REPORT Raf Somers - Từ RÁC đến TÀI NGUYÊN

T RC n TI NGUYN
BO CO CUI CNG ca Cng ty Gii php chn nui SOMERS Nghin cu kh thi Ti ch rc thi hu c ti tnh Bnh nh
BO CO CUI CNG Nghin cu kh thi d n VIE0703511-ValOrgW
CNG TY GII PHP CHN NUI SOMERS
MC LC
MC LC .................................................................................................................................................. 1 MC LC BNG ...................................................................................................................................... 4 MC LC HNH ....................................................................................................................................... 4 LI NI U............................................................................................................................................ 5 TM TT ................................................................................................................................................. 6 GII THIU.............................................................................................................................................. 8
CHNG 1. NH GI CC PHNG N X L RC THI VIT NAM .......................................... 11
1.1. Nghin cu ti bn.......................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Phn loi ti c s .......................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Phn loi ti ngun .........................................................................................................13 1.4. Rc rau ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.5. Rc bp ...........................................................................................................................15 1.6. Cht thi ng vt ......................................................................................................... 16 1.7. Bi hc t cc m hnh compost khc nhau .............................................................. 17 1.8. Kt lun chung cho chuyn thm quan thc a......................................................... 18
CHNG 2 M T V LP S DNG CHT THI X L SINH HC .......................................... 19
CHNG 3 NHN DIN D CH V T CH C INH DO NH V SN PH M TI M N NG ................ 23
3.1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................................ 23 3.2. Kinh doanh tng th ..................................................................................................... 24 3.3. Tng quan v cc yu t cn cn nhc trong ti ch cht thi hu c ..................... 24 3.3.1. Ba P.......................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.2. Phn loi ti ngun ................................................................................................ 25 3.3.3. Ti a phng hay tp trung? .............................................................................. 27 3.3.4. Nguyn l ca vic mang dinh dng tr li chui thc n ............................... 28 3.3.5. Loi cht thi lin quan n cng ngh ................................................................ 29 3.4. Xy dng m hnh thc t cho Bnh nh ................................................................... 33 3.4.1. Kim tin t cht thi nh no? ............................................................................ 33 3.4.2. Bn m hnh thc tin khuyn co cho Bnh nh............................................... 35
CHNG 4.
T QU NGHI N C U TH TRNG CC SN PH M TI CH T RC HU C ..... 55
4.1. Gii thiu ....................................................................................................................... 55 4.2 Kt qu ........................................................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Tng quan v th trng ......................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Kt qu phng vn vi khch hng ca hai trng hp nghin cu ..................60 4.2.3. Phng vn vi nng dn s dng nhiu loi sn phm ci to t/phn bn hu c ...................................................................................................................................... 61 4.2.4. Phng vn mt vi khch hng ln s dng compost v phn hu c ............. 65 4.3 Phn tch th trng ...................................................................................................... 65 4.3.1. Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n gi thnh .................................................... 65 4.3.2. Tip cn th trng tim nng cho cc nh sn xut compost ca Bnh nh ...68 4.4. Kt lun v khuyn co ................................................................................................69
CHNG 5. BO CO HI THO.........................................................................................................70
MC LC BNG
Bng 1.1. Cc c s sn xut Compost x l cht thi h gia nh: M hnh Phn loi ti c s ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Bng 1.2. M hnh Phn loi ti ngun ................................................................................13 Bng 1.3. M hnh Compost rc rau ..................................................................................... 14 Bng 1.4. Ti cho n rc bp .....................................................................................................15 Bng 1.5. Nui trn qu t cht thi ng vt ....................................................................... 16 Bng 1.6. So snh vic phn loi x l rc tp trung v ti a phng ........................... 18 Bng 2.1. Tng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy).............................................................. 19 Bng 2.2. Tng lng rc thu gom (hoc x l ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) v khi lng v % ................................................................................................................................ 20 Bng 2.3. Thnh phn hu c ca rc ch v h gia nh ..................................................... 20 Bng 2.4. Tng rc hu c thu gom (hoc x l ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) ........... 20 Bng 2.5. Tng rc hu c pht sinh v thu gom/x l tng huyn*. ............................... 21 Bng 3.1. u im v nhc im ca phn loi ti ngun v ti c s .............................. 26 Bng 3.2. Loi cht thi hu c, thnh phn ca chng v cch ti ch ph hp. .............. 30 Bng 4.1. Tng quan v khu vc v s lng phng vn ...................................................... 55 Bng 4.2. Gi thnh ca cc sn phm phn bn khc nhau trn th trng ...................... 58 Bng 4.3. L do nng dn s dng phn hu c ................................................................... 62 Bng 4.4. Yu t ngi mua thch nht khi dng phn hu c............................................ 62 Bng 4.5. S hi lng ca khch hng v sn phm hin ti................................................. 63 Bng 4.6. kin khch hng v gi c sn phm hin ti .....................................................64 Bng 4.7. Kh nng nng dn sn sng tr nhiu tin hn cho sn phm tt hn .............64 Bng 4.8. Mong i ca khch hng v gi sn phm tim nng ........................................64 Bng 4.9.Tc ng ca chi ph vn chuyn ln gi bn l ..................................................... 67
MC LC HNH
Hnh 3.1.S quyt nh vic hu cn thc hin v qun l cht thi. ............................... 28 Hnh 3.2. S trnh by cc cch khc nhau ti ch cht thi hu c. ......................... 28 Hnh 4.1. Chui gi tr ca phn bn hu c hin ti Vit Nam.......................................... 59 Hnh 4.2. Mc gi ca cc loi phn bn khc nhau: .............................................................66
LI NI U
Nghin cu ny c thc hin bi Cng ty TNHH MTV Gii php chn nui SOMERS di s lnh o ca ng Raf Somers. Nhm lm vic bao gm: b Hunh Th Thanh Thy, b Bi Lan Hng, b Phm Phng H, b Nguyn Th Thy Duyn v ng Gert Jan Monteny. Nhm tc gi xin chn thnh cm n tt c nhng ng gp cho nghin cu v bo co v mt thng tin, cm n cc c nhn cho php chng ti thm quan c s v a ra nhng li nhn xt xc ng. Chng ti xin c bit cm n ng Paul Olivier, l ngi chia s rt nhiu tng sng to v gip chng ti pht trin cc m hnh ti ch rc thi. Nhm lm vic cng xin cm n cc c nhn, c quan v t chc n nhn khuyn co ca chng ti v ang trin khai th nghim cc m hnh ti tnh Bnh nh. Chng ti cng cm n Ban qun l Chng trnh Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh v s hp tc.
TM TT
D n Cp nc v V sinh tnh Bnh nh (WSSP) tin hnh nghin cu kh thi Kh nng pht trin cc cng trnh ti ch rc hu c ti tnh Bnh nh xc nh v phn tch cc la chn c th thc h n ti ch v ti gi tr cho rc hu c ti 4 huyn. Mc ch cui cng l gim lng rc phi chn, gp phn bo v mi trng v to nh hng tt cho kinh t v x hi. Nghin cu kh thi ny bao gm mt nh gi v cc trng hp x l rc hu c thc t hin ang c trin khai ti Vit Nam, mt iu tra v dng cht thi ti 4 huyn nghin cu v mt tm hiu th trng cho cc sn phm rc hu c. Da trn kt qu ca 3 nghin cu, chng ti pht trin cc m hnh kh thi cho ti ch rc ti Bnh nh. Chng ti bt u bng vic tm hiu cc ng c kinh t x hi nh hng n qu trnh phn loi v x l rc hu c. Ni cch khc, c n n v t r d nh thu l yu t trng tm. C nn i l trng tm ca qun l rc thi. Con ngi to ra rc v nu khng c s hp tc v tham gia ca h th khng th trin khai cc h thng qun l rc thi tng th bn vng. Qun l rc thi cn c tip cn nh mt hot ng to ra doanh thu cho cc doanh nghip ln v nh, cng nh hng nghn ngi thu gom rc, c hi kim sng t thu gom, ti s dng, ti ch, x l v loi b rc thi. Cc trng hp nghin cu a ra ci nhn c gi tr trong cc hot ng v sng kin khc nhau ti Vit Nam. iu tra bao gm: (1 cc nh my qun l rc thi quy m ln ni m rc c phn loi ti nh my, (2) cc sng kin phn loi rc ti ngun, (3) cc m hnh compost v nui trn qu cng nh (4) cc h thng trang tri tng hp. iu tra thc t ti Bnh nh cho thy c 377 tn rc pht sinh hng ngy ti 4 huyn, trong 101 tn (26,7% c thu gom. Phn tch cc mu rc ca h gia nh v ch cho thy ln lt 55,2% v 78,7% l rc hu c. T l rc hu c t rc hn n trung bnh l 58,4%. iu tra th trng cho thy rng rt nhiu cc sn phm phn bn v phn compost hin c trn th trng Vit Nam. Trong , phn hu c nhp khu v phn trn qu gi cao nht, sau l cc loi phn hu c hon chnh c thnh phn NPK, v cui cng l phn ng vt. Gi phn compost sn xut t rc h gia nh thp nht, gi xut xng t 50 n 800/kg. Yu t chnh tc ng n gi c l cht lng, khong cch t ngi bn n ngi mua v h thng phn phi. Khi tip th cc sn phm compost, cn hiu rng compost t rc h gia nh thng c dinh dng (NPK) thp, nhng n cng mang li nhiu li ch cho t: tng kh nng tr nc, ci thin cu trc v cung cp dinh dng cho t mt cch t t. Chng ti ni n iu ny v khi sn xut compost c cht lng n nh ti Bnh nh th c th bn cho ngi mua s lng ln hoc cc trang tri gn.
Ngnh kinh doanh cc thnh phn rc c th ti ch Vit Nam hin ang pht trin tt v hot ng ny c th kim li. Ti ch rc hu c cn hc t ngnh ny v p dng cc quy tc tng t. Nghin cu ny a ra mt vi m hnh bin rc hu c thnh tin. Tuy nhin, nghin cu cng ch r nu p dng cng ngh tt cc khu vc hay quy m khng ph hp th n d dng tr thnh mt hot ng thua l. Mt tranh ci quan trng trong qun l rc thi l nn phn loi rc hu c ti ngun hay ti cc c s qun l rc tp trung. Mc d phng n th hai c nhng u im hn v thun tin cho dn c (ngi lm cng , bo co ny vn a ra mt thc tin r rng l gii ti sao v lu di, cc c s ny nn lu n vic phn loi ti ngun. L do quan trng nht nm vn ct li ca x l rc hu c l ti cung cp cht dinh dng cho chui thc n. V vy, trn ln rc hu c v v c (cht c hay cht gy nhim) s gy nguy hi cho cng nhn, ngi tiu dng v mi trng. L do quan trng th hai l v lu di, phn loi ti ngun mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hn. M hnh u tin trong nghin cu ny khng ch cp n vic phn loi m cn c k thut x l ti ngun. compost nhit trung bnh (mesophillic) trong thng c thit k c bit x l rc ti ngun ca mt hoc mt vi h gia nh. u im quan trng nht ca m hnh ny l mi loi rc thi c x l ti ngun u gip tit kim chi ph vn chuyn v x l cho chnh quyn. M hnh th hai cho thy c hi ln nht ti gi tr kinh t cho rc hu c. M hnh ny khuyn khch ti cho ln n thnh phn thc n hoc rc hu c, mt phng php kh ph bin Vit Nam. Bo co cng a ra hng dn gip cho vic trin khai m hnh ny mt cch an ton v ph hp. M hnh th ba da trn kh nng kinh doanh ca ngi thu gom rc, l nhng ngi bit cch kim tin t rc. M hnh ny khuyn khch h hc cch kim tin t rc. C nhiu kh nng thc hin nh nui nhng rui lnh en, phn trn qu v compost nhit cao (thermophillic . M hnh th t v l m hnh cui cng c cho l phng php x l rc hu c ph bin nht: compost. Nghin cu hin nay khuyn co lip dng tm ph. Chng ti nhn thy phng php ny mang li hiu qu kinh t km hn so vi cc m hnh cn li. Cc tnh ton cho thy cn phi c tr cp khuyn khch compost. Tm li, chng ti khuyn khch ti ch rc hu c. S tham gia ca ngi dn l yu t bt buc. Rc khng nn coi l mi lo ca chnh quyn m l trch nhim chung ca mi ngi. Thm vo , chng ti tin tng rng, rc khng phi l mi lo ngi m l ngun ti nguyn v l c hi sinh li. R rng l c rt nhiu gii php. Mt k hoch qun l rc tng th cn c nhiu bn cng hnh ng. V r rng l khng ch c mt bn c li m mi ngi u c li t vic qun l rc thi tt hn! S rt tt nu nghin cu ny c th thuyt phc c cng ng a phng, cc doanh nghip v tim nng ca ti ch rc v nu n c th khuyn khch cc ch d n v i tc h tr mt cch thch ng cho cc doanh nghip ny.
GII THIU
Ch n trnh d n Cp N c v V Sinh (WSSP) Chng trnh d n Cp Nc v V Sinh (WSSP l chng trnh hp tc song phng gia chnh ph Vit Nam v chnh ph B. Mc ch chng trnh nhm ci thin cht lng cuc sng v cht lng mi trng ca c dn 06 huyn ti tnh Bnh nh thng qua: Tn c n nn lc ca chnh quyn a phng Nng cao nhn thc v cch s dng nc v bo v mi trng Xy dng h thng cung cp nc sinh hot Trin khai thc hin mt s hnh l cht thi rn
Vo thng 8/2010, chng trnh gii thiu nghin cu kh thi kh nng pht trin cc cng trnh ti ch sinh hc rc hu c t cng nghip, kinh doanh, ch v h gia nh ti 4 huyn ca tnh Bnh nh. Nghin cu kh thi bao gm: nh gi v cc trng hp x l rc hu c thc t hin ang c trin khai ti Vit Nam, iu tra v dng cht thi ti 4 huyn nghin cu v tm hiu th trng cho cc sn phm rc hu c. Da trn kt qu ca 3 nghin cu, m hnh kh thi cho ti ch rc ti Bnh nh c a ra. Ti nn ln cho vi c gim kh l ng cht thi ph t, chn hay th r tr ng
Li sng hin i ca con ngi to ra khi lng rc thi v cng ln. Nhng cu hi ch yu y l bao nhiu cht tht s l cht thi trong tng s cht b b i? Lun lun c mt t l cht thi cn phi chn hay t. Nhng cng c mt t l ln cht thi c th c ti s dng hay chuyn dng thnh ti nguyn gi tr khc!
Vic ti s dng cht thi khng phi hu c hin ang c thc hin kh tt ti Vit Nam, nhng v cht thi hu c th vn duy tr mc thp. li ch trong vi c x l cht thi hu c t cch ph hp Hp phn cht thi hu c c tim nng v cng ln cho vic ti ch (ti s dng vi tr gi cao hn . X l cht thi hu c khng ch tt cho vic bo v mi trng m cn to nhiu li ch kinh t. Biu di y th hin mt s li ch kinh t, sinh thi v x hi ca vic qun l cht thi hu c hp l.
Thch thc ca vi c x l cht thi hu c Cht thi hu c cn phi c phn tch hon ton ra khi cht thi khng hu c. Nhng vt nh nh pin, vn kim loi hoc nha c th nh hng khng tt n sn phm cui cng. Thi im tt nht phn tch cht thi hu c v khng hu c l bc u ca chui cht thi. L tng nht l cc h gia nh v cc c quan x nghip phn loi cht thi hu c ra khi cc cht thi khc. Trong trng hp cht thi hu c khng c phn loi ngay lp tc, qu trnh phn loi s tr nn kh khn hn theo thi gian. V d nh cht thi hu c s b phn hy v tr thnh m hn n nu lu cu theo thi gian. Gi thit c n h n cu h th Gi thit v phng php tip cn ca nghin cu kh thi c trnh by trong bng di y:
Gi thit Tip cn ca nghin cu kh thi
Cng ngh, kin thc v kinh Khng nh iu ny bng cch nh gi cc kh nng x l cht nghim l hin c Vit Nam thi hu c hin ti. Kh phn loi cht thi hu iu tra ton chui cht thi v xc nh mt s gii php c th c t bc u ca chui thc hin nh:
S tham gia tch cc ca cng ng, c th khuyn khch cc h gia nh bng cch cho h dng phn compost min ph. Tm ra cc cch thc ngi thu gom rc c th tham gia vo vic x l rc hu c. Cng tc Cng/T trong u t c th v tng trng hp x l rc thi. To mi lin kt trc tip gia cc cng ty/x nghip/ch v nhng ngi s dng tim nng (nng dn chn nui) nhm trnh vic ti nguyn b a vo chui cht thi.
Gi th trng ca phn hu T chc thc hin nghin cu th trng v a ra phng n c qu thp trang tri cho nng cao gi tr thng qua: doanh nghip x l cht thi - B sung cc cht b sung c bit hu c. - Ci tin vic ng gi v tip th Tip cn th trng mi Sn xut nhiu sn phm a dng trong cng mt iu kin
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1 CHNG 1. NH GI CC PHNG N X L RC THI VIT N M 1.1. N h n cu t bn

Nghin cu ti bn cho thy 65 c s x l rc thi hu c, trong c mt vi c s khng cn hot ng do rt nhiu l do. T danh sch ny, chng chn ra 21 trng hp nghin cu su hn. Cc trng hp ny c la chn da trn nm yu t (quy m, loi, sinh thi hc, tnh kh thi v tnh nhn rng) ph hp vi mc tiu ca d n qun l ti ch cht thi ti Bnh nh. Nghin cu ti bn ch ra mc ph hp ca tng trng hp nghin cu, tuy nhin c mt vi kin c th cha c hon ton chnh xc. Bo co y ca nghin cu ti bn, trong c ton b danh sch cc c s x l cht thi hu c c nu trong Ph lc 1. Kt hp vi d n WSSP, chng ti chn ra 14 trng hp thm quan thc t. Bo co y ca chuyn thm quan ny c nu trong Ph lc 2.
1.2. Phn l t c s
Nghin cu thc a cho thy 4 nh my phn loi rc ti c s. Tnh cht ca tng ni c nu trong bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Cc c s sn xut Compost x l cht thi h gia nh: M hnh Phn loi ti c s
Tn & 1 Cng ty X l v Ch bin cht thi Ph Th, TP Vit Tr, tnh Ph Th
Th n t n t
tt
M t t
tt
Ghi ch Nh my c xy dng vi cng sut 60 tn nhng hin ang x l 120-150 tn/ngy Compost cht lng thp Gi thp
URENCO xy dng t nm 1998 120 tn rc tp/ngy Tr cp: 100.000/tn Sn xut 30 tn compost/ngy, bn vi gi 80.000/tn n 300.000/tn 80 nhn cng 10% rc ra bi rc
Rc ti c phn loi bng tay, m /nhit v thng gi cng bc c kim sot bi nhit bn trong ca compost, h thng sng my v b sung ch phm E.M (vi sinh vt hu hiu Thng kh cng bc, o trn u Vic thu gom cht thi hu c c thc hin 4 ln/tun (tng cng 32-40 tn/tun 70 tn rc tp khc c phn loi bng tay. Thng kh cng
Nh my x l rc URENCO xy dng nh thi Gia Lm, x my compost vo nm Kiu K, Huyn 2007. Gia Lm, H Ni 14ha t, 7ha cho nh my v 7ha l bi rc 8-10 tn rc hu c c phn loi, 4 ln/tun + 70 tn rc tp/ngy
gim khi lng cng vic, rc tp c v nhng thnh phn khng phn hy sinh hc c s c sng vo giai on cui. Compost cht lng thp.
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22 b dung tch 200m3/b >50% ra bi rc 3 Nh my x l rc th v sn xut phn compost Thy Phng, Cng ty Tm Sinh Ngha. Hu Cng ty t nhn, nng cp vo nm 2006 200 tn rc tp/ngy, trong c 60-65% rc hu c 180 nhn cng 15 b 270m3 1.000.000/tn compost <10% rc ra bi rc
bc, o trn u 100% cng ngh trong nc Rc tp c phn loi bng phng php th cng v t ng Thng kh cng bc, o trn u Compost c lm tng gi tr trc khi bn Tn qu nhiu nng lng cho h thng thng kh cng bc v phn loi bng tay. Vn c mi. tnh thng gi khng o trn => sn phm khng n nh. B ngm tn qu nhiu din tch. Qu nhiu nhn cng. C s nh, x l rc h gia nh, phn loi bng tay tnh thng gi, thng gi t nhin. Nn bm nh rc trc khi .
HTX Nng nghip Nhn Ph, TP Quy Nhn, tnh Bnh nh5t
Xy dng nm 2005 1,5 tn rc tp/ngy 8 b 10m3 700.000/tn compost
Bi hc t m hnh Phn loi ti c s Rc hu c l thnh phn ln nht trong tng rc ti mi c s iu tra. Vic phn loi mt cch hiu qu rc hu c s gip gim ng k lng rc b ra bi. Tuy nhin, mt khi cc loi rc b trn ln th vic phn loi tng th s khng th thc hin c, v ngay c vic phn loi mt phn cng l mt kh khn. Ti HTX Nhn Ph, vic phn loi c thc hin bng tay 100% trong khi 3 c s cn li kt hp c phng php phn loi bng tay v my mc. Trong trng hp ca Gia Lm, vic phn loi ch thc hin s b v rc tp (rc hu c v v c . Phn v c c sng lc ra giai on cui ca qu trnh . Trong mi trng hp, s hn ch ca vic phn loi gy ra nh hng tiu cc n cht lng compost. Phn loi bng my mc tiu tn nhiu nng lng v khng phn tch hon ton c phn v c v hu c. Mi trng hp phn loi bng tay c th gy nguy him cho sc khe ca cng nhn (knh, kim, kim loi, . Mt vi c s gp vn v mi v nhim mi trng (nc v khng kh . Mi c gng trong vic phn loi rc hu c, gm c phn loi bng tay v phn loi bng my vi cng ngh trong nc v nhp khu, u c hoan nghnh v iu gip gim lng rc b ra bi rc. Tuy nhin, vi nhng nhc im ca h thng phn loi ti c s, khng c m hnh no c coi l gii php hon ton bn vng. Cc nh chc trch qun l rc thi nn c tm nhn di hn hng n vic phn loi ti ngun.
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1.3. Phn l t n un
Nghin cu thc a a ra ba m hnh phn loi rc ti ngun. Tnh cht ca tng m hnh c nu trong bng 1.2.
Bng 1.2. M hnh Phn loi ti ngun
T n & 5
M t n n n
Ghi ch Vic phn loi khng c tt v ngi thu gom rc khng ch trng vo vic tng cng nhn thc.
HTX Nng nghip v 1200 h dn Dch v Mi trng x 10 ngi thu gom rc C Bi, huyn Gia Lm, 0,6 tn rc/ngy H Ni.
Thu gom rc hu c (4 ln/tun v Dng nh ch ch tm vo rc v c (3 ln/tun vic phn loi ch khng phi Vic phn loi do ngi dn thc sn xut compost. hin nhng cng c s tham gia tch cc ca ngi thu gom. Rc hu c c HTX s dng hoc chuyn n URENCO. 6 TP Hi An o Tn Hip D n th nghim ti t lin phn D n o Tn Hip tht loi rc ti nh ca 30 h gia bi v din tch t hn ch, t nh thnh cng. thng v nhn thc km. Hin ang m rng cho 400 h. Mi h c 3 thng . 7 X Xun Th, Lt Lm ng Phn loi v s dng thng ti Kt qun ban u kh quan. ngun, rui lnh en, trn v Hot ng ca rui lnh en qu trnh t nhin. gip gim phn ln khi lng v trng lng rc. Giai on th nghim vi 30 h dn.
Bi hc t m hnh Phn loi ti ngun c mt vi c gng trong vic phn loi rc hu c ti ngun Vit Nam nhng rt t m hnh thnh cng. Mt vi m hnh th nghim phn loi thu gom rc hu c v v c (xe ti khc nhau vo nhng ngy khc nhau , trong khi mt vi m hnh khc th nghim ti ch. T nghin cu hin ti, c th kt lun rng cha c mt m hnh phn loi thu gom no thnh cng, trong khi , cc m hnh ti ngun Lt v Hi An cho thy cc kt qu y ha hn. Thng qua cc m hnh, chng ta thy r rng tng cng nhn thc v c s tham gia ca cng ng l yu t ch o ca thnh cng. Hn na, mt ln tp hun s khng th mang li hiu qu, m nht thit phi c mt chin dch tng cng nhn thc lu di v theo di st xao. Mt iu quan trng l cng ng cn nm c hu qu ca vic khng phn loi rc v hiu su sc cc li ch mi trng v kinh t x hi trong vic x l cht thi bn vng. Phn loi khng ch l mc tiu duy nht m n l bc khi u quan trng trong gii php rc thi tng th.
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Tng cng nhn thc v theo di cn c cc hot ng sau: Hp mt cng ng: cc cuc hp mang tnh thng tin v nhiu li ch. V d thc t v vic cho rc vo thng no. Chng trnh hc ng gio dc v khch l gii tr. Ngi kim sot rc: nhng tnh nguyn vin hay nhng nh chuyn mn kim sot thnh phn ca thng rc. iu ny c th lin quan n h thng thng pht.
Mt lu quan trng khc l cn c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan: cng ng, t chc truyn thng, chnh quyn a phng, doanh nghip a phng, nh chc trch qun l rc, t chc phi chnh ph, Khi thit k mt chng trnh, cn tnh n vic tham gia t nguyn hay p buc l thch hp. Cn lu rng s kh thuyt phc mi ngi phn loi rc mt cch chnh xc nu nh h khng hiu c vn v khng tin tng va vn . Mt khc, nu ch c s lng t h gia nh tham gia th cng s khng to nn s khc bit. S l mt cch tip cn kh thi nu bt u bng mt giai on th nghim t nguyn v nhn rng bng giai on p buc. Chng ti khuyn co thc hin theo m hnh ca Lt.
1.4. Rc rau
Nghin cu thc a a ra hai m hnh rc rau. Tnh cht ca tng m hnh c nu bng 1.3.
Bng 1.3. M hnh Compost rc rau
T n & 8
M t n n n
Ghi ch
Nng tri Organik ti rc rau s dng tm Qu trnh n gin, hiu qu, thn thin x Xun Th, Lt, ph Toptex vi mi trng Lm ng Qu trnh nhanh D p dng cho mi quy m Compost cht lng cao
Ch Nng sn, Tri C s compost ngay M hnh c th n gin ha Mt, Lt, Lm ti ch tng compost ti ch l ph hp ng Compost cht lng cao
Bi hc t m hnh rc hu c thun ty C rt nhiu bi hc tch cc thy c t hai m hnh: t c s compost ti ngun gip tit kim chi ph vn chuyn.
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u vo thun ty (thun hu c cho compost cht lng cao v an ton 100%, ph hp vi 100% trang tri hu c (do khng bao gi tip xc vi rc v c Mt vi loi rc rau c th dng cho gia sc n, mang li hiu qu kinh t cao hn l compost. M hnh bng tm Toptex l m hnh tim nng nht i vi mi quy m. Mc ch ca c hai m hnh l sn xut compost cht lng cao, r rng l c yu t kinh t ng sau nhng m hnh. Rc thc s c coi l ngun ti nguyn. Vic gim rc thi ra bi rc l mt li ch tng thm.
1.5. Rc bp
Nghin cu thc a a ra hai m hnh ti s dng rc bp. Tnh cht ca tng m hnh c nu bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4. Ti cho n rc bp
T n & 10
M t n n n
Ghi ch
Phng Tn To, Q. Rc bp c thu gom, nu li Hnh thc ti ch rc hu c n Bnh Tn, TP H Ch v cho ln n. Cho n bng rc gin nhng rt hiu qu. Minh bp c cho l r hn cho n V d hp dn ca vic ti s bng thc n tinh. dng rc hu c ca trang tri Phn ln c s dng lm biogas. Cht thi biogas dng cho c n. Nui trng thy sn, Rc bp c thu gom v cho R rng l li nhun hn c cho Hip hi nng dn c n ln n, nhng kh nng p dng Bnh Tn, TP H Ch hn ch. Minh
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Bi hc v vic ti s d ng rc bp Ti s dng rc bp cho gia sc n l cch lm truyn thng khp ni Vit Nam. Cc trng hp iu tra ca nghin cu ny c cc n v hi nng dn a phng ng h cao. H ch ng qung b m hnh v tc ng tm h tr t cc c quan qun l lin quan (v d nh cho php vn chuyn rc M hnh ln v c r rng l cch thc bin rc thi thnh ti chuyn. Bng chng r rng nht v li ch kinh t ca hai m hnh l nng dn tr tin cho rc bp. Yu t thc y l yu t kinh t. Trong khu vc iu tra, c 5000 con ln c cho n vi trung bnh 6,5kg rc bp/ngy, v 46 tri nui c s dng 400kg/ngy, tc l ti gi tr hn 50 tn rc/ngy. iu ny cho thy tim nng rt ln ca cc m hnh ny trong vic gim thiu rc thi.
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1.6. Cht th n vt
Nghin cu thc a a ra ba m hnh nui trn qu. Tnh cht ca tng m hnh c nu bng 1.5.
Bng 1.5. Nui trn qu t cht thi ng vt
T n & 12
M t n n n
Ghi ch C s khng th bn ht ton b trn ti. l l do ti sao h hin ang sn xut phn bn lng.
C s trn qu Hng Tri nui trn qu quy m ln Trung v HTX chn bng hn hp phn b v ln. nui ln Tin Phong Trn c thu hoch, chit xut v sn xut phn bn dng lng. Phn trn c trn vi nm trichoderma v khong vi sinh tng gi tr v bn nh compost.
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Trang tri b sa Trang tri tng hp, trong , Hng K, Sc Sn, H phn b v phn ln c dng Ni, Vit Nam sn xut biogas v cho trn n. Trn dng cho ch n, cht thi biogas v b trn dng lm phn bn.
M hnh quy m nh ny cho thy trong mt h thng tng hp c th sn xut c nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.
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Tri trn qu PHT, Sc Trang tri nui trn thng mi Mt m hnh kinh doanh nh Sn, H Ni mua phn b cho trn n. H sn nhng li nhun rt cao. xut rt nhiu dng sn phm t trn.
Bi hc v m hnh cht thi ng vt Gi tr ca cht thi ng vt dng lm phn bn l r rng. Tuy nhin, mt lng ln phn ng vt vn ang b ra mi trng Vit Nam. Rt t c s nui ng vt n lc trong vic phn, v h khng hiu rng phn qua tt hn l phn ti. ng tic l s dng phn ti chnh l lm mt i dinh dng. Cc m hnh ti ch phn ng vt bao gm sn xut biogas, compost v nui trn qu. Biogas l cng ngh tin tin x l cht thi lng, trong khi compost v nui trn qu l cng ngh ph hp x l phn cht thi rn ca phn. Nhn thy cht lng cao ca trn qu v gi tr gia tng ca trn, mt s doanh nghip mua phn gia sc sn xut trn v phn trn qu (b trn . Mc d nghin cu kh thi ch tp trung tm kim cc gii php thc tin cho rc h gia nh v rc ch, vn c th thy mt vi bi hc t m hnh phn ng vt: Phn c th dng tng gi tr cho compost t rc h gia nh (xem Chng 3 Trn c th l sn phm u ra trong m hnh x l rc h gia nh (xem M hnh rui lnh en v trn Mi m hnh thm quan p dng cng ngh sn xut ra sn phm ph hp vi th trng.
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1.7. B hc t cc
-
hnh c
p st hc nh u
Cc m hnh compost sau nn xem xt: ng thng gi cng bc (Vit Tr, Hu, Gia Lm b thng gi tnh (Bnh nh ng hoc hng ph tm Toptex ( Lt lip ( Lt thng ( Lt, Hi An
Ni chung, tt c cc phng php ny u kh thi v mt k thut. Tuy nhin, c phng php c tnh kinh t cao hn cc phng pho khc. Chi ph chnh cho vic compost bao gm: Xy dng, bao gm nn, b , thng v mi t s dng Chi ph in cho thng gi cng bc Chi ph nhn cng Trang thit b
M hnh phi thng mi quy m nh L nhng m hnh r v thc tin. Chng ti khuyn co hai m hnh: 1. Thng compost v 2. ng nh ph tm toptex. Nh vo s n tp t nhin ca nhng rui lnh en, k thut bng thng gim c lng ln sn phm cn x l c v khi lng v trng lng . y l m hnh in hnh nu mc tiu t ra l gim lng rc thi. ng nh ph tm toptex l m hnh ph hp nu sn xut compost s dng ti a phng. M hnh thng mi quy m trung bnh v ln i vi hot ng quy m ln hn, ng thng gi tnh hay thng gi cng bc, hay lip u c th xem xt. Toptex c khuyn co v cc l do sau: Tt c cc phng n khc u cn xy mi trnh ngm nc ma vo ng . Xy dng mi tn km v d b bo ph hy. Toptex thn thin vi mi trng hn v gip gim kh nh knh. compost bng tm toptex nhanh hn lip. Khng tn chi ph in cho thng gi cng bc.
im yu duy nht l phi o trn nhiu hn l m hnh thng gi cng bc. Thit b o trn t nhng v chi ph nhn cng r nn chng ti khuyn co nn o trn th cng.
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1.8. t lun chun ch chuyn th
qu n thc
T cc chuyn thm quan thc a, c th kt lun rng c nhiu v d gi tr v phc hi, x l, ti s dng cht thi hu c ti Vit Nam. Khng m hnh no l m hnh hon ho cho Bnh nh. Tuy nhin, mt vi m hnh cu thnh mt m hnh ph hp p dng ti Bnh nh. Thch thc t ra l kt hp c cc mt c ch to ra mt hng i ph hp cho chin lc ti ch rc thi hu c Bnh nh. Hng i ny s l mt phn trong quy hoch tng th ca tnh trong qun l rc thi hu c. T cc nghin cu thc a chng ti kt lun rng gii php ph thuc nhiu vo s kt hp thc t ng n hn l mt cng ngh cao qun l tp trung . S kt hp ny cn c: S tham gia nhit tnh ca cng ng Qung b ca cc doanh nghip nh Trnh vic vn chuyn rc khng cn thit H tr cao nhng khng cn thit c s tham gia qu su ca cc cp chnh quyn.
Tm li, Bng 1.6 so snh cc mt khc nhau lin quan n vic phn loi v x l rc hu c tp trung v ti a phng.
Bng 1.6. So snh vic phn loi & x l rc tp trung v ti a phng
Phn l v l tp trun Tp trung ha qun l rc Chi ph u t cao
Phn l t n un v l t ph n X hi ha qun l rc Chi ph u t thp
Chi ph hot ng cao (nhn cng, in, x l Chi ph hot ng thp nc r Vn chuyn xa Vn v mi v nc r... Cng vic khng d chu v nguy him Khng vn chuyn hoc vn chuyn gn Gim nguy c ly lan bnh To c hi cho cc doanh nghip nh
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2 CHNG 2 M T V LP S DNG CHT THI X L SINH HC

xc nh tc ng tim nng ca vic ti ch rc thi hu c, cn phi bit c bao nhiu rc pht sinh v c thu gom, v bao nhiu phn trm trong l hu c. Bo co chi tit ca nghin cu c thc hin vo thng 10/2010 nu trong Ph lc 3. Di y l tm tt v cc kt qu tm c. PHNG PHP S l ng rc pht s nh v c thu gom hi n ti iu tra c th c thc hin xc nh lng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn nghin cu. iu tra ny bao gm cc cuc phng vn vi cc bn c lin quan, cng nh nghin cu ti bn. D b l n rc tr n t n l pht s nh v c thu gom v/hoc c x l Vic d bo lng rc thi trong tng lai c thc hin da trn t l tng trng dn s c tnh 1,16%/nm, mc th ha c tnh v lng rc trung bnh pht sinh/ngi c tnh (0,5kg/ngy cp x v 0,8kg/ngy cp thnh th). Vic d bo lng rc s c thu gom hoc phn loi ti ngun c thc hin da trn mc tng c tnh ca rc thu gom/phn loi. t tnh rc xc nh phn rc hu c trong tng lng rc thi, chng ti ly mu rc t h gia nh v ch ca 4 huyn, phn loi bng tay la ra cc thnh phn khc nhau. Tng thnh phn c cn v tnh ra t l hu c. K T QU L ng rc hi n t v t n l pht s nh v thu / l Tng lng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn nm 2010, 2015 v 2020 c nu trong bng 2.1 v 2.2. Hin ti, ch c 26,7% rc c thu gom. D on n nm 2020, con s ny s tng ln 76,8%.
Bng 2.1. Tng rc pht sinh ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy)
Huy n Ph M Ty Sn An Nhn Hoi Nhn Tng
2010 91 72 101 113 377
2015 107 81 107 122 417
2020 113 86 124 129 452
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Bng 2.2. Tng lng rc thu gom (hoc x l ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy) v khi lng v %
2010 13 (14%) 22 (31%) 28 (28%) 38 (34%) 101 (27%)
2015 54 (51%) 47 (58%) 66 (62%) 69 (57%) 236 (57%)
2020 85 (75%) 66 (77%) 100 (81%) 96 (74%) 347 (77%)
c tnh rc Bng 2.3 cho thy kt qu c tnh ca cc mu ly t h gia nh v ch ca 4 huyn. Cc kt qu ny l s liu bnh qun gia quyn ca mu ly t cc khu vc. Tng trung bnh c tnh da trn tng lng rc pht sinh thc t cc huyn nghin cu v t l trung bnh rc hu c vng (bnh qun gia quyn). Thnh phn hu c trung bnh ca rc ch (78,7% cao hn rc h gia nh (55,2% . Trung bnh l 58,4%1.
Bng 2.3. Thnh phn hu c ca rc ch v h gia nh
Huy n Ty Sn Ph M An Nhn Hoi Nhn Tng 1 3 5 5 14
Rc ch Tn/ngy % hu c 68.9 70.2 74.8 89.7 78.7
Rc h Tn/ngy 21 10 23 23 87
nh % hu c 59.9 62.5 52.2 52 55.2 22 13 28 28
Tng rc Tn/ngy % hu c 60.3 64.3 56.2 57 58.4
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D b l ng rc pht sinh v thu gom/x l tr n t n l . Tng lng rc hu c c x l ti ngun hay thu gom v x l th hin trong bng 2.4
Bng 2.4. Tng rc hu c thu gom (hoc x l ti ngun) ti 4 huyn (tn/ngy)
2010 8.4 13.3 16 22 59.7
2015 34.7 28.2 36 39 137.9
2020 54.7 40 56 55 205.7
Phn trm tnh da trn c tnh ca mu rc thu gom t khu dn c m khng k n rc nng nghip v rc thi c cc h gia nh x l ti ngun bng cch cho hoc bn cho nhng ngi nht rc, v d nh thc n cho ln
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Tm tt tnh hnh hin ti (2010) v d bo (2015, 2020 tng trng dn s, tng rc hu c pht sinh v thu gom/x l tng huyn th hin trong bng 2.5.
Bng 2.5. Tng rc hu c pht sinh v thu gom/x l tng huyn*.
Huy n Ph M
N Dn s Tng rc T l thu gom Khi lng thu gom/x l % hu c Lng rc hu c pht sinh Lng rc hu c thu gom/x l
n v Ngi Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy Tn/ngy Ngi Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy Tn/ngy Ngi Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy Tn/ngy Ngi Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy % Tn/ngy Tn/ngy
2010 171.613 91 14,5 13 64.3 59 8.4 124.770 72 30,7 22 60,3 43 13,3 180.797 101 28,1 28 56,2 57 16 209.089 113 33,6 38 57,0 64 22
2015 181.800 107 50,2 54 64.3 69 34.7 132.176 81 57,6 47 60,3 49 28,2 191.530 107 55,4 66 56,2 60 36 221.500 122 56,8 69 57,0 70 39
2020 192.592 113 75 85 64.3 73 54.7 140.022 86 77 66 60,3 52 40 202.899 124 80,8 100 56,2 70 56 234.649 129 74,4 96 57,0 74 55
Ty Sn
Dn s Tng rc T l thu gom Khi lng thu gom/x l % hu c Lng rc hu c pht sinh Lng rc hu c thu gom/x l
An Nhn
Hoi Nhn
*: Khi lng rc hu c nh bng trn khng bao gm rc nng nghip.
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Khung php l i vi cc nh my x l rc tng hp, tiu chun Vit Nam BXD QCVN 07/2010 c nu rng khi lng cht thi rn c x l bng cc cng ngh ti ch, ti s dng, sn xut phn bn hu c, sn xut cht t, phi t 85% v t l cht rn cn li khng qu 15%. Cc sn phm vi sinh khi dng trong nng nghip phi c c quan c thm quyn thm nh v cp php lu hnh trn th trng theo Thng t s 36/2010-TT BNNPTNT ca B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn ngy 24/6/2010, qui nh v sn xut kinh doanh v s dng phn bn; v ch o ca Vn phng Chnh ph s 5367/VPCP-KTN ngy 4/8/2010 v gii php tng cng qun l sn xut v cht lng phn bn. Tiu ch xy dng nh my sn xut phn vi sinh c xy dng da trn Quy chun k thut quc gia cc cng trnh h tng k thut th Vit nam 07/2010-BXD c ban hnh km theo thng t 02/2010/TT-BXD ca B Xy dng ngy 05/02/2010.
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3 CHNG 3 NHN DIN D CH V, T CH C KINH DOANH V SN PH M TI M N NG 3.1. G th u

Mc tiu ca giai on ny l xy dng m hnh kh thi ti ch cht thi hu c cho 4 huyn mc tiu ca tnh Bnh nh. Tt c cc yu t ca m hnh (x hi, k thut, mi trng v kinh t u c tnh n. Quan trng phi nhn thy rng khng ch c mt gii php! Thnh cng thc s ph thuc vo s kt hp linh hot ca nhiu cch tip cn c hng ng v thc hin bi nhiu i tng khc nhau. Mt s i tng c th do chnh cng ng to ra, ch yu hng n mc tiu x hi v mi trng. Mt s i tng khc l cc nh kinh doanh, hng n mc tiu kinh t. Nhn chung, yu t quan trng chnh l vic cc m hnh c trin khai bi cc c nhn nhiu hn l cc c quan, t chc! Kinh nghim cho thy rng hu ht cc m hnh c ch o t trn xung u tht bi bi v n khng c l do thuyt phc c bn mi ngi tham gia. ng lc t di ln s c kh nng thnh cng hn nhiu, bi v nhng ngi thc hin nhn thc r c l do ti sao h lm vic . Mt mt quan trng na l tt c cc m hnh ti ch c trin vng u bt u vi vic phn loi cht thi ti ngun. V n i hi mt c cu tr gip thng xuyn, tn ty v quyt tm ca nhng ngi thc hin v c th c s khuyn khch cp c bn (gia nh, ch, doanh nghip). Ti ch hon ton cht thi hu c (v c c th rt phc tp v lin quan n nhiu i tng. D g i na th ta nn cho y l mt c hi n vi nhau v cng c cc lin kt x hi vi mc tiu to dng nn hng lot cc li ch cho x hi, kinh t v mi trng. Cc li ch c th l: Cc i tng hin nay (nng dn, ngi thu gom rc, cc nh kinh doanh c th tng thu nhp. To thm cng n vic lm. t cht thi hn phi thu gom, vn chuyn v ra bi. t nhim mi trng hn. Cc tng lp x hi c c hi quan tm n tng lai ca h v ci thin cuc sng ca mi ngi bng cch to dng mt cuc sng khe mnh v sch s hn.
Ni tm li, ti ch cht thi r rng l kh thi. Nn coi nghin cu ny l ch dn u tin v phng thc tip cn cc m hnh v chin lc. Nhng khng nn coi y l ch dn t A ti Z cho Bnh nh. Sng kin thc s phi c xy dng v th im bi cc nh xut v thc hin Bnh nh. Nhm chuyn gia tin tng rng mi mt m hnh a ra trong bo co ny th hin kh nng i ti bc tip theo, sau qu trnh hc bng hnh ng m hnh nh.
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3.2.
nh d
nh tn th
Mt trong nhng yu t ca giai on ny l tng quan kinh doanh tng th. hp di, Kinh doanh tng th (IB c gii thch r rng hn. Quan im ca chng ti b thc y mnh m bi mc tiu 3P: hnh tinh (Planet), li nhun (Profit , con ngi (People). Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti ly nguyn l IB nh l khi im, c ngha l gi tr gia tng cho cc doanh nghip, ngi ngho v chnh quyn (ch yu l li nhun v con ngi l ct li c bn ca m hnh ti ch cht thi. Hn na, ct li mi trng (hnh tinh l mt iu kin gn kt quan trng, ngha l mc tiu 3P s c tip tc bi nhng kh nng k tip. Kt qu ca phn phn tch v nghin cu ny c th hin nhng mc tip theo, chng ti s khng cp su hn y.
Hp 3.1: Kinh doanh tng th2
Gii php kinh doanh tng th l mt sng kin mang tnh li nhun v bn vng, gip gim ngho bng cch a cng ng c thu nhp thp tham gia vo chui gi tr doanh nghip nh l nhn cng, nh cung cp, ngi tiu dng hay nh phn phi, vi bi cnh cc bn cng c li1. Gii php kinh doanh ton din to ra gi tr cho tt c: C hi cho doanh nghip: Tng li nhun, pht trin th trng mi, i mi, tng nhn cng v tng cng chui gi tr bng cch kt hp vi ngi ngho. Ci thin nng sut, tng thu nhp, tip cn vi k thut v thng tin, tng kh nng lao ng c cuc sng ch ng hn. Qung b chnh sch hng n tng th xa i khong cch v khuyn khch cc doanh nghip nh nc v t nhn.
C hi cho ngi ngho:
C hi cho chnh ph:
3.3. Tn qu n v cc yu t cn cn nhc tr n t ch cht th hu c

3.3.1. Ba P M t v nh gi cc trng hp thc t tt nht ti Vit Nam v trn Th gii (Chng 1) cho thy nhng ha hn c bn v tim nng ca dng ti ch cht thi ti Bnh nh. Tnh kh thi ca vic ti ch bt k ngun cht thi hu c no ph thuc vo iu kin x hi, kinh t, hu cn v k thut. iu kin x hi quan trng nht l nhn thc ca cng ng v chnh quyn (chnh quyn trung ng, chnh quyn a phng, cc t chc phi chnh ph, cng ng a
2
T SNV Inclusive Business Solutions (Gii php kinh doanh tng th ca SNV : Connection Peoples Capacities (Lin kt kh nng con ngi). C th tm hiu thm www.inclusivebusiness.org
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phng v s cn thit ca 3R (reduce, recycle and recover: gim, ti ch v thu hi thc hin c tiu chun bn vng chung ca 3P (Planet, Profit, People: hnh tinh, li nhun v nhn loi). Khng c nhn thc th s khng c thc t c bn cho cng vic ny. Nu nhn thc c pht trin, ti ch cht thi hu c s tr thnh mt hot ng kinh t. Mt khc, ng lc s b thiu hoc mt i. V c bn, chi ph (chi ph u t, chi ph khu hao v cc chi ph vn hnh) phi c chi tr bng chnh li nhun, bao gm c li, c ngha l hot ng phi c li trong di hn. 3.3.2. Phn loi ti ngun Chng ti nhn thy rng phn loi ti ngun cht thi hu c v khng hu c l cn thit cho bt k m hnh ti ch cht thi hu c v li ch g k c v li ch kinh t. Ngc vi cc vt liu c th ti ch c th duy tr hnh dng v gi tr ca chng trong thi gian di hoc mi mi (nh l nha), cht thi hu c li b hng rt nhanh. iu ny c 2 hu qu quan trng: Thc n tha s b hng v khng th s dng c na, k c cho gia sc n. Phn loi cht thi hu c t cc loi cht thi khc s tr nn kh khn hoc khng th thc hin c khi chng phn hy.
Tuy nhin, mt vi c s qun l cht thi hn hp Vit nam ch phn loi cht thi hu c ra khi n b trn ln vi cht thi v c. Cn phi hiu rng lm nh vy c nhng hn ch quan trng. Phn loi bng tay tn thi gian, bn thu, nguy him v khng d chu, trong khi phn loi bn cng nghip (ch yu bng my mc) th phc tp, tn nng lng v vn cn thc hin mt vi cng on bng tay. Chng ta cng nn bit rng chin lc ti u nht l ngn chn khng cho (phn ln) cc thnh phn v c kch thc nh b ln vo phn hu c, c bit l pin v thuc c nh hng khng tt n cht lng ti ch cht thi, v vy vic phn loi k v hon chnh ti ngun l ct yu.
nh 1-3: Cht thi v c vn c n b ln trong cht thi hu sau hi phn loi Mc ch chnh ca x l cht thi hu c l ti cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho chui thc n. V vy nu cht thi hu c tip xc vi cc cht thi v c (c v nhim) c th gy nguy him cho ngi lao ng, ngi tiu dng v mi trng. Tm li chng ta
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c th kt lun rng phn loi ti ni tp trung khng nhng khng kinh t m cn khng an ton v v vy cn trnh. thc s ti ch cht thi hu c, phn loi ti ngun l vic phi lm. Cn c s kt hp gia nhn thc cao v hu cn tt th cng vic ny mi din ra tri chy c. Phn loi ti ngun thng c coi l cng vic gn nh l khng th lm c. D vy, vi ng lc v quyt tm cao, kt hp vi vic c th thu li nhun cao t cht thi hu c, phn loi ti ngun s kh thi. C th l do chnh m nhiu d n phn loi ti ngun tht bi l v vic phn loi l mc ch ca n. Kinh nghim t trng hp ti TP H Ch Minh cho thy ch c hu cn (c s thu gom rc phn loi l khng , dn n vic rc phn loi li b trn chung trong qu trnh thu gom. Thc t ny r rng l c tc ng tiu cc ln ng lc ca nhng ngi tham gia vo vic khuyn khch phn loi. Chng ti khuyn co cng ng tham gia phn loi cn phi hiu su sc tc ng ca tng thnh phn rc khc nhau. H cng nn nhn thc c i tng hng li t phn loi rc: cng ng, chnh quyn v doanh nghip. Li ch cho cng ng lin quan n vic gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca bi rc ln mi trng v sc khe. Bng vic gim khi lng rc ra bi rc, tc ng tiu cc s gim i. Li ch cho chnh quyn lin quan n vic tit kim c tin thu gom v x l rc. Khon ngn sch tit kim ny c th dng vo cc hot ng khc mang n li ch cho cng ng. Li ch cho doanh nghip l phn thu nhp tng thm v/hoc s lng lao ng c to ra.
Bng 3.1. u im v nhc im ca phn loi ti ngun v ti c s3
Phn loi ti ngun u im
Phn loi t c s
Gim tp cht gip ci thin cht lng Thng thu gom bng cc cng compost. c v ngun lao ng c sn Tit kim chi ph v thi gian vn hnh v Thun tin cho dn c v khng phn loi ti c s phi phn loi rc Mang n li ch gio dc cho ngi dn Khng cn c s tham gia ca v c th khuyn khch gim thi rc v cng ng gim vt rc ba bi. Trin khai v qun l trn mt C hi khen thng cng dn c trch hoc nhiu a im nhim C th thc hin nhanh chng To cng n vic lm cho doanh nghip nh
Nhc im
Tng cng nhn thc l im mu cht Chi ph vn hnh v my mc (qung b v theo di) ln
Xem thm ti: Hng dn Qun l cht thi rn cho nh chc trch, s II, Bng 7.1 (Decision Makers Guide to Solid Waste Management, Volume II, Table 7.1) http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/dmg2/chapter7.pdf
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Km thun tin cho ngi dn Cn u t ban u (ch yu l thng )
Tiu tn nhiu nng lng v gy nhim mi trng
Cn c chin lc di hn (cn c thi Sn phm cui cng khng an ton do tip xc vi cht c gian)
Ngnh kinh doanh cc sn phm c th ti ch tn ti c l v h kim c tin. Ti ch cht thi hu c cn phi hc hi t ngnh ny v p dng cc nguyn tc . Trong khun kh d n hin nay, nhm chuyn gia cho rng v pht hin rng chnh quyn v x hi nhn thc c mc quan trng ca vic x l/ti ch cht thi, thay v cht thi (h gia nh ra bi rc. V vy nh hng chin lc bi rc khng c cp n v i su trong bo co ny. 3.3.3. Ti a phng hay tp trung? Mt kinh t quan trng khc c lin quan n vn hu cn. Thu gom, vn chuyn v ch bin rt tn km. Bt k m hnh no hng ng gii php ti ch u mang n li ch kinh t tim nng khng l cho a phng v n tit kim c chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v ch bin. Khi gii php ti ch khng hp l ti mt vng c bit no , v d nh trung tm thnh ph, gii php ti a phng nn c u tin hn gii php tp trung. C mt vi l do chnh: Tit kim c nhiu chi ph bng cch gim thiu chi ph vn chuyn. Gii php ti a phng to thm nhiu nhn thc hn v thc y cng ng tham gia. M hnh nh thng d qun l hn, i hi chi ph k thut t hn v sn phm cui cng (phn compost, nhng, trn d dng quay li cng ng a phng hn (min ph hay bn Ngun cht thi ph bin (ch yu nng thn : thng theo kg. Ngun theo nhm (cc xm lng ngoi : s lng ngun cht thi thng c nh theo tng vng nht nh, thng theo kg/tn. im nng (cc cng ng v thnh ph : s lng ngun cht thi ln ti mt vng nh, thng theo tn.
Da vo kinh nghim ca d n, chng ti tm thy 3 loi hu cn chnh (xem hnh 3.1): -
Ni chung, x l cht thi t ngun ph bin cn c thc hin trc tin vi cc k thut ti ch. Thu gom v x l tp trung ni chung l khng kh thi, ch yu l do tnh kinh t (chi ph thu gom v vn chuyn cao). Cht thi t cc im nng tt nht nn c x l tp trung ti a phng v tnh sn c cao v hu cn ti u. D g chng na, c thu gom v x l ti a phng u kh thi. i vi ngun theo nhm, theo nguyn tc, cc phng php u c th p dng (ti ch, thu gom + x l ti a phng, thu gom + x l tp trung). Chn la phng thc
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ti u phn ln ph thuc vo iu kin a phng, chnh sch v tm nhn...
Hnh 3.1.S quyt nh vic hu cn thc hin v qun l cht thi.
Tt nhin l la chn cng ngh ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin hu cn. Gii php ti ch nn dng cng ngh c chi ph thp, d thc hin, ngc li phng thc tp trung c th dng cng ngh hin i v phc tp hn. Cng nn lu rng, cng ngh cng hin i th cng mt nhiu thi gian v chi ph cho vic o to nhn vin s dng v bo dng cng ngh, chc chn rng k thut c th hot ng n nh. V vy, nguyn tc chung l nu nh gii php ti ch kh thi th n lun lun l gii php kinh t nht. 3.3.4. Nguyn l ca vic mang dinh dng tr li chui thc n Mt trit l ca x l cht thi hu c l gim thiu vic mt i cc cht dinh dng (N: ni t, P: pht pho, K: Ka li) v cc cht hu c ra mi trng. Tr l chu thc n
Hnh 3.2. S trnh by cc cch hc nhau ti ch cht thi hu c.
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Mc d chin lc x l cht thi hu c nn tp trung vo vic gn gi dinh dng cho h thng (thc vt, ng vt, con ngi: xem Hnh 3.2 . Nhng cng nn lu rng, x l s b s lm mt i mt phn dinh dng. V vy, ti s dng phn tha l cch hiu qu nht v trnh xy ra hao tn. Cho ln hoc c n trc tip l cch tt th nh. Cht thi c mc dinh dng va v cao c th thay th mt phn hay ton b nhu cu dinh dng trong khu phn ca con vt. Cch x l hiu qu na l nui nhng rui lnh en v trn qu. Cc cng ngh ny c t l quay vng cht thi hu c kh cao, trong khi phn compost v trn/nhng c th s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau (chn nui, phn bn . Cui cng, cc cht hu c c th thc hin c. Phn c th s dng dinh dng ca n cho pht trin cy trng (rau, cy trng . Thm vo , cc cht hu c c th gip tng ph nhiu t, tng kh nng gi nc v qu trnh thoi ha din ra chm hn. Theo l thuyt ny, cho n li cht thi hu c (nh l nui c, nui ln) l c gi tr nht, k c vi mc ch kinh t. 3.3.5. Loi cht thi lin quan n cng ngh Loi cht thi lin quan nhiu n la chn k thut v kinh t. Qua iu tra, vng d n c cc loi cht thi sau: Cht thi gia nh (tp hoc tch ring cht thi hu c v cht thi khc). Cht thi ch (tp hoc tch ring cht thi thc vt v cht thi ng vt) Cht thi nh hng (thc n b i) Phn ng vt (ch yu l ln)
Cc loi cht thi ny c cc thnh phn vt cht kh v dinh dng khc nhau. Thnh phn vt cht kh c bn xc nh chin lc x l. Rc c thnh phn vt cht kh thp (cha nhiu nc) ch c th compost hoc t bng cch cho thm ph gia c vt cht kh cao. V loi cht thi ny ph hp cho vic ym kh ( biogas) bi v k thut ny cn c cc cht sn st. K hoch x l cng ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn dinh dng ca cht thi. Ti cho n cht thi c thnh phn dinh dng thp s khng hoc t to ra gi tr cho chui sn xut (v d nh thy sn), trong khi cht thi c thnh phn vt cht kh v dinh dng trung bnh/cao th rt ph phm. Di y (bng 3.2) l danh sch cc loi rc thng gp v c th gp Bnh nh, thnh phn vt cht kh, dinh dng ca chng, cch x l c th thc hin hoc ph hp cho mi loi cht thi.
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Bng 3.2. Loi cht thi hu c, thnh phn ca chng v cch ti ch ph hp.
Ngun H nh Thc n tha Rc vn Hn hp hu c Ch Cht thi ng vt Hn hp thc n tha Rc thc vt 1 Rc thc vt 2 Rc hu c hn hp Nh hng Rc bp Chn nu Phn rn Cht lng
Vt cht kh Va Thp Thp
D nh d ng Va Thp Va
Chin l c Ti cho n/Rui lnh en compost Rui lnh en/ compost
Va Va Thp Thp Va / Thp
Cao Va Thp Va / Cao Va / Thp
Ti cho n Ti cho n /Rui lnh en compost Ti cho n compost
Va
Va
Ti cho n /Rui lnh en
Va Thp
Va Cao
compost / Rui lnh en biogas
Ch : Rui lnh en (c kt hp vi nui trn ; phn trn qu)
Hp 3.2. M t s b v cng ngh
Ti cho n: Theo nguyn l, tt c cht thi hu c u c th dng cho gia sc n. Hu ht gi tr tng ln t c khi ta cho n li cht thi c thnh phn dinh dng (m v/hay nng lng (bo, tinh bt cao. tng trng tm ca vic cho n li l ti to phn nng lng v m c nguy c b mt vo sn phm ng vt (tht, sa). Ngnh chn nui ln v thy sn l hai ngnh chn nui c th ti cho n hp l nht. i vi ln, vic kh trng (nh bng cch nu k ) cht thi hu c l cn thit m bo an ton v sinh thc phm, trong khi nui thy sn li c th thc hin ti cho n trc tip. Nui nhng rui lnh en: Rui lnh en c th s dng phn hy cht thi hu c thnh cht hu c n nh. Khi nhng rui lnh en n ra, n tr thnh mt ngun m v bo di do, v vy n rt b dng khi dng lm thc n cho ng vt: m (42%) v bo (34%) cao. Nhng rui lnh en l mt trong nhng loi phm n nht ca th gii t nhin. Chng c th phn hy ti 20 feet thc n tha trong khong thi gian t hn 24 gi. Trong mt din tch ch 1m2, chng c th tiu th 40kg thc n
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ti tha hoc mc mt ngy. Nhng rui lnh en c th n bt k loi cht thi ti no, c tht v cc sn phm sa. Rui lnh en ng vai tr quan trng trong h thng gim thiu v bo qun mi trng c nhit v m trung bnh (trung nhit - mesophillic , chng cng c th sinh ra c bit t thng sinh hc. Nui nhng rui lnh en c th kt hp vi nui trn (xem phn nui trn) Nui trn: Trn qu hay nui trn l c trng ca quy trnh compost khng thc th, do s thoi ha ca thnh phn hu c nh trn (nhiu chng loi). Nui trn ch yu ti ch phn, v hn ch trong x l cht thi gia nh v ch. Khng cn n iu kin hiu kh. Trong qu trnh nui trn, kh c to ra t cc hot ng ca trn. Trn dng cc cht hu c sn sinh ra mn (phn). Sn phm cui cng rt tt cho vic ci to t, khi m dnh dng c bo tn phn no. Phn ln dinh dng c gi li qua vic tng trng ca trn. Trn v phn trn (mn) c th thu hoch ring v dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
nh 4 - 6: Cht thi hu c ri rc (vn, nng tri) c cht ng gn gng compost bng cch nui trn (Hyderabad, India) compost: V nguyn tc, tt c rc hu c u dng compost c. D vy, mt t l Cc bon:Ni t (C:N no (khong hoc trn 20-25), v cht nn xp l cn thit cho qu trnh bt u . compost l khi nim v l mt qu trnh kh, ni m cc cht hu c khng n nh (cc bon v ni t dng hp cht) b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt di s c mt v tiu hao xy. Thng qua qu trnh s dng xy ca vi sinh vt, nhit , CO2 v H2O c sn sinh. Ph thuc vo cht tng ca qu trnh compost, c kh CH4, N2O v mi c th c sn sinh. Kh ga bc ra t ng compost lm kh (thng th vt cht kh khong 20-50% hoc cao hn v mt th tch ca ng compost.
nh 7 v 8: ng rc hu c (vn) c thu gom v compost (Rumania). Ct li ca qu trnh compost tt l s c mt ca xy, l mt sn phm compost cht lng cao v ti thiu ha vic sinh kh v bc hi gy nhim mi trng. Qun l ti u l o khi compost thng xuyn, ng thng kh hot ng tt. Qu trnh compost ti u khi nhit khong 700C hoc hn, thnh qu l mt sn phm ti v v trng tuyt i. Sn phm compost cht lng cao l sn phm thm, khng c mm bnh, ht c, l cht ci to t n nh (cht
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hu c n nh) cng vi gi tr dinh dng tt cho thc vt (phn bn). Ln men ym kh: Ln men ym kh, hay tiu ha ym kh, l s kt hp gia vi sinh vt ha cht chuyn ha cc cht hu c d phn hy thnh CH4 (v CO2 , trong iu kin ym kh tuyt i (khng c xy). N bao gm 3 bc: (1) Thy phn: do hn hp cc vi khun ln men (gi l dng a xt) to ra. (2) A x tn ha: cc sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn c chuyn ha thnh dng a xt bo. (3) Dng kh m tan: dng m tan c phn thnh dng lnh (< 20 oC), dng va (20-40 oC), v dng nng (> 40 oC). Ni chung, nhit cng cao, sn sinh m tan cng tt. Nhng nu cn hm nng c nhit cao th cui cng cn bng nng lng c th b m.
nh 9 v 10. Thp sng v nu n bng biogas (Vit nam). u vo ca qu trnh ln men ym kh cn mt mc vt cht kh nht nh, tt nht l dng sn st (nh l cht thi lng ca ln, tha ca nh bp , c th trn v vo thng ln men. T l thoi ha ca thnh phn hu c chnh, sn sinh kh m tan (CH4 , tng theo th t sau: Cht x (g v dng g) Cht bn x (dng thc vt, rm, phn i gia sc) m ( tha nh bp) Bo ( tha nh bp, phn ln) Tinh bt (ng, bt)
Kh ha: Kh ha l phng php tch nng lng t nhiu loi cht hu c khc nhau. Trong qu trnh kh ha, cc cht Cc bon nh l than, xng, cht t sinh hc hay khi sinh hc c bin i thnh kh cc bon hay kh hy r thng qua phn ng ca nguyn liu th nhit cao vi mc xy v/hoc hi khng ch. Hn hp kh ga to ra gi l kh tng hp v bn thn n l mt cht t. Hn hp kh c th c dng to nhit hay to in, lm hay thm ch cn lm du diesel sinh hc. Hu ht cc cht hu c c th dng lm nguyn liu th Kh ha, nh l g, khi sinh hc v thm ch nha. Kh ha da vo qu trnh ha hc to ra nhit >700C, n khc bit vi cc qu trnh sinh vt hc khc, nh l ln men ym kh, sn sinh ra kh sinh hc. Kh ha l qu trnh thn thin vi mi trng. Ngoi tr dng cht t cui cng, bn thn kh ha v cc qu trnh tip theo khng gy v cng khng to tin cho hiu ng nh knh nh l carbon dioxide. Mt u ra gi tr na ca kh ha l tro sinh hc, l mt loi phn bn c gi tr.
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3.4. Xy dn
hnh thc t ch Bnh nh
3.4.1. Kim tin t cht thi nh no? Rc hn n khng c gi tr, v vy c coi l th b i. Hn na, trong ngnh ti ch, c th kim rt nhiu tin t nhng thnh phn c th khi c tch ra t phn rc cn li. Nu phn tch ra cng tinh khit theo c tnh ca chng, gi tr ti ch tr ln cng cao. Khch l kinh t thc y ngnh ti ch ton cu. Gi tr ny c bit n bi nhng ngi nht rc sng bng ngh nht rc ti bi rc, nhng nh qun l ng u nhng doanh nghip phn loi rc thi quy m ln v hin i. Khi ti ch rc hu c mt cch nghim tc, ngha l bin rc thnh ngun v tin, n tr nn rt tng t vi ngnh ti ch rc v c. Hu ht tin c lm ra khi cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cht thi hu c c phn loi v x l ring bit, theo cc cch khc nhau. Cht thi gia nh v ch c 3 thnh phn cn quan tm: Thc n tha o Thc n tha, bao gm phn cha n n v phn b i khi chun b nu ti bp, nh hng, qun c ph. Thc n tha bao gm c phn nu chn v phn ti. Cht thi khng phi l thc n o Bao gm cc cht thi hu c xanh khc t gia nh v ch, nh l thc vt, cnh cy, phn d tha ca ngnh nng nghip v cc ngnh khc, cht thi t vn... Rc h o L cc thnh phn cht thi khng phi l thc n, cha nhiu x v hm lng vt cht kh cao. Thnh phn ny c th dng lm kh ha. Thc n tha Thc n tha trn ln c thnh phn vt cht kh v dinh dng trung bnh. Cch kinh t nht l dng tha ny cho gia sc n cng sm cng tt. Tt nht l khi vn cn ti. Khi chng bt u phn hy, khng nn dng n cho gia sc n ( trnh ly bnh, thc n tha nn nu trc khi cho ln n. Trong mt vi trng hp, thc n tha nn trc khi cho n. Qu trnh ln men ym kh lm gim phn no c cht v mm bnh, v cho php c th bo qun thc n n mt vi thng. Thc n chua khng cn nu trc khi cho n. Cch kinh t th 2 l dng thc n tha nui nhng rui lnh en trong thng sinh hc. y l cch tt nht khi thc n bt u phn hy. Ngun dinh dng trong thc n s bin thnh m v bo c gi tr thng qua vic tng trng ca nhng rui lnh en. Trng hp kh thi th 3, mc d km kinh t, l biogas t thc n tha. Nu khng cch no trn thc hin c, thc n tha c th compost. Hn na, bn thn thc n tha qu lng nn trn vi rc vn c khuyn co. Cc cch c th ti s dng v ti ch thc n tha c th hin s sau:
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(BSF: Rui lnh en Cht thi khng phi l thc n Chin lc tt nht qun l cht thi hu c khng phi thc n tha l dng lm phn xanh trc tip cho cy trng (ph t). Qu trnh phn hy din ra trong t, cc cht hu c v dinh dng s nui cy. Mc ph hp ph thuc vo t c ti ch hay gn y. Mt vi phn c th ca cht thi khng phi l thc n c th dng cho gia sc n (ln, tru, b). D sao, cch ny ph thuc vo gia sc c gn y hay khng v/hoc kh nng thu gom, vn chuyn c hiu qu hay khng. Cht thi cng c th l mt ch th cho chin lc ti ch, nh l compost (qu trnh n nh cht hu c trc khi bn cho t), pht trin sn phm mi (v d cho xy dng), hay ngun cht t thay th. Cc cch p dng ny i hi vic u t vo cng ngh. Tng t nh cc cng ngh hin c cho ti to nng lng v ph nhiu t, v d nh phn hy ym kh. Nn lu rng nng lng sinh hc t rc xanh thng rt thp. Nn hu ht cc trng hp, compost l cch kh thi nht cho thnh phn ny.
Cht thi kh Phn cht thi khng phi l thc n c thnh phn x cao (g, cnh cy, v tru...) nn dng lm kh ha. Hai sn phm kh ha quan trng l nhit t t kh v tro sinh hc, l phn bn rt c gi tr.
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3.4.2. Bn m hnh thc tin huyn co cho Bnh nh Theo nh cc phn trn, s c bn m hnh c xy dng. Hai vn trng tm c xem xt trong cc m hnh: (1) Con ngi v (2 To thu nhp. Con ngi l tm im ca vic qun l rc thi tng hp. Con ngi to ra rc v chnh con ngi ang chu nh hng bi vic qun l rc thi cha hp l. Nh vy, tt c mi ngi cn phi nhn thc c vn ny v cn tham gia gii quyt vn . V vy, cc m hnh chng ti a ra u da trn s hiu bit v kh nng tham gia ca con ngi. Ba trong s bn m hnh sau y c coi l m hnh thng mi, trong , ng lc l to ra thu nhp. Cc m hnh ny cng da trn s tham gia nhit tnh ca cng ng v tinh thn kinh doanh ca ngi Vit Nam: 1. Thng cha v tiu hy rc h gia nh v/hoc cng cng 2. Ti s dng thc n cho ln 3. Sn xut nhng rui lnh en quy m nh 4. compost quy m trung bnh RC H GI NH V /HOC CNG CNG
M HNH 1: THNG CH A V TI U H Tm tt a im: Thc hin bi: Khuyn khch bi: Sn phm thng mi: u t: Li ch cho chnh quyn:
Ti ch (h gia nh, ch hoc khu dn c H gia nh, cng ng Chnh quyn, T chc phi chnh ph C th l phn tn ng trong thng* Thng (240.000/thng Khng phi chi ph cho thu gom, vn chuyn v x l
* Phn tn ng trong cc thng thc ra l mt sn phm thng mi gi tr. Ngi gom rc c th gom chng v dng chng ci thin cht lng compost v nui trn ca h. M t ngn gn Rc c trong cc thng bng b tng hoc gch, khi lng v trng lng rc hu c u gim i mt cch t nhin (nh vo s pht trin v sinh sn ca vi khun, nm, nhng, trn). Thng ban u c thit k cho h gia nh, vi thit k ny n c th tip nhn rc trong qu trnh khong mt nm v rc s phn hy mt t nhin (tr xng v v s s mt nhiu thi gian phn hy hn). Th nghim thc hin Lt trong vng 8 thng cho thy rng, sau khi phn hy sinh hc theo kiu ny, trng lng rc gim 92% v khi lng rc gim 79%4.
Olivier P v cng s (2011) Bin rc thi thnh mt nghin cu th v. http://www.esrla.com/pdf/composting.pdf
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Thng khng y c th t sn nh v trng cy xung quanh. Thng c y c th t trn cc tng , nc r chy ra mt ci x nh di thng v c th dng ti nn thng cung cp N v m trong qu trnh . Miu t chi tit cho nguyn l ny c nu c th trong bo co ca ng Paul Olivier v cng s5.
Cc yu t to nn s thnh cng ca m hnh ny M hnh ny i hi mt s nhn thc rng ri. Cn phi c y thng tin, tp hun v theo di m bo cho vic thng c s dng mt cch chnh xc. Mt vi T chc phi chnh ph th hin s quan tm tham gia vo cc chng trnh nh th ny. Vt rc Cc thnh phn sau c th cho vo thng : Thc n cha qua ch bin nh ht, v c qu, rau tha, phn d tha ca tht gia cm, tht ln, c (gm lng, vy, da, xng... . Thc n qua ch bin cn d li t bt, a, xoong, ni v c xng, vy, v. Hoa ho Rc vn khi lng nh. Cn rc vn khi lng ln dng compost (xem m hnh 4) Cc vt liu khng th phn hy nh knh, kim loi, nha, cao su, mt, cht sp, ct, si, , bng khong (len , bt bin, gch, gm, s v cc loi vt liu bn khc.
Cc vt liu sau khng nn cho vo thng : -
G nh h c nhm h Mi gia nh hoc mt nhm nh h gia nh c th dng chung mt thng . Trong phng n u tin, mi h s c mt thng, trong khi phng n th hai, mt nhm h c th dng chung mt vi thng . Nhm h c th l trong cng mt ta nh, mt con ph hoc nhiu nh gn nhau. Chng ti khuyn co cng ng t chn phng n tt nht cho mnh. Trong mt vi trng hp, c bit l cc khu vc thnh th, cc h gia nh khng c ch t thng . Khi , cn phi tm mt khu vc gn t
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nhiu thng v tin li c mi gia nh mang rc n. Nu khng c khu vc no ln cn th cn c h thng thu gom v vn chuyn rc hu c. D n cn ng S thnh cng ca m hnh ny ph thuc phn ln vo hiu bit v li ch ca chng trnh v vo s sn sng lm nn thnh cng ca cng ng. C ngha l nn c s tham gia ca cng ng t khu lp k hoch n trin khai ca d n qun l rc thi tng hp. Cc d n c s tham gia ca cng ng ngay t khu lp k hoch s thnh cng hn d n c ln k hoch chi tit bi ch nhim d n. Chng ti xut tho lun m hnh qun l rc thi vi cng ng v h tham gia vo la chn cc hot ng ph hp. Mt k hoch qun l rc thi tng hp thnh cng bao gm s kt hp ca nhiu hnh ng khc nhau. Nu bn thn cng ng la chn phng php bng thng l mt phng n tt th c hi thnh cng s cao hn rt nhiu nu p buc cc h gia nh thc hin. Trong rt nhiu trng hp, mt nhm ngi tr v c trch nhim chng minh h l nhng ngi thc y phn loi rc ti ngun v a ra li khuyn cho vic x l. c bit l giai on u, rt nhiu dn lng s t cu hi ci g c th hay khng th cho vo thng . T ri qung b c th c hiu qu nhng nhiu ngi s cn t vn trc tip.
Lu rng v d trn l hiu nhit. N khng ph hp vi th ng trung nhit, nhng chng ti a ra thy mt v d v t ri hu hiu. Nhng tr l h tr tr tui ny c th gip cc h gia nh s dng thng mt cch ng n. H cng khuyn khch v hp tc vi nhng ngi nht rc gip pht trin c hi kim tin t phn trn qu, phn compost bng tm Toptex hoc rui lnh en (xem m hnh 3&4) Mt v d in hnh l T chc Children for Green New Nepal - Tr em v mt Nepal xanh mi, ni m, tr em l nhng i tng chm lo cho tng lai.
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ng rc vo t ng lai chng ti
Nghi toan cu,
n ng
Hot ng & Duy tr Thng ti h gia nh c th tip nhn 3kg rc mi ngy. Trn ming c mt np nh c m ra rc vo. Cc vi khun v nm trong thng cn thng xuyn c cung cp oxy. l l do ti sao thnh thng c cc l thong kh. Hn na o trn thng kh ch ng. Khuyn co nn o rc mi tun mt ln. Khi o nh vy s trnh c hin tng hi thi. Thng cn c no vt v lm sch mi nm/ln. y l ln duy nht trong nm np chnh ln c m. Rc trong thng c thu gom, nghin nh v a vo qu trnh hiu nhit s dng tm ph toptex (xem m hnh 4). Phn tn ng vt ra t thng cng s dng nui trn qu c. o trn hng tun cng nh thu gom phn tn ng trong thng cng to ra mt c hi kinh doanh cho ngi nht rc hay bt c ai quan tm. Ru lnh en Thng s c phn hy t nhin bi rui lnh en. Tuy nhin, hot ng phn hy iu kin trung nhit ca thng khng thc hin c nu khng c nhng rui lnh en. Phn hy trung nhit l do vi khun, nm, actinomycetes, protozoa v rotifers tt c u hot ng nhit trung bnh. Nhng khi c nhng rui lnh en, mt thng c sc cha thng thng 3kg rc/ngy s c th tip nhn c 30kg/ngy. Tuy nhin, kch thc v th tch ca thng cn c thit k c th dng c khi khng c nhng rui lnh en. Tc ng ti nn M hnh ny c th c trin khai thc t ti 4 huyn nghin cu. N c bit c khuyn co p dng cho vng no cha c h thng thu gom rc nhng vn c th p dng cho vng c h thng thu gom rc. Vn cn rt nhiu nh c sn trc hoc sau nh, c th t thng ti y. Hoc t nhiu thng cc khu vc gn v ph hp. Vi vic trin khai thnh cng k thut ny, mt lng ln rc s khng cn l ni lo ca ngnh qun l v thu gom rc.
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M HNH 2: TI S DNG TH C N CHO LN c m a im: Thc hin bi: Khuyn khch bi: Sn phm thng mi: u t: Li ch cho chnh quyn: M t ngn gn Cc nng h nui li thu gom rc bp t cc nh hng, ch v h gia nh v cho ln n. trnh b nhim bnh nh l mm long mng, cc loi thc n tha ny cn phi un si trong khong 1 ting6. Khuyn co nu bng kh sinh hc biogas hoc kh ha gasifiers. Cc yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca m hnh ny M hnh ny c p dng thnh cng ti nhiu ni Vit Nam. Yu t quyt nh ca m hnh ny l kh nng kinh t cao. Cc cp chnh quyn a phng nn h tr hot ng ny v s tit kim c rt nhiu tin thu gom v x l rc. La chn rc Ch c thc n tha c s dng nu cho ln7. Chng ti khuyn khch cc h nui ln tm nh cung cp thc n tha c gi tr cho mnh. H c th c nhng tha thun chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc v vic phn loi v thu gom rc. un nu Nu h nng dn c biogas th chng ti khuyn co s dng h thng ny nu. H nng dn c th thit k mt thit b nu r tin bng cch ti s dng thng cha nc hoc thng cha du. Trong trng hp ny khng mt tin cho vic un nu. Cn nu khng c biogas, nng dn c th chn lp t h thng biogas hoc mua bp un kh ha. Khi , h s phi mua v tru hoc nhin liu u vo khc cho bp. Ngoi ra, khuyn khch cc h nng dn s dng phn ln nui nhng rui lnh en trong thng sinh hc. C th nu nhng vcng vi thc n tha v nhng l mt ngun protein di do. C hai m hnh (kh sinh hc v kh ha + nhng rui lnh en u tt cho m hnh nui ln tng hp. Nng dn s t chn m hnh no ph hp nht vi iu kin ca h. Chng ti tin rng s dng biogas s d dng hn nhiu v li ch ca n c minh
6
Nng h Ch nng h Chnh quyn, T chc phi chnh ph, Hip hi nng dn Tht ln Dng c un nu (c th tn dng thng cha nc hoc du) Khng chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v x l
Vic cho ln n rc bp b cm nhiu quc gia trnh vic ly lan bnh tt. Tuy nhin, mt s quc gia khc nh New Zealand vn cho php vic ny nhng h ban hnh lut yu cu nng dn phi nu rc nhit 100C trong t nht l 1 gi. Hin ti Vit Nam cha c quy nh g v vn ny.
7
C mt vi thnh phn khng phi l thc n tha vn c th s dng lm thc n cho tru b, nhng khng c cp n y.
39
chng rng ri Vit Nam. Chng ti khng khuyn khch s dng bp un kh ha nu khng c gii php x l hoc s dng phn ln. Li ch kinh t cho nng dn Thc n chim phn ln chi ph trong chn nui ln (khong 70% . Cho n bng rc bp c cho l r hn cho n bng thc n tinh nhng tc tng trng n s chm hn: qu trnh v bo (t 25 n 90-100kg) mt 5 thng thay v 4 thng. Mi con ln n khong 6kg rc/ngy. Bng di y so snh chi ph thc n cho ln.
Ch n bng thc n t nh - T 25 n 90kg trong vng 4 thng Ch n bng rc bp T 25 n 90kg trong vng 5 thng
- Cho n 2kg thc n/con ln/ngy (T l vt - Khong 6kg rc bp/ngy (T l vt cht kh l cht kh l 90%) 30%) - Khi lng tng trng hng ngy t 500- - Khi lng tng trng hng ngy t 400600g 500g - 122 ngy * 2kg = 244kg thc n tinh - 153 ngy * 6kg = 918kg rc bp
- Chi ph thc n: 244kg * 8.000/kg = - Chi ph thc n: 918kg * 600/kg = 550.000 1.952.000 (10.000 cho 20kg + 100/kg ph vn chuyn v un nu)
Chi ph thc n (v bo) nu cho n bng thc n tinh l 1.952.000 c th gim i 72%, xung cn 550.000 khi cho n bng rc bp. Nh vy nng h s c thm phn li l 1.402.000/con ln. Gi ln xut chung l 3.700.000/con. Vi h c trung bnh 20 con ln s c thm phn thu nhp tng thm l 5.600.000/thng (4 con xut chung mi thng). Mt iu quan trng cn lu i vi cc h cho n bng thc n tinh l chn nui khng phi lc no cng c li v gi thc n cao v gi ln xut chung khng n nh. Tuy nhin, chn nui bng rc bp lun mang li li nhun! Phn nhn cng cn thm cho vic thu gom rc s cn c th tit kim c hn nu nh c tha thun tt vi ngi cung cp. Trong lc nu li thc n gom c th ngi nng dn c th thc hin cc cng vic hng ngy khc trong nh. Mt cch l tng, tri ln p dng m hnh chn nui tng hp nh bng di y.
40
im thu gom rc bp L m 1 Nc 2 Vn chuyn Nu (1-2h) Cho ln n Thc n tinh Ln
Tht ln
12
Cht thi t ln B biogas Rau mung Kh Biogas Nc thi Ao c C
Lu : au mung ch yu d ng x l nc thi cc vi sinh v t n bo sng cng sinh r ca cy rau mung v s dng lng ni t d tha trong nc, c bit l nc b nhim b mt. Nu trng cy rau mung ti khu vc nui thy sn, loi cy ny s gi li cht dinh dng v oxy cn thit cho c. C th trng trn mt din tch gii hn, thng th nng dn s dng khung tre bao quanh din tch trng cy rau mung hay cy bo nc khng lan rng thm c. Tc ng ti nn Vi tim nng l hng trm nng dn c th p dng m hnh ny, hng ngn tn rc c th chuyn ha thnh ti nguyn. M hnh ny hin nay c p dng kh rng ri nhng cch thc hin vn cha c tnh t chc nh miu t chng 1 bo co ny. M HINH 3: SN XUT NHNG RUI LNH EN QU M NH c m a im: Thc hin bi: Khuyn khch bi: Sn phm thng mi: u t: Li ch cho chnh quyn: Nh ca ngi thu gom rc Ngi thu gom rc Chnh quyn, t chc Phi chnh ph, Hip hi thu gom rc Nhng rui lnh en, trn, b trn Thng sinh hc Khng chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v x l rc
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M t ngn gn i vi m hnh ny, ngi thu gom rc c khuyn khch phn tch rc hu c nui nhng rui lnh en n, nhng s chuyn ha rc thnh m v bo. i vi ngi thu gom rc, chng ti mun ni n nhng ngi, ch yu l ph n, i t nh ny n nh kia thu gom rc v a n khu vc thu gom ca xe ti. H thng dng xe y. Chng ti cng ni n nhng ngi thu gom rc khng tham gia vo qu trnh thu gom thng thng m ch i gom phn rc c th ti ch. Vic nui rui lnh en c th thc hin ti nh hoc mt khu vc ti a phng m nhiu ngi thu gom rc cng hot ng. Nhng c bn lm thc n chn nui cho g, ch, ra, c v ln. Phn rc nhng rui lnh en khng n s c trn tiu th. Ngi thu gom rc thu nht nhng phn rc c th ti ch bn ly thm tin, v th, rt l gic rng nhng ngi thu gom ny cng s thu nht nhng loi rc c th nui rui lnh en v bn nhng. Mong rng c nhng h gia nh gip ngi thu gom rc v ring cc loi rc ph hp nui nhng rui lnh en. Cc yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca m hnh ny M hnh ny i hi nhn thc cao. C cc h gia nh v ngi thu gom rc u cn c o to v hun lun trong tng bc ca qu trnh x l. La chn rc Nhng rui lnh en l mt trong nhng loi phm n nht trong th gii t nhin. Loi nhng ny c th n bt c loi rc ti hay ung ho no, ngay c tht, phn v sn phm t sa. Nhng rui lnh en c kh nng n c mi loi thc n b i v mt s loi rc khng phi l thc n. Trn v nhng rui lnh en khng thch n lng ln thc n tha b phn hy ym kh. Hc bng hnh ng s nhanh chng cho thy loi rc no chng n v loi no chng khng n. Chu sinh hc cng c th nui c trn v chng n cc loi thc n m rui lnh en khng n.
Li ch kinh t ch n
i thu gom rc
Nghin cu ca ng Paul Olivier v cng s Vit Nam cho thy nhng rui lnh en c th n c 40kg rc hu c trn din tch 1m2 trong vng 24 ting trong mt ci thng sinh hc 4 feet8. Trong tnh ton sau y, gi s mi ngi thu gom rc thu gom c 80kg rc cho rui lnh en. Vy tng u t l 2 thng sinh hc vi gi 1.100.000/thng.
8
42
Thu nhp tn th
hn thn 40kg rc bp/ngy trong 1 thng sinh hc 4 feet 2 thng sinh hc cho 80kg rc/ngy 80kg rc cho 5 n 20kg nhng rui lnh en (150-600kg/thng) Gi bn nhng rui lnh en ti c tnh l 3.000/kg9 Tnh ton trn cho thy khon thu nhp tng thm hng thng l 450.000 1.800.000 ch t vic thu gom nhng rui lnh en. Thm vo l thu nhp thm t vic bn trn v b trn.
Tip cn th trng cho sn phm nhng rui lnh en Trn hay nhng rui lnh en c th bn sau khi ch bin (nh nghin, xay hay sy kh) hoc khng qua ch bin. Khi ch bin, mt khi lng nh hn nhng m c hn s c thu hoch, ng gi v bn... lm thc n cho g, c (nui trng thy sn v ln. Vic ny cng gip cho sn phm c th bo qun trc khi bn i. c tnh dinh dng ca nhng rui lnh en sy kh c th c so snh vi bt c hin ang c bn vi gi l 1.200 USD/tn. Vy nu c cng ngh sy nhng rui lnh en, gi tr ca n s rt cao. C 2 tn nhng ti s cho ra 1 tn nhng sy kh, tc l 1kg nhng ti s c gi t 0,6usd hay 12.000. Tuy nhin, vi cc m hnh nh, x l nhng s khng kh thi, bn nhng ti s kh thi hn. dng cha ch bin, vic thu hoch, ng gi v bn cn thc hin tht nhanh trnh h hng. Gi tr dinh dng ca nhng rt cao (42% m, 34% bo da trn vt cht kh) Xem xt Mc d th nghim s dng thng sinh hc nui rui lnh en thnh cng Vit Nam thng qua m hnh s dng rc bp Lt v phn ln ng bng Sng Mekong, nhng y vn ch l th nghim. M hnh ny c trin vng do tnh kinh t cao. Rui lnh en kh ph bin Vit Nam nn s khng c l do g m m hnh ny khng th thc hin c Bnh nh. Hn na, chng ti cng khuyn co nn tin hnh th nghim thm ti a phng trc khi khuyn khch p dng m hnh trn din rng.
Nhng rui lnh en kh c dinh dng tng ng vi bt c, hin ang c bn vi gi 24.000/kg. iu ny c ngha l rui lnh en ti c gi 12.000/kg (50% vt cht kh). Tuy nhin, chng ti ly con s c tnh l 3.000/kg ph hp vi thc t. Gi thnh thc s ph thuc vo vic nng dn sn sng tr bao nhiu tin mua nhng rui lnh en ti.
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Tc ng ti
nn
Cc m hnh c thnh cng hay khng l do yu t kinh t. Thu nhp tng thm d l mt triu hay hn u s khuyn khch ngi thu gom rc tch cc trong vic gom nhiu rc hu c hn cho nhng. iu c ngha l s c t rc hn b ra bi rc! V cng r rng l nu ngi thu gom rc c gng cho y cc chu sinh hc mi ngy, th tc ng tim nng s l rt ln. Mt yu t rt quan trng cho thnh cng ca m hnh ny l s h tr v quyn ca ngi thu gom rc. Cc cch kt hp khc nhau ca m hnh RL + compost Ngoi vic nui rui lnh en n thc n b i, ngi thu gom cng c th phn rc hu c khng phi thc n bng tm ph toptex (xem m hnh 4). Tuy nhin, cn lu rng hiu nhit quy m nh khng d thc hin. Bt c sai st no, bt c iu kin khng tuyt i no cng c th ph v qu trnh quy m nh. quy m ln hn s tt hn. V vy, y c coi l m hnh ph hp vi mt nhm ngi thu gom hn l c th. Trong m hnh ny, ngi thu gom rc cn chn rc ph hp vi vic nui trn . Cht nn ph hp nui trn l phn d tha ca thng nhit trung bnh (xem m hnh 1) v thng sinh hc rui lnh en. Nui trn qu c th kt hp vi thng sinh hc rui lnh en hoc nui ring bit.
Nui trn qu
RL+Trn qu+Toptex Trong m hnh ny, ngi thu gom rc hoc ngi kinh doanh khc c th kt hp ba quy trnh khc nhau ti ch rc hu c. Trc tin, cho rui lnh en n thc n b i, phn d tha ca rui lnh en em cho trn n. Phn rc khng phi thc n dng bng tm toptex. H c th bn nhng rui lnh en, trn, b trn v phn compost. Thch thc i vi ngi thu gom rc a phng l tm th trng ph hp cho sn phm u ra. i vi m hnh pht trin hn, mt ngi kinh doanh (n ng hay ph n) c th hng dn ngi thu gom rc cc hot ng ny v mua li sn phm u ra. Sau , h s pht trin h thng phn phi v thc hin cc bc tip th cn thit. H tr n i thu gom rc! Ngi thu gom rc r rng l mt ngun lc c lc ca x hi trong vic qun l rc. Ngay lc ny, h l ngi hiu gi tr ca ti ch hn ai khc. Nu h nhn thy ti ch rc hu c to ra tin th y l mt c hi to ra thu nhp mi. Nhng nhng ngi thu gom cn s gip ca chnh quyn v ca cc t chc tham gia vo qun l rc thi. V tr chnh yu ca h trong vic ti ch rc cn c tha nhn. C th c nhng h tr khc nh: Khuyn khch h thnh lp HTX v cng nhau lm vic H tr dng c thu gom (xe hay dng c phng h (gng tay, khu trang,
44
M rng phm vi hot ng ca h, c bit l ti ch rc hu c. nn
KInh doanh h tr ti
Chng ta nn cn nhc n phng n x l nhng tp trung thay cho m hnh m mi ngi gom rc bn rng rui lnh en ring r. Trong trng hp ny, mt doanh nghip c th kt hp vi nhng ngi thu gom rc nui rui lnh en, sau chnh doanh nghip s thu gom, ch bin v bn thnh phm. M HNH 4: c m a im: Thc hin bi: Khuyn khch bi: Sn phm thng mi: u t: Li ch cho chnh quyn: M t ngn gn M hnh c bn ny tp trung vo vic thu gom v rc hu c tp trung, l mt m hnh ph bin trn th gii. Cht nn c th l nhiu loi, t rc hu c c phn loi t cc h gia nh n rc hu c t ch v thm ch c phn cht rn ca phn ng vt. l phng php tt nht cho mi loi rc khng phi l thc n. Khi cc loi rc hu c ( phn loi c s dng lm cht nn, cn nghin nh rc y nhanh qu trnh . Hn na, c th dng thm cc cht ph gia hu c (nh rm m bo xp, t l vt cht kh v t l C:N cn thit. Cc yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca m hnh ny Cht lng sn phm compost cui cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo thun khit ca u vo. V vy phn loi ti ngun v tng cng nhn thc l hai vic rt quan trng. Nhng tri vi cc m hnh kinh t nh, ni m c thc hin bi tnh kinh t ln v nhn thc cao, th m hnh ny cn c s h tr hn na c th thu ht v mt kinh t. Mt nh kinh doanh thc th s khng u t vo mt nh my compost, v vy, chnh quyn nn khuyn khch cc c quan qun l rc xy dng mt khu . Cn phi phi xem xt n vic cung cp t min ph, li sut ngn hng thp v h tr ban u. Ai bt u vi vic compost cng s cn t vn k thut, tp hun v t vn. Ph hp vi ch Lng ln rc hu c c gom t cc ch t. M hnh tt nht ti ch rc ny l phn loi rc thc n v khng phi thc n. Rc thc n c th dng cho gia sc hoc rui lnh en n, cn rc khng phi l thc n th dng . Nhng khu ny c th Ti a phng/Tp trung Cng ng/C quan qun l rc thi Chnh quyn/T chc phi chnh ph Phn Compost t, tm ph Toptex, mt vi my mc t rc thi ra bi rc hn COMPOST QUY M TRUNG BNH
45
dng x l thm c cc loi rc khng phi thc n t h gia nh. Ngoi ch ra, a im ph hp khc c th p dng cng ngh qun l rc ny l nhng khu phn cm (nh ngoi thnh ph, lng xm, khu dn c . cc vng ny, khong cch vn chuyn t ngun n khu vc khng xa. Hn na, cc khu vc ny thng thi ra lng rc tp trung mt cch kinh t. Cng ngh compost Da trn nhng m t tng th v kinh nghim thc t, vic compost tp trung s dng tm ph Totex l tt nht. Cht liu ny cho php hi nc (v kh) c th thot ra t ng compost nhng nc ma khng ngm vo trong c. Do t thi ra kh (toptex ngn chn thi kh nn y c coi l cng ngh compost thn thin vi mi trng nht. Quy trnh kh n gin nhng cn c kinh nghim mi c th sn xut c compost cht lng cao. Ni tm li, rc hu c c nghin nh, cht ng v ph bng tm Toptex. to kh cho ng th cn phi o trn, c th bng tay hoc my. Qu trnh mt 45 ngy, sau c th sng v ng gi. o trn th ng xuyn
Cc sinh vt hiu kh cn khng kh sng. Lu thng kh cn thit cho qu trnh phn hy nhanh khng mi. Lu thng kh cng cn thit cho vic gim m trong compost. Ngoi lu thng kh, iu quan trng nht cn lu khi o trn compost l cn m bo phn nguyn liu bn ngoi ng c o trn vi phn nguyn liu gia ng , ni c nhit cao . Dng co o trn bng tay c th thc hin iu ny mt cch d dng. Mc thng xuyn hay s ln o trn cn thit ch yu c quyt nh bi m v dng nguyn liu. m l yu t quan trng nht. m cng cao th cn phi o trn cng thng xuyn hn. Nguyn liu c t l C:N cao c th khng cn o trn nhiu nh cc loi nguyn liu phn hy chm (t l C:N thp . Yu t d bo tt nht cho vic o trn l nhit : nhit gim sau thi k nhit tng nhanh u (o nhit ng l lc cn phi o. Nu m ban u thp hn 70% th cn o trn sau 3 ngy. Sau , o trn nh sau cho n ngy th 10 hay 12: m 60-70%: o khong cch 2 ngy, o khong 4-5 ln m 40-60%: o khong cch 3 ngy, o khong 3-4 ln m di 40%: cho thm nc
Nu m ban u cao hn 70% th cn phi o trn hng ngy cho n khi m gim
46
xung di 70%. Sau p dng cng thc o trn nh trn.10 Nhng ngi iu hnh c kinh nghim c th c lng lng o trn v nc cn thit. Cng ngh thay th Mt m hnh khc cng ph hp l bng phng php tnh thng gi. Rc hu c c vo cc b xy bng gch thong v c cc ng tnh thng gi. M hnh ny cn c mi trnh nc ma lm nh hng n qu trnh . Ni chung, khi so snh 2 phng php bng tm toptex v tnh thng gi th chi ph u t v bo tr cho h thng my o trn cho phng php toptex cao hn chi ph u t cho phng php tnh thng gi, nhng nu thc hin o trn bng tay th chi ph u t bng phng php Toptex li thp hn phng php cn li. Thnh phn rc u vo ca qu trnh compost c th l bt k rc thi hu c thc vt (phn loi t rc h gia nh, rc vn, rc ch: cht liu xen-lu-lo hoc hemi-xen-lu-lo) hoc phn cht rn ca phn ng vt. Cn trnh cc loi rc thc n hoc bn thc n c ngun gc ng vt (nh rc bp, rc h gia nh hoc nu khng th ch ln mt phn nh. Loi rc ny thng c thnh phn hu c v vt cht kh thp, s nh hng khng tt n qu trnh . Hn na, loi rc ny gy mi (kh chu , thu ht ng vt c hi (nh chut), v c nh hng tiu cc n cht lng compost ni chung. Mt mt quan trng l t l C/N, cn phi t khong 30/1. Rc vn ch yu l C, trong khi rc bp ch yu l N. V th, lng rc bp c th compost ph thuc vo t l C/N. Nu khng c N th cho thm rc bp. Nu c qu nhiu N th cn trnh rc bp. S dng cht ph gia Trong khi mt vi ng c lu thng khng kh gip cho cc vi sinh vt hot ng th mt vi ng khc c th cn thm hn hp vi sinh vt c bit lm cht ph gia. Hn hp ph gia vi sinh vt dng ch yu l nm (Trichoderma sp v Pleurotus sp) v vi sinh vt hu hiu (EM). EM cha cc vi sinh vt ym kh v hiu kh c th ln men thc n hay thng thng : vi khun quang hp, lactobacillus, streptomyces, actinomycetes, men,11 Mc d ph bin Vit Nam, EM khng phi thc s cn thit trong cc nh my sn xut compost qun l tt. Lng tn ng trong thng nhit trung bnh c trn ln vi compost nhit cao th chc chn s c lng vi khun. EM th c th mua trong nc v cn tun th hng dn s dng ca nh sn xut. CaCO3 (vi) c dng cn bng pH cho ph hp vi vi sinh vt v trn. pH tt
10
http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost/fundamentals/needs_aeration.htm Quy trnh v k thut compost. n phm ca FAO. ttp://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e05.htm
11
47
nht nn t t 6 n 8. C th dng than biochar tng pH. Cht ph gia nh t hay bentonit c th dng t c iu kin ti a hn, ch yu dng cho th nghim v khi c sai st. Nhi t 12 Mc d qu trnh compost xy ra mt khong nhit , nhng nn c khong nhit ti u nht (32-600C) cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin nhit cao hot ng, do hai l do sau: (1) gip cho qu trnh nhanh hn v (2) dit mm bnh v ht c di. ng ln gi nhit tt hn l ng nh, v vy gip cho qu trnh compost ti u hn. Vic tiu dit mm bnh din ra khi nhit t cao hn 550C trong t nht 3 ngy. iu quan trng l tt c cc phn ca compost cn t c mc nhit th mi c th dit khun tng th.
13
Sn phm cui cng: phn compost rc hu c mang li mt sn phm cui cng c hm lng hu c cao v n nh nhng thnh phn dinh dng thp do gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm u vo thp. Phn Compost c dng ci to t ( mn, cu trc v kh nng gi nc hn l phn bn. Thay vo , khi phn c ca phn ng vt th c thnh phn hu c v thnh phn dinh dng tng ln, iu ny cn lu khi bn v dng sn phm. Trong qu trnh , mt phn Nit (N c th b mt (v d nh NH3 nhng cc cht dinh dng thc vt khc nh Pht pho (P) hay Kali (K) th vn c gi nguyn. Gi tr kinh t ca thnh phn hu c trong compost thng kh xc nh v cc yu t
12
Hng dn Qun l cht thi rn cho nh chc trch, s II, Chng 7 Waste Management, Volume II, chapter 7 Composting) http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/dmg2/chapter7.pdf
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compost (Decision Makers Guide to Solid
Ngun: t ri thng tin sn phm Toptex
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tch cc gip ci to t (nh ci thin nng sut v cht lng cy trng thng ch thy c sau vi nm s dng. Gi tr kinh t ca dinh dng cy trng (N, P, K c nhn thy t vic gim chi ph s dng phn ha hc. Thng tin y v sn phm compost khi bn hng v hng dn s dng sn phm (cho tng loi cy trng c th lm tng gi tr kinh t ca n. V m hnh ny c xy dng da trn vic thu gom cht nn (phn hu c t nhiu ngun (nh h gia nh, ch), nn cn lu n cht lng ca cht nn ti mi ngun thu gom. Tp cht ca cht nn, v d nh thnh phn v c, s tc ng trc tip n cht lng compost v lm gim gi tr kinh t ca n. Cn b nh u l ng cho quy sn ut 5 tn/ngy? M hnh ny bt u vi rc c phn loi chuyn n nh my. Rc s khng c kim tra hay phn loi li v n tn qu nhiu cng sc v lm cho hot ng ca nh my km hiu qu. Vic phn loi cn phi thc hin ti ngun. M hnh ny xy dng da trn hin trng c mt lng rc nht nh c phn loi, v d nh ch. Nu m hnh p dng cho rc h gia nh, vic vn chuyn rc t cc h gia nh n nh my s mt thm chi ph. Lao ng ca nh my s nghin nh v trn rc, o trn compost, sng lc, ng gi sn phm cui cng. Nghin, trn & cht ng Vi 5 tn rc/ngy, c tnh cn 2 ngi nghin, trn v cht ng, 1 tn/gi. Vy 5 tn rc cn lm trong 10 gi. Mt c s x l 5 tn rc/ngy cn o trn 20 tn rc/ngy14. c tnh 2 cng nhn c th o trn c 3 tn rc/gi, tng ng vi 25kg/pht/ngi.Tng thi gian cn o trn 20 tn rc l 13,3 gi lm vic. Mi ngy sn xut c 1,5 tn compost. Sn phm compost cui cng cn c sng lc v ng gi. c tnh 2 cng nhn c th sng v ng bao 750kg/gi. Tng thi gian cn cho 1,5 tn l 4 gi.
o trn
Sng lc v ng gi
Tng thi gian cn nghin, trn, ng, o trn, sng lc v ng gi c tnh l 27,3 gi lm vic. Gi s mi cng nhn lm vic mt cch hiu qu trong 6 gi/ngy th cn 4,6 cng nhn thc hin khi lng cng vic cn thit. Cn my mc ? C s ny cn mt my nghin v my trn. Ch cn my p nu rc u vo c hm lng nc cao (nh rau Lt). C th dng thm my sng. Vic o trn bng tay hay bng my l do ngi thc hin quyt nh. Chng ti a ra mt vi l do cho hai cch lm ny.
14
Con s ny c tnh t vic o trn vo cc ngy 3, 6, 9, 12, 22 v 32 vi khi lng rc gim dn t 5 xung 2 tn.
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L do khuyn khch o trn bng tay: Nhn cng c sn v c th lm c. To cng n vic lm. X l 5 tn rc/ngy hay t hn khng trang tri vic mua my o trn. o trn tng ng nh cho php trn phn ngoi ca ng c vo trong ca ng mi. Lc lng lao ng ch c th gim t 5 xung 4 ngi. Nhn cng s khng phi lc no cng r o trn compost l mt cng vic nguy him cho cng nhn (ht bi vn h hp) My mc sn xut trong nc r Nu khng c my mc, cng nhn c th o trn khng thng xuyn.
L do khuyn khch o trn bng my:
My mc chuyn dng cho vic o trn compost t, nhng c th dng cc thit b nh l my ko v my cy cho vic ny. Gim trng lng v khi lng Lng cc bon, nng lng ha hc, m v nc trong sn phm compost cui cng t hn trong nguyn liu u vo (cht nn . Sn phm compost cui cng c nhiu mn hn. Trng lng v khi lng ca compost cng thp hn trng lng v khi lng ca nguyn liu th. Nghin cu ca Renkow v Ruben (1998)15 cho thy khi lng v trng lng ca rc th gim t 25 n 70% sau khi compost. Phn ln cc c s nhn thy gim 50%. Khng c nhiu s liu Vit Nam. Ch duy nht c nh my Thy Phng, Hu cho bit lng gim l 75-80%. Rc hu c Vit Nam c nhn thy l c m cao, y l l do ti sao t l gim cao. Trong m hnh kinh t ca chng ti, chng ti s dng t l gim trung bnh l 70%. Tnh kinh t ca m hnh bng tm Toptex Chi ph u t t Chun b t My mc (nghin, trn, sng Nh kho ct gi sn phm compost ng gi, dng c, Tm Toptex Dng c cho cng nhn Kim sot cht lng (kim tra gi tr dinh dng , nhn mc,
15
M. Renkow v A. R. Rubin (1998) Liu compost rc th c hiu qu kinh t? Bo qun l Mi trng (1998) 53, 339347, http://mie.esab.upc.es/ms/informacio/economia_tractament_residus/economic_sense_composting.pdf
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Chi ph hot ng Nhn cng nghin, cht ng, o trn, sng v ng bao Chi ph qun l Chi ph khc nh nhin liu, in, Li sut cho khon vay Bn compost H tr t chnh quyn?
Chi ph ti chnh Thu nhp
Hp 3.3. c tnh ln nhun ca nh my sn xut compost 5 tn/ngy bn ph n php Toptex
tnh ton c li nhun t mt nh my compost nh vy, mi chi ph v thu nhp cn c tnh. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng tng trng hp khc nhau s khc nhau. Trong tnh ton di y, chng ti gi s t c sn. u t t Chun b t My mc (tr my o trn) Ch ph c tnh C sn 60.000.000 40.000.000
Nh kho lu gi sn phm v dng c cho 50.000.000 nhn cng Dng c Toptex Dng c thu gom Khc Tng 8.000.000 22.000.000 0 20.000.000 200.000.000
c kinh ph u t, cn phi vay 200.000.000 vi li sut 1,7%/thng16 trong vng 3 nm. c tnh cn 5 nhn cng hot ng v lng cho h l 2.000.000/ngi. Chi ph hot ng khc, bao gm c chi ph qun l l 5.000.000/thng.
16
c tnh trn li sut 20%/nm
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Chi ph hng thng Tng chi ph u t: 200.000.000 Trong 36 thng: Li sut: 5.555.555 /thng 3.400.000 /thng 15.000.000 /thng 23.955.555 /thn
Chi ph hot ng: Tng
Doanh thu t compost 5 tn rc hu c s cho ra 1,5 tn compost. Gi bn compost khong 700.000/tn (da theo gi bn compost ca Nhn Ph, Bnh nh). Cn i Doanh thu t compost Chi ph hng thng CN I 31.500.000 /thng 23.955.555 /thng 7.555.555 /thn 5 tn rc hu c cho ra 1,5 tn compost/ngy (45 tn/thng) Gi compost: 700.000/tn 1,5 * 700.000 = 1,050,000/ngy (31.500.000/thn )
Phn tch m ha vn trang tri chi ph, c s sn xut cn bn t nht l 1.140 tn compost/ngy vi gi 700.000/tn hoc cn phi bn compost vi gi ti thiu l 532.345 /tn. 23.955.555/700.000 = 34,2 tn/thng (1.140 tn/ngy) 23.955.555/45 tn = 532.345/tn.
Kt lun Hin ti, nh my compost hot ng khng c li cao trong vng 3 nm u. Sau khi thanh ton ht cc khon n, li th hng thng t 16.500.000. Hn th na, chi ph t ai khng c tnh nn thu nhp ny mi lc quan. Nu c s ny nhn rc t bn thu gom t nhn v tr 50.000/tn, nh my compost s khng c li nhun v tng chi ph mua 150 tn rc/thng l 7.500.000. iu ny cho thy cc c s sn xut nh vy ch kh thi khi c tr cp hoc t nht l c mt phn u vo min ph giao ti c s.
Cn bao nhiu t cho 5 tn rc/ngy? Qu trnh hon thin mt khong 45 ngy. Nh vy trong mt nm, cng mt khu vc c th 8,1 ln (365/45=8,1). Khi o trn bng tay, ng ti a ch nn cht rng 2m v cao khong 1,25m. ng di 25m s c khi lng l 31,25m3 (25*2*1,25/2=31,25). V mt 45 ngy nn c th cho thm vo ng 0,69m3 cht nn ti / ngy (31,25/45).
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5 tn rc c khi lng l 10m3. Cn 14,4 hng tip nhn 10m3 rc/ngy (10/0,69=14,4). Di y l mt v d ca m hnh 15 hng, bao gm c khu vc ch bin v nh xng trn mnh t rng 1.650m2.
Nu c my o trn th ng c th rng 5m v cao 2,5m. ng di 25m s c khi lng 156m3 (5*2,5*25/2=156m3). V mt 45 ngy nn mi ngy c th cho thm 3,46m3 (156/45). Vi khi lng nh vy, ch cn 3 hng (10m3/3,46=2,9 hng . Di y l m hnh:
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compost bng tm Toptex quy m nh Hiu qu kinh t tnh ton c ca c s sn xut compost trn r rng khng hp dn, tr khi c s nhn c tr cp. Tng quy m hot ng cng s lm tng chi ph trn kg ca compost sn xut ra do phi cng thm chi ph vn chuyn v my mc. C th xem xt n mt cch khc hp dn hn l gim quy m hot ng xung quy m nh. Nu ngi thu gom rc c mt mnh t nh 5 tn rc/thng, h c th c thm mt phn thu nhp khong 1.000.000/thng t vic bn 1,5 tn compost. Vi quy m ny, khng cn my nghin,v vy thi gian s ko di hn. H ch cn u t vo tm Toptex (t hn 1.000.000 . Cn lu rng ngi thu gom rc khng th t lm c. H cn c h tr v mt o to, theo di v gip trong khu bn compost. M hnh quy m nh ny c th kt hp vi m hnh nui nhng rui lnh en v/hoc nui trn qu. Nu ngi thu gom rc nhn c tr cp gip chnh quyn gii quyt khu ny th y thc s l mt gii php ng quan tm v kh thi (v kinh t . Tc ng ti nn compost c kh nng ti ch rc trn mt n v thp nhng n c th p dng bt k quy m no. M hnh compost xut khng cn phi u t ln. Do lng ln rc c th c x l ti mt nh my compost nn n lm gim thiu mt lng quan trng rc phi chn ra bi rc. PHI HP NHI U M HNH Chng ti gii thiu bn m hnh khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khng nn nhn bn m hnh ny l bn m hnh c lp. Ni mt cch l tng, tt c hoc t nht mt vi m hnh cn c xem xt l mt phn ca mt k hoch ln hn trong vic gim thiu v ti ch rc hu c. Bn m hnh c th p dng ng thi mt khu vc. H gia nh c th c thng compost hoc cng dng chung vi hng xm. Ngi thu gom rc s thng bo cho h gia nh bit loi rc no khng nn cho vo thng v h mun gom n nui rui lnh en. Lng ln rc vn c th c chuyn n mt khu vc tp trung ti a phng . Nng h nui ln c th tm cc ngun cung thc n tha r cho ln n. Thay cho vic chuyn ton b rc ra bi rc, cc doanh nghip khc nhau c th bt u cnh tranh c rc hu c!
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4 CHNG 4. T QU NGHIN C U TH TRNG CC SN PH M TI CH T RC HU C 4.1. G th u

Nghin cu th trng cho cc sn phm ti ch t rc hu c l mt phn quan trng ca nghin cu kh thi ny. Mc ch ca nghin cu th trng l (1 a ra mt ci nhn r rng v chui gi tr; (2) hiu c quan nim ca ngi dng hin ti; (3 iu tra tim nng cho cc sn phm tng lai s sn xut ti Bnh nh v (4) phn tch cc yu t tc ng n th trng v quyt nh gi c cho sn phm. Nghin cu th trng bao gm cc phn sau: Phn u tin bao gm nghin cu ti bn, tm hiu t internet v phng vn cc c nhn, cng ty sn xut, thng mi v/hoc bn sn phm ti ch t rc hu c. Phn th hai l phng vn ngi tiu dng cc sn phm sn xut t mt vi trng hp nghin cu c nu Chng 1. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc nh sn xut khng sn sng cung cp thng tin v khch hng ca mnh. Phn th ba l phng vn khch hng hin ti v tim nng ca cc loi phn bn hu c v sn phm ci to t ti cc khu vc gn vng nghin cu. Ngi c phng vn bao gm nng dn trng la Bnh nh, nng dn trng c ph, cao su v tiu Gia Lai v Cng ty Cng vin cy xanh v Chiu sng th TP Quy Nhn. Phn cui cng l phng vn thm ngi tiu dng H Ni, Lm ng v TP H Ch Minh. H Ni c chn do tnh thun tin trong khi Lm ng l v s ni ting v nn nng nghip tin tin Vit Nam. Nhng nng dn c phng vn H Ni l nng dn trng rau cn Lt l nng dn trng rau v hoa. Ti TP H Ch Minh, chng ti phng vn hai Cng ty cy xanh ln. Bng 4.1 l tng th v con s phng vn khch hng tng khu vc.
Bng 4.1. Tng quan v khu vc v s lng phng vn
Khu vc Bnh nh TP H Ch Minh Gia Lai
S lng phng vn 60 2 30
Khu vc H Ni Lm ng
S lng phng vn 10 30
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4.2 t qu
4.2.1 Tng quan v th trng Sn phm Hin ti, cc sn phm phn bn hu c c phn loi nh sau: Phn hu c nhp khu: t nhng cht lng cao v n nh. Trong qu trnh iu tra, chng ti thy ch yu l nng dn Lt trng rau v hoa s dng loi phn bn ny vi gi tr gia tng cao. Phn hu c hon chnh (chng ti ch bt gp duy nht mt loi lm t phn g, ct, cn li cc loi sn phm khc khng nu r ngun gc thnh phn : theo quan st ca nhm chuyn gia, loi sn phm ny chim phn ln trn th trng phn bn hu c. im u vit ca n l tng hp ca cc thnh phn hon chnh, mang li s thun tin trong s dng cho nng dn. Gi c ca cc sn phm trong cng mt loi tng i ging nhau v b nh hng bi gi phn bn quc t v gi nguyn liu u vo. Sn phm ny thng c gi hng trung, thp hn nhiu so vi sn phm nhp khu nhng cao hn compost. im mnh ca n l c ng gi p v c bn theo h thng phn phi chuyn nghip. Trn thc t, loi phn ny c sn xut bi cc cng ty phn bn c rt nhiu dng phn ha hc. iu l gii ti sao cc knh phn phi c thc hin chuyn nghip nh vy. Phn gia sc, g, d (ti hoc c vn chuyn v giao cho ngi mua hng bng thng hoc ti ng gi n gin khng c nhn mc. Nng dn c thi quen s dng phn chung t rt lu v h bit cht lng ca loi phn ny. Cho n nay, h vn ang tip tc s dng phn chung theo thi quen v h tin tng 100%. Hin nay, phn chung l loi phn c a chung v khng phi lc no cng c th mua c. Mt s nng dn tn dng nhng g sn c trong nh nhng rt nhiu h khc phi i mua. Phn chung c th c bn lin tnh, v d nh Gia Lai thng mua phn chung t Bnh nh. Tt c nhng yu t ny lm gi phn chung thay i theo tng giai on v theo khong cch/a phng. Compost t rc hu c h gia nh hoc rc ch, c ng trong ti n gin c hoc khng c nhn mc. y l mt sn phm rt mi v khng phi nng dn no cng bit. im yu ca n l ngi s dng khng th thy kt qu ngay lp tc (Ci thin cht lng t v gim s mt i cht dinh dng ca t
Phn hu c mt trn th trng di dng bt, lng, rn.
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Hnh nh mt vi sn phm trn th trng Bn cnh , nu tm hiu Chuyn trang phn bn ca Cc Trng trt, B NN&PTNT, chng ta c th d dng tm thy mt danh sch di cc loi phn hu c17, bao gm c phn nhp khu v phn sn xut trong nc. Di y l mt s cng ty sn xut v phn phi sn phm hu c quan trng: Gi c Mc gi vo thi im nghin cu (Thng 11/2011) ca cc sn phm khc nhau c th hin bng 4.2. Phn bn in Trang: http://www.phanbondientrang.com/index.aspx Phn bn Qu Lm: http://www.phanbonquelam.com/default.aspx?tab0=1 Phn bn Vit M : http://phanbonvietmy.com.vn/index.php Phn bn Bnh in: http://www.binhdien.com/articlebd.php?id=162&cid=1 Tri trn qu PHT: http://www.traigiunquepht.com/home/ Trn qu An Ph: http://www.trunque.net/
17
http://www.cuctrongtrot.gov.vn/ctt/ChuyenTrang/DMPhanbon.aspx?idnhom=14
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Bng 4.2. Gi thnh ca cc sn phm phn bn khc nhau trn th trng
STT I. 1. 2. II. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
T n l phn bn Phn hu c nhp hu Dynamic lifter Realstrong Phn hu c h n chnh Sng Gianh Anvi-CN Qu Lm Vi sinh binh on 15 M Vit sc d (t h c )
ph n
G c
Lm ng Lm ng
8-10,000 /kg 8-10,000 /kg
Gia Lai Gia Lai Gia Lai Gia Lai Lm ng
2,600/kg 2,200/kg 2,200/kg 2,600/kg 2,400vnd/kg
III. Phn 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Phn b Phn b ti a phng Phn b mua t Phan Rang Phn b Phn b (t) Phn b Phn d Phn b Phn g p st h c phn trn qu
Gia Lai Lm ng Lm ng Bnh nh Bnh nh TP HCM Lm ng Lm ng Lm ng
370,000/1m3 260,000/1m3 320,000/1m3 275,000/1m3 200,000/1m3 1,000-1,500/kg 33,000/bao 25kg 15,000/bao 15kg 140,000/bao 50kg
IV. Phn c 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Compost t rc h G (gi ti cng) Compost t rc rau Compost t phn chung, vi sinh, Compost t rc h G Phn trn qu (cho l) Phn trn qun (cho thn)
Vit Tr Lt TP HCM Bnh nh Nh cung cp TP HCM Nh cung cp TP HCM
80-300/kg 1,000/kg 2,500/kg 700-1,000/kg 50,000/l 10,000/l
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Knh phn phi Cc knh phn phi phn bn (hu c tng i ging nh knh phn phi cc sn phm nng nghip khc, t nh sn xut n nh phn phi/bn l (cp 1 v 2) ri n ngi tiu dng (Hnh4.1)
Hnh 4.1. Chui gi tr ca phn bn hu c hin ti Vit Nam NHP KHU SN XUT TRONG NC
Nguyn liu sn xut phn bn
Phi trn
SN XUT
SN PHM cui cng
PHN PHI*
NGI TIU DNG
Nguyn liu sn xut phn bn
SN PHM cui cng
Ngun: VDSC
* Phn phi thng c nhiu cp : h c th l li bun, mua ca nh sn xut ri t vn chuyn bn cho cc i l; h cng c th l i l (cp 1, cp 2); hoc l nh bn l. Trong m hnh ny, phn phi chim vai tr rt quan trng. Loi khch hng Khch hng c th c chia lm nhiu nhm nh bng sau:
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KHCH HNG
Cty C.vin cy xanh
NNG DN
Nh SX phn bn
Khc
Cy CN di ngy C ph, cao su, tiu,
Cy CN ngn ngy Ma, lc, u tng
Khc La, tri cy, rau, hoa
Chnh ph Bonsai Vn m
Nng dn c chia lm hai nhm: (1) nhm tin b/sm pht trin, v (2) nhm lm theo, c s khc bit trong vic chn la v thc v sn phm hu c ci to t v phn hu c. Nhm nng dn tin b thch dng cc loi sn phm tt c cht lng cy trng n nh v tt hn, ngay c khi gi thnh cao (thm ch i khi cao hn nhiu). Trong khi , rt nhiu nng dn nhm th hai ch dng phn bn cht lng trung bnh v gi c hp l. H quan st hng xm v lm theo. V i khi, h ch mua loi sn phm m i l bn. Khc vi nhm nng dn, nhng ngi mua khc, v d nh cng ty cng vin cy xanh li c cc chuyn gia ring phn tch bao nhiu, khi no v thnh phn no cn cho cy trng ca h. 4.2.2 Kt qu phng vn vi hch hng ca hai trng hp nghin cu Tr ng hp 1. Nhn Ph Bnh nh Nhn Ph l Hp tc x Nng nghip ti Bnh nh. Compost do HTX sn xut t rc tp h gia nh c bn cho cc thnh vin ca HTX (nng dn) v Cng ty Cng vin cy xanh v chiu sng th TP Quy Nhn. Gi compost l 700-800/kg. Cng ty cng vin cy xanh v chiu sng th TP Quy Nhn l khch hng ln nht ca HTX Nhn Ph. Thng thng, HTX bn compost cho thnh vin, phn cn li s bn cho Cng ty, khong 15-20 tn/nm. Cng ty cng vin cy xanh l mt n v c nhiu nm kinh nghim trong vic s dng phn hu c. H mua compost ca HTX ngay t nhng ngy u tin, ch yu h tr HTX. H cng dng nhiu loi phn khc nhau cng mt lc nn c th so snh cht lng ca cc loi phn bn khc nhau (bao gm c compost . Theo ng Phng, Gim c Cng ty, h thy cht lng ca compost khng c tt bng cc loi phn khc. Tuy nhin, cht lng ny ph hp vi mc gi v h thy c th chp nhn c.
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ng Phng cng nhn xt v bao b compost do khng c ng cn thn nn d b nh hng bi thi tit. Thnh vin HTX: Hu ht cc thnh vin HTX l nhng h nng dn trng la v mt phn rau. H thy rt hi lng vi compost ny. Ban u, cht lng khng c tt v b ln nhiu ct. H gp cho HTX phn loi k hn v sau , h c mua compost cht lng cao hn. H so snh compost v cc loi phn khc: im mnh i. ii. iii. iv. v. Gim su bnh Cy trng thu hoch c sm hn Cy trng c i sng di hn L tt hn Gi c hp l so vi phn ha hc im yu i. L thng khng xanh nh bn bng phn chung hoc phn ha hc
Hin ti, nng dn dng quen compost ca HTX v chp nhn n do tnh hp l ca gi c v cht lng. H hy vng HTX s tip tc ci tin cht lng sn phm. Tr ng hp 2. Ch Nng sn Lt L ng Compost c sn xut t rc rau ca ch Nng sn Tri Mt, Lt. Gi hin ti l 20.000/bao20-25kg, tc l khong 1.000/kg. Khch hng ca h l cc h trng c ph. Chng ti c bit nng dn rt hi lng vi compost hin ti v h sn sng mua nhiu hn nu c. Tc dng ln nht m ngi s dng thy c l vic su bnh gim hn v cy trng tt hn. Theo h, kt qu s dng ch thy c sau 20-25 ngy, khng nh phn chung hay phn ha hc, c th thy kt qu sau vi ngy. Tuy nhin, v h tin tng vo sn phm, h thy vic khng c vn g. ng thi, cc h dn ny cn thy rt hi lng v gim c nhiu phn ha hc t gip gim chi ph sn xut v nhn cng (trong vic bn cy). 4.2.3. Phng vn vi nng dn s d ng nhiu loi sn phm ci to t/phn bn hu c Ti sao nng dn s d ng cht ci to t/phn hu c? Nng dn rt quen thuc vi cc loi phn bn v h nhn bit c nhiu loi sn phm trn th trng. Nng dn thng s dng cc loi phn bn khc nhau cho cy trng v ma v khc nhau. Phn ln thng thay i sn phm. Khi c hi v l do quan trng nht khi s dng cc sn phm hu c, phn ln nng dn cho rng v y l sn phm tt (40% v c kh nng ci to t (33% . Ch mt vi nng dn ngh n vic bo v mi trng (5%) (Bng 4.3)
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Bng 4.3. L do nng dn s d ng phn hu c
STT 1 2 3 4 5
L do Cht lng tt Ci to t Tn dng Gi c hp l Gim tc hi mi trng
% 40% 33,3% 3,3% 18,3% 5%
Khi c hi v cc yu t khch hng thch nht v sn phm ang s dng, phn ln cp n kh nng ci to t ca sn phm (34%), s tin dng (23%) v cht lng cao ca sn phm (21,9%) (Bng 4.4)
Bng 4.4. Yu t ngi mua thch nht khi dng phn hu c.
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6
Yu t Ci to t Tin dng Cht lng tt Gi c hp l Tt cho cy trng Khc
% 34,4% 23,4% 21,9% 7,8% 1,6% 10,9%
Phn ln cc sn phm c ng gi p vi cc thng tin trn bao b. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu nng dn cho bit h ch nhn xem sn phm c ph hp vi cy trng ca h hay khng v h khng c k thng tin chi tit. Mt s nng dn thch bao b p v chuyn nghip v h thy tin tng vo sn phm. Nng dn cng nhn bit c vic trn th trng c nhiu sn phm gi. trnh mua phi phn bn gi, h la chn loi c ting v ph bin. Nhn chung, nng dn c thc c v sn phm hu c (ci to t v cht lng cy trng). Tuy nhin, nhiu nng dn khng hiu c s khc bit gia cc sn phm khc nhau trn th trng, nht l s khc nhau gia phn ci to t v phn bn NPK. Hu ht la chn sn phm da trn kinh nghim s dng.
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Compost & NPK
Compost l g? Compost l mt cht ging t, n nh, mu ti c th gi m, khng kh v dinh dng. Compost cha mt vi dinh dng cho cy trng nh NPK, mc d khng nhiu nh trong phn chung hay phn ha hc. Vic bn phn bng compost c th gim vic s dng phn ha hc v n gip gi cht dinh dng trong t, v n gip gim xi mn t, ci thin cu trc t, s mt nc v r cy trng. Ni tm li, compost t rc h gia nh v rc ch l CHT CI TO T, khng phi phn bn hon chnh. Cn phi cho thm NPK tr thnh phn bn hon chnh. NPK l g? NPK l dinh dng (N: nit, P: pht pho, K: kali). Phn bn c nhiu mc NPK khc nhau (7:7:7 hay 10:5:8,) S dng phn bn c mc NPK nh th no ph thuc vo iu kin t, loi cy trng v thi im ca cy trng. l l do v sao chng ta thy c hng trm loi phn bn trn th trng. Mt nh sn xut phn bn thng c nhiu dng sn phm cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau.
Nng dn c hi lng vi cc sn phm hin ti hay khng? Nhn chung, dng nh nng dn cm thy hi lng (65%) hoc rt hi lng (27%) vi cc sn phm ang s dng (Bng 4.5)
Bng 4.5. S hi lng ca khch hng v sn phm hin ti.
STT 1 2 3 4
Mc hi lng Rt hi lng Bnh thng Khng hi lng Khng c cu tr li
% 26,7% 65% 0% 8,3%
Nng dn c th d dng mua nhiu sn phm phn hu c mt lc, tr compost v phn chung. Hai loi sn phm ny khng sn c. Nng dn c t sn xut compost hay khng? Nng dn c rt nhiu cht thi hu c, c bit l sau khi thu hoch, nhng thng th rt t nng dn ti s dng phn cht thi ny sn xut compost. L do l v compost mt qu nhiu thi gian v cn mt din tch t nht nh. Trong khi li c rt nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau trn th trng m h c th mua bt c lc no. Nng dn ngh g v gi thnh sn phm hin ti? Gi thnh ca cc sn phm khc nhau l khc nhau v nng dn cho rng sn phm t hn s cho cht lng cao hn. Cc h nng dn tin tin sn sng tr mc gi cao c
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sn phm tt hn. 50% nng dn c phng vn Lm ng hin ang s dng sn phm nhp khu (gi thnh cao , nhng phn cn li ch s dng cc sn phm thng. Hu ht nng dn (45%) cho rng gi thnh sn phm cao nhng h vn chp nhn c v 1/3 nng dn (33%) cho rng gi thnh hp l (Bng 4.6)
Bng 4.6. kin khch hng v gi c sn phm hin ti
STT 1 2 3 4
kin khch hng Gi c hp l Gi qu cao, ti s mua loi khc Khng c cu tr li
% 33,3% 16,7% 5%
Gi cao nhng vn chp nhn c 45%
Mong i i vi cc sn phm mi Nng dn c hi liu h c quan tm n vic s dng sn phm mi t hn nhng kt qu s tt hn cc sn phm hin ti hay khng. Phn ln u tr li l cha bit nhng 30% chc chn s th. Rt nhiu nng dn mun nhn thy li ch ca sn phm trc khi quyt nh mua nhiu hn.
Bng 4.7. Kh nng nng dn sn sng tr nhiu tin hn cho sn phm tt hn
STT 1 2 3
kin khch hng C, chc chn Cha bit Khng
% 30% 63,3% 6,7%
Khi c hi v mong i ca h v sn phm mi, phn ln nng dn (56,7%) mun c sn phm tt v gi r. Tuy nhin, 30% ch quan tm n cht lng v t quan tm n gi thnh, trong khi ch c 3% quan tm chnh n gi thnh (Bng 4.9)
Bng 4.8. Mong i ca khch hng v gi sn phm tim nng
STT 1 2 3 4
M n i ca khch hng Cht lng tt Gi r Cht lng tt & gi r Khc
% 30% 3,3% 56,7% 10%
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4.2.4. Phng vn mt vi hch hng ln s d ng compost v phn hu c Cng ty Cng vin cy xanh TP H Ch Minh L cng ty Cng vin cy xanh ln nht TP H Ch Minh vi 14 cng ty thnh vin. Mi nm, cng ty cn dng 7-8.000 tn phn hu c cho lng cy trng ca TP H Ch Minh. Cng ty c mt nh my sn xut compost hin ang sn xut c 3.000 tn/nm, trong s dng 2.500 tn v bn 500 tn cho cc cng ty khc v cc nng tri trng c ph Lm ng. Sn phn ca h c t than bn (mua t m ng Nai, Bnh Phc), phn chung (mua t trang tri chn nui v tri nui trn C Chi, Hooc Mn). Ngoi lng compost t sn xut, h cng mua thm phn chung ti b sung. Phn ln lng phn Cng ty dng l phn hu c, ch c mt phn rt nh l phn ha hc. Tho cm vin Si Gn Tho cm vin Si Gn c mt nhim v quan trng trong vic bo tn cc loi thc vt c in, c gi tr v him. Tho cm vin Si Gn c rt nhiu ng vt v thc vt. C 590 con th thuc 125 loi, 1.830 cy thuc 260 loi c gi tr, mt s loi c tui th hn 100 nm, 20 loi lan, 32 loi xng rng v 34 loi cy cnh. Trong vn thc vt c rt nhiu loi cy qu him, mt s loi khng th tm thy Vit Nam. Cng ty c nhu cu s dng 100 tn phn mi nm v con s ny s tip tc tng mnh khi mt vi nm na h s hon thin vn th th 2 C Chi, TP H Ch Minh rng 500 ha. Hin nay h ang s dng 95% l phn hu c. Cc loi phn ny cn phi l phn khng c mi v khng gy kch ng cho da ngi. Tho cm vin t sn xut mt phn nh l, phn ng vt v vi sinh. H cng l mt khch hng ca Cng ty cng vin cy xanh TP H Ch Minh. Cng ty Cng vin cy xanh v chiu sn th Quy Nhn Bnh nh y l cng ty ln nht Quy Nhn chm sc tt c cc loi cy khu vc cng cng (ng ph, cng vin, i l). Tng s cy h chm sc l 30.000 cy v 250.000m2 c v hoa, vi khong 380 nhn cng. Mi nm h mua t 10-25 tn compost t HTX Nhn Ph, khong 20 tn phn hu c Sng Gianh v hng trm tn compost t . Cng ty c 2ha t vn m v mt phn c s dng compost. Tuy nhin, khu vc ny l khu vc m, khng c mi che nn b nh hng nhiu bi thi tit, nng sut sn xut khng n nh. Trong tng lai, cng ty s tip tc m rng khu vc hot ng trong thnh ph cng nh ngoi thnh ph. H cng c d nh hot ng trong lnh vc trng rng.
4.3 Phn tch th tr
4.3.1. Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n gi thnh Cc yu t sau y c nh hng r rt n gi thnh sn phm: Loi sn phm Cht lng sn phm Khong cch t ngi bn n ngi mua
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H thng phn phi Tr cp
Loi sn phm Ngi mua tr gi cao nht cho cc loi phn bn nhp khu v phn trn qu. Compost sn xut t rc h gia nh c gi thp nht (hnh 4.2)
Hnh 4.2. Mc gi ca cc loi phn bn khc nhau:
Phn nhp khu & Phn trn qu Phn hu c hon chnh Phn chung, g, d (ti hoc ) Compost (t rc h G hoc rc ch)
Cht l n sn ph R rng l cht lng sn phm c tc ng quan trng ln gi thnh. Ngi tiu dng sn sng tr gi cao hn cho sn phm mang li li ch tt hn. Cht lng ca compost lin quan trc tip n nguyn liu u vo cng nh quy trnh sn xut. Mt vi cng ty cho thm dinh dng (NPK hoc U r vo compost ci thin cht lng t v cy trng. Bn thn compost l mt loi sn phm c tc ng ci thin t trong di hn, trong khi vic tng thm dinh dng c hiu qu nhanh chng vi s pht trin ca cy trng. Rt nhiu khch hng mun bit kt qu tht nhanh sau khi s dng, nn y l mt chin lc y mnh bn hng. Nng dn s lun sn sng b tin ra mua loi sn phm ny. Cung cu t ph n Khi nhu cu i vi mt loi sn phm mc cao m ngun cung c hn, gi s b tng cao. Khi nhu cu thp m ngun cung cao th gi s gim. Nguyn tc kinh t c bn ny cng c p dng vi sn phm compost. N c bit hp l khi tnh n gi thnh a phng ca phn chung. Ti vng c t gia sc v nhiu nng dn trng trt, gi thnh ca phn chung thng cao trong khi vng c nhiu nng dn chn nui v t nng dn trng trt th gi tr ca phn chung li thp. Tnh Gia Lai l mt v d in hnh vi ngnh cng nghip cy trng (c ph, cao su, tiu v t nng dn chn nui. Cc h nng dn trng trt phi mua phn chung t cc tnh khc nh Bnh nh.
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h n cch t n
bn n n
Vn chuyn compost vi khong cch xa c th coi l mt yu t lm tng gi thnh. Mc d vn chuyn bng tu thy hay ng st c th r hn nhng vn chuyn bng xe ti vn l mt phng tin ph bin nht i vi vn chuyn trong nc. S tc ng ca chi ph vn chuyn ln gi thnh ca cc sn phm gi tr thp l rt cao, v vn chuyn 10 tn compost cng bng vn chuyn 10 tn thc n chn nui hay 10 tn c ph. V d c a ra trong bng 4.9. Trong v d di y, chng ti a ra v d chi ph vn chuyn l 350/kg
Bng 4.9.Tc ng ca chi ph vn chuyn ln gi bn l
Sn phm Compost Thc n chn nui C ph Ch ph phn ph
Gi xut ng 700/kg 7,000/kg 35,000/kg
Chi ph VC 350/kg 350/kg 350/kg
G thnh b gm chi ph VC 1050/kg 7350/kg 35,350/kg
% tn thnh 50% 5% 1%
Mi mt xch trong knh phn phi u cn to ra li nhun. Chnh v vy, knh phn phi cng phc tp th cng nhiu bn tham gia, gi thnh sn phm cui cng cng tng cao. Nhng nh phn phi/li bun cp cao thng chp nhn mc li nhun trn kg thp (c tnh 2-3% v h bn s lng ln. Cc nh bn l thng ly li nhun cao (c tnh 5-10% v h bn s lng nh v c chi ph hot ng ln. Tr cp Rc thi l mt lnh vc nhn c nhiu h tr v tr cp t chnh quyn. Chnh quyn c nhiu l do h tr cc sng kin v compost. C th thy tc ng tch cc r rng ca tr cp trong trng hp ca Nhn Ph v Lm ng. C hai h thng ny u nhn c h tr v chi ph u t v mt phn chi ph hot ng. C hai c s khng nh vic tr cp l yu t ct li cho s sng cn, v hin ti tng chi ph hot ng vn cao hn doanh thu bn hng. Sn ph t n n G hc b t? Nh my compost ca Vit Tr v Thy Phng u sn xut compost t rc hu c phn loi t rc tp ti nh my. Trong c 2 trng hp, rt nhiu rc khng phi hu c vn tn ti cng rc hu c cho n tn bc cui cng ca qu trnh x l, khi c sng lc. Mt s khc bit quan trng gia hai h thng ny l nh my Thy Phng cho thm cht dinh dng vo compost. Gi xut xng ca nh my Vit Tr dao ng t 50.000 n 300.000/tn, trong khi Thy Phng bn 1.000.000/tn xut xng v 2.000.000/tn vng cao nguyn. Mt im th v l Gim c nh my Thy Phng cho rng h s tip tc tng gi vo nm 2011 trang tri chi ph. C mt iu r rng l nh my Thy Phng hin ang bn c ht ton b compost sn xut ra, trong khi nh my Vit Tr vn ang cn lu kho s lng ln. V d ny cho thy kh c th thu c li nhun cao bng vic sn xut compost t rc hu c h gia nh. Bt c nh sn
67
xut mi no cng nn cn nhc cn thn v cc loi sn phm, chi ph hot ng, gi thnh, h thng phn phi, 4.3.2. Tip cn th trng tim nng cho cc nh sn xut compost ca Bnh nh Hot ng nng nghi p t Bnh nh v Gia Lai Nng nghip l ngnh s dng rt nhiu phn bn, c phn ha hc v phn hu c. Nm 2009, lng tiu th phn bn (bao gm mi loi phn bn) ca c nc l 8-8,5 triu tn, trong : 4,5 triu tn c nhp khu, 2,38 triu tn sn xut trong nc v 2 triu tn tn t nm trc. Tng lng phn bn c s dng vn tng ln hng nm. n nm 2010, c tnh tng nhu cu phn bn t 8,9-9,1 triu tn trong sn xut trong nc s tng ln 5,6 triu tn. Tnh n thng 01/2011, nhu cu phn bn nhp khu v sn xut trong nc vn tip tc t mc cao.18 R rng rng s thnh cng ca nng nghip Vit Nam gn lin vi vic s dng phn ha hc. Tuy nhin, nng dn ngy cng nhn ra tc ng ca phn hu c nh mt yu t gip ci to t. Chnh v vy, nn nng nghip ch da trn phn ha hc s khng phi l mt nn nng nghip bn vng! D on rng nng dn vn tip tc s dng lng ln phn ha hc v vic s dng phn hu c cng s tng ln theo tng nm. Cc h nng dn trng la Bnh nh v nng dn trng cy cng nghip Gia Lai c coi l nn tng khch hng tim nng ln. Bnh nh c tng din tch trng la l 53.156ha19 v Gia Lai c 447.588ha trng cy20. Rt nhiu h nng dn khng nh rng h sn sng mua phn bn hu c sn xut trong vng nu cht lng tt v gi thnh hp l. Nhm mua ln ti nn Nghin cu hin ti cho thy Cng ty Cng vin cy xanh v Chiu sng th TP Quy Nhn c kh nng mua s lng ln compost v phn hu c. V mc d Tho cm vin Si Gn nm xa Bnh nh nhng h cng ang tm kim ngun cung n nh khi lng ln, cht lng cao. Mt kh nng khc c th xem xt l bn compost nh nguyn liu th cho cc nh my sn xut phn bn hu c hon chnh. Mc d cc cng ty phn bn c th tr mc gi thp nhng im thun li quan trng l c ngi mua s lng ln n nh. Nhng mt iu khng thun tin l khng c cng ty sn xut phn bn ln no gn Bnh nh. Cc bn trong th tr ng hi n ti HTX Nhn Ph l mt bn sn xut compost t rc hu c trn ln vi cc loi rc khc. Mc d cht lng ca Nhn Ph khng phi l tt nht nhng nng dn bit cn k vng iu g v chp nhn mc gi so vi cht lng. Mt nh sn xut khc, sn xut
18
Tng hp t nhiu ngun bo ch:
http://www.phanbonmiennam.com.vn/?param=tinct&cate=news&tt_id=1811; http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/newsdetail/Kinh-te/307424/nam-nay-can-nhap-khau-33-trieu-tan-phan-bon.htm
19 20
http://www.dostbinhdinh.org.vn/diachibd/tndchc/P1_chuong_8.htm http://www.baogialai.com.vn/channel/722/201011/Nong-nghiep-Gia-Lai-tang-truong-on-dinh-1968077/
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compost t rc c phn loi ti ngun s cho ra sn phm cht lng cao hn Nhn Ph.
4.4. t lun v huyn c

Da trn kt qu nghin cu, chng ti tin rng c th trng cho sn phm compost cht lng cao sn xut ti Bnh nh. Tuy nhin, phn tch kinh t Chng 3 cho thy mc li nhun mong mun s thp. Chnh v vy, cn phi c chin lc bn hng tt. Chng ti khuyn co nn tp trung vo sn xut sn phm c bn v tt: Mt iu rt quan trng l sn xut sn phm cht lng tt v n nh. Xy dng lng tin s mt nhiu thi gian v nng dn cn bit nn k vng g vo sn phm. Bt u vi rc c phn loi ti ngun s l mt nn tng tt nht cho sn phm hu c cht lng cao v an ton. Chng ti khuyn co tp trung vo vic bn hng trong khu vc. Vn chuyn xa v h thng phn phi phc tp s lm gim tnh cnh tranh ca cc sn phm sn xut ti Bnh nh so vi cc sn phm khc. Nn tp trung vo Bnh nh v Gia Lai. Vi vic tp trung vo th trng trong vng v sn phm cht lng cao, n nh, c th s khng cn u t vo nhn mc p, nhng bao b cn m bo an ton cho cht lng sn phm bn trong. i vi quy m hot ng trung bnh, chng ti khuyn co khai thc cc phng n tm ngi mua ln nh ni trn. Giao hng bng thng s gip tit kim cc chi ph pht sinh v ng gi, vn chuyn, phn phi v marketing. Hn th na, cn ch tm n vic bn ht compost hn l c bn gi cao! Chng ti hy vng rng compost c th bn gi 500 1.000/kg. Lu rng HTX Nhn Ph ang bn vi gi 700 xut xng. Compost sn xut t rc c phn loi s cho cht lng cao hn v nn c gi tt hn. Tuy nhin, khi bn compost nh l nguyn liu th cho cc nh my sn xut phn bn, chng ta cn cn nhc bn vi gi thp. V nng dn mun nhn thy kt qu nhanh chng, cn tnh n vic trn thm dinh dng vo compost, theo v d ca nh my Thy Phng.
69
CHNG 5. BO CO HI THO
Kt qu ban u ca nghin cu c gii thiu trong Hi tho t chc ti TP Quy Nhn vo ngy 7-8/01/2011. Thnh phn tham gia bao gm: i din ca cc c quan ban ngnh qun l rc thi ca tnh, cc huyn trong tnh v i din ca cc t chc phi chnh ph. Ni dung tm tt ca hi tho: Phn 1. Phn 2. Phn 3. Thuyt trnh, tho lun v nht tr vi hin trng c s trong qun l cht thi rn ti 4 huyn (do EP&T) Thuyt trnh cc kt qu tm c trong nghin cu kh thi ti ch rc thi ti 4 huyn (do Cng ty SOMERS) Thuyt trnh chi tit v cc la chn ti ch rc thi hu c Vit Nam (do cc c nhn trc tip tham gia vo cc hnh thc qun l rc thi khc nhau) Tho lun
Phn 4
Phn 1. Hi n trng c s Kt qu iu tra thc a v hin trng rc thi 4 huyn do cng ty SOMERS thc hin v kt qu iu tra tng t ca EP&T c EP&T thuyt trnh trong bui hi tho. Nhng ngi tham gia ng rng cc kt qu ny phn nh hin trng thc v chp thun s liu lm c s. S liu ny c m t trong chng 2 ca bo co ny. Phn 2. Nghin cu kh thi Nghin cu kh thi ti ch rc hu c ti Bnh c c gii thiu trong 3 bi thuyt trnh ca cng ty SOMERS. Bi u tin phn tch cc kt qu nghin cu ti bn v chi tit cc trng hp x l rc thi hu c ti Vit Nam. Phn cui bi thuyt trnh c a ra mt so snh gia qun l rc tp trung v qun l rc ti a phng (ti ngun). Ni dung ca bi thuyt trnh ny chnh l bo co Chng 1. Bi th hai gii thiu cc kt qu tm c t nghin cu th trng cc sn phm ti ch rc thi hu c ti Vit Nam. Ni dung ca bi thuyt trnh ny chnh l bo co Chng 4. Bi cui cng nu ln tm quan trng ca vn qun l rc thi tng th, nh phn loi ti ngun, thc v tham gia ca cng ng, c hi tng thm thu nhp v tng ti cung cp cht dinh dng cho chui thc n. Trong phn th hai ca bi thuyt trnh, chng ti gii thiu 4 m hnh. Ni dung ca bi da trn bo co Chng 3. Phn 3. Cc la chn ti ch rc hu c. Bi thuyt trnh u tin l ca ng Nguyn Vn Vit, ch nhim Hip hi nng dn qun Bnh Tn, TP H Ch Minh. ng Vit khng nh rng nng dn nui ln hon ton c u
70
im kinh t trong vic thu gom rc thc n t nh hng cho ln n. ng cng gii thch cch Hip hi nng dn h tr thnh vin trong cc hot ng ny (xem m hnh 2) Trong bi thuyt trnh th hai, ng Nguyn B Hng ti nng tri Organik, Lt gii thch chi tit k thut trong compost bng tm Toptex (xem m hnh 4) Bi thuyt trnh cui cng ca ng Paul Olivier gm nhiu ni dung lin quan n qun l rc thi bn vng. Bi thuyt trnh ca ng cho thy, mi thnh phn rc, d l hu c hay v c, khi c phn tch trit , u l ngun ti nguyn ph hp sn xut ra cc sn phm an ton v cht lng cao. Hn th na, vic ti ch ny cn gip to ra thu nhp, to cng n vic lm v gim i ngho. Bi thuyt trnh cn ni n thng compost nhit trung bnh (mesophilic) (M hnh 1 ca bo co ny), nhng rui lnh en (M hnh 2 bo co ny), kh ha, chn nui ln tng hp v tm quan trng ca ngi thu gom rc (ngi nht rc). Phn 4. Tho lun Cn lu rng c rt nhiu thng tin c a ra trong thi gian c hn v c th y l mt trong nhng ln u tin nhng ngi tham gia hi tho c tip cn vi cc tng mi. iu ny l gii ti sao hu ht ngi tham gia khng c nhn xt hay cu hi cho cc m hnh c gii thiu. Tuy nhin, mt vi kin cho rng lu cn th nghim cc m hnh ny ti Bnh nh xc thc tnh hiu qu ca n i vi hin trng ca tnh. Nhm chuyn gia hon ton ng rng th nghim l cn thit nhng th nghim ch nn trin khai vi nhng i tng thc s c lng tin ch khng phi vi i tng ch th chng minh n khng kh thi. i din ca cc huyn u th hin s quan tm n vic bt u cc m hnh th nghim ti huyn ca mnh. (Vo thi im hon thin bo co ny, cc m hnh u ang c th nghim ti cc huyn) Mt khch mi hi v nhn t tc ng chnh n vic phn loi ti ngun v cc m hnh xut. Nhm chuyn gia tr li rng cc yu t kinh t chnh l ng lc. Mi ngi cn nhn thc c rng rc hu c c th to ra tin. C mt vi cu hi v c ch hot ng ca kh ha nhng kh ha khng phi l vn c cp n trong bo co ny. C ngi thc mc v vic liu c rui lnh en Bnh nh khng nhng ng Paul Olivier gii thch rng, loi rui ny khng nh hng n con ngi nn mi ngi thng khng lu tm n n. ng khng nh rng c rui lnh en Bnh nh. Nh vo mt nghin cu v su b c d n thc hin ngay sau hi tho, rui lnh en c tm thy mi khu vc rc v cc khu vc c rc hu c xung quanh. Cng lc , thng qua th nghim vi 8 thng phng php nhit trung bnh c thc hin tm thi khp ni trong tnh, nghin cu cho thy rui lnh en nhanh chng lm quen vi cc thng ny, ch trong thi gian di 2 thng. i din ca cc t chc phi chnh ph by t mi quan tm ca h n tng ca hi tho v sn sng tm hiu kh nng hp tc vi WSSP. Ni chung, chng ta c th kt lun rng cc khch mi rt quan tm n tng xut. Tuy nhin, qu sm kt lun rng h c coi cc phng n l kh thi cho Bnh nh hay khng. Bc tip theo cn trin khai l th nghim m hnh.
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1 CHNG 1. NH GI CC PHNG N X L RC THI VIT N M 1.1. N h n cu t bn

Tn & 1 Cng ty X l v Ch bin cht thi Ph Th, TP Vit Tr, tnh Ph Th

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Xy dng nm 2005 1,5 tn rc tp/ngy 8 b 10m3 700.000/tn compost

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1.8. t lun chun ch chuyn th

Phn l v l tp trun Tp trung ha qun l rc Chi ph u t cao

Phn l t n un v l t ph n X hi ha qun l rc Chi ph u t thp

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2 CHNG 2 M T V LP S DNG CHT THI X L SINH HC

Huy n Ph M Ty Sn An Nhn Hoi Nhn Tng

2010 91 72 101 113 377

2015 107 81 107 122 417

2020 113 86 124 129 452

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Huy n Ph M Ty Sn An Nhn Hoi Nhn Tng

2010 13 (14%) 22 (31%) 28 (28%) 38 (34%) 101 (27%)

2015 54 (51%) 47 (58%) 66 (62%) 69 (57%) 236 (57%)

2020 85 (75%) 66 (77%) 100 (81%) 96 (74%) 347 (77%)

Huy n Ty Sn Ph M An Nhn Hoi Nhn Tng 1 3 5 5 14

Rc ch Tn/ngy % hu c 68.9 70.2 74.8 89.7 78.7

nh % hu c 59.9 62.5 52.2 52 55.2 22 13 28 28

Tng rc Tn/ngy % hu c 60.3 64.3 56.2 57 58.4

Huy n Ph M Ty Sn An Nhn Hoi Nhn Tng

2010 8.4 13.3 16 22 59.7

2015 34.7 28.2 36 39 137.9