PH LC 1

Bo co nghin cu ti bn ti ch rc thi hu c ti Vit Nam

Qun l cht thi rn ti Vit Nam Trong nhng nm gn y, tc th ha nhanh ti Vit Nam ang tng cao nh vo tng trng kinh t cao.Vi tc tng ny, d on lng rc thi th s tng ln hn 23 triu tn trong nm 2010, v loi rc thi ra s tip tc chu s thay i t c th phn hy nhiu xung c th phn hy t v nguy him hn. Lut bo v mi trng (2005) xc nh cc cht thi nguyn vt liu dng rn, lng, kh hoc dng khc thi ra t sn xut , dch v v cuc sng hng ngy hay cc hot ng khc (Ngh nh 59/2007/N/CP v qun l cht thi rn, 2007). Bao gm c cht thi rn nguy him hoc khng nguy him. Bi v khng c nh ngha c th no v rc thi th, nn khng r rng rc thi ch bao gm rc gia nh hay c rc gia nh v rc cng nghip, ch bao gm rc khng nguy him hay bao gm c rc khng nguy him v rc nguy him. Gn y, trong mt bo co iu tra hin trng mi trng ton quc do B Ti nguyn mi trng t chc c n 70% cc cp chnh quyn a phng xc nh rng qun l cht thi rn l mt mc tiu quan trng nht trong tt c cc u tin v mi trng. Chnh ph Vit Nam k k hoch phc tho chin lc qun l cht thi ti nm 2025 (Q Th tng s 2149 ngy 17/12/2009). K hoch khng nh r bt k c nhn hay t chc no thi rc gy nhim phi bi thng thit hi. Ti nm 2025, chnh ph mong mun pht trin nh my ti ch rc tt c cc thnh ph cho cc h gia nh c th thi v x l rc ca h. Thm vo , khng ch nhim, 100% cht thi rn t cc vng th, cht thi cng nghip c hi v khng c hi s c thu gom v x l. Bn cnh 90% cht thi rn xy dng v cht thi rn ca ngi dn nng thn phi c thu gom v x l. Cc bn lin quan ch cht tham gia vo qun l cht thi rn th ti Vit Nam baogm: Cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) l thnh vin ch cht trong vic thu gom, x l v rc thi th. B xy dng chu trch nhim ln k hoch v xy dng cc c s x l v rc thi. B v S Ti nguyn & mi trng chu trch nhim v cc vn mi trng ni chung.

Cch thc x l cht thi Vit Nam, bao gm thu gom, x l v ra bi ch yu c thc hin bi URENCO, y l cng ty chu trch nhim thu gom v rc th, bao gm c rc gia nh, cng s, v hu ht cc trng hp c c rc cng nghip v y t. Mc d URENCO c nhng tin b ng k trong cch thc x l rc thi nhng phn ln rc thi th vn khng c x l mt cch an ton. Dng ch yu ca rc th vn l ra bi rc. rt nhiu vng thng vn l cch t x l nh t, chn, vt ra sng ngi v bi t trng. Ngnh ti ch v ti s dng Vit Nam c thc hin bi mt mng li khng chuyn, l cc ngi nht rc bi rc, ngi thu gom rc v ngi mua ph liu. Th trng ti

ch c tim nng ln m rng. Ba mi hai phn trm rc th hin nay c ra bi vng ven Vit Nam (2,1 tn/nm), bao gm c cc vt liu c th ti ch nh l giy, nha, kim loi v thy tinh. c tnh rch khong 20% rc th H Ni c ti ch. i vi rc th, nh nc nn tr gi cho cc nh my ti ch v x l, iu ny s xy dng nn kh nng th trong ti ch cht thi. Quyt nh ca B Ti nguyn v mi trng thng 3 nm 2004 cho php nhp khu cht thi lm vt liu cho sn xut trong nc, thc y ngnh ti ch tip cn vi cc nguyn vt liu c th ti ch t cc nc ng Nam (Dch v thng mi M, 2008). c nhng d n u t vo vic x l cht thi rn nh sau:

Chng loi rc th s l (quyt nh 2149 ngy 17/12) 21 tn nm 2010 v 42 tn nm 2020; 30% cht thi rn s c phn loi ti ngun, v 90% s c thu gom vo nm 2010 v 2020; (3) u t trung bnh cho x l s vo khong 94,1usd/tn (da vo biu u t t nm 1999-2003). Qun l rc cng nghip cho rng (Quyt nh 2149 ngy 17/12) chng loi rc cng nghip s vo khong 2,76 triu tn nm 2010 v 9,66 triu tn nm 2020; 100% cc doanh nghip s c h thng x l cht thi vo nm 2010; t l x l cht thi cng nghip tng th s l 80% vo nm 2010; (3) 20% cht thi thu gom s c ti ch/ti s dng vo nm 2010 v 30% nm 2020 (Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP v qun l cht thi); u t trung bnh cho x l vo khong 29,4usd/tn. Qun l rc y t cho rng (Quyt nh 2149 ngy 17/12) chng loi rc y t s vo khong 19.000 tn nm 2010 v 22.000 tn nm 2020; 100% rc y t s c x l vo nm 2010; (3) u t trung bnh cho x l s vo khong 823,5usd/tn.

V lu di, gim thiu tc ng ln mi trng ca bi rc, thnh phn phn hy sinh hc nn c phn ra, hoc l kt hp vi cc thnh phn hu c khc trong chui cht thi i ti s dng hoc tn dng. Ti to nng lng v kh t l mt th trng ln cho ngun ny. Gim thiu v phn tch ti ngun nn c gi vng bi v n c th loi ra rc thc n compost (trung bnh khong 41,9%). Vit Nam l mt nc nng nghip, v vy s l th trng ln cho sn phm compost. Bng 1 trnh by danh sch 21 trng hp gi la chn cho danh sch cui cng nghin cu su hn. 21 trng hp ny c la chn t 65 trng hp x l cht thi th (rc hu c compost c th phn loi ti ngun hoc ti im x l cht thi). 21 trng hp ny c thng k da trn 5 tiu ch chnh (quy m, loi, sinh thi hc, kh thi v kh nng sn xut), cc tiu ch ny ph hp vi mc tiu ca d n qun l ti ch rc thi ca Bnh nh. S ph hp l kt qu ca nghin cu ti bn, vy mt vi nh gi c th khng hon ton xc ng v v vy cn c mt nghin cu thc a khng nh li nh gi ny. mi trng hp a ra, c m t ngn gn v tnh hnh hin ti, m t v nh gi da trn quan im ca cc chuyn gia v tc gi t kt qu nghin cu ti bn v phng vn t xa. Trnh by c th hin theo th t a l (t Bc vo Nam)

Danh sch cc trng hp tim nng (iu kin a l, ph hp vi mc tiu d n Bnh nh)
Lng rc u vo
(tn/ngy)

ph hp vi Bnh nh Quy m Loi Sinh thi Kh thi Kh nng ti ch

STT

C s

a im

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Vit tr Cu Din Sn Ty Sc Sn (h thng nng tri kt hp ti nh) Gia Lm (phn tch ti ngun)

Ph th H Ni H Ni H Ni H Ni Nam nh

120 150 200 0.2

5 5 2 5 5

5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5

ns ns ns 5 5 ns 3 5 4 5

5 3 ns 5 5 ns 3 5 4 5

5 3 ns 5 5 ns 2 5 4 5

250 200 0.6 200 1.3

3 3 5 5 5

ng Vinh H Long Thy Phng Hi An (o Tn Hip: phn tch ti ngun + compost) Nhn Ph Hi Nng Dn Long M Nam Thanh Ch Lt Ch Tri Mt V Nht Hng Phc Ha Cty TNHH Hng Trung (nui giun bng rc thc vt + rc ng vt) Qun Bnh Tn (ton b hi nui ln dng tha t bp cho ln n) Vietstar

Ngh An Qung Ninh Hu Quang Nam

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Bnh nh Bnh nh Bnh nh Ninh Thun Lm ng Lm ng ng Nai B Ra Vng Tu TP H Ch Minh TP H Ch Minh TP H Ch Minh 600 20 350 30 12 250

ns

ns

ns

3 5 5 3 5 3

3 5 5 3 3 5

ns 5 5 ns ns 5

ns 5 5 ns ns 5

ns 5 5 ns ns 5

20

21

ns

ns

ns

Ghi ch: ns c ngha l khng ph hp

Ph Th
C s ch bin rc th Vit Tr t TP Vit Tr do Cng ty cung cp nc vn hnh tip nhn khong 120 tn rc th mt ngy. C s c xy dng nm 1998 nhm mc ch x l ton b rc do TP Vit Tr thi ra. thi im hin ti, mi ngy c s sn xut ra 30 tn compost vi gi khc nhau (khong t 50.000 ti 300.000/tn) ty thuc vo cht lng compost (th hay mn). Vi cng ngh ni a hon ton, rc hu c c phn loi ti c s v a vo h thng compost hiu kh. Nhc im ln nht ca cht lng compost l u vo hn n, rc th c thu gom bi URENCO cha nhiu t v ct lm cho cht lng compost km. Nh qun l rt nng ng v sn sng chia s thng tin.

H Ni
1. Cu Din C s x l rc Cu Din c xy dng nm 1986, c s c ci to rt nhiu vo nm 2000 do vn u t ODA ca chnh ph Ty Ban Nha. Tng chi ph nng cp l 100 t ng. Vo lc khi im, c s c k hoch x l 11,5% tng lng rc ca TP H Ni. Cng ngh t ng ha p dng ti hu ht cc bc, mc d vy c s ch vn hnh c 10,3% cng sut thit k do tnh cht rt chung ca rc th ti Vit Nam: hn n gia rc hu c v cc loi rc khc c m cao. Khi vn hnh, c s gy ra nhim mi trng cao nh l nhim khng kh v hi thi. K thut lm lu thng khng kh tiu hao nhiu nng lng. Di s h tr ca JICA, cng ty mi trng th H Ni nghin cu th im ch]ng trnh 3R ti mt s vng ca H Ni, Vit Nam nm 2007, khi u bng vic phn loi rc ti ngun mc h gia nh. Rc c phn tch thnh rc ti ch v rc sinh hc compost ti Cu Din. thc y qu trnh compost, hn hp vi sinh vt ph hp c s dng ( giai on 2), v d nh sn phm c tn Emina (sn xut bi khoa mi trng, trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni), cho thm 1 lt sn phm vo mi tn compost sau khi kt thc giai on 1. Gi ca Emina vo khong 20.000-25.000/lt (thng tin c nhn). D vy, vn cn 60% rc phi chn vi. 2. Sn Ty S dng cng ngh Seraphin, c s x l rc th Sn Ty vi mc ch x l rc ca thnh ph H ng (H Ty c), qu trnh phn tch c thc hin c bng tay v bng my ph hp p dng cho tnh cht rc thi ti Vit Nam. Tt c nhng l l c th c miu t do tt c cc thit b v k thut l ni a. D g chng na, nc r v mi hi thi vn khng c gii quyt, cng nh i hi chi ph nng lng cao thng thong kh. thi im hin ti, do vn v k thut, c s ng ca bo dng. 3. Sc Sn Ti Sc Sn, mt h nng dn nui b sa kt hp nhiu loi cht thi sn xut ra nhiu sn phm khc nhau nh l nng lng sinh hc ( kh sinh hc quy m nh), phn bn, nui giun (bng phn b sa), nui ch (bng giun).

Nam nh
Mt c s ch bin rc rt ln ti thnh ph Nam nh, c s khnh thnh nm 2003 trn mt din tch 20 ha t, nh my rng 3 ha. C s nhm x l rc ca ton b Thnh ph

Nam nh. Vi cng ngh ca Php, vn u t rt ln nhng kh nng vn hnh thc t thp hn d tnh rt nhiu (ch 41.6% kh nng d tnh) do l do chung l rc hn n v m cao. Cht lng compost sau khi khng ng b do khng o c v kim sot cht lng cng nh nhit ca ng khng c kim sot.

Ngh An
C s ch bin rc ng Vinh ti tnh Ngh An vi cng ngh trong nc sn xut ra 40 tn compost mi ngy. Qu trnh phn tch c bng tay v bng my l ph hp p dng cho tnh cht rc thi ca Vit Nam. Sau khi x l, gim thiu rc rt nhiu, ch 10% rc phi i bi. Hn na, do tt c cng ngh v phng tin ni a, vn u t ch l 45 t ng, r hn nhiu so vi trang thit b nhp ngoi. D g chng na, nc r v mi hi thi vn khng c khng ch v vic lu thng khng kh i hi chi ph nng lng cao.

Qung Ninh
Tnh Qung Ninh, Bi Chy, thnh ph H Long, mt d n nh c thc hin bi B Xy Dng nm 2007 bao gm 3 khch sn ln. Tt c rc t khch sn c gom v phn loi. Khong 0.6 tn rc cc loi c gom mi ngy v 74% rc hu c c compost, sn phm compost dng bn cho cy ti vn v cy cnh ca khch sn. Rc ti ch dng ti ch v ch mt lng nh rc phi chn bi rc thnh ph.

Hu
Ti min trung Vit Nam, c s x l rc Thy Phng thnh ph Hu p dng cng ngh trong nc hon ton vi k thut lp rp cao m bo cho ton b dy chuyn hot ng n nh v hiu qu. Trn din tch 4,2 ha, nh my vn hnh tt ti khi im ca qu trnh x l, phn tch c thc hin tt nn ch c 10% rc, l thnh phn khng th phn hy sinh hc phi i chn. Nh my hon thnh nhim v x l ton b rc trong vng thnh ph Hu. Mt vi nhc im c nhn nhn l chi ph nng lng cho thng thong kh v phn tch bng my mc cao, mi hi thi vn l vn . Cht lng compost khng ng b do thiu iu kin o trn. Hn na, theo di i hi mt din tch t rng.

Qung Nam
Thnh ph Hi An: o Tn Hip ca C Lao Chm

Bnh nh
1. Nhn Ph, Quy Nhn: c s sn xut compost quy m nh c thng gi cng bc cung cp kh cho ng cho thy y l mt h thng hiu qu. u vo cho h thng ny l rc h gia nh thu gom t cng ng (ngun t BTC) 2. Hi Nng dn Bnh nh: phn ng vt, nn chung v rc vn c dng nui trn t.

Ninh Thun
Nh my x l rc Nam Thanh, Ninh Thun, bt u hot ng t nm 2003 vi tng u t l 98 t ng. Vic phn loi c thc hin tt nh h thng k thut nhp khu c iu chnh ph hp vi tnh cht rc thi ti Vit Nam cng nh s kt hp tt gia phn loi th cng v c kh. C th thy mt vi nhc im ca nh my nh tn din tch cho c s, chi ph nng lng cao, nh my compost khng c mi nn cht lng compost khng n nh, h thng qut gi ti sn hot ng khng tt v vn mi.

Lm ng
1. TP Lt, hng t tn rc t Ch Nng sn Tri Mt c x l hon ton bi cng ngh sn xut trong nc ca Cng ty lt xanh. Hu ht rc xanh y c compost, cung cp mt ngun phn bn hu c cht lng cao cho cc vng trng ch v caf (Lm ng Online, 2010). Mi ngy, c s ny sn xut c 0,7-0,8 tn compost t 20 tn rau rc ti. 2. Ch Trung Tm: mt d n do Php ti tr (ADEME), bt u nm 2010, s dng cng ngh che ph h rc hu c bng toptex. Gn nh 100% rc hu c sn sinh hng ngy t hot ng ca ch Lt c thu gom, phn loi v sn xut phn hu c. Cht lng phn hu c rt cao do tnh nguyn cht ca nguyn liu .

ng Nai
Ti ng Nai c mt vi nh my x l rc thi, mt trong s l Cng ty V Nht Hng, mi ngy nhn 350 tn rc v d nh sn xut 70 tn compost. Trn din tch 5ha, nh my p dng cng ngh an mch vi quy trnh sn xut kn, sau khi c phn loi ti nh my, rc c chuyn vo mt h thng kn c bit . Tuy nhin, mi t bi rc Trng Di gn nh my gy ra nhiu phin toi, ng thi, nc r t bi rc chay ra mt ci ao, b trn mi khi c ma ln. Nc r gy ra nhiu vn mi trng nguy him cho nhng ngi sng xung quanh. Nh my d kin xy mt hng ro xanh cch 500m nhng vn cha thc hin.

B Ra Vng Tu
1. Nh my x l rc B Ra Vng Tu gp rt nhiu vn v thm ch c nguy c ng ca v rc a vo h thng l rc tp, h thng phn loi khng ng b v thng xuyn gp s c. Chnh quyn phi h tr nh my ny gn 1.6 t ng/nm duy tr hot ng. Hin nay, h thng hiu kh hng, nn quy trnh ch thc hin giai on hai: lip dn n sn phm cht lng ihoong n nh v thp. Nh my khng phi l bi rc v sinh (c ri lp nn, cch xa khu dn c, x l mi v nc r,), cng khng c h thng x l kh nhim sinh ra t nh my. Ton b rc khng phn hy c chn bi rc t nhin, khng kim sot nc r v kh. 2. Mt nh my khc Phc Ha s dng cng ngh hiu kh, b rng, di c dng cha rc, thng gi cng bc cung cp kh cho hot ng hiu kh ca vi sinh vt. Nh my thnh lp t nm 2003 vi mc ch x l rc ca TP Vng Tu v Qun Tn Thnh, tuy nhin, mi thot ra t nh my lm cho h thng hot ng khng hon chnh

(phn loi bng tay khng chu c mi ca mi trng lm vic), thm vo , nc r ra mi trng lm cn tr hot ng. Nh my khng c h thng kim sot nhit cng nh o nhim khng kh.

TP H Ch Minh
1. C s Hng Trung: ta lc ti huyn C Chi, c s sn xut phn bn cao cp t sn phm nui trn qu. Sn phm c bit ca c s l dch chit xut t xay nghin trn c th dng ti trc tip ln l. Thc n dng nui trn qu l tng hp ca phn heo, l rng t rng cy cao su, v tt c cht thi trang tri. Vi tng n heo nui 6,000 con, sn lng phn bn hu c t nui trn c qui m rt ln. Phn c s chn nui ca cng ty s dng cht thi lng t trang tri sn xut kh sinh hc, pht in phc v hot ng ca tri: nu n, vn hnh my bm nc lm mt heo, h thng in m heo con mi sinh, 2. Cng ng nui ln ti Qun Bnh Tn nui ln bng 95% l rc bp gom ti hng ngy t TP H Ch Minh. Rc bp c nu li cho ln n. 3. Thi M C Chi (Nh my x l rc Vietstar): Rc hu c c phn loi ti c s, a vo h thng compost (theo bo Vietnam News, dng nh h thng ny khng ng b). Cng sut l 600MSW tn/ngy. Ni chung, cc c s x l rc thi ti Vit Nam hin nay ang gp phi nhiu tr ngi nh nhc im k thut ca my mc (hu ht l my mc cng ngh nc ngoi), h thng thng gi cng bc i hi nng lng cao, bc mi nhiu, mt vi cng ngh nhp khu khng ph hp vi x l rc thi ti Vit Nam (ln rt nhiu rc hu c v v c v rc khng phn hy c). Phn ln cc nh my x l cht thi bng cng ngh compost u hot ng khng hiu qu dn n vic phi ng ca c s. Vy u l ci kt ca rc hu c trong chui cht thi? Vic x l rc thi rt tn km, v vy, rc cn c phn loi cng thun cng tt, d l phn loi ti ngun hay phn loi ti nh my. Mi cch phn loi c nhng im mnh, im yu khc nhau. Phn tch di y ch ra cc kinh nghim thc t ca hai phng php phn loi rc ti Vit Nam. Phn loi ti ngun: Rc c th compost v rc khng th c cc h gia nh phn loi v cha trong hai thng khc nhau. h thng ny hot ng, cn c mt ch la chn tin tin. Ti Vit Nam, nhit thng cao trong c nm (khong 350C), phn rc c th compost s d dng b phn hy v to ra mi. Chnh v vy, loi rc ny cn c thu gom hng ngy hoc t nht l 2 ngy/ln; phn rc khng c c th thu gom t thng xuyn hn mc d cc h gia nh khng c nhiu din tch lu li. Mt khi c phn loi ti ngun, phn rc c th compost s c chuyn n c s , ti y, my mc s phn loi mt ln na trc khi . Quy trnh ny gip tng cht lng compost. Trong khi , phn rc khng c c ra bi rc. Phn loi ti ngun c mt s u im. iu quan trng nht l gip tng cng nhn thc v cc vn bo v mi trng. Khi trin khai mt chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngun, th s c cc hot ng o to tp hun trn din rng. iu ny gip tng cng nhn thc ca dn c v tm quan trng ca vic phn loi rc c th phn compost. Vic tham gia vo chng trnh v thc hin iu ny ti nh mi ngy nhc nh rng h ang bo v mi trng. Hn th na, nu dn c c kh nng phn bit v

phn loi rc ti ngun th s gip m bo cht lng rc t tng cng cht lng compost. iu ny gip gim thiu vic phn loi ti c s. Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im. N ph thuc vo s nhit tnh ca ngi dn trong vic tham gia vo chng trnh v kh nng phn bit rc ca h. Do cn lu tm n hai trng hp c th xy ra. Trng hp u tin l ngi dn sn sng tham gia vo chng trnh phn loi rc nhng h khng th phn bit u l rc c th phn hy v rc khng th phn hy, t rc b phn loi km cht lng. Tuy nhin, ngi dn vn c th hc cch phn bit rc thng qua cc hot ng tp hun do cng ng t chc. Nhng iu ny cng i hi cn c tin. Trng hp th hai km kh quan hn: ngi dn khng mun tham gia vo chng trnh. Nh vy th rc khng c phn loi tt v/hoc cht lng nguyn liu compost khng tng xng. Nhc im th hai ca phn loi ti ngun l lm tng chi ph thu gom v vn chuyn rc thu gom hai loi rc khc nhau (rc c th v rc khng th ) v sau vn chuyn hai loi rc ny n hai im khc nhau: rc chuyn n c s v rc khng c chuyn ra bi rc. Ti Vit Nam, s kinh t hn nu xy dng nh my compost ngay ti bi rc gim chi ph vn chuyn hai loi rc ny. C nhiu chng trnh phn loi rc ng quan tm mt s khu vc ti Vit Nam. Cc chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngui ang hot ng H Ni, TP H Ch Minh, Qung Nam, Nng v Kin Giang. Phn loi ti c s: Tri vi phng php trn, phn loi rc ti c s khng i hi c s tham gia ca ngi dn hay b ph thuc vo kh nng phn bit rc ca h. Rc tp (rc c v khng c) c thu gom v vn chuyn n cc im khc nhau, nh l trm trung chuyn, bi rc hay nh my compost, ti y cng nhn phn loi ra cc loi rc c th v rc khng th . C nhiu phng php khc nhau, bao gm c phng php s dng my mc thc hin vic ny, mc d kinh nghim cho thy vic phn loi rc bng my mc i hi chi ph cho nng lng cao dn n vic kinh doanh phn compost khng c li nhun. Phn rc khng c c ra bi rc trong khi rc phn hy c chuyn vo c s sn xut. Chnh v vy pht sinh chi ph phn loi rc v vn chuyn rc phn loi, ty vo a im ca c s. y l phng php ph bin x l rc thi th ti Vit Nam. Mt s cng ty s dng cng ngh ny x l rc tp nhng lun tn km cho chi ph nng lng, i hi phng tin vn chuyn, kho, my mc ln v cha k n cht lng ca compost.

Cc chng trnh phn loi rc th ti ngun (t trc n nay)

1. H Ni: i. Huyn Gia Lm: X nghip v sinh th Gia Lm ang ph trch chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngun ca huyn Gia Lm. Chng trnh ny thc hin ti 3 th trn (Si ng, c Giang, Yn ng). Rc c v khng c c cc h gia nh lu trong thng mu v xanh. Nhng thng rc ny do X nghip v sinh th Gia Lm cung cp min ph t u chng trnh. Hng ngy ti mi khu vc, hai ngi thu gom rc dng xe y thu gom rc ca tng nh cc ng ln v trung bnh. Nu ng qu nh th xe rc i ng ln dn c ra . Khi y xe th ngi thu gom a xe n ch trung chuyn. Ni

chung, s lng rc c th c tnh khong 0,6kg/ngi. Ti c s sn xut compost Kiu K, phn rc c th compost c trn vi cht ha hc v chn trong 6 thng. Sau , sn phm chn c sng loi ra cc phn khng phn hy sinh hc c dng cho mc ch nng nghip (Nguyen, 2005). Chng trnh phn loi rc thc hin ti 3 th trn ca huyn Gia Lm c cho l thnh cng v (1) hn 73% cc h tham gia vo chng trnh v (2) thun ca rc t 95%. Hn th na, chng trnh ny cn c s tham gia ca c s sn xut compost, l ni nhn rc gip gim lng ln rc thi. Tuy nhin, cha c s liu no cho thy li nhun t chng trnh v cha c th trng cho sn phm compost, c th v nhiu l do nhng khng phi do cht lng compost km (Nguyen, 2005). Chng trnh ny cho thy s sn sng ca ngi dn v kh nng phn loi c hiu qu ca h. ii. Phng Phan Chu Trinh: tng din tch l 0,48km2 vi 1.719 h dn (khong 8.000 ngi) (Nguyen, 2005), c 8 khu nh, 6 trng hc, 120 vn phng v cng ty, 2 ch v mt bi xe. Ti phng ny c 11 tn rc thi mi ngy, trong 40% l rc hu c. URENCO la chn qun ny v cc l do: (1) mt dn c khng qu ln (8.000 ngi/0,48km2); (2) iu kin x hi v sinh sng c trng ca ngi H Ni; (3) hu ht c s h tng mi c xy dng v (4) phn ln dn c c trnh hc vn cao. iii. Cng ty c hp ng vi ngi dn trong khu vc, l giy t hp php c ch k ca ngi dn th hin s tham gia ca h vo d n. Vo u mi thng, mi h c pht hai loi ti nylon, mu en (cho rc khng phn hy c) v mu trng (cho rc phn hy c) cha rc phn loi. Mi ngy thu gom c 2 tn rc hu c v 8 tn rc v c. thun ca rc hu c t khong 85% n 90%, tc l b ln khong 10% n 15% rc khng phn hy c. Vo thng 1 lng rc c tng ln do ngi dn tiu dng nhiu hn vo dp tt. Chng trnh th nghim ny phc v cho dn c trong cc khu ph ln v nh. N c th c coi l thnh cng v thun ca rc phn loi t hn 85%. Tuy nhin, t l gia lng rc c th v phn khng th l 1:4, tc l ch gom c 20% rc hu c trong tng s rc ti qun ny. Nh vy th lng rc trong chui rc thi ra bi rc gim i l khng ng k, v lng sn phm compost cng t. Hn th na li tiu tn nhin liu cho xe ti 3,5 tn i xung quanh cc khu vc ph ln vi ln thu gom rc dn c sau gi thu gom. 2. Qung Nam: o Tn Hip p dng vic phn loi ti ngun t nm 2008 ngay trn o, rc v c c vn chuyn bng mt chic thuyn c bit n thnh ph x l. Tng lng rc thu gom trn o khong 1,3 tn/ngy, trong khong 80% l rc hu c. 47 thng c cp cho 4 lng, dn c c o to compost ngay ti lng. Ngoi ra vn phi u t thm nhng y c l l mt m hnh thnh cng v c 100% h dn trn o tham gia vo chng trnh (Viettems.com, 2009). 3. TP H Ch Minh: D n Phn loi rc ti ngun (1997) thc hin trong hai nm. D n thc hin ti T 3, Phng 12, Qun 5, TP H Ch Minh. Trong nm th hai, d n m rng ra cc khu vc cn li ca Phng 12 da trn kinh nghim thc hin ca nm th nht. Chng trnh ch thc hin 2 nm v thiu h tr ti chnh t chnh ph Vit Nam (Doan, 2004). D n cung cp thng rc cho tng h tr rc d phn hy. D n cng thc hin mt chng trnh gio dc vi nhiu hot ng nh pht t ri, t gp, p phch. T l rc

phn hy cao (trung bnh 86,2%). Chnh v vy, nu phn rc d phn hy ca khu vc ny c th lng rc ra bi rc s gim ng k. 4. TP Bin Ha: D n thc hin ti T 3, Qun Thanh Bnh, TP Bin Ha vo nm 2001. URENCO Bin Ha l n v trin khai vi s tham gia ca rt nhiu t chc x hi v chnh quyn a phng. Mi h gia nh trong d n c nhn hai thng rc v ti nylon ln (dung lng 20l) c mu khc nhau cho rc hu c v rc ti ch. Mi nh hng v vn phng cng c nhn thng rc v ti rc to (80l) Theo mt bo co ((L vn Quang, et al., 2001), d n thnh cng vi ng o s tham gia ca cc t chc x hi, nhn thc cao t dn c v nhn vin vn phng cng nh cc doanh nghip. Ch tr vic mt s h gia nh trong hm nh khng rc theo ng thi gian quy nh ca URENCO, h trn ln cc loi rc vi nhau. V trong dp tt, lng rc tng cao, thng rc v ti nylon cung cp khng cha rc phn loi. Trong mt bo co v hin trng mi trng v k hoch cho tng lai ca TP H Ch Minh t nay n 2020, chng trnh phn loi rc ti ngun s c vn ng v trin khai quy m thnh ph (S TNMT TP HCM, 2010). Trn c nc, Quyt nh s 2149/Q/TT (2009) ch ra rng phn loi rc th v gim thiu vic rc l mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh ca chnh ph trong n lc qun l rc th trn ton quc. Cc chng trnh thnh cng c t chc c quy m vi cc thng tin v chin dch gio dc su rng n tng h gia nh trong khu vc. Hn na, cc chng trnh ny c thit k mt cch cn thn nn rc phn hy c chuyn n c s sn xut cn rc khng phn hy c ra bi rc. Nh trong bng 2.8, khng phi mi chng trnh u hon ton thnh cng. Tht bi ca mt vi d n c th thy l do thiu h tr ti chnh v km hp tc ca dn c trong vic phn loi. Vic tm kim th trng cho sn phm compost v thu c li nhun cung l vn kh khn. T nhng tht bi v thnh cng ca cc chng trnh ny, c th kt lun rng, trin khai c chng trnh phn loi rc ti Bnh nh, cn cung cp thng tin v o to cho tng h gia nh. H thng thu gom v vn chuyn cng cn c thit k cn thn thu gom rc phn loi mt cch hiu qu v kinh t. V doanh thu thu c t sn phm compost l khng d on c, Bnh nh nn tnh ton cn h tr nh th no t chnh quyn v cn thu bao nhiu tin thu gom duy tr hot ng.

Ti liu tham kho

Quyt nh s 2149 ngy 17/12. 2009. Ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp Quyt nh 2149 ngy 17/12/2009. Ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm 2025, tm nhn n nm 2050. Vol. 2149/Q-TTg. Th Tng Chnh Ph Vit Nam. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP Qun l cht thi rn. 2007. Quc hi Vit Nam. S Ti nguyn v mi trng, TP H Ch Minh 2010. Bo co hin trng Mi trng Thnh ph 5 nm 2005 - 2009. Trn Xun To. 2010. X nghip compost Vit tr, tnh Ph th. Thng tin c nhn. Lm ng Online. 2010. Ch : phn hu c t rc va rau Tri Mt, Lt. http://baolamdong.vn/congnghe/201010/Sang-che-may-xay-rac-thanh-phan-bon-o-da-Lat2009897/. Accessed. L vn Quang, Hunh Thi Kim Cc, and N. v. Phc. 2001. Bo Co Kt Qu Trin Khai M Hnh Phn Loi Rc ti Ngun, Bin Ha. Nguyen, t. T. T. 2005. Audit and Separation of Compostable Solid Waste at Households in Da Nang, Vietnam. University of Toronto, Canada, Master Thesis. Q Th Tng s 2149 ngy 17/12. 2009. Ph duyt Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm 2025, tm nhn n nm 2050. Vol. 2149/Q-TTg. Th Tng Chnh Ph Vit Nam. Tn Thanh Sn. 2010. Nui ln bng rc bp ti qun Bnh Thnh, TP H Ch Minh. Thng tin c nhn. US Commercial Service. 2008. Vietnam: Solid Waste Management, http://www.kleanindustries.com/s/PressReleases.asp?ReportID=335114. http://www.export.gov. Nguyn Quang Thch. 2010. Vin Nng hc. Emina (vi khun c li) trong x l rc thi. Thng tin c nhn. Viettems.com. 2009. Ch : M Hnh X L Rc Thi ti Ngun - C Lao Chm. http://viettems.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1356:mo-hinh-x-ly-rac-thaitai-nguon-cua-cu-lao-cham&catid=160:bai-nghien-cuu&Itemid=190. Accessed.