CO HOC KT CU I Page 1

CHUONG MO DU
1. I TNG NGHIN CU VA NHIM VU CUA MN HOC

I. Di tuong nghin cuu va nhim vu cua mn hoc:
1. Di tuong nghin cuu: la vt rn bin dang an hi, tc la co th thay i hnh
dang di tac dung cua cac nguyn nhn bn ngoai.
2. Pham vi nghin cuu:
Pham vi nghin cu cua mn C hoc kt cu la ging mn Sc bn vt liu
nhng gm nhiu cu kin lin kt lai vi nhau. Do vy, trong kt cu hay dung tn goi
la h kt cu.
II. Nhim vu cua mn hoc:
Nhim vu chu yu cua mn C hoc kt cu la i xac nh ni lc, bin dang va
chuyn v trong cng trnh nhm xy dng cng trnh thoa man cac yu cu:
- iu kin v bn: am bao cho cng trnh khng b pha hoai di tac dung
cua cac nguyn nhn bn ngoai
- iu kin v cng: am bao cho cng trnh khng co chuyn v va bin dang
vt qua gii han cho phep nhm am bao s lam vic bnh thng cua cng trnh.
- iu kin v n nh: am bao cho cng trnh co kha nng bao toan v tr va
hnh dang ban u cua no di dang cn bng trong trang thai bin dang.
Vi yu cu v bn, cn i xac nh ni lc; vi yu cu v cng, cn i
xac nh chuyn v; vi yu cu v n nh, cn i xac nh lc ti han ma kt cu co th
chu c.
III. Cac bai toan mn hoc giai quyt:
1. Bai toan kim tra: bai toan nay, ta a bit trc hnh dang, kch thc cu
th cua cac cu kin trong cng trnh va cac nguyn nhn tac ng.
Yu cu: kim tra cng trnh theo ba iu ki n trn ( bn, cng & n nh)
co am bao hay khng? Va ngoai ra con kim tra cng trnh thit k co tit ki m nguyn
vt liu hay khng?
2. Bai toan thit k: bai toan nay, ta mi ch bit nguyn nhn tac ng bn
ngoai. Yu cu: Xac nh hnh dang, kch thc cua cac cu kin trong cng trnh mt
cach hp ly ma vn am bao ba iu kin trn.
giai quyt bai toan nay, thng thng, da vao kinh nghim hoc dung
phng phap thit k s b gia thit trc hnh dang, kch thc cua cac cu kin. Sau
o tin hanh giai bai toan kim tra nh a noi trn. Va trn c s o ngui thit k iu
chnh lai gia thit ban u cua mnh, tc la i giai bai toan lp.
IV. Vj tri cua mn hoc:
La mn hoc ky thut c s lam nn tang cho cac mn hoc chuyn nganh nh: kt
cu b tng, kt cu thep & g, ky thut thi cng...
Trang b cho ngi lam cng tac xy dng nhng kin thc hu ch.

CO HOC KT CU I Page 2

2. PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU
I. So d cng trinh:
1. Khai nim: S cng trnh la hnh anh n gian hoa ma vn a m bao phan
anh c chnh xac s lam vic thc t cua cng trnh va phai dung tnh toan c.
2. Cac yu t anh huong dn vic chon so d tinh:
- Hnh dang, kch thc cua cng trnh.
- Ty l cng cua cac cu kin.
- T m quan trong cua cng trnh.
- Kha nng tnh toan cua ngi thit k.
- Tai trong va tnh cht tac dung cua no.
- v.v.v
3. Cac buoc lua chon so d tinh:
a. Bc 1: a cng trnh thc v s cng trnh:
- Thay cac thanh bng ng truc thanh.
- Thay cac ban va vo bng cac mt trung gian.
- Thay tit din, vt liu bng cac ai lng c trng: din tch (F), mmen quan
tnh (J), mun an hi (E), h s dan n v nhit (a) ...
- Thay thit b ta bng cac lin kt ly tng.
- a tai trong tac dung ln mt cu kin v truc cu kin.
V du:




b. Bc 2: a s cng trnh v s tnh:
Trong mt s trng hp, s cng trnh a v cha phu hp vi kha nng tnh
toan, ta loai bo nhng yu t th yu n gian bai toan va a v s tnh, tnh
c.
V du:
H.1
E, J, F, h, a...

(Bc 1)
(Bc 2)

H.2
CO HOC KT CU I Page 3

3. CAC GIA THIT TNH TOAN VA NGUYN LY CNG
TAC DUNG
I. Cac gia thit tinh toan:
1. Diu kin vt ly cua bai toan:
Gia thit rng vt liu la an hi tuyt i va tun theo
nh lut Hook, ngha la quan h gia ni lc va bin dang la
quan h tuyn tnh (
E
s
e = ).
Chu y: Nu chp nh n gia thit nay th bai toan goi la
an hi tuyn tnh (tuyn tnh vt ly). Nu khng chp nhn gia thit nay th bai toan goi
la an hi phi tuyn (phi tuyn vt ly).
2. Diu kin hinh hoc cua bai toan:
Chuyn v va bin dang c xem nh la nhng ai
lng v cung be. Do vy khi tnh toan, xem cng trnh la
khng co bin dang.
Chu y: Nu chp nh n gia thit nay th bai toan goi la
tuyn tnh hnh hoc. N u khng chp nhn gia thit nay th bai
toan goi la phi tuyn hnh hoc.
II. Nguyn ly cng tac dung:
1. Phat biu: Mt ai lng nghin cu S (ni lc, phan lc, chuyn v...) do mt
s cac nguyn nhn ng thi tac du ng gy ra se bng tng ai s hay hay tng hnh hoc
cua ai lng S do tng nguyn nhn tac dung ring re gy ra.
Ly tng ai s khi ai lng S la ai lng
v hng, ly tng hnh hoc khi ai lng S la ai
lng vec t.
V du: Xet dm chu tac dung cua 2 lc P
1
&
P
2
va ai lng nghin cu S la phan lc V
A
trn
hnh (H.5a)
Xet chnh dm o nhng chu tac dung ring
re cua 2 lc P
1
, P
2
trn hnh (H.5b) & (H.5c).
Theo nguyn ly cng tac dung:
2 1 A A A V V V + = .
Va n u xet toan din, th h (H.5a) bng
tng cua hai h (H.5b) & (H.5c).
2. Biu thuc giai tich cua nguyn ly cng tac dung:
S(P
1
, P
2
,..... P
n
) = S(P
1
) + S(P
2
) +.....+ S(P
n
)
- S(P
1
, P
2
,..... P
n
): la ai lng S do cac nguyn nhn P
1
, P
2
,..... P
n
ng thi ta c
dung ln h gy ra.
- S(P
k
): la ai lng S do ring P
k
tac dung ln h gy ra.
H.3
O
e
s
H.4
D 0 D 0
V
A
V
A1
P
1
V
A2
A
P
2
B
B
A
A B
P
1
P
2
H.5a
H.5b
H.5c
CO HOC KT CU I Page 4

Goi k S la ai lng S do ring P
k
= 1 gy ra. Tc la S(P
k
) = k S .P
k

Vy S(P
1
, P
2
,..... P
n
) =
n
n P S P S P S . ..... . .
2
2
1
1 + +
Chu y: Nguyn ly cng tac dung ch ap dung cho h tuyn tnh vt ly cung nh
tuyn tnh hnh hoc.

4. PHN LOAI CNG TRNH
I. Phn loai theo so d tinh:
1. H phng: khi tt ca cac
cu kin cung thuc mt mt phng
va tai trong tac dung cung nm
trong mt phng o.
Cac loai h phng:
- Dm (H.6)
- Dan (H.7)
- Vom (H.8)
- Khung (H.9)
- H lin hp (H.10)





2. H khng gian: khi cac cu kin khng cung nm trong mt mt phng, hoc
cung nm trong mt mt phng nhng tai trong tac dung ra ngoai mt phng o.
Cac loai h khng gian:
- H dm trc giao (H.11)
- Khung khng gian (H.12)
- Dan khng gian (H.13)
- Ban (H.14)
- Vo (H.15)
H.6b H.6a
H.7a
H.7b
H.10b
H.10a
H.11
H.12
H.13
H.15
H.14
H.9a
H.9b
H.8a
H.8b
CO HOC KT CU I Page 5

II. Phn loai theo phuong phap tinh:
1. Dua vao su cn thit hay khng phai su dung diu kin dng hoc khi xac
djnh toan b cac phan luc va ni luc trong h, nguoi ta chia ra hai loai h:
a. H tnh djnh: la loai h ma ch bng cac iu kin tnh hoc co th xac nh
c toan b ni lc va phan lc trong h. V du cac h trn hnh a t (H.6) n (H.10).
b. H siu tnh: la loai h ma ch b ng cac iu kin tnh hoc th cha u xac
nh toan b cac ni lc va phan l c ma con phai s dung thm iu kin ng hoc va
iu kin vt ly. V du cac h trn hnh b t (H.6) n (H.10).
2. Dua vao su cn thit hay khng phai su dung diu kin cn tnh hoc khi
xac djnh bin dang trong h khi h chju chuyn vj cuong buc, nguoi ta chia ra hai
loai h:
a. H xac djnh d ng: la loai h
khi chu chuyn v cng b c, co th
xac nh bin dang cua h ch bng cac
iu kin ng hoc (hnh ho c). V du h
cho trn hnh (H.16).
b. H siu dng: la loai h khi chu chuyn v cng bc, nu ch bng cac iu
kin ng hoc th cha th xac nh c bin dang cua h ma cn phai s dung thm
iu kin tnh hoc.V du h cho trn hnh (H.17).
III. Phn loai theo kich thuoc tuong di cua cac cu kin:
- Thanh: nu kch thc mt phng kha l n hn hai phng con lai (H 18a).
- Ban: nu kch thc cua hai phng kha ln hn phng con lai (H.18b).
- Khi: nu kch thc cua ba phng gn bng nhau (H.18c)





IV. Phn loai theo kha nng thay di hinh dang hinh hoc:
- H bin hnh.
- H bin hnh tc thi.
- H bt bin hnh.







H.18a
H.18b
H.18c
D
B

C

A' A
H.16
D D
A B
C
D
C' D'
H.17
CO HOC KT CU I Page 6

5. CAC NGUYN NHN GY RA NI LC, BIN DANG VA
CHUYN V
I. Tai trong: gy ra ni lc, bin dang va chuyn v trong tt ca cac loai h.
Phn loai tai trong:
- Theo thi gian tac dung: tai trong lu da i (nh trong lng ban thn cng
trnh...) con c goi la tnh tai va tai trong ta m thi (nh tai trong do gio , do con ngi
i lai khi s dung..) con c goi la hoat tai.
- Theo s thay i v tr tac dung: tai trong bt ng va tai trong di ng.
- Theo tnh cht tac dung co gy ra lc quan tnh hay khng: tai trong tac dung
tnh va tai trong tac dung ng.
Ngoai ra, con phn loai tai trong theo hnh thc tac dung cua tai trong: tai trong
tp trung, tai trong phn b...
II. Su thay di nhit d: chnh la s thay i nhit tac dung ln cng trnh khi
lam vic so vi luc ch tao ra no.
i vi h tnh nh, tac nhn nay ch gy ra bin dang va chuyn v, khng gy
ra ni lc, con i vi h siu tnh th gy ra ng thi ca ba yu t trn.
III. Chuyn vj cuong buc cu a cac gi tua (lun) va do ch tao lp rap khng
chinh xac.
i vi h tnh nh, tac nhn nay ch gy ra chuyn v, khng gy ra bin dang
va ni lc; con i vi h siu tnh th gy ra ng thi ca ba yu t trn.

















CO HOC KT CU I Page 7

CHUONG 1
PHN TCH CU TAO HNH HOC CUA H PHNG
1. CAC KHAI NIM
I. H bt bin hinh (BBH): la h khng co s thay i hnh dang hnh hoc di
tac dung cua tai trong nu xem cac cu kin cua h la tuyt i
cng.
V du: Phn tch h hnh ve (H.1.1a)
Nu quan nim AB, BC, trai t la tuyt i cng, tc la
l
AB
, l
BC
, l
CA
= const th tam giac ABC la duy nht, nn h a cho
la h BBH.
- Mt h BBH mt cach ro rt goi chung la ming cng (tm cng)
- Cac loai ming cng: (H.1.1b)
- Ky hiu ming cng: (H.1.1c)


* Chu y: Do h BBH co kha nng chu lc tac dung nn no c s dung lam cac
kt cu xy dng va thc t la chu yu s dung loai h nay.
II. H khng bt bin hinh:
1. H bin hinh (BH): la h co s thay i
hnh dang hnh hoc mt lng hu han di ta c dung
cua tai trong mc du xem cac cu kin cua h la
tuyt i cng.
V du: H ABCD cho trn hnh (H.1.2a) co
th thanh h AB'CD, nn h a cho la h BH.
* Chu y: Do h BH khng co kha nng chu ta i trong tac dung nn cac
kt cu xy dng khng s dung loai h nay.
H BH trn hnh (H.1.2b) cho phep s dung v theo phng ng, tai
trong tac dung ln h trang thai cn bng.
2. H bin hinh tuc thoi (BHTT): la h co s thay i hnh dang hnh
hoc mt l ng v cung be di tac dung cua tai trong mc du xem cac cu
kin cua h la tuyt i cng.
V du: H ABC co cu tao nh trn hnh (H.1.3a), khp A co th i xung mt
oan v cung be d, nn h a cho la h BHTT.
*Chu y: Cac kt cu xy dng khng s dung
h BHTT hay h gn BHTT (la h ma ch cn thay i
mt lng v cung be hnh dang hnh hoc se tr thanh
h BHTT, v du h BA'C trn hnh (H.1.3a) v ni lc
B
C
A
H.1.1a
H.1.1b
H.1.1c
A D
B
B'
C
H.1.2a
H.1.2b
H.1.3a
B
C
A
A'
d
CO HOC KT CU I Page 8

trong h gn BHTT rt ln.
Tht vy, xet h trn hnh (H.1.3b).
Lc doc trong hai thanh AB va AC la N.
N
a sin . 2
P
- .
Khi a 0, h BAC tin n h gn
BHTT.
N -

)
sin . 2
( lim
0
a
a
P
.
III. Bc tu do: la s ca c thng s c lp u xac nh v tr cua mt h so vi
mt h c nh khac.
Trong h phng, mt cht
im co bc t do bng 2 (
H.1.4a); mt ming cng co bc
t do bng 3 (H.1.4b).



2. CAC LOAI LIN KT VA TNH CHT CUA LIN KT
I. Lin kt don gian: la lin kt ni hai ming cng vi nhau.
Cac loai lin kt n gia n
1. Lin kt thanh: (lin kt loai mt)
a. Cu tao: Gm mt thanh thng khng chu tai trong co
hai khp ly tng hai u. (H.1.5a)
b. Tinh cht cua lin kt:
+ V mt ng hoc: lin kt thanh khng cho ming
cng di chuyn theo phng doc truc thanh, tc la kh c
mt bc t do
+ V mt tnh hoc: tai lin kt ch co th phat sinh mt
thanh phn phan lc theo phng doc truc thanh (H.1.5b).
* Kt lun: lin kt thanh kh c m t bc t do va la m phat sinh mt thanh
phn phan lc theo phng lin kt.
* Trng hp c bit: mt ming
cng co hai u khp va khng chu tai
trong th co th nh mt lin kt thanh,
co truc thanh la ng ni hai khp
(H.1.5c).
* Chu y: lin kt thanh la m rng cua khai nim gi di ng ni t (H.1.5d).
2. Lin kt khop: (lin kt loai 2)
a. Cu tao: Gm hai ming cng ni vi nhau bng mt khp ly tng (H.1.6a).
O x
y
M (x
o
,y
o
)
x
o
y
o
H.1.4a H.1.4b
y
o
O
y
MC (x
o
,y
o
,a)
x
o x
a
H.1.5a (A)
(B)
H.1.5b
N
N
(A)
(B)
H.1.5c
Truc thanh (A)
(B)
(A)
R
H.1.5d

a
a
a
H.1.3b
P
A
B C
A
N N
P
CO HOC KT CU I Page 9

b. Tinh cht:
+ V mt ng hoc: lin kt khp khng cho ming cng
chuyn v thng (nhng co th xoay), tc la kh c hai bc t
do.
+ V mt tnh hoc: tai lin kt co th phat sinh mt thanh
phn phan lc co phng cha bit. Phan lc nay thng c
phn tch tha nh hai thanh phn theo hai phng xac nh
(H.1.6b).
* Kt lu n: lin kt khp kh c hai b c t do va lam
phat sinh hai thanh phn phan lc.
* Trng hp c bit: hai lin kt thanh co th xem la
mt lin kt khp (khp gia tao), co v tr
tai giao im ng ni hai tru c thanh
(H.1.6c).
* Chu y: lin kt khp la m rng
cua khai ni m gi c nh ni t
(H.1.6d)
3. Lin kt han: (lin kt loai 3)
a. Cu tao: Gm hai ming cng ni vi nhau bng
mt mi han (H.1.7a).
b. Tinh cht:
+ V mt ng hoc: lin kt han
khng cho ming cng co chuyn v, tc la
kh c 3 bc t do.
+ V mt tnh hoc: lin kt co th lam
phat sinh mt thanh phn pha n lc co phng
va v tr cha bit. Thng a phan lc nay
v tai v tr lin kt va phn tch thanh ba
thanh phn ( y x R R M , , )(H.1.7b)
* Kt lun: lin kt han kh c ba bc t do va lam phat
sinh ba thanh phn phan lc.
* Chu y:
- Lin kt han tng ng vi ba lin kt thanh hoc mt
lin kt thanh va mt lin kt khp c sp xp mt cach hp ly.
- Lin kt han la m rng cu a khai
nim lin kt ngam ni t (H.1.7c)
II. Lin kt phuc tap: la lin kt ni
nhiu ming cng vi nhau, s ming cng
ln hn hai.
(B) (A)
Mi han
H.1.7a
Khp
(A) (B)
H.1.6a
(A) R
x

R
y

R
H.1.6b
y x R R R + =
(A)
(B
)
(C)
H.1.8a
(A)
(B)
(D)
Mi han
(C)
H.1.8b
H.1.6c (B)
(A)
Khp gia
(A)
R
y

R
x

H.1.6d
R
y

(A)
H.1.7b
R
R
x

R
M = R.d
{ }
d R M
R R R
M R R R
y x
y x
.
, ,
=
+ =
d
R
x

R
y



CO HOC KT CU I Page 10

V mt cu tao, ch co lin kt khp phc tap (H.1.8a) va han phc tap (H.1.8b).
` D phuc tap cua lin kt: la s lin kt n gian cung loai, tng ng vi
lin kt a cho. Ky hiu p.
` Cng thuc xac djnh d phuc tap: (1 - 1)
D: s ming cng quy tu vao lin kt.
* V du: Xac nh phc tap cua lin kt han trn hnh
(H.1.8c)
p = D - 1 = 4 - 1 = 3.
Co ngha la lin kt han phc tap a cho tng ng vi
ba lin kt han n gian.


.3 CACH NI CAC MING CNG THANH H BT BIN
HNH
I. Ni mt dim (mt) vao mt ming cung:
a. Diu kin cn: ni mt im va o ming cng cn phai kh hai bc t do
cua no. Ngha la cn dung hai lin kt
thanh (H.1.9a).
b. Diu kin du: hai lin kt
thanh khng c thng hang.
Hai lin kt thanh khng thng
hang ni mt im vao ming c ng goi
la b i (H.1.9a).
* Tnh cht cua b i: khi thm hay bt ln lt cac b i th tnh cht ng
hoc cua h khng thay i. Tnh cht nay c s dung phn tch cu tao hnh hoc
cua h, va phn tch theo hai hng sau:
+ Phng phap thu hep ming cng: t h ban u, ln lt loai bo dn cac b
i a v h n gian cui cung. Nu h thu c la BBH hay BH th h ban u
cung BBH hay BH. V du h trn hnh (H.1.9c)






+ Phng phap phat trin ming cng: t mi ng cng ban u, thm l n lt cac
b i th cui cung thu c ming cng. V du h trn hnh (H.1.9d)


p = D - 1
(A)
(B)
(D)
Mi han
(C)
H.1.8c
H.1.9a
(A)
Mt
B i
H.1.9b
H BHTT
Loai bo cac b i
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
H BBH H BBH
H.1.9c
CO HOC KT CU I Page 11







II. Cach ni hai ming cung:
1. Diu kin cn: Xem mt ming cng la c nh. ni mi ng cng con lai
vao ming cng c nh cn kh ba bc t do cua no, ngha la cn s dung t hp cac
lin kt:
+ Ba lin kt thanh (H.1.10a).
+ Mt lin kt thanh cng mt lin kt khp (H.1.10b).
+ Mt lin kt han (H.1.10c).




2. Diu kin du:
a. Nu su dung ba lin kt thanh: yu cu ba thanh khng c ng quy hoc
song song (H.1.10d, H.1.10e & H.1.10f).






b. Nu su du ng mt lin kt thanh cng mt lin kt khop: yu cu khp
khng c n m trn ng truc thanh (H.1.10g).
c. Nu su dung lin kt han: th o cung la iu kin
u.
III. Cach ni ba ming cung:
1. Diu kin cn: xem mt ming cng la c nh.
ni hai ming cng con lai vao ming cng c nh c n phai
kh sau bc t do, ngha la cn phai s dung t hp cac lin
kt:
+ Ba lin kt khp (H.1.11a).
+ Sau lin kt thanh (H.1.11b).
+ Hai lin kt han (H.1.11c).
+ Mt lin kt thanh cng mt lin kt khp cng mt lin kt han (H.1.11d) .
+ v.v.v.
H.1.9d
Thm cac b i
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
H BBH
H BBH
H.1.10a (A) (B)
H.1.10b
(A) (B)
H.1.10c
Mi han
(A)
(B)
H.1.10d
(A)
(B)
H.1.10e
(A)
(B)
(B) (A)
H.1.10f
(BHTT) (BHTT)
(BH)
H BHTT
H.1.10g
(A)
(B)
CO HOC KT CU I Page 12

2. Diu kin du:
+ Nu cac ming cng ni ln lt vi nhau: tr v
lai bai toan ni hai ming cng. V du (H.1.11e).
+ Nu cac ming cng ni ng thi vi nhau (nu
loai bo mt ming cng bt ky, h
con lai b bin hnh): luc nay h cn
s dung ba lin kt khp (thc hoc
gia tao) tng h (H.1.11f). Va yu
cu cac lin kt khp khng cung
n m trn mt ng thng (H.1.11g).
IV. Cach ni nhiu ming
cung:
1. Diu kin cn:
a. Truong hop h bt ky khng ni dt:
Xet mt h khng ni t gm D ming cng. Cac lin kt gia cac ming cng
la: T lin kt thanh, K lin kt khp a quy v khp n gian va H lin kt han a quy
v han n gian.
Xem mt ming cng la c nh. Ni (D - 1) ming cng con lai vao ming cng
c nh, ngha la cn phai kh 3.(D-1) bc t do. o la yu cu.
V kha nng: T , K, H kh c T + 2.K + 3.H bc t do.
Nh vy, iu kin cn h BBH la
(1 - 2)

* Cac trng hp cua n:
+ n = 0 va h a cho la h BBH th h la h tnh.
+ n > 0 va h a cho la h BBH th h la h siu tnh.
+ n < 0 th h la h BH.
b. Truong hop h bt ky co ni dt:
Xet mt h ni t gm D ming cng. Cac lin kt gia cac ming cng la : T
lin kt thanh, K lin kt khp a quy v khp n gian va H lin kt han a quy v han
n gian. Lin kt gia h va trai t gm C lin kt a quy v lin kt loai mt.
Xem trai t la c nh. Ni D ming cng con lai vao tr t, ngha la phai kh
3.D bc t do. o la yu cu.
V kha nng: T, K, H, C kh c T + 2.K + 3.H + C bc t do.
n = T + 2.K + 3.H - 3.(D -1) 0
(C)
(A) (B)
H.1.11e
(A)
(B)
(C)
H.1.11f
H BHTT
(A)
(B)
H.1.11g
(C)
(B)
(A)
(C)
H.1.11a
H.1.11b
(A)
(B)
(C)
H.1.11c
(A) (B)
(C)
(C)
(A)
(B)
H.1.11d
CO HOC KT CU I Page 13

Vy iu kin cn h BBH la
(1 - 3)

* Cac trng hp cua n: tng t nh trn
* Cac loai lin kt ni t (H.1.12a):





2. Diu kin du:
Thng s du ng tnh cht cua b i, cach ni hai hoc ba ming cng nh m thu
hep hoc phat trin h n mc ti a cho phep. Nu kt qua thu c:
+ Mt ming cng: h a cho la BBH.
+ Hai hoc ba ming cng: s dung iu kin u cua bai toan ni hai, ba ming
cng a bit phn tch tip.
V du:
* Ngoai ra con s dung phng phap tai tro ng bng khng hoc phng phap
ng hoc khao sat. Xem giao trnh mn C hoc kt cu - Lu Tho Trnh.
V. Truong hop dc bit: H dan.
H dan la h gm nhng thanh thng lin kt vi nhau ch bng cac khp hai
u mi thanh.





* i vi h dan cung cho phep ap dung cng thc (1 - 2) hoc (1 - 3) khao sat
iu kin cn. Tuy nhin, trong h dan, cac lin kt khp thng la khp phc tap cn
quy i v khp n gian. Cach lam nh vy thng d nhm ln. Di y se trnh bay
mt cach khac thun li hn ma khng phai quan tm n phc tap cua cac lin kt
khp.
n = T + 2.K + 3.H + C - 3.D 0
Gi di ng
C =1
Gi c
nh
C = 2
Ngam trt
C = 2
Ngam
C = 3
H.1.12a
H.1.12d
Khng phai h dan
Mt
H dan
H.1.12b
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D
)
(Phat trin ming cng)
H.1.12c
Loai bo cac b i
5 2 1
H BBH
4
5
3
4
3
1
2
H BBH
(Thu hep ming cng)
CO HOC KT CU I Page 14

1. Truong hop h dan khng ni dt:
Xet h dan khng ni t gm D thanh dan va M mt.
Xem mt thanh dan la ming cng c nh, co n lai (D - 1) thanh. Va i ni (M -
2) mt con lai vao ming cng c nh, ngha la cn phai kh 2.(M - 2) bc t do.
Xem cac thanh dan la cac lin kt thanh. Nh vy, (D -1) thanh con lai co kha
nng kh c (D -1) bc t do.
Vy iu kin cn h BBH la:
(1 - 4)

2. Truong hop h dan ni dt:
Xet h dan gm D thanh dan va M mt. Ngoai ra h dan con n i t bng s lin
kt tng ng C lin kt loai mt. Ni M mt vao ming cng c nh. Ngha la cn
kh 2.M bc t do.
Xem cac thanh dan la cac lin kt thanh. Nh vy, D thanh dan co kha nng kh
c D bc t do. Ngoai ra cac lin kt ni t kh c C bc t do.
Vy iu kin cn h BBH la:
(1 - 5)

* Chu y: - Cac trng hp cua n va iu kin u vn nh trng hp tng quat.

CAC V DU
*V du 1:Phn tch cu tao hnh hoc cua h cho trn hnh H.1.13a
1. Diu kin cn: H a cho thu c h bt ky ni t nn iu kin cn s dung
biu thc (1 - 3). Co th giai bai toan theo nhiu quan
nim khac nhau:
a. Quan nim mi doan thanh thng la mt
ming cung:
Luc nay D = 5, T = 0, K = 1, H = 3, C = 4. Thay
vao (1 - 3)
n = T + 2.K + 3.H + C - 3.D = 0 + 2.1 + 3.3 + 4 - 3.5 = 0
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
b. Quan nim mi thanh gay khuc la mt ming cung (quan nim s ming
cung ti thiu):
Luc nay D = 2 (ab, bce), T = 0, K = 1, H = 0, C = 4. Thay vao (1 - 3)
n = 0 + 2.1 + 3.0 + 4 - 3.2 = 0
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
c. Quan nim trai dt la mt ming cung:
Luc nay xem h la khng ni t nn iu kin cn s dung biu thc (1 - 2).
Luc nay D = 3 (ab, bce va trai t), T = 2, K = 2, H = 0. Thay vao (1 - 2)
n = (D - 1) - 2.(M - 2) = D - 2.M + 3 0

H.1.13a
a
b
c
d
f
e
CO HOC KT CU I Page 15

e
a
H.1.13d
b
c
d
f
(I)
H.1.13e
a
b
c
(II)
d
f
e
O
N = 2 + 2.2 + 3.0 - 3.(3 - 1) = 0
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
* Nhn xet: - Co nhiu cach quan nim ming cng khac nhau, va co anh hng
n s lng ming cng va cac lin kt.
- Nn quan nim s ming cng ti thiu v s lng D, T, K, H se t
nht.
2. Diu kin du: Co nhiu cach quan nim.
a. Dua h v thanh ba i toan ni hai ming cung: trai t (II) va bce (I). Hai
ming cng nay ni vi nhau bng ba thanh ab, cd, ef (H.1.13b). Ba thanh nay khng
ng quy hay song song nn h a cho la h BBH (h tnh nh).
b. Dua h v thanh bai toan ni ba ming cung:
Trai t (II), bce (I) va ab (III). Ba ming cng nay ni nhau bng ba khp (1,2
xa v cung), (2,3), (3,1). Ba kh p nay khng thng hang nn h a cho la h BBH
(H.1.13c).








* Lu y: Khi khao sat iu cn va u cho mt h, ch cn s dung mt quan nim
la u.
* V du 2:Ni dung ging v du 1 nhng thanh e-f nghing i 45
o
(hnh H.1.13d).









1. Diu kin cn: khng thay i so vi v du 1.
2. Diu kin du: a h v thanh bai toan ni hai ming cng:
o la trai t (II) va bce (I). Hai ming cng nay ni vi nhau b ng ba thanh ab,
cd, ef (H.1.13e). Ba thanh nay ng quy tai O nn h a cho la h BHTT.
*V du 3:Phn tch cu tao hnh hoc cua h cho trn hnh H.1.13f.
(I)
H.1.13c
a
b
c
(II)
d
f
e
(III)
(3,1)
(2,3
)
(1,2)
e
a
H.1.13b
b
c
d
f
(II)
(I)
CO HOC KT CU I Page 16

1. Diu kin cn: H a cho thuc h bt ky ni t. S dung biu thc (1 - 3)
khao sat iu kin cn.
Quan nim h gm cac ming cng: (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F).
Vy D = 6, T = 4, K = 3, C = 8, H = 0. Thay vao (1 - 3)
n = T + 2.K + 3.H + C - 3.D = 4 + 2.3 + 3.0 + 8 - 3.6 = 0.
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
2. Diu kin du: a h v thanh bai toan ni ba ming cng (I), (II) & (III) nh
trn hnh (H.1.13g). Ba ming cng nay ni vi nhau bng ba khp (1,2), (2,3) & (3,1)
khng thng hang nn h a cho la BBH (tnh nh).
*V du 4:Phn tch cu tao hnh hoc cua h cho trn hnh (H.1.13h).
1. Diu kin cn: H a cho thuc h
bt ky ni t. S dung biu thc (1-3)
khao sat iu kin cn.
Quan nim h gm cac mi ng cng
(A), (B), (C).
Vy D = 3, T = 2, K = 1, H = 0, C = 5.
Thay vao (1 - 3)
n = T + 2.K + 3.H + C - 3.D = 2 + 2.1 + 3.0 + 5 - 3.3 = 0.
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
2. Diu kin du:
Dung phng phap phat trin ming cng:
Vy h a cho la h BBH (h tnh nh).
* V du 5:Phn tch cu tao hnh hoc cua h cho trn hnh (H.1.13i).
1. Diu kin cn: H a cho thuc h bt ky ni t. S dung biu thc (1-3)
khao sat iu kin cn.
(A) + Trai t
ngam (1)
MC + (B)
khp 2
thanh 3
MC + (C)
3 thanh
MC duy nht.
(4) va (5)
H.1.13f
(E)
(F)
(D)
(C)
(B)
(A)
H.1.13g
(II)
(III)
(I)
(1,2)
(3,1)
(2,3)
H.1.13h
1
2
4
5
3
A
B
C
CO HOC KT CU I Page 17

Quan nim h gm cac ming cng (af), (eb), (bg), (fh), (hc).
Vy D = 5, T = 0, K = 5, H = 0,
C = 5. Thay vao (1 - 3)
n = T + 2.K + 3.H + C - 3.D
= 0 + 2.5 + 3.0 + 5 - 3.5 = 0.
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
2. Diu kin du:
Dung phng phap phat trin ming cng:
Vy h a cho la h BBH (h tnh nh).
* V du 6:Phn tch cu tao hnh hoc cua h cho trn hnh (H.1.13j).
1. Diu kin cn: H a cho thuc h dan n i t. S dung biu thc (1 - 5)
khao sat iu kin cn.
Vy D = 11, M = 7, C = 3. Thay vao (1 - 5)
n = D - 2.M + C = 11 - 2.7 + 3 = 0
H a cho co kha nng BBH.
2. Diu kin du:
Dung phng phap pha t trin ming cng (H.1.13k).



Tng t, (2-3-7-5) la ming cng (II)




H.1.13i
e
d
c
f
g
a
b
k
h
(af) + Trai t
ngam (a)
MC + (eb)
khp e
MC + (fh)
khp f
MC + (hc)
(thanh bg)
MC duy nht.
khp h
thanh cd
thanh k
(1-4-6)
b i (1-2) & (2-4)
MC (I)
(I) + (II)
khp 2
MC + Trai t
khp A
MC duy nht
thanh B
thanh 4-5
1
6
4
2 3
7
5
H.1.13j
1
6
4
2 3
7
5
(I)
(II)
H.1.13k
A
B
A
B
CO HOC KT CU I Page 18

H a cho la h BHTT (h tnh nh).
* V du 7:Phn tch cu tao hnh hoc cua h cho trn hnh (H.1.13l)
1. Diu kin cn: H a cho thuc h dan n i t. S dung biu thc (1 - 5)
khao sat iu kin cn.
Vy T = 18, M = 10, C = 4. Thay vao (1-5)
n = D -2.M + C = 18 - 2.10 + 4 = 2 > 0.
H a cho co kha nng BBH va tha lin kt.
2. Diu kin du:
a h v thanh bai toan ni ba ming cng.
+ Trai t: (I).
+ (1, 2, 5, 6, 9): (II). D thy (II) tha mt lin kt thanh.
+ Tng t (3, 4, 7, 8, 10) la ming cng (III) cung tha mt lin kt thanh.
Ba ming cng nay ni vi nhau bng ba khp (1,2 xa v cung), (2,3), (3,1). Ba
khp nay thng hang (H.1.13m).
Vy h a cho la BHTT.

1 2 3 4
5
6
7 8
10
9
A B
H.1.13l
(1,2)
(I)
(II)
(III)
(3,1) (2,3)
H.1.13m