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CHNG I.

NG LC HC VT RN
1. To gc
L to xc nh v tr ca mt vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh bi gc (rad) hp gia mt phng ng gn vi vt v
mt phng c nh chn lm mc (hai mt phng ny u cha trc quay)
Lu : Ta ch xt vt quay theo mt chiu v chn chiu dng l chiu quay ca vt 0
2. Tc gc
L i lng c trng cho mc nhanh hay chm ca chuyn ng quay ca mt vt rn quanh mt trc
* Tc gc trung bnh: ( / )
tb
rad s
t

e
A
=
A

* Tc gc tc thi: '( )
d
t
dt

e = =
Lu : Lin h gia tc gc v tc di v = e.r
3. Gia tc gc
L i lng c trng cho s bin thin ca tc gc
* Gia tc gc trung bnh:
2
( / )
tb
rad s
t
e

A
=
A

* Gia tc gc tc thi:
2
2
'( ) ''( )
d d
t t
dt dt
e e
e = = = =
Lu : + Vt rn quay u th 0 const e = =
+ Vt rn quay nhanh dn u > 0
+ Vt rn quay chm dn u < 0
4. Phng trnh ng hc ca chuyn ng quay
* Vt rn quay u ( = 0): =
0
+ et
* Vt rn quay bin i u ( 0) e = e
0
+ t;
2
0
1
2
t t e = + + ;
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) e e =
5. Gia tc ca chuyn ng quay
* Gia tc php tuyn (gia tc hng tm)
n
a

: c trng cho s thay i v hng ca vn tc di v

(
n
a v

)
2
2
n
v
a r
r
e = =
* Gia tc tip tuyn
t
a

: c trng cho s thay i v ln ca v

(
t
a

v v

cng phng) '( ) '( )


t
dv
a v t r t r
dt
e = = = =
* Gia tc ton phn
n t
a a a = +



2 2
n t
a a a = +
Gc o hp gia a

v
n
a

:
2
tan
t
n
a
a

o
e
= =
Lu : Vt rn quay u th a
t
= 0 a

=
n
a


6. Phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh:
M
M I hay
I
= =
Trong : + M = Fd (Nm)l mmen lc i vi trc quay (d l tay n ca lc)
+
2
i i
i
I mr =

(kgm
2
)l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay
Mmen qun tnh I ca mt s vt rn ng cht khi lng m c trc quay l trc i xng
- Vt rn l thanh c chiu di l, tit din nh:
2
1
12
I ml = ( trc quay i qua khi tm)
- Vt rn l vnh trn hoc tr rng bn knh R: I = mR
2
- Vt rn l a trn mng hoc hnh tr c bn knh R:
2
1
2
I mR =
- Vt rn l khi cu c bn knh R:
2
2
5
I mR =
7. Mmen ng lng:L i lng ng hc c trng cho chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc L=Ie (kgm
2
/s)
Lu : Vi cht im th mmen ng lng L = mr
2
e = mvr (r l k/c t vt n trc quay)
Ti liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
1

8. Dng khc ca phng trnh ng lc hc ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
dL
M
dt
=
9. nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng
Trng hp M = 0 th L = const
Nu I = const = 0 vt rn khng quay hoc quay u quanh trc
Nu I thay i th I
1
e
1
= I
2
e
2

10. ng nng ca vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh
2

1
W ( )
2
I J e =
11. S tng t gia cc i lng gc v i lng di trong chuyn ng quay v chuyn ng thng

Chuyn ng quay
(trc quay c nh, chiu quay khng i)
Chuyn ng thng
(chiu chuyn ng khng i)
(rad) (m)
(rad/s) (m/s)
(Rad/s
2
) (m/s
2
)
(Nm) (N)
(Kgm
2)
(kg)
(kgm
2
/s) (kgm/s)
To gc
Tc gc e
Gia tc gc
Mmen lc M
Mmen qun tnh I
Mmen ng lng L = Ie
ng nng quay
2

1
W
2
Ie = (J)
To x
Tc v
Gia tc a
Lc F
Khi lng m
ng lng P = mv
ng nng
2

1
W
2
mv =
(J)
Chuyn ng quay u:
e = const; = 0; =
0
+ et
Chuyn ng quay bin i u:
= const
e = e
0
+ t
2
0
1
2
t t e = + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) e e =

Chuyn ng thng u:
v = cnt; a = 0; x = x
0
+ at
Chuyn ng thng bin i u:
a = const
v = v
0
+ at
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
2
1
2
at

2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v v a x x =
Phng trnh ng lc hc

M
I
=
Dng khc
dL
M
dt
=
nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng

1 1 2 2

i
I I hay L const e e = =


nh l v ng nng

2 2
1 2
1 1
W
2 2
I I A e e A = = (cng ca ngoi lc)
Phng trnh ng lc hc

F
a
m
=
Dng khc
dt
p d
F

=
nh lut bo ton ng lng
const v m p
i
i i
i
i
= =


.
nh l v ng nng
W

=
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
mv mv = A (cng ca ngoi lc)
Cng thc lin h gia i lng gc v i lng di: s = r; v =er; a
t
= r; a
n
= e
2
r
Lu : Cng nh v, a, F, P cc i lng e; ; M; L cng l cc i lng vct
CHNG II. DAO NG C HC
I. DAO NG IU HO
1. Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(et + )
2. Vn tc tc thi: v = -eAsin(et + )
v

lun cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v>0, theo chiu m th v<0)
3. Gia tc tc thi: a = -e
2
Acos(et + ) v a

lun hng v v tr cn bng


4. Vt VTCB: x = 0; ,v,
Max
= eA; ,a,
Min
= 0 Vt bin: x = A; ,v,
Min
= 0; ,a,
Max
= e
2
A
5. H thc c lp:
2 2 2
( )
v
A x
e
= + v a = -e
2
x
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
2

6. C nng:
2 2

1
W W W
2
t
m A e = + =
Vi
2 2 2 2 2

1 1
W sin ( ) Wsin ( )
2 2
mv m A t t e e e = = + = +
v
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
W ( ) W s ( )
2 2
t
m x m A cos t co t e e e e = = + = +

7. Dao ng iu ho c tn s gc l e, tn s f, chu k T. Th ng nng v th nng bin thin vi tn s gc 2e, tn s 2f,
chu k T/2
8. ng nng v th nng trung bnh trong thi gian nT/2 ( neN
*
, T l chu k dao ng)
l:
2 2
W 1
2 4
m A e =
9. Khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr c li x
1
n x
2


2 1
t

e e
A
A = =
vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A

v (
1 2
0 , t s s )
10. Chiu di qu o: 2A
11. Qung ng i trong 1 chu k lun l 4A; trong 1/2 chu k lun l 2A
Qung ng i trong l/4 chu k l A khi vt i t VTCB n v tr bin hoc ngc li
12. Qung ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
Xc nh:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Acos( ) Acos( )

sin( ) sin( )
x t x t
v
v A t v A t
e e
e e e e
= + = +

= + = +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Phn tch: t
2
t
1
= nT + At (n eN; 0 At < T)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian At l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2

Lu : + Nu At = T/2 th S
2
= 2A
+ Tnh S
2
bng cch nh v tr x
1
, x
2
v chiu chuyn ng ca vt trn trc Ox
+ Trong mt s trng hp c th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng
trn u s n gin hn.
+ Tc trung bnh ca vt i t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
tb
S
v
t t
=

vi S l qung ng tnh nh trn.


13. Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < At < T/2.
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian qung ng i
c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin.
S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
Gc qut A = eAt.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc sin (hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
M
S
A
=
Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc cos (hnh 2) 2 (1 os )
2
Min
S A c
A
=

Lu : + Trong trng hp At > T/2
Tch '
2
T
t n t A = + A
trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t e < A <
Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng lun l 2nA
Trong thi gian At th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
A
-A
x1 x2
M2
M1
M'1
M'2
O
A
A
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2
1
P
P
2
A
2
A
+ Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian At: ax
ax
M
tbM
S
v
t
=
A
v
Min
tbMin
S
v
t
=
A
vi S
Max
; S
Min
tnh nh trn.
13. Cc bc lp phng trnh dao ng dao ng iu ho:
* Tnh e
* Tnh A

* Tnh da vo iu kin u: lc t = t
0
(thng t
0
= 0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
x t
v A t
e

e e
= +

= +


Lu : + Vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, ngc li v < 0
+ Trc khi tnh cn xc nh r thuc gc phn t th my ca ng trn lng gic
(thng ly - < )
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
3

14. Cc bc gii bi ton tnh thi im vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W

, F) ln th n
* Gii phng trnh lng gic ly cc nghim ca t (Vi t > 0 phm vi gi tr ca k )
* Lit k n nghim u tin (thng n nh)
* Thi im th n chnh l gi tr ln th n
Lu :+ ra thng cho gi tr n nh, cn nu n ln th tm quy lut suy ra nghim th n
+ C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u
15. Cc bc gii bi ton tm s ln vt i qua v tr bit x (hoc v, a, W
t
, W

, F) t thi im t
1
n t
2
.
* Gii phng trnh lng gic c cc nghim
* T t
1
< t t
2
Phm vi gi tr ca (Vi k e Z)
* Tng s gi tr ca k chnh l s ln vt i qua v tr .
Lu : + C th gii bi ton bng cch s dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u.
+ Trong mi chu k (mi dao ng) vt qua mi v tr bin 1 ln cn cc v tr khc 2 ln.
16. Cc bc gii bi ton tm li , vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im t mt khong thi gian At.
Bit ti thi im t vt c li x = x
0
.
* T phng trnh dao ng iu ho: x = Acos(et + ) cho x = x
0

Ly nghim et + = o vi 0 o t s s ng vi x ang gim (vt chuyn ng theo chiu m v v < 0)
hoc et + = - o ng vi x ang tng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng)
* Li v vn tc dao ng sau (trc) thi im At giy l

x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t
e o
e e o
= A +

= A +

hoc
x Acos( )
Asin( )
t
v t
e o
e e o
= A

= A


17. Dao ng c phng trnh c bit:
* x = a Acos(et + ) vi a = const
Bin l A, tn s gc l e, pha ban u ; x l to , x
0
= Acos(et + ) l li .
To v tr cn bng x = a, to v tr bin x = a A
Vn tc v = x = x
0
, gia tc a = v = x = x
0

H thc c lp: a = -e
2
x
0

v
2 2 2
0
( )
v
A x
e
= +
* x = a Acos
2
(et + ) (ta h bc) khi Bin l A/2; tn s gc 2e, pha ban u 2.

II. CON LC L XO
1. Tn s gc:
k
m
e =
; chu k:
2
2
m
T
k
t
t
e
= =
; tn s:
1 1
2 2
k
f
T m
e
t t
= = =

iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v vt dao ng trong gii
hn n hi
2. C nng:
2 2 2
1 1
W
2 2
m A kA e = =
3. * bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:
mg
l
k
A = 2
l
T
g
t
A
=
* bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :

sin mg
l
k
o
A =

2
sin
l
T
g
t
o
A
=

+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ Al (l
0
l chiu di t nhin)
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht): l
Min
= l
0
+ Al A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht): l
Max
= l
0
+ Al + A
l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
+ Khi A >Al (Vi Ox hng xung):
Al

gin
O

x

A

-A

nn
Al

gin
O

x

A

-A

Hnh a (A<Al)
Hnh b (A > Al)
- Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -Al n x
2
= -A.
- Thi gian l xo gin 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i
t v tr x
1
= -Al n x
2
= A,
Lu : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k) l xo nn 2 ln
v gin 2 ln
x
A
-A
Al
Nn
0
Gin
Hnh v th hin thi gian l xo nn v
gin trong 1 chu k (Ox hng xung)
4. Lc ko v hay lc hi phc F = -kx = -me
2
x
c im: * L lc gy dao ng cho vt.
* Lun hng v VTCB
* Bin thin iu ho cng tn s vi li
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
4

5. Lc n hi l lc a vt v v tr l xo khng bin dng.
C ln F
h
= kx
*
(x
*
l bin dng ca l xo)
* Vi con lc l xo nm ngang th lc ko v v lc n hi l mt (v ti
VTCB l xo khng bin dng)
* Vi con lc l xo thng ng hoc t trn mt phng nghing
+ ln lc n hi c biu thc:
* F
h
= k,Al + x, vi chiu dng hng xung
* F
h
= k,Al - x, vi chiu dng hng ln
+ Lc n hi cc i (lc ko): F
Max
= k(Al + A) = F
Kmax
(lc vt v tr thp nht)
+ Lc n hi cc tiu:
* Nu A < Al F
Min
= k(Al - A) = F
KMin
* Nu A Al F
Min
= 0 (lc vt i qua v tr l xo khng bin dng)
Lc y (lc nn) n hi cc i: F
Nmax
= k(A - Al) (lc vt v tr cao nht)
6. Mt l xo c cng k, chiu di l c ct thnh cc l xo c cng k
1
, k
2
, v chiu di tng ng l l
1
, l
2
,
th c: kl = k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
=
7. Ghp l xo:
* Ni tip
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
= + + cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th: T
2
= T
1
2
+ T
2
2
+
* Song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ cng treo mt vt khi lng nh nhau th:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
T T T
= + +
8. Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m
1
c chu k T
1
, vo vt khi lng m
2
c T
2
, vo vt khi lng m
1
+m
2
c chu k
T
3
, vo vt khi lng m
1
m
2
(m
1
> m
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
9. o chu k bng phng php trng phng: xc nh chu k T ca mt con lc l xo (con lc n) ngi ta so snh vi
chu k T
0
( bit) ca mt con lc khc (T~T
0
).
Hai con lc gi l trng phng khi chng ng thi i qua mt v tr xc nh theo cng mt chiu.
Thi gian gia hai ln trng phng 0
0
TT
T T
u =


Nu T > T
0
u = (n+1)T = nT
0
.
Nu T < T
0
u = nT = (n+1)T
0
. vi n e N*

III. CON LC N
1. Tn s gc:
g
l
e =
; chu k:
2
2
l
T
g
t
t
e
= =
; tn s:
1 1
2 2
g
f
T l
e
t t
= = =

iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v o
0
<< 1 rad hay S
0
<< l
2. Lc hi phc
2
sin
s
F mg mg mg m s
l
o o e = = = =
Lu : + Vi con lc n lc hi phc t l thun vi khi lng.
+ Vi con lc l xo lc hi phc khng ph thuc vo khi lng.
3. Phng trnh dao ng:
s = S
0
cos(et + ) hoc =
0
cos(et + ) vi s = l, S
0
=
0
l
v = s = -eS
0
sin(et + ) = -el
0
sin(et + )
a = v = -e
2
S
0
cos(et + ) = -e
2
l
0
cos(et + ) = -e
2
s = -e
2
l
Lu : S
0
ng vai tr nh A cn s ng vai tr nh x
4. H thc c lp:
* a = -e
2
s = -e
2
l *
2 2 2
0
( )
v
S s
e
= +
*
2
2 2
0
v
gl
o o = +

5. C nng:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2
e o e o = = = =
mg
m S S mgl m l
l

6. Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
, con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
, con lc n chiu di l
1
+ l
2
c
chu k T
2
,con lc n chiu di l
1
- l
2
(l
1
>l
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
7. Khi con lc n dao ng vi o
0
bt k. C nng, vn tc v lc cng ca si dy con lc n
W = mgl(1-coso
0
); v
2
= 2gl(cos cos
0
) v T
C
= mg(3cos 2cos
0
)
Lu : - Cc cng thc ny p dng ng cho c khi o
0
c gi tr ln
- Khi con lc n dao ng iu ho (o
0
<< 1rad) th:
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
W= ; ( )
2
mgl v gl o o o =
( c trn) &
2 2
0
(1 1, 5 )
C
T mg o o = +
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
5

8. Khi con lc n chu thm tc dng ca lc ph khng i:
Lc ph khng i thng l:
* Lc qun tnh: F ma =

, ln F = ma ( F a |+

)
Lu : + Chuyn ng nhanh dn u a v ||

( v

c hng chuyn ng)


+ Chuyn ng chm dn u a v |+


* Lc in trng: F qE =

, ln F = ,q,E (Nu q > 0 F E ||

; cn nu q < 0 F E |+

)
* Lc y csimt: F = DgV ( F

lung thng ng hng ln)


Trong : D l khi lng ring ca cht lng hay cht kh; g l gia tc ri t do.
V l th tch ca phn vt chm trong cht lng hay cht kh .
Khi : ' P P F = +

gi l trng lc hiu dng hay trong lc biu kin (c vai tr nh trng lc P

)
'
F
g g
m
= +


gi l gia tc trng trng hiu dng hay gia tc trng trng biu kin.
Chu k dao ng ca con lc n khi :
' 2
'
l
T
g
t =

Cc trng hp c bit:
* F

c phng ngang: + Ti VTCB dy treo lch vi phng thng ng mt gc c:


tan
F
P
o =
2 2
' ( )
F
g g
m
= +

* F

c phng thng ng th
'
F
g g
m
=

IV. CON LC VT L
1. Tn s gc:
mgd
I
e =
; chu k:
2
I
T
mgd
t =
; tn s
1
2
mgd
f
I t
=

Trong : m (kg) l khi lng vt rn
d (m) l khong cch t trng tm n trc quay
I (kgm
2
) l mmen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay
2. Phng trnh dao ng =
0
cos(et + )
iu kin dao ng iu ho: B qua ma st, lc cn v o
0
<< 1 rad

V. TNG HP DAO NG
Tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
) c mt dao ng iu
ho cng phng cng tn s x = Acos(et + ).
Trong :
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
2 os( ) A A A A A c = + +
v
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c


+
=
+
vi
1

2
(nu
1

2
)
-
Nu A = 2k (x
1
, x
2
cng pha) A
Max
= A
1
+ A
2
* Nu A = (2k+1) (x
1
, x
2
ngc pha) A
Min
= ,A
1
- A
2
,
,A
1
- A
2
, A A
1
+ A
2
2. Khi bit mt dao ng thnh phn x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v dao ng tng hp x = Acos(et + ) th dao ng thnh phn cn
li l x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
).
Trong :
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
2 os( ) A A A AAc = + v 1 1
2
1 1
sin sin
tan
os os
A A
Ac Ac

vi
1

2
( nu
1

2
)
3. Nu mt vt tham gia ng thi nhiu dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x
1
=A
1
cos(et+
1
); x
2
=A
2
cos(et+
2
) th
dao ng tng hp cng l dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s x = Acos(et + ).
Chiu ln trc Ox v trc Oy Ox .
Ta c:
1 1 2 2
os os os ...
x
A Ac Ac A c = = + +
1 1 2 2
sin sin sin ...
y
A A A A = = + +


2 2
x y
A A A = + v
tan
y
x
A
A
=
vi e[
Min
;
Max
]
Lu : Ngoi ra c th tng hp hai dao ng iu ha bng my tnh FX 570 MS v FX 570 ES
V d: vit phng trnh tng hp ca hai dao ng iu ha thc hin trn cng 1 vt sau:
)
4

t 5cos(10 x
1
= t
cm;
)
4
3
t 5cos(10 x
2
= t
cm. Nu cc bn gii bng cc phng php khc th kt qu s c l:
)
2

t cos(10 2 5 x = t
cm
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
6

Nu dng my tnh FX 570 MS th bn thc hin nh sau:

Ch : - Bt k bi ton v tng hp 2, 3 hay nhiu dao ng iu ha no ta cng c th gii c bng ph
ng php ny. V
d trn y ch l ly ngu nhin v ti ly v d c bit mc ch cc bn gii bng cc phng php thng thng d
nhm ra kt qu.
- Ngay t trc khi bt tay vo gii cc bn c th chuyn h ca my sang radian. Khi cc bn nhp pha ban u
di dng c s ca t.
- Phng php ny cc bn c th m rng cho mt s bi ton v in xoay chiu.
V d: cho mch in gm R, L, C mc ni tip. Bit t cos100 2 220 u
AB
t = ; )
2
t 220cos100( u
MB
t
t + = tnh u
AM
=?
Nu dng my tnh FX 570 ES th bn thc hin thm nh sau:
- Thc hin nh i vi my FX 570 MS nhp cc gi tr bin v pha ban u ca cc dao ng. Kt thc bi du =
- Bm tun t cc phm sau: Shift 2 3 =
Ta thu c cc kt qu ca A v

VI. DAO NG TT DN DAO NG CNG BC - CNG
HNG
1. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin A, h s ma st .
* Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l:
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g
e

= =

* gim bin sau mi chu k l:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

e
A = =

* S dao ng thc hin c:
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g
e

= = =
A

* Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li:

.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g
te

A = = =
(Nu coi dao ng tt dn c tnh tun hon vi chu k
2
T
t
e
= )
3. Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi: f = f
0
hay e = e
0
hay T = T
0

Vi f, e, T v f
0
, e
0
, T
0
l tn s, tn s gc, chu k ca lc cng bc v ca h dao ng.
T
AA
x
t
O
CHNG III. SNG C HC
I. SNG C HC
1. Bc sng: = vT = v/f
Trong : : Bc sng; T (s): Chu k ca sng; f (Hz): Tn s ca sng
v: Vn tc truyn sng (c n v tng ng vi n v ca )
2. Phng trnh sng
Ti im O: u
O
= acos(et + )
Ti im M cch O mt on d trn phng truyn sng.
* Sng truyn theo chiu dng ca trc Ox th u
M
= a
M
cos(et + -
d
v
e ) = a
M
cos(et + - 2
d
t

)
* Sng truyn theo chiu m ca trc Ox th u
M
= a
M
cos(et + +
d
v
e ) = a
M
cos(et + + 2
d
t

)
3. lch pha gia hai im cch ngun mt khong d
1
, d
2

1 2 1 2
2
d d d d
v
e t


A = =
Nu 2 im nm trn mt phng truyn sng v cch nhau mt khong d th: 2
d d
v
e t

A = =
Lu : n v ca d, d
1
, d
2
, v v phi tng ng vi nhau
4. Trong hin tng truyn sng trn si dy, dy c kch thch dao ng bi nam chm in vi tn s dng in l f th tn
s dao ng ca dy l 2f.
O
x
M
d
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
7

II. GIAO THOA SNG
Giao thoa ca hai sng pht ra t hai ngun sng kt hp cch nhau mt khong l:
Xt im M cch hai ngun ln lt d
1
, d
2

Gi | | x l s nguyn ln nht nh hn x (v d: | | 5 35 . 5 = )
1. Hai ngun dao ng cng pha:
Bin dao ng ca im M: A
M
= 2a
M
,cos(
1 2
d d
t

),
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= k (keZ)
S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< < hoc N
C =
1 2 +
(

l

* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2

(keZ)
S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< < hoc N
CT =
(

+
2
1
2

l

2. Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha:
Bin dao ng ca im M: A
M
= 2a
M
,cos(
1 2
2
d d t
t

+ ),
* im dao ng cc i: d
1
d
2
= (2k+1)
2

(keZ)
S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
2 2
l l
k

< < hoc N
C
=
(

+
2
1
2

l

* im dao ng cc tiu (khng dao ng): d
1
d
2
= k (keZ)
S im hoc s ng (khng tnh hai ngun):
l l
k

< < hoc N
C =
1 2 +
(

l

3. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:
Bin dao ng ca im M: A
M
= 2a
M
,cos(
1 2
4
d d t
t

+ ),
S im (ng) dao ng cc i bng s im (ng) dao ng cc tiu (khng tnh hai ngun):
1 1
4 4
l l
k

< <
Ch : Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v khng dao ng gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln lt l d
1M
, d
2M
,
d
1N
, d
2N
. t Ad
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; Ad
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s Ad
M
< Ad
N
.
+ Hai ngun dao ng cng pha: Cc i: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N
& Cc tiu: Ad
M
< (k+0,5) < Ad
N

+ Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha: Cc i:Ad
M
< (k+0,5) < Ad
N
& Cc tiu: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N

S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
III. SNG DNG
1. * Gii hn c nh Nt sng
* Gii hn t do Bng sng
* Ngun pht sng c coi gn ng l nt sng
* B rng bng sng 4a (vi a l bin dao ng ca ngun)
2. iu kin c sng dng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong l:
* Hai im u l nt sng:
*
( )
2
l k k N

= e
S bng sng = s b sng = k
S nt sng = k + 1
* Hai im u l bng sng:
*
( )
2
l k k N

= e
S b sng nguyn = k 1
S bng sng = k + 1
S nt sng = k
* Mt im l nt sng cn mt im l bng sng:
(2 1) ( )
4
l k k N

= + e

S b sng nguyn = k
S bng sng = s nt sng = k + 1
3. Trong hin tng sng dng xy ra trn si dy AB vi u A l nt sng
Bin dao ng ca im M cch A mt on d l: 2 sin(2 )
M
d
A a t

= vi a l bin dao ng ca ngun.


Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
8

IV. SNG M

1. Sng m, phn loi, cc c trng: cao, to v m sc.
2. Cng m:
S
P
t S
W
I = =
.

Vi W (J), P (W) l nng lng, cng sut pht m ca ngun
S (m
2
) l din tch mt vung gc vi phng truyn m (vi sng cu th S l din tch mt cu S=4R
2
)

3. Mc cng m

0
( ) lg
I
L B
I
= Hoc
0
( ) 10.lg
I
L dB
I
= (cng thc thng dng)
Vi I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
f = 1000Hz: cng m chun.

4. Hiu ng Dopple
Hiu ng Doppler l s thay i tn s sng (m my thu ghi nhn c) khi c s chuyn ng tng i gia my
thu v ngun pht.
Cc h thc gia tn s my thu thu c v tn s do ngun pht ra:

f
v
v v
f
M
+
= ' : nu my thu chuyn ng vi tc v
M
li gn ngun pht ng yn.
f
v
v v
f
M

= ' ' : nu my thu chuyn ng vi tc v


M
ra xa ngun pht ng yn.
f
v v
v
f
S

= ' : nu ngun pht chuyn ng vi tc v


S
li gn my thu ng yn.
f
v v
v
f
S
+
= ' ' : nu ngun pht chuyn ng vi tc v
S
ra xa my thu ng yn.
Lu : f
v v
v v
f
S
M

= ' : nu my thu chuyn ng vi tc v


M
, ngun pht chuyn ng vi tc v
S
CHNG IV. DAO NG V SNG IN T
1. Dao ng in t
* in tch tc thi q = Q
0
cos(et + )
* Dng in tc thi i = q = -eQ
0
sin(et + ) = I
0
sin(et + )
* in p tc thi ) cos( ) cos(
0
0
e e + = + = = t U t
C
Q
C
q
u
Trong :
1
LC
e = l tn s gc ring, 2 T LC t = l chu k ring,
1
2
f
LC t
= l tn s ring

0
0 0
Q
I Q
LC
e = = v
0 0
0 0
Q I L
U I
C C C e
= = =
* Nng lng in trng ) ( cos
2 2 2
1
2
1
2
2
0
2
2
e + = = = = t
C
Q
C
q
qu Cu W
C

* Nng lng t trng ) ( sin
2 2
1
2
2
0 2
e + = = t
C
Q
Li W
L

* Nng lng in t W = W
C
+W
L
=
2
2
0
2
1
2
o
LI
C
Q
=
Ch : Mch dao ng c tn s gc e, tn s f v chu k T th nng lng in trng bin thin vi tn s gc 2e, tn s 2f
v chu k T/2
2. Sng in t
Tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
-8
m/s
My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s sng in t pht hoc thu bng tn s ring ca
mch.
Bc sng ca sng in t 2
v
v LC
f
t = =
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
9

Lu : Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
Min
L
Max
v C bin i t C
Min
C
Max
th bc sng ca sng in t pht (hoc
thu)
Min
tng ng vi L
Min
v C
Min


Max
tng ng vi L
Max
v C
Max

Lu :
1. Bc sng thay i do ghp t: T C
1
ghp song song vi t C
2

2
=
2
2
2
1
+
T C
1
ghp ni tip vi t C
2

2
2
2
1
2
1 1 1

+ =
2. iu kin thu c sng in t l xy ra hin tng cng hng f
T
= f
P


3. Nng lng mch b xung bng nng lng hao ph do ta nhit in tr R l W = I
2
.R.t

4. Trong mt chu k c 4 thi im W
C
= W
L
; cc thi im ny cc u nhau mt khong thi gian bng T/4.




















CHNG V. IN XOAY CHIU

1. Biu thc in p tc thi v dng in tc thi: u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) v i = I
0
cos(et +
i
)
Vi =
u

i
l lch pha ca u so vi i, c
2 2
t t
s s

2. Dng in xoay chiu i = I
0
cos(2tft +
i
)
* Mi giy i chiu 2f ln
* Nu pha ban u
i
= 0 hoc
i
= t th ch giy u tin i chiu 2f-1 ln.
3. Cng thc tnh khong thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t hiu in th u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch sng ln khi u U
1
.

4
t

e
A
A = Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U
A = , (0 < A < t/2)
4. Dng in xoay chiu trong on mch R,L,C
* on mch ch c in tr thun R: u
R
cng pha vi i, ( =
u

i
= 0)
U
I
R
= v
0
0
U
I
R
=
Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c
U
I
R
=
* on mch ch c cun thun cm L: u
L
nhanh pha t/2 so vi i , ( =
u

i
= t/2)

L
U
I
Z
= v
0
0
L
U
I
Z
= vi Z
L
= eL l cm khng
Lu : Cun thun cm L cho dng in khng i i qua hon ton (khng cn tr).
* on mch ch c t in C: u
C
chm pha t/2 so vi i , ( =
u

i
= -t/2)

C
U
I
Z
= v
0
0
C
U
I
Z
= vi
1
C
Z
C e
= l dung khng
Lu : T in C khng cho dng in khng i i qua (cn tr hon ton).
* on mch RLC khng phn nhnh
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
L C R L C R L C
Z R Z Z U U U U U U U U = + = + = +
; sin ; os
L C L C
Z Z Z Z R
tg c
R Z Z


= = = vi
2 2
t t
s s
+ Khi Z
L
> Z
C
hay
1
LC
e > > 0 th u nhanh pha so vi i
+ Khi Z
L
< Z
C
hay
1
LC
e < < 0 th u chm pha so vi i
+ Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay
1
LC
e = = 0 th u cng pha vi i.
Lc
Max
U
I = gi l hin tng cng hng dng in
R
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
10

5. Cng sut to nhit trn on mch RLC: P = UIcos = I
2
R.
6. Hiu in th u = U
1
+ U
0
cos(et + ) c coi gm mt hiu in th khng i U
1
v mt hiu in th xoay chiu u =
U
0
cos(et + ) ng thi t vo on mch.
7. Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c P cp cc, rto quay vi vn tc n vng/pht pht ra:
60
pn
f Hz =

T thng gi qua khung dy ca my pht in u = NBScos(et +) = u
0
cos(et + )
Vi u
0
= NBS l t thng cc i, N l s vng dy, B l cm ng t ca t trng, S l din tch ca vng dy, e = 2tf
Sut in ng trong khung dy: e = eNSBsin(et + ) = E
0
sin(et + )
Vi E
0
= eNSB l sut in ng cc i.
8. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha : ) cos(
0 1
t I i e = ; )
3
2
cos(
0 2
t
e = t I i & )
3
2
cos(
0 3
t
e + = t I i
My pht mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
My pht mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p

Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: I
d
= I
p

Ti tiu th mc hnh tam gic: I
d
= 3 I
p

Lu : my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi nhau.
9. Cng thc my bin th:
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
U E I N
U E I N
= = =
10. Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2 2
os
P
P R
U c
A =

Thng xt: cos = 1 khi
2
2
P
P R
U
A =
Trong : P l cng sut cn truyn ti ti ni tiu th;U l in p ni cung cp; cos l h s cng sut ca dy ti in
l
R
S
=
l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (lu : dn in bng 2 dy)
gim th trn ng dy ti in: AU = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100%
P P
H
P
A
=
11. on mch RLC c R thay i:
* Khi R 0 th I I
max

* Khi R th U
R
U
Rmax


*

Khi R = Z
L
- Z
C
th P P
max
=
C L
Z Z
U
2
2

* Nu cun dy c in tr thun r th: P
Rmax
R =
2 2
) (
C L
Z Z r + v P
max
R = Z
L
-Z
C
-r

12. on mch RLC c L thay i:
* Khi
2
1
L
C e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau

* Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+
=
* Vi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr th U
Lmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
= + =
+

* Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
11

13. on mch RLC c C thay i:
* Khi
2
1
C
L e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+
=
th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+
=
* Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr th U
Cmax
khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
= + =

* Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
14. Mch RLC c e thay i:
* Khi
1
LC
e =
th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
* Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C
e =

th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C
=


* Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
e =
th
) 1 ( 4
. . 2
2 2
max
CR LCR
L U
U
C

=

* Vi e=e
1
hoc e=e
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr th I
max
hoc P
max
hoc U
Rmax
khi
1 2
e ee =
hay
1 2
f f f =
15. Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau A
Vi
1 1
1
1
L C
Z Z
tg
R


=
v 2 2
2
2
L C
Z Z
tg
R


=
(gi s
1
>
2
) C
1

2
= A
1 2
1 2
1
tg tg
tg
tg tg


= A
+

Trng hp c bit A = t/2 (vung pha nhau) th tg
1
tg
2
= -1.
CHNG VI. SNG NH SNG
1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng.
* /n: L hin tng nh sng b tch thnh nhiu mu khc nhau khi i qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut.
* nh sng n sc l nh sng khng b tn sc
nh sng n sc c tn s xc nh, ch c mt mu.
Bc sng ca nh sng n sc
f
v
=
, truyn trong chn khng
f
c
=
0
.
* Chit sut ca mi trng trong sut ph thuc vo mu sc nh sng. i vi nh sng mu l nh nht, mu tm l ln nht.
* nh sng trng l tp hp ca v s nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc t n tm.
Bc sng ca nh sng trng: 0,40 m s s 0,76 m.
2. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng (ch xt giao thoa nh sng trong th nghim Ing).
* /n: L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp trong khng gian trong xut hin nhng vch sng v nhng vch
ti xen k nhau.
Cc vch sng (vn sng) v cc vch ti (vn ti) gi l vn giao thoa.
* Hiu ng i ca nh sng (hiu quang trnh) d = d
2
-d
1
=
D
ax

Trong : a = S
1
S
2
l khong cch gia hai khe sng
D = OI l khong cch t hai khe sng S
1
, S
2
n mn quan st S
1
M = d
1
; S
2
M = d
2

x = OM l (to ) khong cch t vn trung tm n im M ta xt
* V tr (to ) vn sng: Ad = k x = k
a
D
vi kZ
k = 0: Vn sng trung tm; k = 1: Vn sng bc (th) 1; k = 2: Vn sng bc (th) 2
* V tr (to ) vn ti: Ad = (k + 0,5) x= (k+0,5)
a
D
vi kZ
k = 0, k = -1: Vn ti th (bc) nht; k = 1, k = -2: Vn ti th (bc) hai; k = 2, k = -3: Vn ti th (bc) ba
* Khong vn i: L khong cch gia hai vn sng hoc hai vn ti lin tip: i=
a
D

S
1
D
S
2
d
1
d
2
I
O
x
M
a
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* Nu th nghim c tin hnh trong mi trng trong sut c chit sut n th bc sng v khong vn:
n
=
n

v i
n
=
n
i
a
D
n
=


* Khi ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
th h vn di chuyn ngc chiu v khong vn i vn khng i.
di ca h vn l:
0
1
D
x d
D
=

Trong :D l khong cch t 2 khe ti mn; D
1
l khong cch t ngun sng ti 2 khe; d l dch chuyn ca ngun sng
* Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t khe S
1
(hoc S
2
) c t mt bn mng dy e, chit sut n th h vn s dch chuyn v pha
S
1
(hoc S
2
) mt on:
0
( 1) n eD
x
a
-
=

* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti trong vng giao thoa (trng giao thoa) c b rng L (i xng qua vn trung tm)
+ S vn sng (l s l): N
S
= 2
(

i
L
2
+1
+ S vn ti (l s chn): N
t
= 2
(

+ 5 , 0
2i
L

Trong [x] l phn nguyn ca x. V d: [6] = 6; [5,05] = 5; [7,99] = 7
* Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c to x
1
, x
2
(gi s x
1
< x
2
)
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2

+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2

S gi tr k e Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
Lu : M v N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du v M v N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
* Xc nh khong vn i trong khong c b rng L. Bit trong khong L c n vn sng.
+ Nu 2 u l hai vn sng th:
1
L
i
n
=
-

+ Nu 2 u l hai vn ti th:
L
i
n
=
+ Nu mt u l vn sng cn mt u l vn ti th:
0, 5
L
i
n
=
-

* S trng nhau ca cc bc x
1
,
2
... (khong vn tng ng l i
1
, i
2
...)
+ Trng nhau ca vn sng: x
s
= k
1
i
1
= k
2
i
2
= ... k
1

1
= k
2

2
= ...
+ Trng nhau ca vn ti: x
t
= (k
1
+ 0,5)i
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)i
2
= ... (k
1
+ 0,5)
1
= (k
2
+ 0,5)
2
= ...
Lu : V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca cc bc x.
* Trong hin tng giao thoa nh sng trng (0,4 m s s 0,76 m)
- B rng quang ph bc k: x = k
a
D
(

-
t
)vi

v
t
l bc sng nh sng v tm
- Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x)
+ Vn sng: x = k
a
D
vi kZ Vi 0,4 m s s 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
+ Vn ti: x= (k+0,5)
a
D
vi kZ Vi 0,4 m s s 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
- Khong cch di nht v ngn nht gia vn sng v vn ti cng bc k:

[k ( 0, 5) ]
Min t
D
x k
a
A =


ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
A = + Khi vn sng v vn ti nm khc pha i vi vn trung tm.

ax
[k ( 0, 5) ]
M t
D
x k
a
A =
Khi vn sng v vn ti nm cng pha i vi vn trung tm.
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3. My quang ph. Cc loi quang ph.
a. Quang ph lin tc
- Khi nim: QP gm nhiu di mu t n tm ni lin nhau mt cch lien tc c gi l QPLT.
- iu kin: Cc cht Rn, lng v kh p sut ln khi b nung nng pht ra QPLT.
- c im: Khng ph thuc vo bn cht vt m ch ph thuc nhit ca vt. Khi nhit tng dn, QP m rng n vng c
bc song ngn.
b. QPVPX
- Khi nim: Gm cc vch mu ring r, ngn cch nhau bi cc khong ti.
- iu kin: Cc cht kh hay hi p sut thp khi b kch thch.
- c im: Mi nguyn t ha hc khi b kch thch pht ra cc bc x c bc song xc nh v cho mt QPVPX ring.
c. QPVHT
- Khi nim: QPLT thiu mt s vch mu do b cht kh hay hi kim loi hp th gi l QPVHT ca kh hay hi .
- iu kin: Nhit ca m kh hay hi hp th phi nh hn nhit ca ngun pht QPLT.
d. S o vch quang ph.
e. Phn tch quang ph.
4. Tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi.
a. Tia hng ngoi.
- Khi nim: Bc x khng nhn thy c bc song di hn 0,76 m.
- iu kin: Mi vt c nhit (d thp).
- Tnh cht: +, Tc dng nhit
+, Gy phn ng quang ha, tc dng ln phim nh
+, Bin iu song in t cao tn.
+, Gy hin tng quang in trong mt s cht bn dn.
a. Tia t ngoi.
- Khi nim: Bc x khng nhn thy c bc sng ngn hn 0,38 m n 10
-9
m.
- iu kin: Mi vt c nhit trn 2000
0
C.
- Tnh cht: +, Tc dng ln phim nh, lm ion ha mt s chy kh.
+, Kch thch s pht quang ca nhiu cht, c th gy mt s phn ng quang ha v phn ng ho hc.
+, B thy tinh, nc hp th mnh. Tia t ngoi c bc sng t 0,18 m n 0,4 m truyn qua c thch anh.
+, Hy dit t bo, lm rm da, hi mt, dit khun, dit nm mc.
+, C th gy hin tng quang in.
5. Tia X. Thuyt in t v nh song. Thang sng in t.
a. Tia X
- Khi nim: Bc x bc sng t 10
-8
m n 10
-11
m.
- iu kin: Chm tia Catt c ng nn ln p vo ming kim loi c nguyn t lng ln (Pt hay W).
- Tnh cht: +, Kh nng m xuyn.
+, Tc dng mnh ln knh nh, lm ion ha khng kh.
+, Pht quang nhiu cht, c th gy ra hin tng quang in. Hy dit t bo, dit vi khun.
b. Thuyt in t v nh sng. H thc
c c = = n
v
c

c. Thang sng in t
Min ST Bc sng (m) Tn s (Hz)
Sng v tuyn in 3.10
4
- 10
-4
10
4
3.10
12

Tia hng ngoi 10
-3
7,6.10
-7
3.10
11
4.10
14

nh sng nhn thy 7,6.10
-7
- 3,8.10
-7
4.10
14
- 8.10
14

Tia t ngoi 3,8.10
-7
10
-9
8.10
14
- 3.10
17

Tia X 10
-8
10
-11
3.10
16
- 3.10
19

Tia Gamma < 10
-11
>3.10
19

CHNG VII. LNG T NH SNG
1. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn) = h.f =

c h.

2. Tia Rnghen (tia X)
min
=

E
c h.

Trong
2 2
0

2 2
mv mv
E e U = = +
l ng nng ca electron khi p vo i catt (i m cc)
U l hiu in th gia ant v catt; v l vn tc electron khi p vo i catt
v
0
l vn tc ca electron khi ri catt (thng v
0
= 0) m = 9,1.10
-31
kg l khi lng electron
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14

3. Hin tng quang in
*Cng thc Anhxtanh: = h.f =
2
. .
2
max 0
v m
A
c h
+ =


vi A =
0
.

c h
l cng thot ca kim loi dng lm catt;
0
l gii hn quang in ca kim loi dng lm catt;
v
0max
l vn tc ban u ca electron quang in khi thot khi catt ; f, l tn s, bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
* dng quang in trit tiu th U
AK
s U
h
(U
h
< 0), U
h
gi l hiu in th hm
2
0 ax
2
M
h
mv
eU =

Lu : Trong mt s bi ton ngi ta ly U
h
> 0 th l ln.
* Xt vt c lp v in, c in th cc i V
Max
v khong cch cc i d
Max
m electron chuyn ng trong in trng cn c
cng E c tnh theo cng thc:
max max d
W V e =
* Vi U l hiu in th gia ant v catt, v
A
l vn tc cc i ca electron khi p vo ant, v
K
= v
0Max
l vn tc ban u cc i
ca electron khi ri catt th: 2 2
1 1
2 2
A K
e U mv mv = -

* Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut quang in) H = n / N
Vi n v n
0
l s electron quang in bt khi catt v s phtn p vo catt trong cng mt khong thi gian t.
Cng sut ca ngun bc x: P =

c c h N
t
f N
t
N . . .
= =
; Cng dng quang in bo ho:
bh
n e q
I
t t
= =
* Bn knh qu o ca electron khi chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong t trng u B R =
o sin
.
B e
v m

Xt electron va ri khi catt th v = v
0Max

Lu : Hin tng quang in xy ra khi c chiu ng thi nhiu bc x th khi tnh cc i lng: Vn tc ban u cc i
v
0Max
, hiu in th hm U
h
, in th cc i V
Max
, u c tnh ng vi bc x c
Min
(hoc f
Max
)
4. Tin Bohr - Quang ph nguyn t Hir
* Tin Bohr = h.f
nm
=
nm
c h

.

* Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: r
n
= n
2
r
0

Vi r
0
=5,3.10
-11
m l bn knh Bo ( qu o K)
* Nng lng electron trong nguyn t hir:
2
13, 6
( )
n
E eV
n
= -

* S mc nng lng
- Dy Laiman: Nm trong vng t ngoi
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K
Lu : Vch di nht
LK
khi e chuyn t L K
Vch ngn nht
K
khi e chuyn t K.
- Dy Banme: Mt phn nm trong vng t ngoi, mt phn nm trong
vng nh sng nhn thy
ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o L
Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H
o
ng vi e: M L; Vch lam H
|
ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H

ng vi e: O L; Vch tm H
o
ng vi e: P L
Lu : Vch di nht
ML
(Vch H
o
)
Vch ngn nht
L
khi e chuyn t L.
- Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi ng vi e chuyn t qu o
bn ngoi v qu o M
Lu : Vch di nht
NM
khi e chuyn t N M. Vch ngn nht
M
khi e chuyn t M.
Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

= +
v f
13
= f
12
+f
23

hf
nm Hf
nm
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
n
E
m
E
n
> E
m
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
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2. S co di: Khi mt thanh di lo chuyn ng vi vn tc v th di thanh b co li theo phng chuyn ng ca n.
Khng gian l tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu. l =
2
2
0
1
c
v
l (l < lo)
Trong lo: chiu di khi thanh ng yn; l: chiu di khi thanh chuyn ng

3. S chm li ca ng h chuyn ng: ng h gn vi quan st vin chuyn ng chy chm hn ng h gn vi quan st
vin ng yn. Thi gian l tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu:
2
2
0
1
c
v
t
t

A
= A (t > to)
t
o
: thi gian o trong HQC K chuyn ng; t: thi gian o trong HQC K ng yn;
4. Khi lng tng i tnh: Khi lng l tng i, ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Khi lng ca vt tng khi v tng.
2
2
0
1
c
v
m
m

= mo: khi lng ngh; m: khi lng ca vt ang chuyn ng


5. H thc gia nng lng v khi lng: E = mc
2
=
2
2
0
1
.
c
v
c m


Vy, khi vt c khi lng m th n c nng lng E, khi vt c nng lng E th n c khi lng m. Hai i lng
ny lun t l vi nhau theo h s t l c
2
. Khi nng lng thay i E th khi lng cng thay i m tng ng v ngc li:
E = mc
2


Ch :
- Theo thuyt tng i, i vi h kn, m
o
v E
o
tng ng khng nht thit c bo ton nhng NL ton phn W c bo
ton.
2 2
0
.
2
1
. v m c m W + =
- C hc c in l trng hp ring ca c hc tng i tnh khi tc chuyn ng ca vt rt nh so vi vn tc nh sng.

















CHNG VIII. S LC V THUYT TNG I HP

1. Thuyt tng i hp
a. Hn ch ca c hc c in
Khi xt chuyn ng ca cc vt c vn tc xp x vn tc nh sng th c hc Newton khng cn ng na.
Nm 1905 Einstein xy dng thuyt tng i hp.
b. Cc tin Einstein
Tin 1 (nguyn l tng i): Cc nh lut vt l (c hc, in t hc . . .) c cng mt dng nh nhau trong mi h quy
chiu qun tnh.
Tin 2 (nguyn l v s bt bin ca tc nh sng): tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng ln bng c trong mi h
quy chiu qun tnh, khng ph thuc vo phng truyn v vo tc ca ngun sng hay my thu. c = 299 792 458m/s
3.10
8
m/s (tc ln nht ca vt cht trong t nhin)
CHNG IX. VT L HT NHN
1. Hin tng phng x
* S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t N = N
0
.2
t/T
= N
0
.e
-t

* S ht nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con c to thnh v bng s ht (o hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c to thnh:
N = N
o
-N = N
0
(1- e
-t
)
* Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t m = m
0
.2
t/T
= m
0
.e
-t

Trong : N
0
, m
0
l s nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x ban u;
T l chu k bn r ; = ln2/T = 0,693/T l hng s phng x
v T khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi m ch ph thuc bn cht bn trong ca cht phng x.
* Khi lng cht b phng x sau thi gian t m = m
o
-m = m
0
(1- e
-t
)
* Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
t
o
e
m
m

=
A
1 ; Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
t
o
e
m
m

=
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2
p


1
p


* Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t
) 1 ( ) 1 (
.
0
1 1
1 1
t t
A
o
A
e m
M
M
e
N
N M
M
N
N
m

= =
A
=

Trong : A, A
1
l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh,
N
A
= 6,022.10
-23
mol
-1
l s Avgar.
Lu : Trng hp phng x |
+
, |
-
th A = A
1
m
1
= Am
* phng x H: L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s phn r
trong 1 giy. H = H
0
.2
t/T
= HN
0
.e
-t
= .N
H
0
= N
0
l phng x ban u. n v: Becren (Bq); 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy hay Curi (Ci); 1 Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Lu : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).

2. H thc Anhxtanh, ht khi, nng lng lin kt
* H thc Anhxtanh gia khi lng v nng lng
Vt c khi lng m th c nng lng ngh E = m.c
2
Vi c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
* ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X Am = m
0
m
Trong m
0
= Zm
p
+ Nm
n
= Zm
p
+ (A-Z)m
n
l khi lng cc nucln. m l khi lng ht nhn X.
* Nng lng lin kt AE = Am.c
2
= (m
0
-m)c
2

* Nng lng lin kt ring (l nng lng lin kt tnh cho 1 nucln):
A
E A

Lu : Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.

3. Phn ng ht nhn
* Phng trnh phn ng:
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2 1
1
1
X
A
Z
X
A
Z
X
A
Z
X
A
Z
+ +
Trong s cc ht ny c th l ht s cp nh nucln, eletrn, phtn ...
Trng hp c bit l s phng x: X
1
X
2
+ X
3

X
1
l ht nhn m, X
2
l ht nhn con, X
3
l ht o hoc |
* Cc nh lut bo ton
+ Bo ton s nucln (s khi): A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4

+ Bo ton in tch (nguyn t s): Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
+ Bo ton ng lng:
4 3 2 1
p p p p

+ = +
+ Bo ton nng lng: K
X1
+ K
X2
+ E = K
X3
+K
X4

Trong : AE l nng lng phn ng ht nhn 2
1
2
X x x
K m v =
l ng nng chuyn ng ca ht X
Lu : - Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng trong cc phn ng ht nhn.
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
V d:
2 1
p p p

+ = bit ) , (
2 1
p p

= hay cos . . . 2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
p p p p p + + =
hay cos . . . 2 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
v m v m v m v m mv + + =
hay cos . . . 2
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
K m K m K m K m mK + + =
Tng t khi bit ) , (
1 1
p p

= hoc ) , (
2 2
p p

=
Trng hp c bit: ) (
2 1
p p


2 2 2
1 2
p p p = +
Tng t khi ) (
1
p p

hoc ) (
2
p p


v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= =
Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
* Nng lng phn ng ht nhn AE = (M
0
- M)c
2

Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = + l tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

3 4
X X
M m m = + l tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M
0
> M th phn ng to nng lng AE di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
- Nu M
0
< M th phn ng thu nng lng ,AE, di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc phtn .
Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
17

* Trong phn ng ht nhn
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2 1
1
1
X
A
Z
X
A
Z
X
A
Z
X
A
Z
+ +
Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, c
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l AE
1
, AE
2
, AE
3
, AE
4

ht khi tng ng l Am
1
, Am
2
, Am
3
, Am
4

Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
AE = A
3
c
3
+A
4
c
4
- A
1
c
1
- A
2
c
2
= AE
3
+ AE
4
AE
1
AE
2
= (Am
3
+ Am
4
- Am
1
- Am
2
)c
2


* Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x
+ Phng x o (
4
2
He ): Y
A
Z
He X
A
Z
4
2
4
2

+
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v.

+ Phng x |
-
(
1
0
e
-
): Y
A
Z
e X
A
Z 1
0
1 +
+


So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x |
-
l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht electrn v mt ht ntrin:
n p + e
-
+
Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x |
-
l ht electrn (e
-
)
- Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khng khi lng (hoc rt nh) chuyn ng vi vn tc ca nh sng v hu
nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
+ Phng x |
+
(
1
0
e
+
): Y
A
Z
e X
A
Z 1
0
1
+
+

So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x |
+
l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht ntrin:
p n + e
+
+
Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x |
+
l ht pzitrn (e
+
)
+ Phng x (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
1
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
2
ng thi phng ra
mt phtn c nng lng = h.f =

c h.
= E
1
E
2

Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x o v |.
4. Cc hng s v n v thng s dng
* S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1

* n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
* n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931,5 MeV/c
2
* in tch nguyn t: ,e, = 1,6.10
-19
C
* Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,007276u
* Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,008665u
* Khi lng electrn: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,00055u







TM TT CHNG X. T VI M N V M

1. Ht s cp
- Ht s cp l nhng ht c kch thc v khi lng nh hn ht nhn nguyn t. c trng chnh ca cc ht s cp l:
+ Khi lng ngh m
0
, ht c nng lng ngh E
0
= m
0
c
2
.
+ S lng t in tch q ca ht s cp c th l +1, -1, 0 (tnh theo in tch nguyn t e).
+ S lng spin s l i lng c trng cho chuyn ng ni ti ca ht s cp.
+ Thi gian sng trung bnh. Ch c 4 ht s cp khng phn r thnh cc ht khc, l prtn, lectron, phtn, ntrin; cn
li l cc ht khng bn c thi gian sng rt ngn, c t 10
-24
s n
10
-6
s, tr ntron c thi gian sng l 932s.
+ Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp: ht v phn ht.
Phn ht c cng khi lng ngh, cng spin, in tch c cng ln nhng tri du.
- Cc ht s cp c phn thnh 4 loi: phtn, leptn, mzn v barion. Mzn v barion c gi chung l harn.
C 4 loi tng tc c bn i vi ht s cp l: tng tc hp dn, tng tc in t, tng tc yu, tng tc mnh.
- Tt c cc harn u c cu to t ht quac.
C 6 loi quac l u(up), d(down), s(strange), c(charm), b(bottom) v t(top). in tch cc ht quac l
3
e
,
2
3
e
.
Cc barion l t hp ca ba quac. VD: proton (u,u,d); ntron (u,d,d)
Quan nim hin nay v cc ht thc s l s cp gm cc quac, cc leptn v cc ht truyn tng tc l glun, phtn, W

, Z
0

v gravitn.
Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH GV: Nguyn Xun Tri - 0168.509 4388
18
2. H Mt Tri
- H Mt Tri gm Mt Tri trung tm h; 8 hnh tinh ln v cc v tinh ca n gm Thu tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ho tinh,
Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh v Hi Vng tinh. Cc hnh tinh ny chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri theo cng mt chiu
v gn nh trong cng mt phng. Mt Tri v cc hnh tinh cn t quay quanh mnh n.
Khi lng Mt Tri bng 1,99.10
30
kg, gp 333000 ln khi lng Tri t. Khong cch t Tri t n Mt Tri xp x 150
triu km, bng 1 n v thin vn.
- Mt Tri gm quang cu v kh quyn Mt Tri. Mt Tri lun bc x nng lng ra xung quanh. Hng s Mt Tri l H=
1360W/m
2
. Cng sut bc x nng lng ca Mt Tri l P = 3,9.10
26
W. Ngun nng lng ca Mt Tri chnh l cc phn ng
nhit hch. thi k hot ng ca Mt Tri, trn Mt Tri xut hin cc vt en, bng sng nhiu hn lc bnh thng.
- Tri t c dng phng cu c bn knh xch o bng 6378km, c khi lng l 5,98.10
24
kg. Mt Trng l v tinh ca Tri
t c bn knh 1738km v khi lng l 7,35.10
22
kg. Gia tc trng trng trn Mt Trng l 1,63m/s
2
.
Bng so snh cc hnh tinh trong h mt tri vi tri t

Thin th

K/c ti mt
tri (vtv)
Bn knh
(km)
Khi lng so
vi tri t
Khi lng
ring(10
3
kg/m
3
)
Chu k quay
quanh trc
Chu k quay
quanh Mt tri
S v tinh
bit
Thy tinh
Kim tinh
Tri t
Ha tinh
Mc tinh
Th tinh
Thin vng tinh
Hi vng tinh
0,39
0,72
1
1,52
5,2
9,54
19,19
30,07
2.440
6.056
6.375
3.395
71.490
60.270
25.760
25.270
0,055
0,81
1
0,11
318
95
15
17
5,4
5,3
5,5
3,9
1,3
0,7
1,2
1,7
59 ngy
243 ngy
23h56ph
24h37ph
9h50ph
14h14ph
17h14ph
16h11ph
87,9 ngy
224,7 ngy
365,2422 ngy
1,88 nm
11,86 nm
29,46 nm
84 nm
164,80 nm
0
0
1
2
63
34
27
13

3. Sao. Thin h
- Sao l mt khi kh nng sng ging nh Mt Tri nhng rt xa Tri t. a s sao trng thi n nh. Ngoi ra c mt s
sao c bit nh sao bin quang, sao mi, sao ntron. Khi nhin liu trong sao cn kit, sao tr thnh sao ln, sao ntron hoc l
en.
- Thin h l h thng gm nhiu loi sao v tinh vn.
Ba loi thin h chnh l thin h xon c, thin h elip, v thin h khng nh hnh.
Thin H ca chng ta l thin h xon c c ng knh khong 100 ngn nm nh sng, khi lng bng 150 t ln
khi lng Mt Tri, l h phng ging nh mt ci a, dy khong 330 nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao. H Mt Tri
nm ra Thin H, cch trung tm khong 30.000 nm nh sng v quay vi tc khong 250 km/s.

4. Thuyt Big Bang
Theo Thuyt Big Bang, v tr c to ra bi mt v n cc ln, mnh cch y khong 14 t nm, hin ang dn n v
long dn. Hai hin tng thin vn quan trng l v tr dn n v bc x nn v tr l minh chng ca thuyt Big Bang.


Tai liu Vt ly n thi: TN - CD - DH
19

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