MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM TH

Th hai, 03 Thng 8 2009 06:59 Thy Trung Hiu

I. MT S HP CHT CA CANXI 1. Canxi hiroxit, Ca(OH)2 a. Tnh cht: - Canxi hiroxit l cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc ( tan 25oC l 0,12g/100g H2O ) - Dung dch canxi hiroxit l mt baz mnh. + Tc dng vi thuc th mu: Lm qu tm ho xanh, lm phenolphthalein khng mu ho hng. + Tc dng vi dung dch axit, oxit axit: Phn ng to mui. Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 + Tc dng vi dung dch mui : Phn ng thng to ra baz mi. Ca(OH)2 + CuSO4 CaSO4 + Cu(OH)2 + Tc dng vi halogen: 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O b. ng dng: Ch to va xy nh. Kh chua t trng trt. Ch to clorua vi dung ty trng v kh trng. 2. Canxi cacbonat, CaCO3 a. Tnh cht: - Canxi cacbonat l cht rn mu trng, khng tan trong nc. - Canxi cacbonat l mui axit yu v khng bn:

+ Nhit phn: CaCO3 + Tc dng vi dung dch axit: CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O + CO2 + Tc dng vi CO2 v H2O:

CaO + CO2

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

Ca(HCO3)2

Chiu (1): gii thch s xm thc ca nc ma i vi vi. Chiu (2): gii thch s to thnh thch nh trong cc hang ng, s to thnh cn vi trong m un nc.

b. ng dng: CaCO3 dng lm vt liu xy dng, l nguyn liu sn xut xi mng, t n, cht n cho vt liu cao su... 3. Canxi sunfat, CaSO4 a. Tnh cht: - Canxi sunfat l cht rn, mu trng, t tan trong nc. - Tu theo lng nc kt tinh trong mui canxi sunfat, ta c 3 loi: + Thch cao sng: CaSO4.2H2O + Thch cao nung: CaSO4.0,5H2O hoc CaSO4.H2O + Thc cao khan: CaSO4 b. ng dng: Thch cao nung c th kt hp vi nc to thnh thch cao sng v khi ng cng th gin n th tch, do vy thch cao rt n khun c dung c tng... Thch cao sng dung sn xut xi mng. II. NC CNG 1. Nc cng a. Khi nim: Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu Cation Ca2+, Mg2+. Nc cha t hoc khng cha cc ion trn c gi l nc mm. b. Phn loi: Cn c vo thnh phn ca anion gc axit c trong nc cng, ngi ta phn thnh 3 loi: - Nc c tnh cng tm thi : l nc cng do cc mui Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 gy ra. - Nc c tnh cng vnh cu: l nc cng do cc mui CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4 gy ra - Nc c tnh cng ton phn : l nc c c tnh cng tm thi v tnh cng vnh cu Ch : Nc t nhin thng c c tnh cng tm thi v tnh cng vnh cu. 2. Tc hi ca nc cng: - Nc cng gy nhiu tr ngi cho i sng hng ngy. Git bng x phng trong nc cng s to ra cc mui khng tan, cc cht ny bm trn b mt vi si lm qun o mau mc nt. - Nc cng gy tc hi cho cc nghnh sn xut, nh to ra cc cn trong ni hi, gy lng ph nhin liu v khng an ton... 3. Cc bin php lm mm nc cng a. Nguyn tc: Lm gim nng cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ trong nc cng b. Phng php: - Phng php kt ta: + i vi nc c tnh cng tm thi: un si nc c tnh cng tm thi, lc b kt ta, c nc mm

KIM LOI KIM TH

Th hai, 03 Thng 8 2009 06:47 Thy Trung Hiu

I. V TR CU TO: 1.V tr ca kim loi kim th trong bng tun hon: - Cc kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA, trong mi chu k cc kim loi kim th ng sau kim loi kim. - Bao gm cc nguyn t: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba v Ra ( nguyn t phng x). 2. Cu to v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim th: - Bng mt s c im ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim th:

Nguyn t

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Ra

S hiu nguyn t

12

20

38

56

88

Electron lp ngoi cng

2s2

3s2

4s2

5s2

6s2

7s2

Bn knh nguyn t (nm)

0,11

0,16

0,20

0,21

0,22

Nng lng ion ho I2 (kJ/mol)

1800

1450

1150

1060

970

m in

1,57

1,31

1,00

0,95

0,89

Th in cc chun E0M+/M (V)

-1,85

-2,73

-2,87

-2,89

-2,90

- Nhn xt: + Cu hnh electron: Kim loi kim th l nhng nguyn t s. Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t c 2e phn lp ns2. So vi nhng electron khc trong nguyn t th hai electron ns2 xa ht nhn hn c, chng d tch khi nguyn t. + S oxi ho: Cc ion kim loi kim th c in tch duy nht 2+. V vy trong cc hp cht, nguyn t kim loi kim th c s oxi ho l +2 + Th in cc chun: Cc cp oxi ho kh ca cc kim loi kim th u c th in cc chun rt m. II. TNH CHT VT L - Bng mt s hng s vt l ca kim loi kim th:

Nguyn t

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Ra

Nhit si (oC)

2770

1110

1440

1380

1640

Nhit nng chy (oC)

1280

650

838

768

714

Khi lng ring (g/cm3)

1,85

1,74

1,55

2,6

3,5

cng

2,0

1,5

1,8

Mng tinh th

Lc phng

Lp phng tm din

Lp phng tm khi

- Nhn xt: + Nhit nng chy, nhit si ca cc kim loi kim th cao hn so vi cc kim loi kim. Tuy nhin s bin i , din ra khng u n v cc kim loi kim th kt tinh theo nhng mng tinh th khc nhau. + Khi lng ring ca cc kim loi kim th ln hn kh nhiu so vi cc kim loi kim l do trong tinh th c nhiu electron ho tr, v vy thc hin lin kt kim loi mnh hn. III. TNH CHT HO HC Tnh cht c trng: Tnh kh mnh (yu hn kim loi kim) Th hin qua cc phn ng: 1. Tc dng vi phi kim a. Tc dng vi H2: - Khi t cc kim loi kim th trong kh quyn H2 kh th Ca, Sr, Ba d dng to ra cc hp cht hirua kim loi. - Phn ng : M + H2 MH2 Khi tip xc vi H2O, cc hirua ny to thnh dung dch M(OH)2 v H2 b. Tc dng vi oxi: - Khi t nng, tt c cc kim loi kim th u chy trong khng kh to ra oxit. 2M + O2 2MO - Tr BeO, tt c cc oxit ca kim loi kim th u tc dng vi nc cho dung dch baz c. Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc: - Khi ung nng cc kim loi kim th tc dng mnh lit vi cc phi kim mnh nh halogen, lu hunh, nit...to ra mui. M + X2MX2 M + SMS

3M + N2

M3N2

- Cc nitrua kim loi kim th tc dng vi nc to ra hiroxit v gii phng NH3 2. Tc dng vi axit a. Tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 long: - Do th in cc chun ca cp oxi ho- kh Eo2H+/H2 = 0,00V, th in cc chun ca cp oxi ho kh ca kim loi kim th c gi tr t -2,90V n -1,85V. Nn cc kim loi kim u kh d dng ion H+ ca dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 long) thnh H2. - Phn ng: M + 2H+ M2+ + H2

b.Tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO3, H2SO4 c: - Tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long: cc kim loi nhm IIA c tnh kh mnh c th kh N+5 ca dung dch HNO3 long xung cc s oxi ho thp. V d: 4M + 10HNO3 4M(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O - Tc dng vi HNO3 c : To NO2 M + 4HNO3 M(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O - Tc dng vi H2SO4 c v nng : to SO2 M + 2H2SO4 MSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O 3. Tc dng vi H2O - Be khng tc dng vi H2O d nhit cao - Mg tc dng chm vi H2O nhit thng to ra Mg(OH)2, tc dng nhanh vi hi nc nhit cao to thnh MgO

Mg + H2O hi

MgO + H2

- Ca, Sr, Ba tc dng vi H2O nhit thng to thnh dung dch baz. Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 4. Tc dng vi dung dch baz - Ch c Be phn ng c vi dung dch baz to mui berilat v kh H2 - Phn ng : Be + 2NaOH Na2BeO2 + H2 IV. NG DNG V IU CH 1. ng dng ca kim loi kim th: - Kim loi Be c lm cht ph gia ch to nhng hp kim c tnh n hi cao, bn chc, khng b n mn... - Kim loi Mg c dung ch to nhng hp kim c c tnh cng, nh, bn...Bt Mg trn vi cht oxi ho dung ch to cht chiu sng ban m. - Kim loi Ca dung lm cht kh tch oxi , lu hunh ra khi thp... 2. iu ch cc kim loi kim th - Nguyn tc: Kh ion kim loi kim th: M2+ + 2e M - Phng php: in phn nng chy mui ca chng.

V d: CaCl2

Ca + Cl2

MT S HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM

Th by, 01 Thng 8 2009 06:53 Thy Trung Hiu

I. NATRI HIROXIT, NaOH 1. Tnh cht: - Natri hiroxit l cht rn, khng mu, d ht m, d nng chy, tan nhiu trong nc. - NaOH l mt baz mnh, tnh cht ny th hin: a. in li hon ton khi tan trong nc: NaOH Na+ + OHb. Tc dng vi dung dch axit: To mui v nc. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O c. Tc dng vi oxit axit: to mui trung ho hoc mui axit. NaOH + CO2 NaHCO3 2NaOH + CO2Na2CO3 + H2O d. Tc dng vi kim loi, oxit, hiroxit lng tnh ca cc kim loi Al, Zn... 2NaOH + 2Al + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 2NaOH + Al2O3 + 3H2O2Na[Al(OH)4] NaOH + Al(OH)3 Na[Al(OH)4] e. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: To mui mi v baz mi 2NaOH + CuSO4 Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 f. Tc dng vi mt s phi kim: 2NaOH + Cl2 NaCl + NaClO + H2O 2. iu ch: a. Trong cng nghip: iu ch NaOH bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl bo ho.

Ch : Dung dch NaOH thu c c ln nhiu NaCl. Ngi ta cho dung dch bay hi nc nhiu ln, NaCL t tan so vi NaOH nn kt tinh trc. Tch NaCl ra khi dung dch, cn li l dung dch NaOH. b. Phn ng trao i: Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2NaOH

II. NATRI HIROCACBONAT V NATRI CACBONAT 1. Natri hirocacbonat, NaHCO3 a. Tnh cht: - L cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc - Rt d b nhit phn:

2NaHCO 3

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

- Tnh lng tnh: NaHCO3 l mui ca axit yu, tc dng vi nhiu axit v tc dng c vi nhiu dung dch baz: NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O [baz] NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O HCO3- + OH- CO32- + H2O [axit] - Thu phn: NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3-

HCO3- + H2O

H2CO3 + OH-

Vy: NaHCO3 thu phn cho mi trng kim yu, khi un nng dung dch c phn ng kim mnh. b. ng dng: NaHCO3 c dung trong y hc, cng ngh thc phm, ch to nc gii kht... 2.Natri cacbonat, Na2CO3 a. Tnh cht: - L cht rn mu trng, d tan trong nc, nng chy 850oC - Na2CO3 l mui ca axit yu, tc dng vi nhiu axit: Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O CO32- + 2H+ CO2 + H2O [baz] - Na2CO3 thu phn cho dung dch c phn ng kim: Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32-

CO32- + H2O

HCO3- + OH-

b. ng dng : Mui Na2CO3 l nguyn liu trong sn xut thu tinh, x phng, giy, dt v iu ch nhiu mui khc.Dung dch Na2CO3 dng ty sch vt du m bm trn chi tit my trc khi sn, trng kim loi....

KIM LOI KIM

Th by, 01 Thng 8 2009 06:41 Thy Trung Hiu

I. V TR CU TO 1. V tr ca kim loi kim trong bng tun hon - Cc kim loi kim thuc nhm IA, ng u mi mt chu k (tr chu k 1). - Bao gm: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr (nguyn t phng x). 2. Cu to v tnh cht ca nguyn t kim loi kim - Bng mt s c im ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim:

- Nhn xt: + Cu hnh electron: Nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim u c 1 electron, electron ns1, lp ngoi cng; li c bn knh ln nht so vi cc nguyn t khc trong chu k v vy chng d mt electron ha tr tr thnh ion dng c cu hnh ca kh him. + Nng lng ion ha: Cc kim loi kim c nng lng ion ha nh nht so vi cc km loi khc do chng l kim loi hot ng nht trong cc kim loi. Trong nhm, nng lng ion ha gim dn mt cch u n theo chiu t trn xung. Do , t Li n Cs, kim loi di hot ng hn cc kim loi trn. + Trong cc hp cht, cc kim loi u th hin s oxi ha +1, hu nh tt c u l ion. + Th in cc chun: Cc cp oxi ha kh ca cc kim loi kim u c th in cc chun c gi tr rt m.

II. TNH CHT VT L - Bng mt s hng s vt l ca kim loi kim:

- Nhn xt: Cc kim loi u kt tinh theo mng tinh th lp phng tm khi, s phi tr 8. l cu trc tng i rng. Mt khc, cc kim loi kim c bn knh nguyn t ln, li ch lin kt vi nhau bng mt electron ha tr duy nht, v vy tinh th cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt kim loi yu. Do : + Nhit si v nhit nng chy ca cc kim loi thp hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi khc. + khi lng ring ca cc kim loi kim nh hn nhiu ln khi lng ring ca cc kim loi khc. + Cc kim loi kim u mm, c th ct chng bng dao. + Cc kim loi kim u dn in tt, ch ng sau bc, ng v vng. + Cc kim loi kim c mu trng bc v c nh kim.

III. TNH CHT HA HC Tnh cht ha hc c trng: Tnh kh mnh: M M+ + 1e 1. Tc dng vi phi kim

a. Phn ng vi hidro 2M + H2

2MH

Cc hirua kim loi kim b phn hy rt nhanh trong nc, gii phng H2 . b. Phn ng vi oxi - Khi t trong khng kh hay trong oxi, cc kim loi kim chy to thnh oxi thng, peoxit hay supeoxit v cho ngn la mu c trng: Li: cho ngn la mu . Na: cho ngn la mu vng. K: cho ngn la mu tm hoa c. - Kim loi Na chy trong mi trng kh oxi kh to ra Na2O2: 2Na + O2 Na2O2 - Kim loi Na tc dng vi oxi trong khng kh kh nhit phng to ra Na2O. 4Na + O2 2Na2O Ch : Na2O2 + 2 H2O 2NaOH + H2O2 c. Phn ng vi halogen - Cc kim loi kim phn ng mng vi halogen, chng bc chy trong kh Clo m nhit thng. - Phn ng: 2M + Cl2 2MCl

2. Tc dng vi axit

- Do th in cc chun ca cp oxi ha - kh , th in cc chun ca cp oxi ha - kh ca kim loi kim c gi tr t -3,05V n -2,94V. Nn cc kim loi kim u kh d dng ion H+ ca dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 long) thnh H2. - Phn ng: 2M + 2H+ 2M+ + H2

3. Tc dng vi H2O:

- Do th in cc chun ca cp oxi ha - kh ca kim loi c gi tr t -3,05V n -2,94V nn cc kim loi u kh d dng ion H+ ca H2O thnh H2. - Phn ng: 2M + 2H2O 2MOH + H2

, th in cc chun ca cp oxi ha - kh

4. Quan h theo ng cho trong bng tun hon: Cng nh i vi cc nguyn t u nhm khc theo bng tun hon, Li c mt s tnh cht khc vi cc nguyn t cng nhm. V mt in tch ca ion Li+ v m in ca Li rt gn vi Mg cho nn tnh cht ca cc hp cht ca Li c phn ging tnh cht ca Mg. Li l nguyn t duy nht trong nhm IA tc dng trc tip vi N2 to hp cht liti nitrua c phn ging vi Mg. C Mg v Li u ha hp trc tip vi C to thnh hp cht cacbua.

Trong khi cc kim loi kim khc khng tc dng vi cacbon. Tnh tan ca cc hp cht ca liti ging tnh tan ca cc hp cht tng ng ca Mg hn l cc kim loi kim khc. C Li v Mg u to thnh oxit thng trong khi cc kim loi khc to thnh hp cht peoxit, supeoxit.

IV. NG DNG V IU CH 1. ng dng - Ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp dng trong thit b bo chy... - Cc kim loi K, Na dng lm cht trao i nhit trong mt vi loi l phn ng ht nhn. - Kim loi Cs dng ch to bo quang in. - Kim loi kim c dng iu ch mt s kim loi him bng phng php nhit luyn. - Kim loi c dng lm cht xc tc trong nhiu phn ng hu c. 2. iu ch kim loi kim - nguyn tc: Kh ion kim loi kim: M+ + 1e M - Phng php: in phn nng chy hp cht halogenua ca kim loi kim:

2MX

2M + X2

Hoc in phn nng chy cc hiroxit kim loi kim

iu Ch Kim Loi
Ch nht, 12 Thng 7 2009 19:45 Thy Trung Hiu

I. NGUYN TC IU CH KIM LOI Kh ion kim loi thnh kim loi: Mn+ + ne M

II. PHNG PHP IU CH KIM LOI 1. Phng php thy luyn - C s ca phng php: Dng nhng dung dch thch hp nh dung dch H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN... ha tan kim loi hoc hp cht ca kim loi v tch ra khi phn khng tan c trong qung. Sau cc ion kim loi trong dung dch c kh bng kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Fe, Zn... - ng dng: c dng iu ch nhng kim loi c th oxi ha - kh chun cao nh Cu, Hg, Ag, Au... 2. Phng php nhit luyn - C s ca phng php: Kh nhng ion kim loi trong cc hp cht nhit cao bng cc cht kh mnh nh C, CO, H2hoc kim loi Al, kim loi kim, kim th. - ng dng: iu ch nhng kim loi c hot ng trung bnh nh Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb... - Ch : + Trng hp qung l sunfua kim loi nh Cu2S, ZnS, FeS2... th phi luyn sunfua kim loi thnh oxit kim loi. Sau kh oxit kim loi bng cht kh thch hp. + i vi nhng kim loi kh nng chy nhuwCr, ngi ta dng Al lm cht kh. + Vi nhng kim loi km hot ng nh Ag, Hg ch cn t chy qung cng thu c kim loi m khng cn phi kh bng cc tc nhn khc.

HgS + O2 3. Phng php in phn

Hg + SO2

- C s ca phng php: Dng dng in mt chiu kh cc ion kim loi. Bng phng php in phn, ngi ta c th iu ch c hu ht cc kim loi. - ng dng: + iu ch kim loi c tnh kh mnh nh Li, Na, K, Al... bng cch in phn nhng hp cht (mui, baz, oxit) nng chy ca chng. + iu ch kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Zn, Cu... bng cch in phn dung dch mui ca chng.