CHNG I.

GII THIU V KHAI THC V S DNG LPG

I. KHAI THC V S DNG LPG TRN TH GII.

Cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip, ngnh cng nghip sn xut v s dng ngun nguyn liu t du m v kh cng c pht trin mnh m vi mc ch ch yu l gii quyt vn nhin liu ng c, nhin liu cng nghip, nhin liu dn dng. Trong s pht trin cng nghip ch bin kh pht trin khng ngng, n em li hiu qu kinh t cao cho nn kinh t. Trong qu trnh khai thc du m do p sut v nhit gim, kh ha tan trong du m s thot ra; kh thu c cng vi qu trnh khai thc du v c gi l kh ng hnh. Kh thin nhin, kh ng hnh l ngun nguyn, nhin liu qu gi do t gy nhim mi trng, c gi thnh r v tnh an ton cao. i vi cc nc pht trin, LPG c sn xut mnh nh M, Nga, Canada, Mehico, Nauy LPG c sn xut t ngun nguyn liu chnh l kh thin nhin v kh ng hnh, tng sn lng LPG thu c t qu trnh ch bin kh ng hnh chim trng ln khong 60% khi lng. Trn th gii nm 2000 s dng LPG t ti 255 triu tn vi tc tng hng nm 4 - 6 %. Khu vc tiu th sn phm LPG ln l ng Bc c Nht Bn, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, n . Khu vc Bc M c M, Mehico, Canada v khu vc Ty u. Chu hin nay l ni din ra cc hot ng u t cc c s vt cht k thut phc v qu trnh khai thc, tip nhn v phn phi LPG vi t l pht trin 10 - 30 % nm. Ti Rp Xut l nc sn xut LPG ln nht th gii hin nay. Hng nm xut khu khong 10 triu tn. Nht bn l ni c nhu cu nhp khu LPG ln nht hin nay chim khong 26% nhu cu nhp khu LPG trn th gii. Malaysia l nc trong nhng nm qua cng pht trin rt mnh m v cng nghip du kh, sn lng khai thc tng gp 5,5 ln trong c 20% l kh ng hnh dng ch bin LPG. Cc nc ng Nam trong nhng nm gn y cng v ang tiu th LPG tng ln ng k khong 16 triu tn/nm. Khu vc Chu Phi, cc nc c kh nng sn xut LPG ln nh Angeri, Nigeria, Ai Cp, Libi, sn lng cung cp khong 7,8 triu tn/nm.

Nhu cu tiu th LPG Ty u khong 22 triu tn/nm vo nm 1996 lng LPG nhp ch yu t Anh v Nauy. Trong thp k va qua nhu cu tiu th LPG trn th gii tng gp 9 ln so vi nhu cu v du m. Hin nay, LPG c s dng kh rng ri lm nhin liu trong sinh hot v cng nghip. Tuy nhin trong nhng nm sp ti LPG s c s dng ngy mt nhiu hn lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip tng hp hu c-ha du nhm ch bin, chuyn ha ra cc sn phm cng ngh c gi tr kinh t cao.
II. KHAI THC V S DNG LPG VIT NAM.

Vit Nam l nc c tim nng v du kh rt ln, c pht hin vo nhng nm 1970, vi s gip v mt kinh t, k thut ca cc chuyn gia Lin X tin hnh thm d v khai thc du kh trn quy m ln min Nam nc ta. Do c tim nng v du kh nh vy nn vic khai thc v s dng kh nc ta v ang pht trin mnh m, ng gp rt ln cho nn kinh t t nc. LPG c sn xut t hai ngun ring bit. Th nht l tch t du th v kh t nhin ni sn xut t m cha. Lng Propan, Butan khc nhau rt nhiu, ph thuc vo bn cht ca m du kh v cng ngh x l kh. Mc nhn Propan, Butan v cc hydrocacbon nng hn t kh ph thuc vo bn cht ca kh v cng ngh x l kh. Trc khi tng tr hay vn chuyn du th bi tu ch du, p sut hi ca n phi c lm thp i c th cha trong cc xitc ca tu thu. Qu trnh lm gim trn, c gi l qu trnh lm n nh, c thc hin bi s tch Propan, Butan v cc cu t nh hn to thnh du th c n nh ho. Trong trng hp ny, cc cu t trong LPG ch yu l cc hydrocacbon no nh propan, n-butan v isobutan. LPG c to thnh t cc qu trnh x l v ch bin du th nh l mt sn phm ph t cc thit b ho hc. Phn Propan, Butan cn li trong du th c n nh ho b tch ra trong qu trnh tinh ch ct phn on du th. Cc thnh phn ca LPG ny l propan, n-butan v isobutan. Ngoi ra LPG cn c sn xut t cc qu trnh chuyn ho nh reforming xc tc, cracking nhit, cracking xc tc v hydrocracking. Thnh phn ca LPG ny ph thuc vo cc qu trnh trn nhng c trng l bao gm c nhng hp cht no (propan, n-butan, isobutan) v c nhng hp cht khng no nh propen v buten.

Hin nay, Vit Nam ang khai thc 6 m du v m kh hnh thnh 4 cm khai thc kh quan trng. - Cm kh th nht nm vng ng bng Bc B, gm nhiu m kh nh, trong c Tin Hi - Thi Bnh, tr lng khong 250 t m3 kh, c bt u khai thc nm 1981 phc v cho cng nghip a phng. - Cm kh th 2 thuc vng bin Cu Long, gm c 4 m du Bch H, Rng, Rng ng, Ru Bi l cm quan trng nht, cung cp trn 96% sn lng du ton quc. - Cm th 3 vng bin Nam Cn Sn gm m i Hng ang khai thc v cc m kh pht hin khu vc xung quanh Lan Ty, Lan , Hi Thch, Mc Tinh ang chun b a vo khai thc. Theo d kin ca PetroVietNam, khong thi gian nm 2003 n nm 2010 cm m du kh vng bin Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn c th cung cp 6 8 t m3 kh/nm, n l c s nguyn liu cho cm cng nghip du kh B Ra - Ph M v Dung Qut. - Cm m th 4 ti thm lc a Ty Nam gm c m BungaKewa - Ci Nc ang khai thc, s l ni khai thc v cung cp kh ln th 2 v l c s m bo cho s pht trin cm cng nghip du kh C Mau - Cn th. Sn lng khai thc Vit Nam hin nay vt qu 100 triu tn, y c th coi l nhng thnh cng bc u ca ngnh du kh nc ta. Song bn cnh vn t ra l phi xy dng 1 ngnh cng nghip du kh v ha du hon chnh song song vi khai thc th mi pht huy ht hiu qu kinh t ca du m. Cng nghip kh i hi phi c cng ngh ng b t khai thc, vn chuyn, ch bin v tiu th. Ngun tiu th u tin l d n khai thc v dn kh vo b cho cc nh my in Ph M I v Ph M II, nh my sn xut phn m. Cng vi n, ngy 1/1/1995 nh nc quyt nh cho nh my in B Ra - Vng Tu s dng kh ng hnh thay diegel, ng thi xy dng nh my kh Dinh C ti B Ra vi cng sut thit k l vn chuyn vo b 3 triu m3 kh/ngy v s c nng ln 3,5 - 4 t m3 kh/nm. y l nh my x l kh u tin ca nc ta chnh thc hot ng, cung cp LPG phc v cho cng nghip v dn dng. Song song vi d n trn th nm 1998 PetroVietnam cng bt u khi cng xy dng nh my lc du Dung Qut.

LPG c sn xut ti Dinh C s dng ngun nguyn liu l kh ng hnh c vn chuyn t cc m Bch H, Rng, i Hng. Kh ng hnh ti cc m ny c hm lng H2S v CO2 rt thp (0,4 4%) rt thun li cho ch bin v s dng. Du m Bch H c t xut kh ha tan trung bnh l 180m3/tn ngha l c mt tn du trong iu kin m c p sut ln hn p sut bo ha khi khai thc ln c th tch ra 180m3 kh. Sn lng khai thc hin nay ca nc ta vo khong 10 triu tn vi lng kh ng hnh khong 1,8 t m3/nm v hin nay lng kh ng hnh c thu gom ht vo b. Sn lng khai thc du ngy cng tng khong 30 40 triu tn th ta s thu c khong 34 72 t m3 kh ng hnh. y l mt ngun nguyn liu rt di do thc y nhanh ngnh cng nghip ch bin kh ca nc ta, trong c cng ngh sn xut LPG, ng thi thc y s pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip khc c lin quan. V tiu th LPG Vit Nam c trc nhng nm 1975. Nhng mi n nm 1991, do Nh nc c ban hnh chnh sch m ca thu ht u t nc ngoi, kt hp vi s i mi, nng cao mc sng ca nhn dn lc LPG c quay li s dng Vit Nam v hnh thnh cc cng ty chuyn cung cp LPG. Bt u t nm 1995 th mc tiu th LPG hng nm, ngy cng c pht trin mnh m. Vit Nam l mt nc nm trong khu vc ang c s pht trin rt mnh m c v sn xut ln tiu th LPG trn th gii, v thc t th trng tiu th LPG nc ta hin nay rt si ng v ang p ng nhu cu s dng LPG trong tt c cc ngnh, cc lnh vc ca ngnh kinh t. Theo iu tra ca cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc th nhu cu tiu th LPG Vit Nam trong nhng nm va qua nh sau: n v tnh: Tn Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Min Bc 73.000 87.000 103.000 121.000 139.000 Min Trung 40.000 53.000 57.000 62.000 84.000
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Min Nam 113.000 150.000 173.000 197.000 214.000

Ton quc 245.000 290.000 330.000 380.000 437.000

CHNG II. NHNG NG DNG CA LPG

I. CC NG DNG CH YU CA LPG.

Trn ton th gii hin nay vn nhim mi trng tr thnh ni lo ca ton nhn loi. N i hi phi gii quyt tnh trng nhim mi trng v cng nghim trng. Ngun gy nhim mi trng chnh l cc nh my cng nghip ho hc, luyn kim, ch to du m, c kh ch to my... hng trm cc nh my ny thi vo mi trng hng trm tn cht c nh Cl2, SO2, CO2, NOx, cc hp cht thu ngn, ch...cc phng tin vn ti chy bng ng c t trong, cc v trn du do tai nn, hiu ng nh knh gy nguy him trc tip n cuc sng loi ngi. Chnh v vy, vn bo v mi trng ngy cng yu cu nghim ngt. p ng phn no hn ch cht thi sinh ra t cc qu trnh khc nhau, trong cc phng tin giao thng ngi ta s dng ngun nng lng sch, nguyn liu sch v s dng cc thnh tu khoa hc k thut xy dng cc cng ngh khng c hay rt t thi ra cc cht c hi. Trong nhng i hi th LPG p ng c mt phn rt ln cc yu cu ra. LPG l nguyn liu chy hon ton, khng c tro v hu nh khng c khi. LPG c sch cao, khng ln cc tp cht n mn, l nhin liu khng gy nhim mi trng. 1. ch li ca vic s dng LPG. LPG c xem l mt loi nhin liu cng nghip nhng ng thi n cng l nhin liu dng trong gia nh. Kh nng vn chuyn d dng v c nhit lng cao nn LPG c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip v trong thng mi. nc ta LPG c s dng rt nhiu trong cc ngnh ca nn kinh t quc dn, n mang li li ch to ln: - Cung cp cho ngi tiu dng loi nng lng sch, khng gy nhim mi trng. - S dng LPG to cho cc c s cng nghip khng nhng s dng nhin liu sch m cn nng cao cht lng sn phm. - Gim ph hoi rng, gp phn tch cc vo bo v mi trng sinh thi.

- To iu kin cho vic pht trin cng nghip LPG Vit Nam trong thi gian ti, to cng n vic lm cho ngi lao ng trong cc ngnh cng nghip c lin quan. 2. Cc ng dng ca LPG trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau. Thnh phn ch yu ca LPG l propan v butan. Vic ng dng LPG thng phm c phn lm cc loi chnh sau: - Propan thng phm: lm nhin liu cho ng c hot ng nhng iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng (p sut cao, nhit thp). - Butan thng phm: s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c i hi s bay hi thp hn. - Hn hp propan - butan: s dng lm nhin liu trong iu kin bay hi trung bnh. - Propan chuyn dng: l sn phm c cht lng cao s dng trong cc ng c t trong i hi c s kch n cao. Trong hn hp propan - butan l thch hp cho ch bin thnh cc sn phm kh t gia dng v n c p sut hi bo ho v nhit chy thch hp trong cc iu kin bnh thng ca mi trng. LPG c nhit chy cao nm trong khong 11.300 12.000 Kcal/kg tng ng nhit tr ca 1.5 2 Kg than ci, 1,3 lt du ho hoc 1,5 lt xng. Vi nhng c tnh nh trn LPG tr thnh sn phm c tnh a dng rt cao v c s dng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. - S dng lm nhin liu t trong sinh hot: un nu, si m...n gp phn bo v mi trng sinh thi, trnh nn cht ph rng. - Trong cng nghip: Cc ngnh cng nghip s dng LPG lm nhin liu trong t l, nung gm, thu tinh, snh s, hn ct kim loi, l hi nc trong cng nghip dt nhum, ch bin thc phm. - Trong nng nghip: S dng LPG lm nhin liu trong sn xut thc n gia sc, ch bin, sy nng sn, thc phm. - Trong giao thng vn ti: Lm nhin liu thay cho xng nhm gim nhin mi trng. - Trong cng nghip ho du: s dng LPG trong qu trnh tinh ch sn xut du nhn. Ngoi ra n cn c ng dng l nguyn liu ho hc to ra

nhng monme tng hp polime trung gian nh: Polyetylen, polyvinylclorua, polypropylen, sn xut MTBE l cht lm tng ch s octan thay th cho hp cht ch pha vo xng. - S dng cho nh my in: Dng LPG chy tuc bin sn xut ra in phc v cho cac ngnh cng nghip khc em li hiu qu kinh t cao.
II. CC C TNH CA LPG.

LPG c c tnh l sch cao, khng ln tp cht n mn v cc tp cht c cha lu hunh, khng gy n mn cc phng tin vn chuyn v tn cha. Khi chy, LPG khng gy nhim mi trng, khng gy c hi k c khi LPG tip xc trc tip vi thc phm. LPG l loi kh t thun tin cho vic vn chuyn v tn cha do kh nng ho lng p sut khng qu cao khi nhit bnh thng (0,3 0,4MPa) v th 5000l kh c th ho lng cha trong bnh cha 20 lt lng. Tnh cht c bn ca LPG. a. Thnh phn. LPG ch yu bao gm c cc hydrocacbon parafin c cng thc chung CnH2n+2. C olefin hay khng l ph thuc vo phng php ch bin. LPG l hn hp ca cc hydrocacbon nh butan, propan, izo - butan, hn hp butan propan trng thi lng. Tuy nhin vn c kh nng trong LPG cha etan, pentan nhng vi t l khng ng k. LPG c cha trong cc loi bnh chu p lc khc nhau v tn cha trng thi bo ho, tc l di dng lng v dng hi nn vi thnh phn khng i, p sut bo ho trong bnh cha khng ph thuc vo lng LPG bn trong m ph thuc vo nhit bn ngoi. Thng thng cc loi bn cha ch c cha gas lng ti a khong 80 85% th tch bnh, phn th tch cn li dnh cho phn hi c th gin n khi thay i nhit mi trng bn ngoi. b. T l gin n. LPG c t l gin n ln, t dng lng sang dng hi. Nh h s gin n ny m LPG tr ln kinh t hn khi bo qun v vn chuyn di dng lng. T l gin n: - Propan: 1 th tch lng cho 270 th tch hi 1 atm - Butan: 1 th tch lng cho 283 th tch hi 1 atm

c. p sut ca LPG. p sut ti a cho php i vi sn phm LPG nh sau: - Propan C3H8 c p sut 1448 KPa 37,8oC. - Butan C4H10 c p sut 438 KPa 37,8oC d. T trng ca LPG. T trng ca hi LPG l t trng gia trng lng ca dung tch hi quy nh v trng lng ca mt dung tch khng kh tng ng. - Propan: 1 lt propan hi cn nng bng 1,5 lt khng kh - Butan: 1 lt butan hi cn nng bng 2,0 lt khng kh STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 im si T trng th lng T trng dng hi Th tch ring OoC Th tch ring hi/ lng 0oC p sut hi 0 C p sut hi 50oC n nhit bay hi Nng sut tn nhit thc t (net) Nng sut tn nhit chung (gross) Khng kh cn t chy
o

Cc c tnh Nhit ti hn

n v o
o o

Propan 95 -45 0,51 1,32 0,51 247 4,7 - 5,7 17 - 21,5 85,5 11.000 21.000 11.900 25,6 23,5

Butan 130 -4 0,58 2,01 0,358 233 1,03 - 2,0 5 - 6,25 89 10.900 28.400 11.800 15,3 30,0

C C

D15 m3/kg m3/kg kg/cm2 Kcal/kg Kcal/kg Kcal/Nm3 Kg/kgLPG Kg/kgLPG m3/m3LPG

T trng ca LPG lng nng bng 0,51 0,58 so vi nc c t trng l 1. Chnh v vy, nu LPG thot ra ngoi, hi ca n s lan truyn trn mt t hoc trn mt nc ni thp nht. Nu c gi n s tn mt ngay. e. Tnh c hi. LPG khng gy c. Tuy nhin, nu ht vo s lng ln s b ngt th. Khng nn bc vo ni c y hi LPG v ngoi nguy him b ngt th n cn c tnh d chy.

f. im si. im si l nhit m cht lng si p sut kh quyn. - im si ca propan l -42oC - im si ca butan l -4oC. Khi LPG thot ra ngoi khng kh,v LPG gin n v bay hi nn nhit ti s gim nhanh, nu LPG tip xc vi da c th gy bng lnh. c tnh chung ca propan v butan thng phm.
III. BO QUN, VN CHUYN V TN CHA LPG.

LPG trn th gii hin nay c s dng rng ri trong rt nhiu ngnh v l loi khng th thiu mt s quc gia, c bit i vi nhng quc gia c nn cng nghip pht trin. Do vy, vic bo qun, vn chuyn v tn cha LPG c c bit quan tm. 1. Vn chuyn LPG. thun tin cho vic tn cha v vn chuyn LPG phc v cho qu trnh s dng, ngi ta thng ho lng kh v butan v propan rt d ho lng iu kin p sut khng cao. Kh ho lng nhit thp, khi nhit thng th ho hi. Khi cha LPG trong bnh th p sut khong 3 - 5 atm, nn bnh cha phi l bnh chu p lc. Tu theo v tr ca nh my sn sut, cc th trng tiu th, ni chung l LPG c vn chuyn bng ng ng. Vic vn chuyn LPG t vng ny sang vng khc, hoc t ni sn xut n ni tiu th, ngi ta c th vn chuyn bng ng bin, ng st hoc ng b. Trn cc phng tin vn chuyn ngi ta phi dng bnh cha chu p lc cao v c h thng bm chuyn theo quy nh. i vi cc h dn tiu th trong gia nh ngi ta c th s dng h thng ng dn ph hp hoc bnh cha c cu to bng thp c bit. 2. Bo qun v tn cha. Ngi ta c th bo qun v tn cha LPG trn mt t hoc trong lng t tu theo mc tn cha, kh nng tiu th v iu kin mi vng khc nhau. - Tn cha trn mt t: Cc thit b cha LPG l cc thit b chu p lc c thit k v ch to theo hnh tr nm ngang, hai u cc hnh bn cu, hoc c th tn cha LPG nhng bn hnh cu v n c kh nng chu p lc cao. Trn cc bn cha u

c lp t cc thit b bo v an ton trong qu trnh tn cha d trong thi gian ngn hay di. Tu theo nhu cu ca th trng hoc mc ch yu cu cha LPG m ngi ta s dng cc bn cha to nh tu theo cc mc dung tch khc nhau. - Tn cha trong lng t: Ngi ta c th tn cha LPG trong lng t, trong cc hang ng mui hoc m. Cch tn cha ny an ton v hiu qu, song ch thc hin mt s nc c nn cng nghip pht trin nh M, Anh, Canada. Ni chung, vic tn cha LPG hin nay a s c tn cha v bo qun trong cc bn cha khc nhau. Cc loi bn cha ny c th chu p sut t vi MPa n vi trm MPa v cha t vi chc m3 n vi trm nghn m3 LPG.
IV. AN TON KHI S DNG LPG.

LPG l mt cht nguy him, rt d chy n trong qu trnh bo qun, vn chuyn v tn cha, vn an ton c c bit quan tm. LPG d bt la, nu thot ra ngoi th n s gii phng ra ngoi mt lng kh d chy n. Do LPG nng hn khng kh v nh hn nc nn khi b d r ra ngoi mi trng d b t li nhng ch thp, nu lu trong phng kn n s chong ht th tch khng kh v gy ngt th, nu c mt mi la, n s gy chy n. l nhng nguy him m ngi s dng v cung cp cn ch phng trnh. Ni chung trong qu trnh bo qun, vn chuyn v tn cha LPG s thn trng nghim chnh thc hin cc qui trnh qui phm vn chuyn l mt yu cu cn thit trnh nhng r r tht thot ca LPG ra mi trng gy nguy him. Thit b dng trong kho d tr v qu trnh sn xut LPG c thit lp theo qui trnh thch hp nh cht liu, tng chn, c thit b o nng LPG, van an ton, van gim p, h thng thot nc, h thng ngt van khn cp, h thng bo chy. Ngun la phi c kim tra, kim sot mt cch nghim ngt. Do tnh cht nguy him v ri do cao ca LPG m ti ni tn cha v sn sut, cc d liu tnh ton ta phi d kin c tt c cc kh nng xy ra, t nh gi cng phm vi,cng tai nn v yu t lin quan. Trn c s s a ra nhng bin php phng nga hu hiu. Ngoi ra, tuy LPG khng gy c, tuy nhin nu s lng ln LPG thot ra ngoi hoc ra phng kn n s chim ch ca khng kh v gy ngt th cho con ngi v vy mi ngi cng nhn lm vic c lin quan n LPG cn phi c o to hng dn y v tnh cht ca LPG, cch phng nga v khc phc khi c s c xy ra.

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CHNG III. CNG NGH SN XUT LPG

I. THU GOM V PHN LY DU KH.

1. Thu gom kh. Da trn tnh cht l ha ca hn hp kh la chn hng ch bin, cng ngh ch bin kh cho ph hp vi nhu cu ca nn kinh t quc dn. Trc khi a kh vo ch bin phi qua cng on chun b thc hin yu cu chung i vi sn phm. Qu trnh thu gom kh ch bin, do cc m du, ging du c c im khc nhau cho nn ngi ta cng s chn cc cng ngh khc nhau cho ph hp. a. H thng thu gom kn. C s cng ngh ca h thng l s dng ti a nng lng ca ging khai thc vn chuyn du v kh trong h thng kn. Sn lng mi ging c o trn thit b nhm, mi nhm c 8 n 10 ging. Sn phm ca ging c p sut va cao th trc khi vo thit b nhm, n c phn ly trong thit b phn ly ring p sut cao. Kh tch ra theo ng ng ring n ni tiu th. Cn du th cng mt lng kh cn li c dn theo ng ng n h thng thu gom chung. H thng ny c u, nhc im sau: u im: - D dng trang b t ng ha, iu khin t xa. - S dng nng lng va vn chuyn c du v kh. - Nh vn chuyn du kh trong h thng t ging n trm phn ly nhm nn gim c tn tht cc hydrocacbon nh. Nhc im: - Qu trnh thu gom kn nn khong cch gia cc thit b khai thc v phn ly xa, rt kh vn hnh vi nhng m du c hm lng parafin cao. b. Thu gom p lc. Sn phm ca mi ging du vo thit b o nhm ri n thit b phn ly p lc khu vc. Ti thc hin phn ly cp I du m cng vi kh ha tan vn chuyn n trm kh thu gom trung tm nh p sut d ca n hoc bng bm. Ti trm thu gom trung tm s tin hnh qu trnh phn ly cp II v cp III. Kh v du th s c chuyn n ni ch bin ring.
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H thng ny c u, nhc im sau: u im: - Phng php ny vn chuyn c du bo ha t mi ging khai thc n trm thu gom trung tm vi khong cch ln. - Nng lng ca va c tn dng ti a. - Vn u t t. - H thng d trang b t ng ha v iu khin t xa. Nhc im: - H thng ny vn chuyn c nc va. - Nhit ca sn phm khng c s dng cho qu trnh phn ly. H thng thu gom kh theo h thng ny rt ph hp vi iu kin khai thc du kh Vit Nam. c. H thng thu gom c lp H thng thu gom ny da trn nguyn tc phn ly sn phm mi ging hoc mt nhm ging. Trn c s mi ging hoc nhm ging c trang thit b phn ly v b cha xc nh sn lng ging. Cc thit b ny c t gn ging khoan. Kh v du m c phn ly 0,2 n 0,4 Mpa, cht lng c bm i, kh t thit b phn ly thi ra c t chy trnh nhim hoc c dn n ni tiu th nu c iu kin. H thng ny c u, nhc im sau: u im: - C th xem xt tnh trng mi ging. - Ko di c chu k ca ging. Nhc im: - Tn tht nng lng va, chi ph ln cho thit b c lp. - Phn ly du mt cp nn cht lng khng cao. - H thng d lm tiu hao hydrocacbon nh. 2. Phn ly du v kh. Phn ly du kh thu kh ng hnh l nguyn liu cho qu trnh ha du, ng thi trnh mt mt cc hydrocacbon nh trong qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn nn cn phi chn ch ti u trong phn ly.

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Ty theo p sut phun ca ging du m ngi ta chn phn ly mt cp hay nhiu cp. Khi tng p sut trong thit b phn ly th hm lng propan v butan, pentan v hydrocacbon nng gim, khi kh ng hnh giu metan. Khi phn ly nhiu cp lng hydrocacbon lng sau phn ly s tng 2 n 2,5% khi lng. Lng kh tch ra ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng v thi gian lu ca du m trong thit b phn ly. p dng nhng tin b khoa hc trong vic ci tin thit b phn ly nhm gim ti a tiu hao nng lng sao cho nng lng dng du kh s dng ch yu vn chuyn du v kh m khng s dng trm bm hoc my nn trung gian. Thit b phn ly bao gm: - Ngn phn ly: dng tch kh ra khi cht lng - Ngn lng: dng tch hon ton cht lng ra khi dng kh nh gim tc dng kh - Ngn thu gom lng: thu gom lng tch ra - Ngn tch git: t trn thit b phn ly, nhm tch cc git lng ra khi dng kh c t trn ng dng kh ra khi thit b. Ph thuc vo kt cu ca thit b phn ly, ngi ta chia ra loi thng ng hay nm ngang hoc chia theo s bung phn ly, mt hay nhiu bung.
II. QA TRNH LM SCH KH.

Khai thc v thu gom kh trong kh ng hnh ngoi thnh phn l cc hydrocacbon cn ln cc tp cht c hc, th lng, cc phi hydrocacbon nh CO2, N2, hp cht lu hunh, hi nc s tn ti ca cc tp cht trong kh ng hnh s gy nh hng xu ti tnh trng lm vic ca cc thit b trong qu trnh vn chuyn v khng an ton trong s dng. Do vy qu trnh lm sch kh l v cng quan trng v cn thit. Qu trnh lm sch kh bao gm: - Lm sch kh khi cc tp cht c hc - Sy kh - Lm ngt kh 1. Lm sch kh khi cc tp cht c hc. Kh du m thng cha nhiu cc tp cht khc nhau dng lng, dng bi. Ngi ta thng lm sch kh bng cc phng php:

13

a. Phng php lng. S dng lng tp cht di tc dng lng theo trng lc ly tm. Thit b lng hiu qu l dng xyclon. Xyclon hot ng da vo nguyn tc s dng lc ly tm. Khi xut hin cc dng kh c cha bi c thi vi tc cao theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh thit b, sau theo ng xon c, bi vng ra khi dng kh theo lc ly tm ri xung thng cha, cn dng kh sch c dn theo ng gia xyclon i ra. b. Phng php t. C th phun cht lng thnh cc ht nh vo dng kh hoc cho kh ln bi i qua lp cht lng, cht lng s lm m bi, lm cho kch thc v trng lng ca ht bi tng ln ri cun theo dng cht lng. Thit b lm sch c cc loi sau: - Loi tnh hc - Loi ng hc - Loi b mt t - Loi si bt Trong cc loi trn th thit b si bt l c hiu qu hn c. c. Phng php lc. Cho kh ln bi i qua lp ngn xp, kh s chui qua l nh ca vt ngn, cn bi b gi li trn b mt lp ngn. Cc phng php trn c nhng nhc im: - Thit b di tc dng trng lc th cng knh, hiu qu thp. - Thit b lng di tc dng ca lc ly tm tuy gn hn nhng khng th lc c ht cc ht nh, tn nng lng - Lm sch bng phng php t trong mt s trng hp khng dng c v kh lm ngui bo ha hi nc. Do ngi ta a ra phng php in trng lm sch kh. d. Lm sch kh bng in trng. Cho kh ln bi i qua in trng vi in th cao, cc ht rn s b lng li trn in cc. Phng php ny c u im: - sch ca kh cao t 90 n 99%

14

- Nng lng tiu hao t, tr lc khng qu 15mm ct nc - Lm sch kh trong iu kin nhit cao, trong mi trng n mn ha hc - C th tin hnh c kh ha, t ng ha Nu tch bi bng thit b lc in da vo s ion ha kh tc l phn ly kh thnh ion c in tch m v dng chuyn ng vi cc in cc tri du. Khi hiu in th mt chiu khong vi nghn vn cc kh b ion ha hon ton. Do s va chm cc ht bi cng b nhim in v di chuyn ti cc bn cc v bm vo bn cc , cc ht bi b trung ha v in v ri t do di tc dng ca lc trng trng. tng kh nng ion ha ngi ta c th lm m kh. 2. Qu trnh sy kh. Nu c lng nc trong kh ng hnh, kh t nhin n s to iu kin hnh thnh cc hydrat vi hydrocacbon. Cc hydrat ny l tinh th mu trng ging nh tuyt hoc nc . Chng s lm tc cc ng dn hay cc thit b, gy ph v iu kin lm vic bnh thng i vi cc dy chuyn cng ngh khai thc, vn chuyn v ch bin kh. Bn cnh s c mt ca hi nc v cc tp cht lu hunh, cc tp cht khc s nh hng n s n mn kim loi lm gim tui th ca cc thit b, cng ngh ni chung. Kh c sy kh vi mc ch tch hi nc v to cho kh c nhit im sng theo nc thp hn so vi nhit cc im m ti kh c vn chuyn hay ch bin. Thng ngi ta hay s dng phng php sy kh trong cng ngh. - Phng php hp th - Phng php hp ph - Phng php c ch - Phng php gin n kh bng hiu ng tit lu. a. Phng php hp th. Ngi ta hay s dng phng php hp th sy kh kh ti cc cng trnh ng dn kh v trong cc nh my ch bin. Cc cht hp th kh l nhng dung dch nc m c nh Mono Etanolamin, Tri Etylenglycol (TEG), Dietylenglycol (DEG), tetraetylenglycol (TREG). Phng php ny c s dng do c u im l: kh nng hp th i vi nc cao, nng sut cao, d ti sinh, ht m cao, c b mt ring ln.

15

b. Phng php hp ph. Phng php hp ph cho php t im sng theo m khong 100 n 0 200 C v sy su n im sng -85 n -100C. Qu trnh sy kh kh bng cc cht hp ph da vo kh nng ca cc vt th rn vi cu trc xc nh hp ph lng m t kh nhit tng i thp v sau tch m khi tng nhit . iu kin xy ra s hp ph cn sau l gii hp ph. S kt hp hai qu trnh ny trong thit b cho php tch m mt cch lin tc t kh. Trong cng ngh cc cht hp ph thng c dng l : silicagel, oxit nhm hot tnh, bixit hat tnh, zeolit 4A v 5A. c. Phng php c ch. y l phng php a dng kh cc cht khc nhau lm h nhit to thnh hydrat nh metanol, glycol S dng cht c ch i hi s phn b ng u to c b mt tip xc ln nht gia chng vi nc. 3. Qu trnh lm ngt kh. i vi kh ng hnh sau khi khai thc ln c thnh phn chnh l hydrocacbon t C1 n C4, trong c cha mt lng kh tp, hm lng ca kh tp ph thuc vo tng m du khc nhau s c hm lng khc nhau. Cc tp kh nh CS2, H2S, RSH l nhng tp cht d gy n mn kim loi, lm gim hiu qu ca cc qu trnh xc tc, gim hiu qu ch bin, gy ng c cho con ngi. Chnh v vy qu trnh lm ngt kh l cng on quan trng khng th thiu trong qu trnh ch bin kh. Hin nay ngi ta tm ra c nhiu cng ngh tin tin v c p dng vo sn xut cho php tng kh nng thu hi H2S v CO2 mt cch ng k. Cc phng php lm ngt kh c p dng l: - Phng php hp th - Phng php hp ph - Qu trnh lm sch kh bng than hot tnh bng zeolit, dng nc lm dung mi ra. Trong phng php hp th c dng ph bin v c hiu qu kinh t cao. Ty thuc vo c im tng tc ca cc hp cht ny vi dung mi m cc cht hp th c th hp thnh cc nhm sau.
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a. Cc qu trnh hp th. - Qu trnh hp th ha hc lm sch kh bng dung mi nhng dung dch nc alkanolamin, MEA, DEA, DGA. Chng da trn phn ng ha hc ca cc hp cht khng mong mun vi alkanolamin l phn ng hot ng ca cc cht hp th. Qu trnh hp th hn hp c s dng nhiu x l cc ngun kh c cha CO2, H2S vi p sut ring phn thp. Qu trnh ny m bo kh trit H2S, CO2 cc p sut v nng lm vic ca chng trong kh ban u khc nhau, ha tan ca hydrocacbon trong nhng cht hp th ny khng cao, thit b v cng ngh ca qu trnh ny n gin. - Qu trnh lm sch bng phng php vt l, cc hp cht khng mong mun bng cc dung mi hu c nh propylen cacbonat, dimetyl ete polyetylglycol, N-metylpyrrollidon. Chng da trn hp th vt l ch khng phi phn ng ha hc. u im: - Cc cht hp th: khng s dng ht, khng gy n mn thit b, nhiu cht c nhit ng c thp, y l iu quan trng trong trng hp p dng chng iu kin kh hu lnh. - Chi ph u t v vn hnh t hn so vi qa trnh hp th ha hc. Nhc im: Cc dung mi vt l hp th nhiu hydrocacbon dn n tn dung mi. Qu trnh hp th vt l khng lm sch trit kh nguyn liu. - Cc qu trnh lm sch kh khi hn hp cht khng mong mun bng dung mi l hn hp dung dch nc alkanolamin vi dung mi hu c nh metanol. u im: C th tch trit tp cht khi kh. Nhc im: Dung mi t hp tng i tt cc hydrocacbon nn hn ch lnh vc s dng ca qu trnh hp th vt l v hp th hn hp. * Lm sch kh bng dung mi Monoetanolamin (MEA): Ngi ta s dng phng php ny rng ri v dung mi monoetanolamin c kh nng hp th cao H2S v CO2. u im:

17

- Kh H2S v CO2 c lm sch trit trong kh ng hnh, c m bo trong khong p sut ring phn rng. - Cc thit b v h thng cng ngh n gin v c bn cao. - MEA d ti sinh v c tnh n nh cao. Nhc im: - Chi ph vn hnh cao. - bo ha dung dch thp: 0,3 - 0,4 mol/mol. - Mc thu hi mercaptan v cc cht hu c cha lu hunh kh thp. - Cc tp cht nh CO2, CS2, SO2, SO3 trong kh nguyn liu khi tng tc vi dung mi to thnh hp cht cao phn t dn n kh hoc khng ti sinh c. S cng ngh lm sch H2S v CO2 bng dung dch alkanolamin (hnh 1)
II 2 DM IV 8 9 10

VI

1 I

VII

V 3

11 III 4 5 6 VII

Hnh 1. 1. Thp hp th 2. Thit b n nh 3. Thp phn ly 4, 9. Thit b lm lnh bng nc 5, 8. Thit b lm lnh bng khng kh I. Kh m III. Dung mi V. Mt phn dung mi ha kh VII. Dung mi ti sinh Thuyt minh s cng ngh : 6. Thit b trao i nhit 7. Thp gii hp 10. B tch 11. Thit b gia nhit II. Kh sch IV. Kh phn ly VI. Kh axit

18

Kh nguyn liu sau khi c lm sch c a vo pha di thp hp th 1 (a di cng oc lm giu bng dung dch nc MEA). Dung mi hp th a vo a trn ca thp hp th. Trong thp hp th dung mi c ti ln ton b mt thp v hp th kh axit c thi t di y thp ln. T nh thp kh sch c a ra, cn cht hp th bo ha ra ngoi y thp. Kh sch sau khi qua b n nh 2 c em i s dng, phn lng cn li i xung b phn tch 3 cng vi cht hp th ra y thp. Ti hiu ng tit lu m hydrocacbon b hp th c tch ra qua b phn trao i nhit 6 v chuyn n thp kh hp th. y kh axit, hi nc, cc hydrocacbon cn st li s c tch ra. Qu trnh un nng dung mi c thc hin nh thit b 11 (to = 130oC, P = 0,1 - 0,15 Mpa). Hn hp kh axit, hi nc, hydrocacbon thot ra t thp 7 c lm lnh trong sinh hn khng kh 8, 9. Sau hn hp c hai pha vo thp tch 10, ti nc c tch ra v quay tr li thp, cn kh axit c a i s dng. Dung mi ti sinh sau khi c lm sch quay tr li thp hp th thc hin tip qu trnh lm sch. * Lm sch bng dung mi Dietanolamin (DEA): s dng nng DEA hp l trong dung dch ngi ta cn c vo nng kh axit trong nguyn liu v bo ha dung dch. Thng s dng nng DEA trong dung dch t 20-30% khi lng. Nu kh axit trong dung dch c nng t 0,05-0,08 m3/l th s dng dung mi DEA c nng t 2025% khi lng. Nu kh axit c nng t 0,14 - 0,15 m3/l th dung mi l 2527%, nng axit 0,15- 0.17 m3/l th DEA c nng l 25 - 30%. Qu trnh hp th H2S v CO2 vo dung mi DEA nh sau: 2R2NH + H2S = (R2NH)2S (R2NH)2S + H2S = 2RNH2HS R2NH2 + H2O + CO2 = (R2NH2)CO3 (R2NH2)2CO3 + H2O + CO2 = 2R2NH2HCO3 Cng thc cu to ca DEA: (OH-CH2- CH2)2NH u im: - Kh H2S v CO2 m bo sch trit k c khi c mt ca CO2 v CS2.

19

- Dung dch bn v mt ha hc trong iu kin qu trnh d phc hi, p sut bo ha thp - Thit b v cng ngh n gin. Nhc im: - Kh nng hp th ca dung mi thp. - Chi ph vn hnh cao. - Kh nng hp th mercaptan v cc hp cht cha lu hunh thp. b. Lm ngt kh bng dung dch cacbonat. y l phng php s dng mui ha tan ca ion CO32- c tnh kim yu (nh K2CO3) loi b kh axit H2S v CO2. Qu trnh hp th dng K2CO3 nng hp th H2S v CO2. Phn ng xy ra nh sau: K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2KHCO3 K2CO3 + H2S = K2S + 2KHCO3 Qu trnh hp th H2S v CO2, K2CO3 tng ln khi nhit tng v ngi ta chng minh rng qu trnh ny tin hnh tt nht khi gn vi nhit phn ng nghch ca phn ng trn. Phng php ny c u im l chi ph u t thp v khng cn c thit b trao i nhit gia dung mi bo ha v dung mi ti sinh. c. Qu trnh hp th bng nc. Phong php ny c s dng hp th s b cc kh axit, ngi ta cn gi l qu trnh ra kh bng nc. Nguyn l hp th kh axit bng dung mi l nc xy ra ng thi ca hai qu trnh: hp th vt l v hp th ha hc. u im: - Thit b n gin - Khng mt nhit trong qu trnh lm vic. - Dung mi d kim - Dung mi khng phn ng vi CO2, CS2. Nhc im : - Nng sut khng cao - Kh khn trong vic thu hi kh axit s dng vo mc ch khc. - D b nhim mi trng

20

- Phi x l nc thi
III. TCH CC THNH PHN KH NG HNH.

Kh sau khi c lm sch th trong thnh phn ca kh ng hnh ch cn li hydrocacbon. Hn hp kh ny cn tch s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Hin nay, cc phng php thng dng tch ring thnh phn kh ng hnh l : - Phng php hp th - Phng php ngng t - Phng php chng ct nhit thp - Phng php nn. - Phng php gin n turbo Cc dy truyn tch kh ngi ta thu c nng kh etan tch ring t 92%, propan v butan t nng t 96-98%. 1. Phng php ngng t. Phng php ngng t l phng php m qu trnh ca n c th coi l qa trnh lm lnh ng p cho ti nhit tng ng vi p sut s xut hin pha lng. Cc thnh phn cu t kh ng hnh nh CH4, C2H6 ... c nhit ngng t khc nhau, do qu trnh lm lnh xy ra nh sau: Khi gim nhit th n mt nhit no th kh s xy ra hin tng ngng t. Song kh hydrocacbon c c im l chng ha tan trong hydrocacbon lng, do kh ngng t chuyn sang pha lng th khng ch c cu t c th ngng t ti nhit v p sut ring phn m cc cu t c nhit ti hn thp hn c nhit ca hn hp ti cng ngng t v chuyn sang pha lng. V d : Nhit ti hn ca metan l -920C nhng khi c ln propan n vn chuyn sang pha lng nhit 100C. Qu trnh ha tan kh vo cht lng hay qu trnh ngng t lun xy ra s ta nhit, lng nhit ta ra khi ha tan cng xp x khi ngng t v tr s. Khi gim nhit th lng lng s tng ln v cng l lc lm thay i thnh phn pha lng, trong cht lng s tng cc cu t d bay hi. Tip tc gim nhit hn hp kh tip tc ngng t v cho n khi ngng t hon ton pha kh.

21

Qu trnh ngng t nhit thp, qu trnh lm lnh kh din ra n khi t mc tch cu t ring cn thit ra khi hn hp. Cng mc ngng t c th t c bng nhng t hp cc gi tr nhit v p sut khc nhau. Khi tng p sut, chn la trong qu trnh ngng t s gim, cng thay i mc ngng t khng t l thun vi s thay i p sut v nhit . Trong mt khong gi tr nh, mc ngng t s thay i rt nhanh khi thay i gi tr p sut. Nhng khi tip tc gim p sut th cng ngng t s gim. Mc ngng t ca cc hydrocacbon s tng khi p sut tng v nhit khng i hoc gim nhit vi p sut khng i. Song qu trnh ngng t ca hai trng hp xy ra khc nhau. Nu tng p sut, nhit khng i th mc ngng t s tng ln song s phn tch cu t hydrocacbon s km i, trong pha lng cng vi cc cu t nng s c mt lng ng k cc cu t nh ha tan v ngc li. a. Tng quan v cng ngh ngng t. Kh ng hnh t ni khai thc du c nn bng my nn kh, sau c lm lnh v a vo thit b sy kh. Sau kh c a qua sinh hn lm ngui v a vo thit b ngng t nhit thp. Ti y kh nn c lm lnh n nhit cn thit, sau a sang b phn tch kh. Ti y, mt phn hydrocacbon ngng t c tch ra. Phn ngng t (gi l condensat) ca giai on nn v lm lnh kh ng hnh c bm t thng cha qua b phn trao i nhit sang thp tch etan, ti phn on cha metan c tch ra. Sau benzen v phn ngng t c tch metan v etan qua thit b trao i nhit vo bnh cha v s c a i ch bin tip. S cng ngh ca phng php ny c chia nh nh sau : - Theo s bc phn ly c bn: Quy trnh c chia ra : 1, 2, 3 bc. Mi bc nht thit phi c mt sn phm ra dng lng. - Theo ngun nhit lnh: Chu trnh lm lnh ngoi, chu trnh lm lnh trong, chu trnh lm lnh kt hp. Trong chu trnh lm lnh ngoi khng ph thuc vo s cng ngh v cc tc nhn lm lnh ring, ty thuc vo cc tc nhn lm lnh, m chu trnh lm lnh ngoi chia ra hai nhm: + Tc nhn lnh mt cu t : + Tc nhn lnh nhiu cu t (Hydrocacbon nh)
22

Chu trnh lm lnh ngoi s dng hai hoc nhiu tc nhn lnh, mt cu t c gi l tc nhn lm lnh nhiu bc. Chu trnh lm lnh trong chia lm 2 nhm : + Nhm tit lu dng sn phm lng + Nhm dng van gim p. V nguyn tc c th p dng quy trnh, trong ngun lnh thu c khi bc hi cc dng lng, song trng hp ny khng kinh t v vn hnh phc tp, nn t s dng. Kh ng hnh c ch bin theo s , trong chu trnh lm lnh ngoi bng propan kt hp vi chu trnh lm lnh trong. Trong s nh trn th giai on bc nht thng p dng chu trnh lm lnh ngoi lm lnh kh ti nhit - 300C. Cn giai on hai (bc 2) nhn c nhit thp hn ngi ta s dng lm lnh trong : b. Qu trnh ngng t nhit thp c chu trnh lm lnh ngoi. Qu trnh ny cho php lm vic vi kh c thnh phn tt nht v hm lng C 3 l 100g/m3. Qu trnh ny c hiu qu lm vic tng i cao, c th tch c lng etan l 87% v propan khong 99% v ton b hydrocacbon nng. Ty thuc vo cht lng kh, mc ch s dng ca sn phm ngi ta c th chn cng ngh khc nhau : S cng ngh nhit thp 1, 2, hoc 3 bc thu sn phm l C2, C3 c chu trnh lm lnh bng propan, propan-etan. Qua thc nghim ngi ta thy rng : Vi qu trnh ngng t nhit thp mt bc thng khng c nhit chn lc khng ln, tiu tn nng lng cho giai on tch etan nhiu. gii quyt vn ny, hin nay trong s ngng t thp mt bc ngi ta lp thm cm thit b tch s b etan, ti y etan c lm bay hi mt phn nh nhit lng hon lu t kh bn ngoi thp kh etan . S dng s ngng t nhit thp c chu trnh lm lnh vi tc nhn hn hp, chu trnh lm lnh tun hon bng cc tc nhn lnh mt cu t etan, propylen, propan. S dng tc nhn lnh hn hp cho php nh bay hi cc cu t nh s t c nhit thp hn ng k so vi ng nhit bay hi ca propan, chnh v vy m tch trit cc cu t cn thit. Chu trnh lnh s dng tc nhn hn hp chia lm hai nhm :
23

- Tc nhn lnh c thnh phn khng i (chun b trc) - Tc nhn lnh thu c trong qu trnh (thnh phn c th thay i ph thuc vo thnh phn nhp liu) Khc vi s c chu trnh lm lnh trong, s tc nhn lnh hn hp c tun hon theo chu trnh kn. My nn - Thit b ngng t bng khng kh, thit b - my nn, lng kh hao ht s c b sung nh k. Nh bit qu trnh bay hi v ngng t pha lng to thnh do ngng t mt giai on ln hn ngng t nhiu giai on khi cng ch cng ngh. Xong qu trnh ngng t mt giai on pha lng c cha nhiu cu t d bay hi, l iu khng mong mun, c ngha l chn lc ca giai on ngng t mt giai on thp hn, tuy nhin u t cho s nhiu bc cn phi u t vn ln. Do khi dng s ngng t lnh nhit thp vi chu trnh lm lnh ngoi propan tch phn on C3 tr ln nn dng qui trnh mt bc. S nhiu bc dng tch cc phn on C2 tr ln. (Hnh 2). hhhII VIII
9 4 1 2 C3 12 3 6 7 5 C2 11 10 8

17

33

34 II III

14

18 19 20 16 21 24

22 23 29

28 36 26 30 31 32 38 37 39

35 40 IV

13

15

41

25

27

V VI VII

Hnh 2. S cng ngh nh my ch bin kh Ty Virginia (M) 1.Thp tch s b; 2. Thp sy; 3. Lc; 4. H thng trao i nhit v bay hi propan; 5,7. Thp tch nhit thp; 6. H thng trao i nhit v bay hi etylen; 8, 15, 19, 23, 29, 36. Hi lu; 9. Tht b lm mt bng etylen; 10. Thp tch metan; 11, 16, 21, 25, 31, 39. B phn un si y thp; 12. Bnh cha

24

trung gian; 13. thp tch etan; 14,33. Chu trnh bay hi propan; 17. Bloc lm sch CO2; 18, 22, 27, 28, 32,40. Thit b lm mt bng khng kh; 20. Thp tch propan 24. Thp tch butan; 26. Thit b trao i nhit; 30. Ct izo - butan; 34. Bnh cha etan; Bloc lm sch H2S; 37. t nng s b; 38. bloc lm sch benzin; 41. Thp chng condensat; I. Kh nguyn liu; II. Etan; III. Propan; IV. Izo - butan; V. Cn benzin; VI. N - butan; VIII. Kh kh. + S ngng t nhit thp c chu trnh lm lnh t hp. Trong s ny ngi ta s dng chu trnh lm lnh ngoi bng propan, etylen v c tit lu dng cht lng hoc tuc bin gin n kh kt hp. S ny c th tch c C 2. Trong cng ngh c th p dng s cng ngh 1 hoc 2 bc thu sn phm . Khi ch bin kh ng hnh theo s ngng t nhit thp c cng on gin n kh nhn sn phm C 3 th p sut trc khi thit b khng cn ln hn 3,5Mpa. Theo nhng nghin cu tnh ton th s gim hm lng C 3 trong kh ng hnh th mc tch propan trn thc t l nh nhau do s gim nhit ca dng kh trong qu trnh gin n. Khi ng dng cng on gin n ln d iu khin v cc thng s ca qu trnh t iu chnh v c duy tr mc cn thit, m bo tch cc cu t nh trc nh yu cu. Tuy c nhiu s cng ngh khc nhau nhng v c bn tt c cc qu trnh u c cc thit b chnh nh: Lc kh tch cc git lng v bi c hc trc khi a vo ch bin, sy kh tch m, h thng thit b trao i nhit tun hon tn dng nhit lnh v my ca dng, chu trnh lm lnh, thit b phn ly, cm kh metan v etan. 2. Phng php hp th. Da trn c s ca 2 qu trnh chuyn khi c bn: hp th v kh hp th. Ty theo thnh phn ca nguyn liu vo (thnh phn kh a vo x l) m s cng ngh c th b sung thm cc cng on lm sch kh khi cc tp cht l cc tp cht cha oxy v lu hunh. Trong cc nh my ch bin kh, p sut trong thit b hp th thng thp khng qu 4 Mpa, nhit hp th trung bnh 40-50oC, dung mi s dng l phn on kerosen c khi lng phn t 120-240. S dng dung mi c khi
25

lng phn t nh hn s dn n tn tht nhiu dung mi. Nu tng p sut hay s ln tun hon ca dung mi trong trng hp ny cng khng lm tng hiu qu hp th. Quy trnh hp th p sut thp cc thng s kh metan (etan) thng c ly nh sau: p =1,2-2 Mpa, nhit nhp liu: 40-70oC, nhit y: 190 200oC, s a thc t nh hn 40. Ch nhit chy ca thp ny phi tun theo nghim ngt ch nhit ca thp hp th v kh hp th. iu ny cho php ti u ha qu trnh cng ngh ca thp kh metan (etan). tch trit hn ca cu t nh, c th thc hin bng bin php nng cao p sut, gim nhit hp th, tng s ln tun hon ca cht hp th dng cht hp th nh hn. cc nh my tch kh ng hnh hin i c th tch c ti 70-80% propan, 90% butan v 100% cc hydrocacbon nng hn. Khi lng etan tch ra khng qu 25-30%. S dng nhit thp l khuynh hng c trng pht trin ca qu trnh tch kh ng hnh. Phng php ny cho php gim ng k lng tun hon cht hp th v dng c cc cht hp th c khi lng phn t trung bnh thp. S cng ngh hp th nhit thp (Hnh 3)

7 IV

V VI VI

10 11 XII

18 19 20 VI 13 12 XIII 21 22 XIV

6 I III 1 III 2 III 3 5 II X IX 4

8 VI VIII 9 VII 17 16

14

XIII

15 VI

IX XIV

Hnh 3. S HNT ca nh my ch bin kh dng tch propan v hydrocacbon nng t KH thnh ph Nhiznevartovsk (CHLB Nga) 1, 2, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16. Thit b trao i nhit

26

5, 6, 11. Cc thp tch 4, 7, 10. B phn bay hi propan 8. Thp hp th 12. Thp hp th - bc hi 21. Thp kh hp th 17, 18, 20. Sinh hn khng kh 19. Hi lu 22. L I. Kh nguyn liu II. Kh kh ca thp hp th v thp hp th bc hi sau cng on bo ha cht hp th ti sinh bo ha hydrocacbon V, XI. Kh kh VI. Cht hp th ti sinh VII. Cht hp th bo ha VIII. Kh IX. Condensat X. Etylenglycol t do XIII. Cht hp th bo ha tch etan XV. Phn on hydrocacbon nng C 3 . Kh trc khi vo cc b phn TN 2,3 v b phn bay hi propan 4 v c thm etylen glycol c tch mt phn nc. T b phn bay hi propan 4 ra hn hp kh, etylen glycol hp th nc v cc hydrocacbon ngng t (condensat) a vo thp tch 5, sau thp tch etylen glycol hp th nc c a i ti sinh, condensat c a sang thp hp th bc hi 12 sau khi chuyn lnh trong cc b phn TN 3 v 15, cn kh i vo phn di ca thp hp th 8 a trn cng thp hp th c ti cht hp th ti sinh v bo ha hydrocacbon nh c nhit bng -23oC. T nh thp hp th nhn c kh kh a sang cng on bo ha b phn bay hi propan 7, thp tch 6 v hon nguyn lnh trong b phn TN 2 a i lm nhin liu. Cht hp th bo ha ly ra t y thp 8 a qua van tit lu (gin n t P = 4-3,5 Mpa) v sau khi ti sinh lnh trong b phn TN 9 c a vo phn gia ca thp hp th bc hi 12 (P = 3,4 Mpa), cht hp th c lm lnh n 23oC, cn y thp uc un nng nhit khc nh c b phn TN 13,14. T nh thp 12 nhn uc kh kh. T y thp 12 nhn c cht hp th bo ha, sau khi un nng trong b phn TN 15 i vo phn gia cc thp kh hp th 21( p=1,4 Mpa). T nh nhn phn on hydrocacbon C3 sau khi ngng t v lm lnh trong sinh hn khng kh 18 c a vo hi lu 19. Mt phn hydro cacbon quay tr li lm giu cho thp kh hp th, phn cn li c lm lnh trong sinh hn khng kh 20 v a i tiu th. 3. Ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct nhit thp. Qu trnh chng ct v mt nhit ng thun li hn qu trnh hp th.

27

S chng ct nhit thp hiu qu hn s hp th nhit thp v thit b n gin hn. S khc nhau nguyn tc gia s chng ct nhit thp v hp th nhit thp l nguyn liu i vo thit b sau khi lm lnh (ton b hoc 1 dng nguyn liu) c cho vo thp chng m khng cn phn ly s b, y kh nguyn liu c phn thnh kh kh(i ra nh thp) v hydrocacbon nng hn (i ra y thp). Ty thuc vo s nguyn tc ca qu trnh ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct nhit thp m cc thit b chnh (cc thp chng ct) cc phn on rng hydrocacbon c chia ra thnh thp chng ct bay hi v thp ngng t bay hi. Thp chng ct bay hi l thp c dng kh nguyn liu lm sch s b c cho vo phn gia ca n lm vic hon ton nh thp chng ct. S cng ngh c trnh by hnh 4.

II 1 3

IV

4 5 VI

6 III

Hnh 4. Quy trnh CNT c hai dng vo 1. Thit b trao i nhit 2. Thit b bay hi propan 3. Thit b phn ly 3 pha 4. Bm 5. Thp chng ct 6. Thp bay hi gia nhit. I. Kh m II. Kh kh III. Phn on hydrocacbon IV. Dietylenglycol 75% V. Dietylenglycol 98-99% VI. Cht ti nhit. 4. Phng php gin n turbo.

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Phng php ny da trn c s kh lm gim nhit . Hn hp kh nn v lm lnh, sau gim P lm cho nhit kh gim xung di 65,6oc. Cc cu t nng t etan tr ln u b ha lng. Hn hp lng c my nn s dng nng lng dn kh ca qu trnh turbo vn chuyn vo thp chng ct phn on thnh cc cu t ring . Qu trnh turbo s dng nhng dy truyn mun thu hi etan trit . qu trnh ny hin nay kh ph bin n c th cnh tranh vi phng php hp th ngay c trong trng hp thu hi etan nh dy truyn sn xut LPG (Hnh 5)
Kh t Metan Nn kh Etan LPG

Dn turbo Chng ct LPG NGLS lng Nguyn liu C2 + NGLS C3 + NGLS

Lm lnh

Kh lng vo

Nh metan

Nh Etan

Hnh 5. S dy chuyn gin n turbo tch kh Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng phng php nn da trn c s nn hn hp kh, sau lm lnh.Kt qu l cc hydrocacbon nng hn b ngng t. Nhng phng php hiu qu tch C3 khng cao. Nhn xt i vi cng ngh ch bin kh. Cng ngh ch bin kh c th ni l v cng quan trng v n khng ch nh hng trc tip n cht lng sn phm LPG thu c m cn quyt nh n tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm trn th trng ni a cng nh xut khu. Chnh v vy m vic la chn qu trnh cng ngh l c bit quan trng v ph thuc vo hng lot cc yu t nh: Cht lng nguyn liu kh, cc thng s cng ngh, cc yu t nh hng, chu trnh lm lnh i vi kh c bo rng t 250 350g/m3, vic p dng cng ngh ngng t nhit thp, hp th nhit thp xem nh tng ng nhau v mt kinh t. Nhng khi ch bin kh c hm lng C 3 ln hn 350 400g/m3 th s ngng t nht thp l kinh t hn. Khi nhit ti u ch bin kh l -30oC v ta c th p dng

29

chu trnh lm lnh bng propan. Tuy nhin, nu kh c hm lng C 3 nhhn 250g/m3 th s cng ngh ngng t nhit thp li c th l khng kinh t khi p dng lm lnh propan. Vic p dng s nhit thp trong iu kin lm lnh bng propan s cho php tch ti a prppan v cc hydrocacbon nng lun em li hiu qu tt nht. Trong cng ngh chng ct nhit thp vic p dng vi kh bo c hm lng C 3 ln hn 400g/m3 l hiu qu hn c. C th ni, vic la chn, tnh ton khi la chn chu trnh lm lnh u phi tun theo cc nguyn tc c bn nh: Cht lng ngun kh, dn lnh ring, lng tc nhn lnh, nhit hn hp trc van tit lu, ch cng ngh trn ton chu trnh.
IV. PHA TRN THNH PHN LPG.

Sau khi thu c kh qua hng lot cc cng on cui cng to ra sn phm LPG. y l cng on cng on n gin trong tt c cc cng on sn xut LPG ty theo yu cu ca th trng v tiu th sn phm LPG m cc nh sn xut sau khi c cc thnh phn kh C3, C4 ring bit s em trn ln chng vi nhau theo 1 t l thch hp lm sao cho p ng tt yu cu v nhit cng nh tnh an ton. Trong qu trnh pha trn thnh phn LPG thi ch cng ngh ph thuc v t l cu t chnh l Butan v propan cng nh nng sut thit b. Nhit trong thp thng l -42oC -11,3oC, p sut P = 3 4 Mpa. Ty theo mc ch s dng m ngi ta sn xut dng cc loi my nn 1 cp, hai cp hay 3 cp cng vi cc thit b cha chuyn dng np nn v tn cha LPG ti cc p sut khc nhau. Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam c kh nhiu loi LPG khc nhau do cc hng cung cp, t l pha trn propan /Bu tan khc nhau nh 30/70, 40/60, 50/50. i vi LPG c t l l 30/70, 40/60 thng c s dng trong sinh hot do iu kin lm vic ca bnh cha v p sut l khng cao lm v vy to c s an ton cho ngi s dng v m bo nhit tr ln. Cn t l pha trn 50/50 thng c s dng lm nguyn liu trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh: nu thy tinh,sn xut c quy, c kh ng tu (dng LPG thay th axetylen trong hn ct kim loi). Sn xut bnh kodo c nhit chy cao, gi thnh cng r hn.
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V. MT S S CNG NGH SN XUT LPG.

Sau khi du th c lm n nh bng nhng phng php d nu trn th trong qu trnh vn chuyn n nh my tinh ch, nhng lng nh nhng quan trng ca LPG v thnh phn nh hn (metan, etan) cn trong du c a n nh my tinh luyn. Ti y du th c chia thnh mt s phn nh qua qu trnh qua qu trnh chng ct. Kh thuc thnh phn nh nht c to ra xem l sn phm u t ct ct phn on bao gm LPG, etan, metan. Nhng thnh phn cn li bao gm cc phn nng nh: du m, phn cn. Ty thuc vo tng trng hp m ngi ta p dng cc phng php sn xut thu hi LPG trong cc nh my ch bin kh hay tinh ch nh phng php nn, phng php lm lnh, phng php hp th, phng php hp ph. 1.Phng php nn kh. a. S cng ngh.
Kh nhin liu c d e

b a f g Propan

LPG

Hnh Hnh 6. S cng ngh sn xut LPG bng phng php nn kh a. Thp ct phn on b. Bnh acqui c. My nn b. M t qu trnh. d. Thit b gia nhit e. Thp phn ly f. Thp ct loi etan g. Thp tch propan

Butan

Sn phm hi trn cao t thp ct phn on c nn n 1,2 1,5 Mpa (b) my nn (c) v kt hp vi sn phm u ca hi ha lng. Nhng dng

31

c lm mt n 40oC bng khng kh hoc nc, sau c chuyn trc tip dn my phn ly (e). Do p sut cao, phn ln LPG thu c trong pha lng ca s phn ly nhiu hn i vi pha lng thng c quy (b) pha trn, thnh phn nng hn butan c quay vng li thp phn on. Pha lng t my phn ly i qua ct etan (f), sn phm hi t quay vng li my phn ly tng vng quay LPG. Pha hi t my phn ly m thnh phn ch yu l LPG c dng lm kh nhin liu. Cn dng sn phm lng t ct ct etan l LPG c chia lm 2 loi gm propan v butan trong thp tch propan. Vi phng php ny th i hi LPG phi lun c quay vng. 2. Phng php lm lnh. S quay vng ca LPG t c s lm lnh bn ngoi hay s lm lnh t ng hoc s lm lnh kt hp. + Lm lnh t ng Phng php lm lnh c th thc hin c nh qu trnh ra tng th tch qua van Joule - Thomson (J - T) hoc tuabin m ha hp vi s trao i nhit. trong phng php ny p sut trong thit b cung cp tren my lm gim s trao i nhit. S lm lnh t ng c th cho quay vng LPG > 90% v ca etan > 80%. a. S cng ngh.
f Kh em s dng e

Kh kh b

c d

a a

LPG v xng t nhin

Hnh 7. S cng ngh sn xut LPG bng phng php lm lnh

32

a. Thit b gia nhit y b. Thit b trao i nhit c. Thp phn ly b. M t qu trnh.

d. Thp tch metan e. Tucbin gin n f. My nn

Nc, cacbondioxit, sunfua v mt thnh phn ca kh cung cp c lm lnh nh qu trnh cung cp nhit lm si li n ct ct etan, phn cn li lm lnh nh s TN vi sn phm kh t ct etan. Dng kh c cung cp kt hp vi nhau v i qua my phn ly (c). T , cht lng c i qua h thng van lm gim p sut trong vng trung gian ca ct ct etan. Trong qu trnh gin n, c mt phn cht lng bc hi v nhit b h thp. p sut hi t my phn ly gim xung nh tucbin (e). S gin n qua tucbin cng vi s trao i dng nhit c kh nng gim nhit n -90 C v km theo s ngng t ca dng nhit. Hi to ra t nh ct ct etan phn ln l metan v etan. Vi phng php trn, ta thu c ch yu l hn hp etan, LPG v xng t nhin. Nh cc qu trnh chng ct phn on m ta thu c cc sn phm theo yu cu. 3. LPG v s quay vng olefin. Vng quay LPG v olefin c gi tr i vi nh my tinh luyn v kh du m dng nhit thp. a. S cng ngh:
Kh nhin liu 1

Kh thi

LPG

Hnh 8.

33

1, 6. My nn 2. Thp sy kh 3. Trao i nhit b. M t qu trnh:

4. My phn ly 5. ct ct phn on 7. Thp phn ly

A,B. khi ng

Nh my dng hai tuocbin 1,6 kh c cp u vi p sut l nh nhau. Trc khi hn hp kh c lm lnh n nhit thp th hn hp kh c lm sch khi CO2 v H2S. Sau khi nn, kh c sy kh bng phng php hp th (dng zeolit). Sau khi c lm lnh v ngng t trong b phn trao i nhit. Cht lng v hi xp x -42,8oC c phn chia trong my phn ly (4), cht lng n ct ct loi etan trong khi hi nc c a n tuc bin. Cht lng t my phn ly c lm nng li trc khi a n ct ct loi etan gim ti thiu s lnh. Nhit ca hi t my ct phn ly gim xung xp x - 84,5oC nh s thot hi trong tucbin. S ngng t v s thot kh c phn chia trn ct ct etan m bo tch n nh. Khi cn t tuocbin v ct ct loi etan pha trn c kim tra li v i n nhin liu u. Dng sn phm LPG/ propylen t ct ct loi etan c bm cho qu trnh tip theo. 4. Phng php hp th. Trong qu trnh hp th phn t kh c lin kt tr li vi b mt ca cht rn. Cc cht hp ph thng c dng: nhm, than hot tnh, oxit nhm. a. S cng ngh.
f g d Xng t nhin Kh nhin liu a b Lm lnh c e

t nng

h Kh em s dng

Hnh 9.

34

a , b,c.Thp hp ph d. My nn b. M t qu trnh.

e. L t g. Thp phn ly

h. My lc

Dong kh nhin liu i qua bnh ng cht hp th (a), hydrocacbon nng c hp th. Dng kh khc c nn my nn (d) v i vo y ca ct ng cht hp ph (b), ct ny c lm lnh. Dng kh t (b) c chuyn n l (e) v c lm nng n 300oC ri chuyn trc tip vo cct (e) loi b cc hydrocacbon c hp ph. Nhng hydrocacbon nng c trong khi ti sinh t bung (e) c quay tr li sau khi lm lnh trong my phn ly (g). T y kh cn li vn to thnh dng t bung ban u (a). Cht lng thu c t pha ti sinh gm: LPG, xng t nhin. T y thc hin qu trnh chng ct phn on tip th ta thu c LPG v sn phm xng t nhin. 5. Thuyt minh dy truyn s cng ngh ca sam sung - Hn Quc S cng ngh sn xut LPG t kh ng hnh gm 3 cng on chnh: - Chun b kh nguyn liu. - Ch bin kh. - Pha trn a. Chun b kh nguyn liu. Kh ng hnh c thu cng vi qu trnh khai thc du th sau khi c thu gom v nn p ti gin nn trung tm (t ngoi bin) c vn chuyn v x nghip ch bin. thu c sn phm LPG tt nht th trc ht kh ng hnh phi qua hng lot qu trnh x l kh c bn. u tin kh c a vo thp lng L - K 14,15. Ti y tp cht c trong kh nh nc, ct, bi s c tch ra. Kh tip tc qua h thng nn, gia nhit ban u to nhit v p sut cn thit, thng nhit - 30 -10oC, P = 2 Mpa trc khi vo thp tch kh tip theo 18,19. loi sch hon ton nc c trong kh nguyn liu th trong cng ngh ta s dng phng php hp th hay hp ph. Vi phng php th dung mi l etylen glycol, cn phng php hp ph th cht hp ph th cht hp ph l: silicagel, Al2O3, Zeolit, CaCl2. Qu trnh sy kh c thc hin trong thp 21 v 22. Kh nguyn liu tip tc a sang thp 23 loi ht cc tp cht c hc mt cch trit c trong thnh

35

phn kh. H thng lm sch ny thng s dng dng xyclon hay lc in ty theo cht lng ngun kh v yu cu. Sau khi kh c loi ht cc tp cht c hc v nc, tip tc vo thit b 10, 11, 12 lm ngt kh khi cc phi hydrocacbon nh CO2, H2S, NOx, CS2. Trong h thng lm ngt kh dng cc loi dung mi nh etanolamin. Ban u dung mi etanolamin c gia nhit n nhit cn thit trong thp 1 v c h thng bm vn chuyn trc tip vo thp tip xc kh loi b cc kh axit. Kh sch ra khi nh thp tip tc qua thp lm sch 10 v chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo, cn dung mi qua h thng phn lng 5,7 c ra nhit trc khi ra thp kh hp th 2. b. Ch bin kh. Sau khi c kh nguyn liu t c yu cu t ra tip tc qua cc qu trnh tch cc thnh phn kh c cc cu t ring bit. Kh sch sau khi qua thit b phn ly 19 c a vo h thng bay hi lm lnh 28, 29, 25, 26 ra nhit u cho kh. Sau khi condensat c tch ra khi y 2 thp 29, 30 chng li c ra nhit n nhit thch hp v i vo thp tch propan 34. Phn bay hi ra khi nh thp c qua b phn n nh 31 ti thp tch propan 34 di ch lm vic: nhit , p sut v cht hp th thch hp th cc cu t nh hn C3 v C3 c tch ra v i ra nh thp vo b phn cha sn phm nh 33. Ti y ta s thu c C3 v phn kh ca cc cu t C3 c tch ra thit b 33 s c em i trn vi C4 trong thp 41 nhn c LPG cn kh kh s c em i phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghp khc. Phn lng i ra t y thp tch 34 s tip tc sang thp tch butan 38, ti y butan s c tch ra nh thp. Sau khi qua b phn cha sn phm nh 39 chng s c ha trn vi propan t thp tch 34 trong 41 nhn LPG. Naphta ra khi y thp c em i phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc. c. Pha trn thnh phn LPG. Sau khi thu c bu tan v propan nh sn xut s em ha trn nhn LPG. Ty thuc vo mc ch s dng, thnh phn cu t propan/bu tan cng nh kh nng tn cha. Vic np nn LPG m ngi ta sn xut ra loi bnh chu p lc khc nhau

36

3 2 5 1 4 6 Ng liu 9 13 25 8 6V 6V Ng.liu 17 Kh vo 15 16 20 21 22 23 35 36 40 34 33 38 39 41 Cht mi LPG 42 DFV 32 26 27 28 7 10 12 11 24 Kh kh

29

30

31

14

18

19

43 37

Hnh 10. S cng ngh nh my sn xut LPG

1. Thp gia nhit amin 2. Thp chng ct amin 3. H thng lm lnh bng khng kh 4. Thp cha - n nh amin 5. Thp tch bt amin 6. H thng trao i nhit 7,9. Thp lc 8. H thng my nn - y 10, 12. Thp lm sch 13. H thng gia nhit ti sinh 14. Thp phn lng lng - kh 15. Thp tch 16. My nn 17. H thng lm lnh 18, 19. Phn chia kh u vo 20. Phn chia u vo 21, 22. Thp loi nc 23. Thp lc bi 24. H thng nn - y 25, 26, 27, 28. H thng bay hi - lm lnh 29. Thp tch p sut cao 30. Phn tch p sut thp 31. Thp n nh 32. Condensat 33. Thp cha sn phm C3 37, 40. H thng gia nhit y 38. Thp tch butan 39. Thp cha sn phm 41, 42. Thp cha v to m 43. Thp cha naphta

Nguyn Th Hoa

37

Lp CH8-HD

6. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh GPP Dinh C. Kh nguyn liu i vo vi nng sut 6 triu m3/ngy (p = 75 bar, t=280C) qua thp tch hai pha SC-01/02; phn nng i vo thp tch ba pha V-03, phn nh hn mt phn i vo thp tch V-01 nng sut 1 triu m3/ngy (p = 54 bar), mt phn a sang my nn kh K1015/A/B/C/D ti p = 109 bar qua lm lnh E1015/A/B/C/D i vo thp tch V-08. Ti thp V-01, phn nh i ra l kh kh, phn nng hn c a sang thp tch ba pha V-03. Ti thp V-08, phn nng a vo thp tch ba pha V-03, phn nh c a sang thp hp ph sy kh V-06 A/B; mt phn c a vo tuboexpander, mt phn qua thit b lm lnh E-14 ri a vo thp tch kh metan v etan C05 (p = 39 bar, tnh = - 430C, ty = - 200C). Sn phm nh thp C-05 l C1, C2 c a sang thit b lm lnh nn ti p = 109 bar l kh kh em s dng. Ti thp tch ba pha V-03 (p = 48 bar) ty thuc cc pha c tch ra m c a sang thp tch etan C-01 ti nh hoc gia thp. Sn phm nh thp C-01 c a qua cc my nn K-01/02/03 ti p = 109 bar quay tr li ha cng dng vo thp tch V-08. Sn phm y thp C-01 c a sang thp tch bupro C-02 (p = 11 bar, tnh = 1540C). Ti thp C-02, sn phm y thp qua cc thit b trao i nhit E-04, E-09 i ra l condensat. Sn phm trn nh thp c a sang thp tch C3/C4 C-03 (p = 16 bar, tnh = 460C, ty = 970C). Sn phm i ra nh thp l propan, sn phm y thp l butan.

I HC BCH KHOA H NI

THIT K NH MY SN XUT LPG

V-101
K-1015/A/B/C/D E-1015/A/B/C/D

K-01

K-02

K-03

E14
E-02

E-11 V-05
E17

V-02 C-05
V-12

Propan
P-03A/B

C-01 C-02 E-01A/B

V-08

P-01A/B

C-03 E-03
E-10

V21A Butan

ME DSV-101 SC 01/02 SC-01/02 V-06A/B CC-01 V-15 ME E-09

V21B Kh kh TK21 Condensat

E-07

V-03

E-04

C-01/02: Thp tch hai pha V-03: Thp tch ba pha V-101/08: Thp tch V-06 A/B: Thp hp ph sy kh

C-01: Thp tch etan C-02: Thp tch bupro C-03: Thp tch C3/C4 C-05: Thp tch C1/C2 Hnh11. S cng ngh GPP Dinh C

E-1015/A/B/C/D/14: thit b lm lnh E-04/09/17: trao i nhit K-01/02/03: My nn kh CC-01: Tuboexpander

39

40

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. PGS. TS. Nguyn Th Minh Hin - Ch bin kh t nhin v kh ng hnh Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni - 2003. 2. M. A. Berlin, V. G. Goretrencov, N. P. Volko - Pererabotka nhepchianuchiprotnuch garov - Izd. Khimia - Moskva -1981. 3. Trn Mnh Tr - Du kh v du kh Vit Nam - NXB Khoa hc k thut 1996. 4. Cng ngh ch bin du m v cc sn phm ca n - Tng cng ty xng du Vit Nam (Petrolimex) - 1997. 5. LPG - Tng cng ty xng du Vit Nam - H Ni 4/1997. 6. c tnh LPG - Tng cng ty xng du Vit Nam - H Ni 4/1997. 7. Kh ng hnh - Tnh hnh khai thc v s dng (tng lun phn tch) - B cng nghip nng, Vin thng tin KHKT - 1992 8. vn i, Nguyn Trng Khung, Trn Quang Tho, V Th Ngc Ti, Trn Xoa - c s cc qu trnh thit b cng ngh ha hc - Tp 1 - NXB - i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip - H Ni 1972 9. vn i, Nguyn Trng Khung, Trn Quang Tho, V Th Ngc Ti, Trn Xoa - c s cc qu trnh thit b cng ngh ha hc - Tp 2 - NXB - i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip - H Ni 1972 10. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht - tp 1 - NXB KHKT H Ni 1994 11. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht - tp 2 - NXB KHKT H Ni 1999 12. V ng , Ha hc v s nhim mi trng. NXB Gio dc - 1997 13. Tp ch du kh s 1 - 2000 14. Thng tin du kh th gii s 4 - 1995 15. Thng tin du kh th gii s 5 - 1998 16. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry - Wolfgang Gerhart - Vol A15, P347-359 - 1990. 17. Gas Processing - Environment ospects and methods - 1996. 18. Jonh Campbell - Gas Conditioning and Processing - Vol 1 - 1994 19. Jonh Campbell - Gas Conditioning and Processing - Vol 2 - 1994 20. Kuznhetxov A. A, Xudakov E. N - Rasiot oxnovnuh prosessov i aparatov pererabotki uglevodortnuch garov Spravont paxobie M., Khimia, 1983.
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21. S tay tm tt k s ha cht, NXB Gio dc , 1961. 22. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry - Wolfgang Gerhart - Vol A16 - 1990. 23. NFPA - 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas code 2001 edition. 24. Handbook Butane - Propane Gaes, Fouth edition Lynn C. Denny, Lester L. Luxon, Barbara E. Hall Published by Chilton Company, 1962. 25. Liquefied Gas Handling principles. Me. Guire and White. 26. Oil & Gas Jan 12, 1998 27. Oil & Gas July 12, 1998 28. Cc h thng chuyn giao ga ha lng LPG v cc thit b Hi gas propan quc gia - Bin tp Jonh B. Fox. 29. Gas Industries 1995 30. Hydrocarbon Processing April 1996 P.126 31. Oil and Gas. Sep. 1997, P.25-30 32. Fuel and Lubricant Engineering, March 1987 33. Gas Purification 1997.

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