, thereon, specific software for FSM can
be developed to compute for projects with bridges under moving load.