in t c bn Nhp mn cho sa cha phn cng

07-06-2009 | lqv77 | 84 phn hi Nhiu bn mun hc ngh sa cha thit b phn cng nh b ngun ATX, monitor CRT, LCD, printer, mainboard, Laptop nhng li khng bit g v in t??? iu ny khi gii thch, v cc thit b phn cng suy cho cng n cng ch l thit b in t m mun sa th ta phi bt u bng in t c bn. Cc bi vit lit k di y phn c su tm t trang web http://hocnghe.com.vn mt s khc ti t bin soan li cho d hiu hn. Hy vng n s gip cho cc bn mi bc chn vo ngh c iu kin tip cn. Click vo cc link bn di xem tng bi.

1. Dng in 1 chiu DC. 2. in t trng. 3. Dng din xoay chiu AC. 4. S dng ng h do dng kim VOM. 5. S dng ng h o dng s Digital. 6. in tr. 7. T in. 8. Cun dy. 9. Diod. 10. Transistor. 11. Mosfet Transistor hiu ng trng (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) 12. Thyristor. 13. Mch khuych i.

14. Mch khuych i m thanh dng Transistor BJT i BJT. 15. Mch chnh lu v n p. 16. Mch dao ng.

C bn: Ngun mt chiu DC

14-02-2009 | lqv77 | 62 phn hi

1 Khi nim c bn v dng i in

1. Cu trc nguyn t : hiu v bn cht dng in ta bit rng ( kin thc PTTH ) tt c cc nguyn t u c cu to ln t n c cc nguyn t v mi nguyn t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn l - Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton v cc ht trung ho in gi l n n Neutron. - Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn. n - Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho v in ngha l s Proton ht nhn bng s electron ng n bn ngoi nhng khi c tc nhn bn ngoi nh p su nhit , ma st tnh in, tc ng ca t goi sut, ng trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi qu o tr thnh cc in t t do. n - Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng b thiu in t v tr thnh ion d t n dng v ngc li khi mt nguyn t nhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr thnh ion m. c 2 . Bn cht dng in v chiu dng in . n Khi cc in t tp trung vi mt cao chng to ln hiu ng tch in - Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nh in t , ion. ng - Chiu dng in c quy c i t d dng sang m ( ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t i ng t m sang dng ) 3. Tc dng ca dng in : Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau : n

Ta thy rng dng in to ra mt t tr o trng xung quanh lm lch hng ca nam chm, khi i ng chiu dng in th t trng cng i h i hng => lm nam chm lch theo hng ngc li. c

- Dng in chy qua bng n lm bng n pht sng v si m sing nhit nng - Dng in chy qua ng c lm quay ng c quay sinh ra c nng - Khi ta np c quy cc cc ca c quy b bin i v dng in c tc dng ho nng.. p Nh vy dng in c cc tc dng l tc dng v nhit , tc dng v c nng , tc dng v t tr n ng trng v tc dng v ho nng.

n 2 Dng in v in p mt chiu
1. Cng dng in : L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c trng cho s lng cc in t i qua tit n din ca vt dn trong mt n v thi gian K hiu l I - Dng in mt chiu l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng nht nh t dng sang m theo quy n ng c hay l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng ca cc in t t do. ng

n v ca cng dng in l Ampe v c cc bi s : n

Kilo Ampe = 1000 Ampe Mega Ampe = 1000.000 Ampe Mili Ampe = 1/1000 Ampe Micro Ampe = 1/1000.000 Ampe 2. in p : Khi mt cc in t tp trung khng u ti hai im A v B nu ta ni mt dy dn t A sang B s n m xut hin dng chuyn ng ca cc i tch t ni c mt cao sang ni c mt thp, nh vy in nh ngi ta gi hai im A v B c chnh lch v in p v p chnh lch chnh l hiu in th. m n - in p ti im A gi l UA - in p ti im B gi l UB. - Chnh lch in p gia hai im A v B gi l hiu in th UAB m UAB = UA UB - n v ca in p l Vol k hiu l U hoc E, n v in p c cc bi s l n

Kilo Vol ( KV) = 1000 Vol Mili Vol (mV) = 1/1000 Vol Micro Vol = 1/1000.000 Vol

in p c th v nh cao ca mt bnh nc, nu hai bnh nc c cao khc nhau th khi ni mt ng dn s c dng nc chy qua t bnh cao sang bnh thp hn, khi hai bnh nc c cao bng nhau th khng c dng nc chy qua ng dn. Dng in cng nh vy nu hai im c in p chn lch s sinh ra dng in chy qua dy dn ni vi hai im t in p cao sang in p thp v nu hai im c in p bng nhau th dng in trong dy dn s = 0

3 Cc nh lut c bn
1. nh lut m nh lut m l nh lut quan trng m ta cn phi nghi nh Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p hai u on mch v t l nghch vi in tr ca on mch . Cng thc : I = U / R trong

I l cng dng in , tnh bng Ampe (A) U l in p hai u on mch , tnh bng Vol (V) R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng m 2. nh lut m cho on mch on mch mc ni tip: Trong mt on mch c nhiu in tr mc ni tip th in p hai u on mch bng tng st p trn cc in tr .

Nh s trn th U = U1 + U2 + U3 Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2, U3 = I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th I1 = I2 = I3 St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr . on mch mc song song

Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng dng in chnh bng tng cc dng in i qua cc in tr v st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:

Mch trn c U1 = U2 = U3 = E I = I1 + I2 + I3 v U1 = I1 x R1 = I2 x R2 = I3 x R3 Cng dng in t l nghch vi in tr . 3. in nng v cng sut : * in nng. Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n sng, chy qua ng c => lm ng c quay nh vy dng in sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W, trong thc t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi) Cng thc tnh in nng l : W=UxIxt

Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J) U l in p tnh bng Vol (V) I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A) t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s) * Cng sut . Cng sut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng sut c tnh bi cng thc P = W / t = (U. I .t ) / t = U .I Theo nh lut m ta c P = U.I = U2 / R = R.I2

C bn: in t trng
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 7 phn hi

1 - Khi nim v t trng.

* Nam chm v t tnh . Trong t nhin c mt s cht c th ht c st gi l nam chm t nhin. Trong cng nghim ngi ta luyn thp hoc hp cht thp to thnh nam chm nhn to. Nam chm lun lun c hai cc l cc bc North (N) v cc nam South (S) , nu cht thanh nam chm ra lm 2 th ta li c hai nam chm mi cng c hai cc N v S l nam chm c tnh cht khng phn chia.. Nam chm thng c ng dng sn xut loa in ng, micro hoc m t DC. * T trng T trng l vng khng gian xung quanh nam chm c tnh cht truyn lc t ln cc vt liu c t tnh, t trng l tp hp ca cc ng sc i t Bc n cc nam.

* Cng t trng L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca t trng, k hiu l H n v l A/m * t cm L i lng c trng cho vt c t tnh chu tc ng ca t trng, t cm ph thuc vo vt liu . VD St c t cm mnh hn ng nhiu ln . t cm c tnh bi cng thc B = .H Trong B : l t cm : l t thm H : l cng t trng * T thng L s ng sc i qua mt n v din tch, t thng t l thut vi cng t trng.

* ng dng ca Nam chm vnh cu. Nam chm vnh cu c ng dng nhiu trong thit b in t, chng c dng sn xut Loa, Micro c v cc loi M t DC.

dn 2 T trng ca dng in i qua dy d thng.

Th nghim trn cho thy, khi cng tc bn ngoi ng, dng in i qua bng n lm bng n sng m ng thi dng in i qua dy dn sinh ra t tr n trng lm lch hng kim nam chm . Khi i chiu dng in, ta thy kim nam chm lch theo h n, hng ngc li , nh vy dng in i chiu y s to ra t trng cng i chiu. 2. T trng ca dng in i qua cun dy. cu

Khi ta cho dng in chy qua cun dy, trong lng cun dy xut hin t trng l cc ng sc song song, nu li cun dy c thay bng li thp th t trng tp trung trn li thp v li thp tr thnh mt chic nam chm in, nu ta i chiu dng in th t trng cng i hng

Dng in mt chiu c nh i qua cun dy s to ra t trng c nh, dng in bin i i qua cun dy s to ra t trng bin thin.

T trng bin thin c c im l s to ra in p cm ng trn cc cun dy t trong vng nh hng ca t trng , t trng c nh khng c c im trn.

ng dng: T trng do cun dy sinh ra c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t, mt ng dng m ta thng gp trong thit b in t l R le in t.

R le in t Khi cho dng in chy qua cun dy, li cun dy tr thnh mt nam chm in ht thanh st v cng n n tc oc ng li, tc dng ca r le l dng m dng in nh iu khin ng mch cho dng in mt ch ln gp nhiu ln. 3. Lc in t t trng, khi cho dng in chy qua th dy dn c mt lc y => n Nu c mt dy dn t trong mt t tr l lc in t, nu dy dn t do chng s chuyn ng trong t trng, nguyn l ny c ng ng, dng khi sn xut loa in ng.

Nguyn l ho ng ca Loa ( Speaker ) hot Cun dy c gn vi mng loa v t trong t tr ng mnh gia 2 cc ca nam chm , cc S l li , t trng cc N l phn xung quanh, khi cho dng in xoay chiu chy qua cun dy , di tc dng ca l in c i lc t cun dy s chuyn ng, tc ng chuyn ng ca cun dy ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in ng ng xoay chiu, cun dy chuyn ng c gng vo mng loa lm mng loa chuyn ng theo, nu chuyn c ng ng tn s > 20 Hz chng s to ra sng m tn tro di tn s tai ngi nghe c. ng trong 4. Cm ng in t . Cm ng in t l hin tng xut hin in p cm ng ca cun dy c t trong mt t tr ng t trng bin thin. V d : mt cun dy qun quanh mt li thp , khi cho dng in xoay chiu chay qua, trn li thp xut n hin mt t trng bin thin, nu ta qun mt cun dy khc ln cng li thp th hai u cun dy mi ng u s xut hin in p cm ng. Bn thn cun dy c dng in chy qua cng sinh ra in p cm ng v n n c chiu ngc vi chiu dng in i vo.

C bn: Dng in xoay chiu n

15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 10 phn hi

1 Khi nim v dng in xoay chiu

Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu v gi tr bin i theo thi gian, nhng thay i ny thng tun hon theo mt chu k nht nh.

trn l cc dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, xung vung v xung nhn. Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu. Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian m in xoay chiu lp li v tr c , chu k c tnh bng giy (s) Tn s in xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in xoay chiu trong mt giy k hiu l F n v l Hz F=1/T Pha ca dng in xoay chiu : Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2 dng in xoay chiu c cng tn s . * Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi im in p cng tng v cng gim nh nhau:

Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha * Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha : l hai dng in c cc thi im in p tng gim lch nhau .

Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha * Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha : l hai dng in lch pha 180 , khi dng in ny tng th dng in kia gim v ngc li.

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha Bin ca dng in xoay chiu Bin ca dng xoay chiu l gi tr in p nh ca dng in.xoay chiu, bin ny thng cao hn in p m ta o c t cc ng h Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu Thng l gi tr o c t cc ng h v cng l gi tr in p c ghi trn zc cm ngun ca cc thit b in t., V d ngun 220V AC m ta ang s dng chnh l ch gi tr hiu dng, thc t bin nh ca in p 220V AC khong 220V x 1,4 ln = khong 300V Cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu . Cng xut dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo cng , in p v lch pha gia hai i lng trn , cng xut c tnh bi cng thc : P = U.I.cos

Trong U : l in p I l dng in l gc lch pha gia U v I => Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I l = 0 khi cos = 1 v P = U.I

=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc t in th lch pha gia U v I l +90 hoc -90, khi cos = 0 v P = 0 ( cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua t in hoc cun dy l = 0 )

2 Dng in xoay chiu i qua R, C, L

1. Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr th dng in v in p cng pha vi nhau , ngha l khi in p tng cc i th dng in qua tr cng tng cc i. nh vy dng xoay chiu c tnh cht nh dng mt chiu khi i qua tr thun.do c th p dng cc cng thc ca dng mt chiu cho dng xoay chiu i qua in tr I = U / R hay R = U/I Cng thc nh lut ohm P = U.I Cng thc tnh cng xut 2 . Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in . Dng in xoay chiu i qua t in th dng in s sm pha hn in p 90

Dng xoay chiu c dng in sm pha hn in p 90 khi i qua t * Dng xoay chiu i qua t s b t cn li vi mt tr khng gi l Zc, v Zc c tnh bi cng thc Zc = 1/ ( 2 x 3,14 x F x C )

Trong Zc l dung khng ( n v l Ohm ) F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz) C l in dung ca t in ( n v l Fara) Cng thc trn cho thy dung khng ca t in t l nghch vi tn s dng xoay chiu (ngha l tn s cng cao cng i qua t d dng) v t l nghc vi in dung ca t ( ngha l t c in dung cng ln th dng xoay chiu i qua cng d dng) => Dng mt chiu l dng c tn s F = 0 do Zc = v vy dng mt chiu khng i qua c t. 3. Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy. Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy s to ra t trng bin thin v t trng bin thin ny li cm ng ln chnh cun dy mt in p cm ng c chiu ngc li , do cun dy c xu hng chng li dng in xoay chiu khi i qua n, s chng li ny chnh l cm khng ca cun dy k hiu l ZL ZL = 2 x 3,14 x F x L

Trong ZL l cm khng ( n v l Ohm)

L l h s t cm ca cun dy ( n v l Henry) L ph thuc vo s vng dy qun v cht liu li . F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz) T cng thc trn ta thy, cm khng ca cun dy t l thun vi tn s v h s t cm ca cun dy, tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh khn => tnh cht ny ca cun dy ngc vi t in. => Vi dng mt chiu th ZL ca cun dy = 0 ohm, d dng mt chiu i qua cun dy ch chu tc dng ca in tr thun R m thi ( tr thun ca cun dy l in tr o c bng ng h vn nng ), nu tr thun ca cun dy kh nh th dng mt chiu qua cun dy s b on mch. * Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy th dng in b chm pha so vi in p 90 ngha l in p tng nhanh hn dng in khi qua cun dy .

Dng xoay chiu c dng in chm pha hn in p 90 khi i qua cun dy =>> Do tnh cht lch pha gia dng in v in p khi i qua t in v cun dy, nn ta khng p dng c nh lut Ohm vo mch in xoay chiu khi c s tham gia ca L v C c. =>> V cng xut th dng xoay chiu khng sinh cng khi chng i qua L v C mc d c U > 0 v I >0. 4. Tng hp hai dng in xoay chiu trn cng mt mch in * Trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha th bin in p s bng tng hai in p thnh phn.

Hai dng in cng pha bin s tng. * Nu trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha th bin in p s bng hiu hai in p thnh phn.

Hai dng in ngc pha, bin gim

C bn: S dng ng h VOM

15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 44 phn hi

Hng dn o bng ng h (VOM) 1) Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM)

ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k thut vin in t no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng in. u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s phng np ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p.

2) Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn in p cn o mt n n nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in p cn o th n ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu chnh xc. * Ch ch : Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay chiu => Nu nhm n n ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !

 nhm thang o dng in, o vo ngun AC => s hng ng h

nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC => s hng cc in tr trong ng h

* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h khng bo , nhng ng h khng nh hng .

thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim tuy nhin ng h khng hng

3) Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng.

Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang DC, khi o ta t que vo cc dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc. V d nu o p DC 110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp hn in p cn o => kim bo kch kim, trng hp thang qu cao => kim bo thiu chnh xc.

Dng ng h vn n ng nng o in p mt chiu DC * Trng hp sai thang o : Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nh t nhng ta ng h thang xoay chiu th ng h s bo sai, ng thng thng gi tr bo sai cao gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng h cng khng b ng ng hng .

 sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr. * Trng hp nhm thang o Ch ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o in tr khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) , nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!

Trng hp nhm thang o dng in khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !

Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!

4) Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt nhiu th.

o kim tra gi tr ca in tr o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng o kim tra s phng np ca t in o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng. o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in o kim tra i t v bng bn dn. * s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn tiu 1,5V bn trong, x dng cc thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm ta phi lp Pin 9V. 4.1 o in tr :

o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng m o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc b n bc sau :

Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr nh th thang x1 ohm hoc x10 ohm, nu ng in tr ln th thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm. => sau chp hai que o v chnh trit o kim ng nh h bo v tr 0 ohm.

Bc 2 : Chun b o . Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang o , Gi tr o c = ch s thang n o X thang o V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l = 100 x 27 = 2700 ohm = 2,7 K ohm

Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht , nh vy c tr s s khng chnh xc. th c Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v c tr s cng khng chnh xc. p c Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo g v tr gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc cao gn nht. 4.2 Dng thang in tr o kim tra t in m

Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h hng ca t in , khi o t in , nu l t gm ta dng thang o x1K ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta dng thang x 1 ohm hoc x 10 ohm. c

Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm Php o t gm trn cho ta bit :

T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o T C2 b d => ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c ng tr T C3 b chp => kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v. ng

Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc chp m ch yu l b kh ( gim in m dung) khi o t ho bit chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn o so snh vi mt t mi c cng in i dung.

trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng i dung, trong t C1 l t mi cn C2 l t c, ta thy t in C2 c phng np yu hn t C1 => chng t t C2 b kh ( gim in dung )

Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln xem phng np. o

5 Hng dn o dng in b n bng ng h vn nng.

Cch 1 : Dng thang o dng o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip vi ti tiu th v ch l ch o c ng, ng dng in nh hn gi tr ca thang o cho php, ta th hin theo cc bc sau thc

Bc 1 : t ng h vo thang o dng cao nh . ng nht Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que v chiu dng, que en v chiu m . ng Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o Nu kim ln kch kim th tng thang o, n thang o thang cao nht th ng h khng o c ng nu ng dng in ny. Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr dng in . Cch 2 : Dng thang o p DC

Ta c th o dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in tr hn dng mc ni vi ti, in p o c chia cho gi tr tr hn dng s cho bit gi tr dng in, phng php ny c th o c cc dng in ln hn kh nng cho php ca ng h v ng h cmg an ton hn. Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?

* c gi tr in p AC v DC Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A

Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 250, tng t thang 10V th c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 10. trng hp thang 1000V nhng khng c vch no ghi cho gi tr 1000 th c trn vch gi tr Max = 10, gi tr o c nhn vi 100 ln

Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch AC.10V, nu o thang c gi tr khc th ta tnh theo t l. V d nu thang 250V th mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng ng vi 25V.

Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng t c gi tr khi o in p

C bn: S dng ng h Digital

15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 7 phn hi

Hng dn s dng ng h Digital

1) Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL ng h s Digital c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l chnh xc cao hn, tr khng ca ng h cao hn do khng gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn s in xoay chiu, tuy nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in t ln hay hng, kh nhn kt qu trong trng hp cn o nhanh, khng o c phng np ca t.

ng h vn nng s Digital Hng dn s dng : 2) o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC

que ng h vo l cm V mA que en vo l cm COM Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr V hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo dng thp phn th ta gim thang o sau.

t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh LCD ca ng h. Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi tr m (-) 3) o dng in DC (AC)

Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc 20A nu o dng ln. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr A Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay chiu AC t que o ni tip vi mch cn o c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh. 4) o in tr

Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p . Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o , nu cha bit gi tr in tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu kt qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung.

t que o vo hai u in tr. c gi tr trn mn hnh. Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o mt on dy dn bng thang o tr, nu thng mch th ng h pht ra tin ku 5) o tn s

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr FREQ hoc Hz thang o nh khi o in p . t que o vo cc im cn o c tr s trn mn hnh. 6) o Logic

o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l o trng thi c in K hiu 1 hay khng c in 0, cch o nh sau:

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr LOGIC t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass Mn hnh ch l bo mc logic mc cao, ch l bo logic mc thp 7) o cc chc nng khc

ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc nh o i t, o t in, o Transistor nhng nu ta o cc linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn v o nhanh hn

C bn: in tr
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 27 phn hi

1. Khi nim v in tr.

in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l v cng ln. in tr ca dy dn : in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau: R = .L / S

Trong l in tr xut ph thuc vo cht liu L l chiu di dy dn S l tit din dy dn R l in tr n v l Ohm

2. in tr trong thit b in t.
a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit b in t in tr l mt linh kin quan trng, chng c lm t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c cc loi in tr c tr s khc nhau.

Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit b in t.

K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l. b) n v ca in tr

n v in tr l (Ohm) , K , M 1K = 1000 1M = 1000 K = 1000.000 b) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr

Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt quy c chung ca th gii.( xem hnh trn )

Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c ghi tr s trc tip trn thn. V d nh cc in tr cng xut, in tr s.

Tr s cng xut ln , tr s c ghi trc tip.

3. Cch c tr s in tr .
Quy c mu Quc t

Mu sc en Nu Cam Vng

Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4

Mu sc Xanh l Xanh l Tm Xm Trng Nh vng Nh bc

Gi tr 5 6 7 8 9 -1 -2

in tr thng c k hiu bng 4 vng mu , in tr chnh xc th k hiu bng 5 vng mu. * Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu :

Cch c in tr 4 vng mu

Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nh bc, y l vng ch sai s ca in tr, khi c tr s ta b qua vng ny.

i din vi vng cui l vng s 1, tip theo n vng s 2, s 3 Vng s 1 v vng s 2 l hng chc v hng n v Vng s 3 l bi s ca c s 10. Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2) x 10 ( m vng 3) C th tnh vng s 3 l s con s khng 0 thm vo Mu nh ch c vng sai s hoc vng s 3, nu vng s 3 l nh th s m ca c s 10 l s m.

* Cch c tr s in tr 5 vng mu : ( in tr chnh xc )

Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng mu th mu sai s c nhiu mu, do gy kh khn cho ta khi xc inh u l vng cui cng, tuy nhin vng cui lun c khong cch xa h ng i hn mt cht.

i din vng cui l vng s 1 Tng t cch c tr s ca tr 4 vng mu nh c nhng y vng s 4 l bi s ca c s 10, vng s 1, s 2, s 3 ln lt l hng trm, hng chc v hng n v. c

Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2)(vng 3) x 10 ( m vng 4) C th tnh vng s 4 l s con s khng 0 thm vo

4 Thc hnh c tr s in tr. n

Cc i tr khc nhau vng mu th 3 in

Khi cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3, th ta thy vng mu bi s ny thng thay i t mu n ng nh bc cho n mu xanh l , tng ng v in tr < 1 n hng M. ng vi

Cc in tr c vng mu s 1 v s 2 thay i . n

hnh trn l cc gi tr in tr ta th ng gp trong thc t, khi vng mu s 3 thay i th c gi tr i cc in tr trn tng gim 10 ln. Bi tp - Bn hy on nhanh tr s tr khi p n xut hin, khi no tt c cc tr s m bn on c t ng trc khi kt qu xut hin l kin thc ca bn phn ny n ri ! c

Bi tp on nhanh kt qu tr s in tr.

5 Cc tr s in tr thng dng. n
Ta khng th kim c mt in tr c tr s bt k, cc nh sn xut ch a ra khong 150 loi tr s n ng in tr thng dng , bng di y l m sc v tr s ca cc in tr thng dng. mu

Cc gi tr in tr thng dng.

6 -. Phn loi in tr.

in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng xut nh t 0,125W n 0,5W in tr cng xut : L cc in tr c cng xut ln hn t 1W, 2W, 5W, 10W. in tr s, in tr nhit : L cch gi khc ca cc in tr cng xut , in tr ny c v bc s, khi hot ng chng to nhit.

Cc in tr : 2W 1W 0,5W 0,25W

in tr s hay tr nhit

7 Cng xut ca in tr.

Khi mc in tr vo mt on mch, bn thn in tr tiu th mt cng xut P tnh c theo cng thc P = U . I = U2 / R = I2.R

Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr ph thuc vo dng in i qua in tr hoc ph thuc vo in p trn hai u in tr.

Cng xut tiu th ca in tr l hon ton tnh c trc khi lp in tr vo mch. Nu em mt in tr c cng xut danh nh nh hn cng xut n s tiu th th in tr s b chy. Thng thng ngi ta lp in tr vo mch c cng xut danh nh > = 2 ln cng xut m n s tiu th.

in i tr chy do qu cng xut

s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tr u c tr s l 120 nhng c cng xut khc ng xu nhau, khi cc cng tc K1 v K2 ng, cc i tr u tiu th mt cng xut l in P = U2 / R = (12 x 12) / 120 = 1,2W

Khi K1 ng, do in tr c cng xut ln h cng xut tiu th , nn in tr khng chy. n hn n Khi K2 ng, in tr c cng xut nh h cng xut tiu th , nn in tr b chy . n hn

8 Bin tr, trit p :

Bin tr L in tr c th chnh thay i gi tr, c k hiu l VR chng c hnh dng nh sau : , nh

Hnh d dng bin tr K hiu trn s Bin tr thng rp trong my phc v cho qu trnh sa cha, cn chnh ca k thut vin, bin tr c ng cu to nh hnh bn di.

Cu to ca bin tr Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b tr pha trc mt my cho ngi s dng iu chnh. V d nh Trit p Volume, trit p Bass, Treec v.v.. , trit p ngha l trit ra mt phn in p t u vo tu theo mc chnh.

K hiu trit p trn s nguyn l.

Hnh dng trit p Cu to trong trit p

9 in tr mc ni tip .

in tr mc ni tip.

Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc in tr thnh phn cng li. Rtd = R1 + R2 + R3

Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr bng nhau v bng I I = ( U1 / R1) = ( U2 / R2) = ( U3 / R3 ) T cng thc trn ta thy rng , st p trn cc in tr mc ni tip t l thun vi gi tr int tr .

10 in tr mc song song.

in tr mc song song

Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c tnh bi cng thc (1 / Rtd) = (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + (1 / R3) Nu mch ch c 2 in tr song song th Rtd = R1.R2 / ( R1 + R2) Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc song song t l nghch vi gi tr in tr . I1 = ( U / R1) , I2 = ( U / R2) , I3 =( U / R3 ) in p trn cc in tr mc song song lun bng nhau

11 in tr mc hn hp

in tr mc hn hp.

Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn .

V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K song song sau mc ni tip vi in tr 1,5K .

12 ng dng ca in tr
in tr c mt mi ni trong thit b in t v nh vy in tr l linh kin quan trng khng th thiu c , trong mch in , in tr c nhng tc dng sau :

Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V, nhng ta ch c ngun 12V, ta c th u ni tip bng n vi in tr st p bt 3V trn in tr.

u ni tip vi bng n mt in tr. - Nh hnh trn ta c th tnh c tr s v cng xut ca in tr cho ph hp nh sau: Bng n c in p 9V v cng xut 2W vy dng tiu th l I = P / U = (2 / 9 ) = Ampe cng chnh l dng in i qua in tr. - V ngun l 12V, bng n 9V nn cn st p trn R l 3V vy ta suy ra in tr cn tm l R = U/ I = 3 / (2/9) = 27 / 2 = 13,5 - Cng xut tiu th trn in tr l : P = U.I = 3.(2/9) = 6/9 W v vy ta phi dng in tr c cng xut P > 6/9 W

Mc in tr thnh cu phn p c c mt in p theo mun t mt in p cho trc.

Cu phn p ly ra p U1 tu . T ngun 12V trn thng qua cu phn p R1 v R2 ta ly ra in p U1, p U1 ph thuc vo gi tr hai in tr R1 v R2.theo cng thc . U1 / U = R1 / (R1 + R2) => U1 = U.R1/(R1 + R2)

Thay i gi tr R1 hoc R2 ta s thu c in p U1 theo mun.

Phn cc cho bng bn dn hot ng .

Mch phn cc cho Transistor

Tham gia vo cc mch to dao ng R C

Mch to dao ng s dng IC 555

C bn: T in
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 45 phn hi T in : T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng .vv

1. Cu to ca t in .
Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi. Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in mi v t in cng c phn loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.

Cu to t gm Cu to t ho

2. Hnh dng thc t ca t in.

Hnh dng ca t gm.

Hnh dng ca t ho

3. in dung , n v v k hiu ca t in.

* in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca t in, in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gi hai bn cc theo cng thc C=.S/d

Trong C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F) : L hng s in mi ca lp cch in. d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in. S : l din tch bn cc ca t in. * n v in dung ca t : n v l Fara (F) , 1Fara l rt ln do trong thc t thng dng cc n v nh hn nh MicroFara (F) , NanoFara (nF), PicoFara (pF).

1 Fara = 1.000.000 Fara = 1.000.000.000 n F = 1.000.000.000.000 p F 1 Fara = 1.000 n Fara 1 n Fara = 1.000 p Fara * K hiu : T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor)

K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l.

4 . S phng np ca t in .
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca t in l tnh cht phng np ca t , nh tnh cht ny m t c kh nng dn in xoay chiu.

Minh ho v tnh cht phng np ca t in. ho * T np in : Nh hnh nh trn ta thy rng , khi cng tc K1 ng, dng in t ngun U i qua n bng n np vo t, dng np ny lm bng n lo sng, khi t np y th dng np gim bng 0 v y vy bng n tt. * T phng in : Khi t np y, nu cng tc K1 m, cng tc K2 ng th dng in t cc d y, n dng (+) ca t phng qua bng n v cc m ( lm bng n lo sng, khi t phng ht in th bng n n (-) n tt. => Nu in dung t cng ln th bng n lo sng cng lu hay thi gian phng np cng lu. n i

5 . Cch c gi tr in dung trn t in. n

* Vi t ho : Gi tr in dung ca t ho c ghi trc tip trn thn t n => T ho l t c phn cc (-) , (+) v lun lun c hnh tr . ) tr

T ho ghi in dung l 185 F / 320 V * Vi t giy , t gm : T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k hiu

T gm ghi tr s bng k hiu. T

Cch c : Ly hai ch s u nhn vi 10(M s th 3 ) u V d t gm bn phi hnh nh trn ghi 474K ngha l Gi tr = 47 x 10 4 = 470000 p ( Ly n v l pic Fara) v = 470 n Fara = 0,47 F

Ch K hoc J cui l ch sai s 5% hay 10% ca t in . * Thc hnh c tr s ca t in.

Cch tr s t git v t gm . c Ch : ch K l sai s ca t . ch 50V l i p cc i m t chu c. in * T giy v t gm cn c mt cch ghi tr s khc l ghi theo s thp phn v ly n v l MicroFara

Mt cch ghi tr s khc ca t giy v t gm. t

6. ngh ca gi tr in p ghi trn thn t : n

Ta thy rng bt k t in no cng ghi tr s in p ngay sau gi tr in dung, y chnh l gi tr c tr in p cc i m t chu c, qu i p ny t s b n. in

Khi lp t vo trong mt mch in c in p l U th bao gi ngi ta cng lp t in c gi tr in p Max cao gp khong 1,4 ln.

V d mch 12V phi lp t 16V, mch 24V phi lp t 35V. vv..

7 Phn loi t in
7.1) T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc ) Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t 0,47 F tr xung, cc t ny thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.

T gm l t khng phn cc. 7.2) T ho ( T c phn cc ) T ho l t c phn cc m dng , t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0,47F n khong 4.700 F , t ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun lun c hnh tr..

T ho L t c phn cc m dng.

7.3) T xoay . i c T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng c lp trong Radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d i.

T xoay s dng trong Radio T

8 Phng php kim tra t i in

8.1) o kim tra t giy v t gm. T giy v t gm thng hng dng b d r hoc b chp, pht hin t d r hoc b chp ta quan st ng hnh nh sau y .

o ki tra t giy hoc t gm . kim

hnh nh trn l php o kim tra t gm, c ba t C1 , C2 v C3 c in dung bng nhau, trong C1 m n l t tt, C2 l t b d v C3 l t b chp.

Khi o t C1 ( T tt ) kim phng ln 1 cht ri tr v v tr c. ( Lu cc t nh qu < 1nF th kim s khng phng np )

Khi o t C2 ( T b d ) ta thy kim ln l lng chng thang o v dng li khng tr v v tr c. ng Khi o t C3 ( T b chp ) ta thy kim ln = 0 v khng tr v. Lu : Khi o kim tra t giy hoc t gm ta phi ng h thang x1K hoc x10K, v phi o c ng chiu kim ng h vi ln khi o. 8.2) o kim tra t ho T ho t khi b d hay b chp nh t giy, nh nhng chng li hay hng dng b kh ( kh ho cht bn i trong lp in mi ) lm in dung ca t b gim , kim tra t ho , ta thng so snh phng np n ng ca t vi mt t cn tt c cng in dung, hnh nh d n di y minh ho cc bc kim tra t ho. c

o kim tra t ho

kim tra t ho C2 c tr s 100F c b gim in dung hay khng, ta dng t C1 cn mi c cng in dung v o so snh.

ng h thang t x1 n x100 ( in dung cng ln th thang cng thp ) n o vo hai t v so snh phng np , khi o ta o chiu que o vi ln.

Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt, trn ta thy t C2 phng np km hn do t C2 trn b kh.

Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d. Ch : Nu kim tra t in trc tip trn mch , ta cn phi ht rng mt chn t khi mch in, sau kim tra nh trn.

9 Cc kiu mc v ng dng
9.1 . T in mc ni tip .

Cc t in mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C t c tnh bi cng thc : 1 / C t = (1 / C1 ) + ( 1 / C2 ) + ( 1 / C3 )

Trng hp ch c 2 t mc ni tip th C t = C1.C2 / ( C1 + C2 )

Khi mc ni tip th in p chu ng ca t tng ng bng tng in p ca cc t cng li. U t = U1 + U2 + U3 Khi mc ni tip cc t in, nu l cc t ho ta cn ch chiu ca t in, cc m t trc phi ni vi cc dng t sau:

T in mc ni tip T in mc song song 9.2 T in mc song song.

Cc t in mc song song th c in dung tng ng bng tng in dung ca cc t cng li . C = C1 + C2 + C3 in p chu ng ca t in tng tng bng in p ca t c in p thp nht. Nu l t ho th cc t phi c u cng chiu m dng. 9.3 ng dng ca t in .

T in c s dng rt nhiu trong k thut in v in t, trong cc thit b in t, t in l mt c n linh kin khng th thiu c, mi mch in t u c mt cng dng nht nh nh truy dn tn hiu i truyn , lc nhiu, lc in ngun, to dao ng ..vv ng Di y l mt s nhng hnh nh minh ho v ng dng ca t in. t * T in trong mch lc ngun.

T ho trong mch lc ngun. T

Trong mch lc ngun nh hnh trn , t ho c tc dng lc cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh lu nh t n c bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th, ta thy nu khng c t th p DC sau i t l in p nhp nh, khi c t in p ny c lc tng phng, t in cng ln th in p DC ny cng phng. ng i n * T in trong mch dao ng a hi t xung vung. to

Mch dao ng a hi s dng 2 Transistor ch

Bn c th lp mch trn vi cc thng s cho trn s . n Hai n bo sng s dng n Led du song song vi cc CE c hai Transistor, ch u ng chiu u ca u m dng.

C bn: Cun dy
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 12 phn hi

1 Cun cm 1.1 - Cu to ca cun cm. Cun cm gm mt s vng dy qun li thnh nhiu vng, dy qun c sn emay cch in, li cun dy c th l khng kh, hoc l vt liu dn t nh Ferrite hay li thp k thut .

Cun dy li khng kh Cun dy li Ferit

K hiu cun dy trn s : L1 l cun dy li khng kh, L2 l cun dy li ferit, L3 l cun dy c li chnh, L4 l cun dy li thp k thut 1.2 - Cc i lng c trng ca cun cm. a) H s t cm ( nh lut Faraday) H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy khi c dng in bin thin chy qua. L = ( r.4.3,14.n2.S.10-7 ) / l
o o o o o

L : l h s t cm ca cun dy, n v l Henrry (H) n : l s vng dy ca cun dy. l : l chiu di ca cun dy tnh bng mt (m) S : l tit din ca li, tnh bng m2 r : l h s t thm ca vt liu lm li . b) Cm khng Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca cun dy i vi dng in xoay chiu . ZL = 2.3,14.f.L Trong : ZL l cm khng, n v l f : l tn s n v l Hz L : l h s t cm , n v l Henry

o o o

Th nghi v cm khng ca cun nghim dy v dng in xoay chiu vi * Th nghim trn minh ha: c Cun dy ni tip vi bng n sau u vo cc ngun in 12V nhng c tn s khc nhau thng qua cc cng tc K1, K2 , K3 , khi K1 n ng dng in mt chiu i qua cun dy mnh nht ( V ZL = 0 ) => do bng n sng nh khi K2 n nht, ng dng in xoay chu 50Hz i qua cu dy yy hn ( do ZL tng ) => bng n sng y i, khi K3 cun yu ng , dng in xoay chiu 200Hz i qua cu dy yu nht ( do ZL tng cao nht) => bng n sng cun t) yu nht. => Kt lun : Cm khng ca cun dy t l vi h s t cm ca cun dy v t l vi tn s dng in a xoay chiu, ngha l dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh, dng in mt n n chiu c tn s f = 0 Hz v vy vi dng mt chiu cun dy c cm khng ZL = 0 y c) in tr thun ca cun dy. in tr thun ca cun dy l in tr m ta c th o c bng ng n c h vn nng, thng thng cun dy c phm cht tt th in tr thun ng phi tng i nh so vi cm khng, i tr thun cn gi l in tr in tn hao v chnh in tr ny sinh ra nhit khi cun dy hot ng. n 1.3 - Tnh cht np , x ca cun cm * Cun dy np nng lng : Khi cho m dng in chy qua cun dy, cun dy np mt n mt n nng lng di dng t trng c tnh theo cng thc c W = L.I 2 / 2

W : nng lng ( June ) L : H s t cm ( H ) I dng in.

Th nghi v tnh np x ca cun dy. nghim th nghim trn : Khi K1 ng, dng in qua cun dy tng dn ( do cun dy sinh ra cm khng ng n chng li dng in tng t ngt ) v vy bng n sng t t, khi K1 va ngt v K2 ng , nng lng t np trong cun dy to thnh in p cm ng phng ng m ngc li qua bng n lm bng n lo sng => l hin tng cun dy x in.

2 Loa v Micro
2.1 - Loa ( Speaker ) Loa l mt ng dng ca cun dy v t tr t trng.

Loa 4 20W ( Speaker )

Cu to v hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker ) u Cu to ca loa : Loa gm mt nam chm hnh tr c hai cc lng vo nhau , cc N gia m v cc S xung quanh, gia hai cc to thnh mt khe t c t tr c trng kh mnh, mt cun dy c gn vi mng loa v c t trong khe t, c mng loa c bng gn cao su mm gip cho mng loa c th d dng m dao ng ra vo. Hot ng : n Khi ta cho dng in m tn ( in xoay chiu t 20 Hz => 20.000Hz ) chy qua cun dy, cun dy to ra t tr y trng bin thin v b t trng c nh ca nam chm y ra, y vo lm cun dy dao ng => mng loa dao ng theo v pht ra m thanh. ng Ch : Tuyt i ta khng c a dng in mt chiu vo loa , v dng in mt n chiu ch to ra t trng c nh v cun dy ca loa ch lch v mt nh hng ri dng li, khi dng mt chiu qua cun dy t t tng mnh ( do khng c in p cm ng theo chiu ng n ngc lai ) v vy cun dy s b chy . 2.2 Micro

Micro Thc cht cu to Micro l mt chic loa thu nh, v cu to Micro ging loa nhng Micro c s vng c nhng s qun trn cun dy ln hn loa rt nhiu v vy tr khng ca cun dy micro l rt ln khong 600 (tr t khng loa t 4 16) ngoi ra mng micro c ) cng c cu to rt mng d dng dao ng khi c m thanh tc ng vo. Loa l thit b chuyn dng in thnh m thanh c micro th ngc n cn li , Micro i m thanh thnh dng in m tn. n 2.3 R le ( Relay)

R le R le cng l mt ng dng ca cun dy trong sn xut thit b in t, nguyn l hot ng ca R l ng ng Rle bin i dng in thnh t trng thng qua qun dy, t tr ng trng li to thnh lc c hc thng qua lc c ht thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nh n m cng tc, ng m cc hnh trnh ca mt thit b ng t ng vv

Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca R le

3 Bin p
3.1 Cu to ca bin p. Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm mt cun s cp ( a in p vo ) v mt hay nhiu cun th cp ( ly in p ra s dng) cng qun trn mt li t c th l l thp hoc li ferit .

K hiu ca bin p 3.2 - T s vng / vol ca bin p .

Gi

n1 v n2 l s vng ca qun s cp v th cp.

U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp U2 v I2 l in p v dng in i ra t cun th cp. Ta c cc h thc nh sau : U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v th cp t l thun vi s vng dy qun. U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t l nghch vi in p, ngha l nu ta ly ra in p cng cao th cho dng cng nh. 3. 3 Cng xut ca bin p . Cng xut ca bin p ph thuc tit din ca li t, v ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu, bin p hot ng tn s cng cao th cho cng xut cng ln. 3.4 Phn loi bin p . * Bin p ngun v bin p m tn:

Bin p ngun Bin p ngun hnh xuyn

Bin p ngun thng gp trong Cassete, mply .. , bin p ny hot ng tn s in li 50Hz , li bin p s dng cc l Tnsilic hnh ch E v I ghp li, bin p ny c t s vng / vol ln. Bin p m tn s dng lm bin p o pha v bin p ra loa trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn,bin p cng s dng l Tnsilic lm li t nh bin p ngun, nhng l tnsilic trong bin p m tn mng hn trnh tn hao, bin p m tn hot ng tn s cao hn , v vy c s vng vol thp hn, khi thit k bin p m tn ngi ta thng ly gi tr tn s trung bnh khong 1KHz n 3KHz. * Bin p xung & Cao p .

Bin p xung Cao p Bin p xung l bin p hot ng tn s cao khong vi chc KHz nh bin p trong cc b ngun xung , bin p cao p . li bin p xung lm bng ferit , do hot ng tn s cao nn bin p xung cho cng xut rt mnh, so vi bin p ngun thng thng c cng trng lng th bin p xung c th cho cng xut mnh gp hng chc ln.

C bn: i t Diode
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 38 phn hi

1 Cht bn dn
1.1 - Cht bn dn l g ? Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc loi linh kin bn dn nh Diode, Transistor, IC m ta thy trong cc thit b in t ngy nay. Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia cht dn in v cht cch in, v phng din ho hc th bn dn l nhng cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht Germanium ( Ge) v Silicium (Si) T cc cht bn dn ban u ( tinh khit) ngi ta phi to ra hai loi bn dn l bn dn loi N v bn dn loi P, sau ghp cc ming bn dn loi N v P li ta thu c Diode hay Transistor.

Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4 u in t, th tinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin kt vi nhau theo t lin kt cng ho tr nh hnh di.

Cht bn dn tinh khit . 1.2 - Cht bn dn loi N * Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo cht ng nh bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin n kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia lin kt t v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn dn lc n ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in m) v c gi l bn dn N ( n Negative : m ).

Cht bn dn N 1.3 - Cht bn dn loi P Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nh Indium ng nh (In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1 nguyn t Indium s lin kt t vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt i in t => tr thnh l trng ( mang i dng) v c in gi l cht bn dn P.

Cht bn dn P

2 Diode (i t) Bn dn
2.1 Tip gip P N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn. Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P N => Cu to ca Diode . * hnh trn l mi tip xc P N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.

K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn. u 2.2 - Phn cc thun cho Diode. Khi o d ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in p m (-) vo Katt ( vng bn dn N ) , khi d tc dng tng tc ca in di p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gi hai cc t n 0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge ) th din i tch min cch in gim bng khng => Diode bt u dn in. Nu n tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode t n tng nhanh nhng chnh lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng t n tng (vn gi mc 0,6V )

Diode (Si) phn cc thun Khi Dode dn in p thun c gim mc 0,6V n

ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode c * Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si) c phn cc thun, nu in p phn cc thun < 0,6V th ch c n cha dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua u Diode sau dng in qua Diode tng nhanh nhng s p thun vn gi ng st gi tr 0,6V . 2.3 Phn cc ngc cho Diode. Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn c dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn P), d n di s tng tc ca in p ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ng cn dng in i qua n ngn mi tip gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln c khong 1000V th diode mi b nh th thng.

Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ng tng > = 1000V ngc 2.4 Phng php o kim tra Diode m

o kim tra Diode

t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode, nu : t o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l => Diode tt

Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp. b Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode b t. u php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 b t t Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt cht l Diode b d. c 2.5 ng dng ca Diode bn dn .

* Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng . trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode cu c dng .

Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu .

3 Cc loi Diode
3.1 - Diode Zener * Cu to : Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p c nh bng gi tr ghi trn diode.

Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch.

S trn minh ho ng dng ca Dz, ngun U1 l ngun c in p thay i, Dz l diode n p, R1 l i, tr hn dng.

Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun c nh cho d ngun U1 thay i. y i. Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng ngc qua Dz c gi tr gii hn khong c c 30mA.

Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2 i ln Dz v lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ng n ngc ln nht qua Dz < 30mA.

Nu U1 < Dz th khi U1 thay i p trn Dz cng thay i u Nu U1 > Dz th khi U1 thay i => p trn Dz khng i. 3.2 - Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode ) Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P N , dng in ngc qua diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.

K hiu ca Photo Diode

Minh ho s hot ng ca Photo Diode 3.3 - Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED ) Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led khong t 5mA n 20mA Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo trng thi c in . vv

Diode pht quang LED 3.4 Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung ) Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung bin i khi ta thay i in p ngc t vo Diode.

n dng ca Diode bin dung Varicap ( VD ) trong mch cng hng

hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p ngc t vo Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca diode thay i => lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.

Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu, trong cc mch iu chnh tn s cng hng bng in p. 3.5 - Diode xung Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi dng Diode xung chnh lu. diode xung l diode lm vic tn s cao khong vi chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng th thay th vo v tr diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c th thay th cho v tr diode thng, diode xung c gi thnh cao hn diode thng nhiu ln.

V c im , hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi Diode thng, tuy nhin Diode xung thng c vng dnh du t nt hoc nh du bng hai vng

K hiu ca Diode xung 3.6 Diode tch sng. L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im v mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P N ti mt im trnh in dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn dng tch sng tn hiu. 3.7 Diode nn in. L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun AC 50Hz , Diode ny thng c 3 loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.

Diode nn in 5A

C bn: Transistor
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 30 phn hi

1 Gii thiu v Transistor

1.1 Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn ) Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

Cu to Transistor

Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi c l cc gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng c tp cht thp.

Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht ( c Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector ) c vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P ) t nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c. 1.2 - Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor. ng * Xt hot ng ca Transistor NPN . ng

Mch kho st v nguyn tc hot ch ng ca transistor NPN

Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai c C v E trong (+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngu vo cc cc ) ngun E. Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng t v tr hn dng vo hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn tc c B, cc (-) vo chn E. Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E c c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C E ( lc n ny dng IC = 0 )

Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R hn dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v dng ICmnh gp nhiu ln dng IB

Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v ph thuc theo mt cng thc . IC = .IB

Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE

IB l dng chy qua mi BE

l h s khuych i ca Transistor

Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N to thnh dng in, khi xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng pha tp thp, v vy s in t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn s lng l trng rt nhiu, mt phn nh trong s cc in t th vo l trng to thnh dng IB cn phn ln s in t b ht v pha cc C di tc dng ca in p UCE => to thnh dng ICE chy qua Transistor. * Xt hot ng ca Transistor PNP . S hot ng ca Transistor PNP hon ton tng t Transistor NPN nhng cc tnh ca cc ngun in UCE v UBE ngc li . Dng IC i t E sang C cn dng IB i t E sang B.

2 K hiu v hnh dng ca Transistor

2.1 - K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .

K hiu ca Transistor

Transistor cng xut nh

Transistor cng xut ln

2.2 - K hiu ( trn thn Transistor ) * Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi Transistor ca nhiu nc sn xut nhng thng dng nht l cc transistor ca Nht bn, M v Trung quc.

Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A, B, C, D V d A564, B733, C828, D1555 trong cc Transistor k hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn k hiu l C v D l Transistor ngc NPN. cc Transistor A v C thng c cng xut nh v tn s lm vic cao cn cc Transistor B v D thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn.

Transistor do M sn xut. thng k hiu l 2N v d 2N3055, 2N4073 vv Transistor do Trung quc sn xut : Bt u bng s 3, tip theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci thc nht cho bit loi bng : Ch A v B l bng thun , ch C v D l bng ngc, ch th hai cho bit c im : X v P l bng m tn, A v G l bng cao tn. Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. Th d : 3CP25 , 3AP20 vv.. 2.3 - Cch xc nh chn E, B, C ca Transistor.

Vi cc loi Transistor cng xut nh th th t chn C v B tu theo bng ca nc no s xut , nhng chn E lun bn tri nu ta Transistor nh hnh di Nu l Transistor do Nht sn xut : th d Transistor C828, A564 th chn C gia , chn B bn phi.

Nu l Transistor Trung quc sn xut th chn B gia , chn C bn phi. Tuy nhin mt s Transistor c sn xut nhi th khng theo th t ny => bit chnh xc ta dng phng php o bng ng h vn nng.

Transistor cng xut nh.

Vi loi Transistor cng xut ln (nh hnh di ) th hu ht u c chung th t chn l : Bn tri l cc B, gia l cc C v bn phi l cc E.

Transistor cng xut ln thng c th t chn nh trn. * o xc nh chn B v C

Vi Transistor cng xut nh th thng thng chn E bn tri nh vy ta ch xc nh chn B v suy ra chn C l chn cn li.

ng h thang x1 , t c nh mt que o vo tng chn , que kia chuyn sang hai chn cn li, nu kim ln = nhau th chn c que t c nh l chn B, nu que ng h c nh l que en th l Transistor ngc, l que th l Transistor thun..

3- Phng php kim tra Transistor

Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh hng do nhit

, m, do in p ngun tng cao hoc do cht lng ca bn thn Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn hy nh cu to ca chng.

Cu to ca Transistor

Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.

Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B ca Transistor, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.

Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng. Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp . * o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC * o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l chp hay d BE hoc BC. * o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE. * Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.

Php o cho bi Transistor cn tt . bit

Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo c k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ng v cc ngc, chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( d vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn xc nh chn Transistor > da nh

Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1 ng Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln . n Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng ln. c Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln => Bng tt.

Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE bi

Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0 n Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln = 0 c => Bng chp BE

Php o cho bit bng b t BE

Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln. => Bng t BE

Php o cho th bng b chp CE thy

Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0 => Bng chp CE Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE. a

4 Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor

4.1 Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor

Dng in cc i : L dng in gii hn ca transistor, v t qua dng gii hn ny Transistor s b n vt hng. in p cc i : L in p gii hn ca transistor t vo cc CE , vt qua in p gii hn ny i n Transistor s b nh thng. Tn s ct : L tn s gii hn m Transistor lm vic bnh th n thng, vt qu tn s ny th khuych t i ca Transistor b gim . H s khuych i : L t l bin i ca dng ICE ln gp bao nhiu ln dng IBE i Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn mt cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu cng xut ny ng u vt qu cng xut cc i ca Transistor th Transistor s b hng . i 4.2 - Mt s Transistor c bit .

* Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to nh Transistor thng nh ng nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi chc K n

Transistor s thng c s ng dng trong cc mch cng tc , mch logic, mch iu khin , khi hot ng ngi ta c th a trc tip p lnh 5V vo chn B iu khin c n ngt m.

Minh ho ng dng ca Transistor Digital ho * K hiu : Transistor Digital thng c cc k hiu l DTA( dn thun ), ng DTC( n ngc ) , KRC( n ng ) KRA( n ngc thun), RN12( n ngc ), RN22( c RN22(n thun ), UN., KSR . Th d : DTA132 , DTC 124 vv * Transistor cng xut dng ( cng xut ngang ) t Transistor cng xut ln thng c gi l s. S dng, S ngun vv..cc s ny c thit k c iu khin b cao p hoc bin p ngun xung hot ng , Chng n thng c in p hot ng cao v cho dng chu ng ln. ng Cc s cng xut dng( Ti vi mu) th thng c u thm cc diode m trong song song vi cc CE.

S cng xut dng trong Ti vi mu

5 Phn cc cho Transistor

5.1 Cp in cho Transistor ( Vcc in p cung cp ) s dng Transistor trong mch ta cn phi cp cho n mt ngun in, tu theo mc ch s dng m ngun in c cp trc tip vo Transistor hay i qua in tr, cun dy v v ngun in Vcc cho Transistor c quy c l ngun cp cho cc CE.

Cp ngun Vcc cho Transistor ngc v thun

Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l ngun dng (+), nu Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l ngun m (-) 5.2 nh thin ( phn cc ) cho Transistor . * nh thin : l cp mt ngun in vo chn B ( qua tr nh thin) t Transistor vo trng thi sn sng hot ng, sn sng khuych i cc tn hiu cho d rt nh.

* Ti sao phi nh thin cho Transistor n mi sn sng hot ng ? : hiu c iu ny ta hy xt hai s trn :

trn l hai mch s dng transistor khuych i tn hiu, mt mch chn B khng c nh thin v mt mch chn B c nh thin thng qua Rt.

Cc ngun tn hiu a vo khuych i thng c bin rt nh ( t 0,05V n 0,5V ) khi a vo chn B( n cha c nh thin) cc tn hiu ny khng to ra dng IBE ( c im mi P-N pha c 0,6V mi c dng chy qua ) => v vy cng khng c dng ICE => st p trn Rg = 0V v in p ra chn C = Vcc

s th 2 , Transistor c Rt nh thin => c dng IBE, khi a tn hiu nh vo chn B => lm cho dng IBE tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim , st p trn Rg cng thay i => v kt qu u ra ta thu c mt tn hiu tng t u vo nhng c bin ln hn. => Kt lun : nh thin ( hay phn cc) ngha l to mt dng in IBE ban u, mt st p trn Rg ban u khi c mt ngun tn hiu yu i vo cc B , dng IBE s tng hoc gim => dng ICE cng tng hoc gim => dn n st p trn Rg cng tng hoc gim => v st p ny chnh l tn hiu ta cn ly ra . 5.3 - Mt s mach nh thin khc . * Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau .

Mch nh thin dng hai ngun in khc nhau * Mach nh thin c in tr phn p c th khuch i c nhiu ngun tn hiu mnh yu khc nhau, th mch nh thin thng s dng thm in tr phn p Rpa u t B xung Mass.

Mch nh thin c in tr phn p Rpa * Mch nh thin c hi tip . L mch c in tr nh thin u t u ra (cc C ) n u vo ( cc B) mch ny c tc dng tng n nh cho mch khuych i khi hot ng.

C bn: Mosfet
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 81 phn hi 1. Gii thiu v Mosfet Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt Transistor c bit c cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit, Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch hn cho khuych i cc ngun tn hiu yu, Mosfet c s dng nhiu trong cc mch ngun Monitor, ngun my tnh .

Transistor hiu ng trng Mosfet

2. Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet.

K hiu v s chn tng ng gia Mosfet v Transistor * Cu to ca Mosfet.

Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh P

G : Gate gi l cc cng S : Source gi l cc ngun D : Drain gi l cc mng

Mosfet kn N c hai ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn dn N, gia hai lp P-N c cch in bi n c lp SiO2 hai ming bn dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S, nn bn dn N c ni v lp mng c c vi mng trn sau c du ra thnh cc G. c

Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc a n D v cc S ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS ) n Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS > 0 => do hiu ng t trng lm cho in t ng tr RDS gim, in p UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh. n

3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet ng

Mch in th nghim.

ch Mch th nghim s hot ng ca Mosfet

Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc c thun cho Mosfet ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in i qua c DS khi c) cc chn G khng c cp in.

Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai c GS lm in p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n p cc n D sng. Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm) vn duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c n n dng in i qua cc GS.

Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 => UGS= 0V => n tt n => T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : i p t vo chn G khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor in thng thng m in p ny ch to ra t tr n trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim xung .

4. o kim tra Mosfet

Mt Mosfet cn tt : L khi o tr khng gia G vi S v gia G vi D c in tr bng v cng ( kim n khng ln c hai chiu o) v khi G c thot in th tr khng gia D v S phi l v cng. n Cc bc kim tra nh sau :

o ki tra Mosfet ngc thy cn tt. kim

Bc 1 : Chun b thang x1K Bc 2 : Np cho G mt in tch ( que en vo G que vo S hoc D ) Bc 3 : Sau khi np cho G mt in tch ta o gia D v S ( que en vo D que vo S ) => kim s n ln.

Bc 4 : Chp G vo D hoc G vo S thot in chn G. Bc 5 : Sau khi thot in chn G o l DS nh bc 3 kim khng ln. li => Kt qu nh vy l Mosfet tt.

o ki tra Mosfet ngc thy b chp kim

Bc 1 : ng h thang x 1K o gia G v S hoc gia G v D nu kim ln = 0 a o gia D v S m c hai chiu o kim ln = 0 l chp l chp D S

5. ng dung ca Mosfet trong thc t

Mosfet trong ngun xung ca Monitor n

Mosfet c s dng lm n cng xut ngun Monitor c

Trong b ngun xung ca Monitor hoc my vi tnh, ngi ta thng dng cp linh kin l IC to dao ng v n Mosfet, dao ng to ra t IC c dng xung vung c a n chn G ca Mosfet, ti thi im xung c in p > 0V => n Mosfet dn, khi xung dao ng = 0V Mosfet ngt => nh vy dao ng to ra s iu khin cho Mosfet lin tc ng ngt to thnh dng in bin thin lin tc chy qua cun s cp => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm ng ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra. * o kim tra Mosfet trong mch . Khi kim tra Mosfet trong mch , ta ch cn thang x1

v o gia D v S => Nu 1 chiu kim ln o l Mosfet b chp DS.

chiu o kim khng ln => l Mosfet bnh thng, Nu c hai chiu kim ln = 0

6. Bng tra cu Mosfet thng dng

Hng dn :

Loi knh dn : P-Channel : l Mosfet thun , N-Channel l Mosfet ngc. c im k thut : Th d: 3A, 25W : l dng D-S cc i v cng xut cc i.

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

K hiu 2SJ306 2SJ307 2SJ308 2SK1038 2SK1117 2SK1118 2SK1507 2SK1531 2SK1794 2SK2038 2SK2039 2SK2134 2SK2136 2SK2141 2SK2161 2SK2333 2SK400 2SK525 2SK526

Loi knh dn P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-FET N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel

c im k thut 3A , 25W 6A, 30W 9A, 40W 5A, 50W 6A, 100W 6A, 45W 9A, 50W 15A, 150W 6A,100W 5A,125W 5A,150W 13A,70W 20A,75W 6A,35W 9A,25W 6A,50W 8A,100W 10A,40W 10A,40W

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

2SK527 2SK555 2SK556 2SK557 2SK727 2SK791 2SK792 2SK793 2SK794 BUZ90 BUZ90A BUZ91 BUZ 91A BUZ 92 BUZ 93 BUZ 94 IRF 510 IRF 520 IRF 530 IRF 540 IRF 610 IRF 620 IRF 630 IRF 634 IRF 640 IRF 710 IRF 720 IRF 730 IRF 740 IRF 820 IRF 830

N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel

10A,40W 7A,60W 12A,100W 12A,100W 5A,125W 3A,100W 3A,100W 5A,150W 5A,150W 5A,70W 4A,70W 8A,150W 8A,150W 3A,80W 3A,80W 8A,125W 5A,43W 9A,60W 14A,88W 28A,150W 3A,26W 5A,50W 9A,74W 8A,74W 18A,125W 2A,36W 3A,50W 5A,74W 10A,125W 2A,50W 4A,74W

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

IRF 840 IRF 841 IRF 842 IRF 843 IRF 9610 IRF 9620 IRF 9630 IRF 9640 IRFI 510G IRFI 520G IRFI 530G IRFI 540G IRFI 620G IRFI 630G IRFI 634G IRFI 640G IRFI 720G IRFI 730G IRFI 740G IRFI 820G IRFI 830G IRFI 840G IRFI 9620G IRFI 9630G IRFI 9640G IRFS 520 IRFS 530 IRFS 540 IRFS 620 IRFS 630 IRFS 634

N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel

8A,125W 8A,125W 7A,125W 7A,125W 2A,20W 3A,40W 6A,74W 11A,125W 4A,27W 7A,37W 10A,42W 17A,48W 4A,30W 6A,35W 6A,35W 10A,40W 3A,30W 4A,35W 5A,40W 2A,30W 3A,35W 4A,40W 2A,30W 4A,30W 6A,40W 7A,30W 9A,35W 15A,40W 4A,30W 6A,35W 5A,35W

82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

IRFS 640 IRFS 720 IRFS 730 IRFS 740 IRFS 820 IRFS 830 IRFS 840 IRFS 9620 IRFS 9630 IRFS 9640 J177(2SJ177) J109(2SJ109) J113(2SK113) J114(2SJ114) J118(2SJ118) J162(2SJ162) J339(2SJ339) K30A/2SK304/ 2SK30R K214/2SK214 K389/2SK389 K399/2SK399 K413/2SK413 K1058/2SK1058 K2221/2SK2221 MTP6N10 MTP6N55 MTP6N60 MTP7N20 MTP8N10 MTP8N12 MTP8N13

N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel P-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel

10A,40W 2A,30W 3A,35W 3A,40W 2A-30W 3A-35W 4A-40W 3A-30W 4A-35W 6A-40W 0.5A-30W 20mA,0.2W 10A-100W 8A-100W 8A 7A-100W 25A-40W 10mA,1W 0.5A,1W 20mA,1W 10-100 8A

8A-100W 6A-50W 6A-125W 6A-125W 7A-75W 8A-75W 8A-75W 8A-75W

113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124

MTP8N14 MTP8N15 MTP8N18 MTP8N19 MTP8N20 MTP8N45 MTP8N46 MTP8N47 MTP8N48 MTP8N49 MTP8N50 MTP8N80

N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel N-Channel

8A-75W 8A-75W 8A-75W 8A-75W 8A-75W 8A-125W 8A-125W 8A-125W 8A-125W 8A-125W 8A-125W 8A-75W

C bn: Thyristor
15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 17 phn hi

1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Thyristor

Cu to Thyristor

K hiu ca Thyristor

S tng tng

Thyristor c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn ghp li to thnh hai Transistor mc ni tip, mt Transistor thun v mt Transistor ngc ( nh s tng ng trn ) . Thyristor c 3 cc l Anot, Katot v Gate gi l A-K-G, Thyristor l Diode c iu khin , bnh thng khi c phn cc thun, Thyristor cha dn in, khi c mt in p kch vo chn G => Thyristor dn cho n khi in p o chiu hoc ct in p ngun Thyristor mi ngng dn.. Th nghim sau y minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor

Th nghim minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor. ho

Ban u cng tc K2 ng, Thyristor m d c phn cc thun nhng vn khng c dng in chy mc n qua, n khng sng.

Khi cng tc K1 ng, in p U1 cp vo chn G lm n Q2 dn => ko theo n Q1 dn => dng in n d t ngun U2 i qua Thyristor lm n sng.

Tip theo ta thy cng tc K1 ngt nhng n vn sng, v khi Q1 dn, in p chn B n Q2 tng lm ng v Q2 dn, khi Q2 dn lm p chn B n Q1 gi lm n Q1 dn , nh vy hai n nh thin cho nhau v gim nh duy tr trang thi dn in.

n sng duy tr cho n khi K2 ngt => Thyristor khng c cp in v ngng trang thi hot ng. n ng ho Khi Thyristor ngng dn, ta ng K2 nhng n v khng sng nh trng hp ban vn u.

Hnh dng Thyristor o kim tra Thyristor

o kim tra Thyristor t ng h thang x1 vy l Thyristor tt . ng dng ca Thyristor Thyristor thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh l nhn i t ng ca ngun xung Ti vi mu . lu ng Th d mch chnh lu nhn 2 trong ngu Ti vi mu JVC 1490 c s nh sau : u ngun , t que en vo Anot, que vo Katot ban u kim khng ln , dng Tovit u chp chn A vo chn G => thy ng h ln kim , sau b Tovit ra => ng h vn ln kim => nh ng ng nh

ng dng ca Thyristor trong mch chnh l nhn 2 t ng ca ngun xung Tivi mu JVC lu ng

C bn: Mch khuych i i

15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 8 phn hi

1 Mch khuch i
1.1 Khi nim v mch khuyh i . Mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t, nh mch khuych i m tn trong Cassete, mply, Khuych i tn hiu video trong Ti vi mu v.v C ba loi mch khuych i chnh l :

Khuych i v in p : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c bin nh vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu c bin ln hn nhiu ln. Mch khuych i v dng in : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng yu vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu cho cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln.

Mch khuych i cng xut : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng xut yu vo , u ra ta thu c tn hiu c cng xut mnh hn nhiu ln, thc ra mch khuych i cng xut l kt hp c hai mch khuych i in p v khuych i dng in lm mt. 1.2 Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l ph thuc vo ch phn cc cho Transistor, tu theo mc ch s dng m mch khuych i c phn cc K ch A, ch B , ch AB hoc ch C a) Mch khuych i ch A. L cc mch khuych i cn ly ra tn hiu hon ton gin vi tn hiu ng vo.

Mch khuych i ch A khuych i c hai bn chu k tn hiu ng vo * Transistor hot ng ch A, ta phi nh thin sao cho in p UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc.

* Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch trung gian nh khuych i cao tn, khuych i trung tn, tin khuych i vv.. b) Mach khuych i ch B. Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k dng ta dng transistor NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch khuych i ch B khng c nh thin.

Mch khuych i ch B ch khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu ng vo. * Mch khuych i ch B thng c s dng trong cc mch khuch i cng xut y ko nh cng xut m tn, cng xut mnh ca Ti vi, trong cc mch cng xut y ko , ngi ta dng hai n NPN v PNP mc ni tip , mi n s khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu, hai n trong mch khuych i y ko phi c cc thng s k thut nh nhau: * Mch khuych i cng xut kt hp c hai ch A v B .

Mch khuych i cng xut mply c : Q1 khuych i ch A, Q2 v Q3 khuych i ch B, Q2 khuych i cho bn chu k dng, Q3 khuych i cho bn chu k m. c) Mch khuych i ch AB. Mch khuych i ch AB l mch tng t khuych i ch B , nhng c nh thin sao cho in p UBEsp s 0,6 V, mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc hin tng mo giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko . d) Mch khuych i ch C L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn nh ca tn hiu u vo, mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch tch xung ng b trong ti vi mu.

ng dng mch khuych ch C trong mch tch xung ng b Ti vi m i mu.

2 Cc kiu mc ca Transistor u
2.1 Transistor mc theo kiu E chung. c Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass hoc u qua t xung mass thot ch u thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau : c s

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung , Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C n c Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in tr nh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p . n c im ca mch khuych i E chung. i

Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc c ng Vcc. Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i v in n y p.

Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hi vo nhng khng ng k. ng hiu Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng => i ng dng ICE tng => st p trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim, v ngc li khi in p u vo gim th t u in p chn C li tng => v vy in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo. n

Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn ng dng nhiu nht trong thit b in t. c 2.2 Transistor mc theo kiu C chung. c Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng ngun (Lu : v phng din xoay ch ng di chiu th dng ngun tng ng vi mass), Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E, mch c s nh sau : i c s

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E ch c im ca mch khuych i C chung . i

Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E c Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in p chn B tng bao nhiu th p chn C c cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo .

Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng => th in p ra cng tng, i p vo u ng, in gim th in p ra cng gim.

Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin ng tng => dng IBE s tng => dng ICE c cng tng gp ln dng IBE v ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50 ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE s tng 50mA, dng ICE chnh l dng n ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu u ra c cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu u c u vo.

Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm c c nhiu nhnh, ngi ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu kho hn. Ngoi ra m ng n. mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc mch n p ngun (ta s tm hiu trong phn sau) c 2.3 Transistor mc theo kiu B chung. c

Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C , chn B thot mass ch c thng qua t.

Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t. c

Mch khuych i kiu B chung, khuych i v in p v khng khuych i v dng in.

3 Cc kiu ghp tng

3.1 Ghp tng qua t in. * S mch ghp tng qua t in

Mch khuych i u t c hai tng khuych i c ghp vi nhau qua t in.

trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette, mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo kiu E chung, cc tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua t in, ngi ta s dng cc t C1 , C3 , C5 lm t ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng thot thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t lc ngun.

u im ca mch l n gin, d lp do mch c s dng rt nhiu trong thit b in t, nhc im l khng khai thc c ht kh nng khuych i ca Transistor do h s khuych i khng ln.

trn l mch khuych i m tn, do cc t ni tng thng dng t ho c tr s t 1F 10F. Trong cc mch khuych i cao tn th t ni tng c tr s nh khong vi nan Fara. 3.2 Ghp tng qua bin p . * S mch trung tn ting trong Radio s dng bin p ghp tng

Tng Trung tn ting ca Radio s dng bin p ghp tng.

trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p ghp tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c ghp qua bin p i vo tng pha sau.

u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng do khai thc c ti u h s khuych i , hn na cun s cp bin p c th u song song vi t cng hng khi mch khuych i mt tn s c nh.

Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v chim nhiu din tch. 3.3 Ghp tng trc tip . * Kiu ghp tng trc tip thng c dng trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn.

Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1 c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v Q3.

4 Phng php kim tra mt tng khuch i

4.1 Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc nh th no l ng.

Mch khuych i c phn cc ng.

Mch khuych i ( ch A) c phn cc ng l mch c UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc Khi mch c phn cc ng ta thy , tn hiu ra c bin ln nht v khng b mo tn hiu .

4.2 Mch khuych i ( ch A ) b phn cc sai.

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu thp .

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu cao .

Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao ) ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s khuych i ca mch b gim mnh. Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r hay b nght cc mch khuych i m tn. Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i.

Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun => th tng khuych i c vn .

Nu UCE qu thp th c th do chp CE( hng Transistor) , hoc t Rg. Nu UCE qu cao ~ Vcc th c th t Rt hoc hng Transistor. Mt tng khuych i cn tt thng thng c : UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc

Phn tch mch khuych i m thanh c bn dng BJT

27-05-2009 | lqv77 | 36 phn hi

Tn mch : Khuych i m tn s dng Transistor lng ht (BJT). Tc dng linh kin : - C1 : Dn tn hiu vo. - C6 : T lc ngun chnh, gi tr ca C6 ph thuc vo dng ti, ni cch khc ph thuc vo cng sut hot ng ca mch. Mch c cng sut cng ln, n dng cng ln th C6 phi c gi tr cng cao. Nu khng, s gy hin tng p mch c ngha l in p trn C6 b nhp nh v loa s pht sinh ting _gi l xoay chiu. Nu in p nui mch c cp bi bin p 50Hz s nghe ting (nh ci tm), nu cp bng bin p xung tn s cao s nghe ting rt. - R5-C3 : Hp thnh mch lc RC n nh ngun cp v chng t kch cho tng k/ 2, 1. Tuy nhin nu mc y th tc dng ca R5-C3 khng cao. Mun nng cao tc dng ca n bn phi mc mt lc ny v pha cc (+) ca C6. - R3-C2 : Mch lc RC n nh ngun, chng t kch cho k/ 1 (k/ ca vo). - R1-R2 : nh thin, phn p n nh phn cc tnh cho Q1, Q1 ko gy mo tuyn tnh khi k/d th R1 phi c chnh Q1 lm vic ch A (tng ng Ube Q1 ~ 0.8V i vi BTJ

gc silic). ng thi R2 phi c chn c gi tr bng tr khng ra ca mch ng trc. Nu tn hiu vo l micro th R2 c gi tr chnh bng tr khng ca micro. - R4 : Ti Q1, nh thin cho Q2. Trong mch ny Q1 v Q2 c ghp trc tip tng h s k/ dng in trc khi cng sut (Q2 ng vai tr tin k/ cng sut). Mt khc cng gim mo bin v mo tn s khi tn s, bin ca tn hiu vo thay i. - R7-C4 : Hp thnh mch hi tip m dng in c tc dng n nh h s k/ dng in cho Q1, gim nh hin tng mo bin . Khi /chnh gi tr ca C4 s thay i h s k/ ca Q1, ni cch khc /c C4 s lm mch ku to_ku nh. - Q1 : K/i tn hiu vo, c mc theo kiu E chung. - Q2 : ng vai tr k/ tin cng sut c mc kiu C chung. Tn hiu ra chn E cp cho 2 BJT cng sut. y, thc cht ko c tn hiu xoay chiu no ht, ch c in p mt chiu thay i (ln xung) quanh mc tnh ban u. Tn hiu ra chn E Q2 c dng kch thch (thng qua thay i in p) cho Q3, Q4. - Q3, Q3 : Cp BJT cng sut c mc theo kiu y ko ni tip. Hai BJT ny thay nhau ng/m tng na chu k ca tn hiu t vo. Lu l Q3 dng PNP, Q4 dng NPN nhng phi c thng s tng ng nhau. Kiu mc Q2, Q3, Q4 nh trn gi l y ko ni tip t o pha - R9, R10 : in tr cu ch, bo v Q3, Q4 khi b cht khi c 1 trong 2 BJT b chp. - D1, D2 : n nh nhit, bo v trnh cho Q3, Q4 b nng. C ch bo v ti ko gii thch y, cc bn t xem li l thuyt mch BJT c bn. - PR1 : iu chnh phn cc Q4, thng qua chnh cn bng cho in p trung im Nguyn l hot ng : Ch tnh : Khi tn hiu vo bng 0. - Mch c thit k Q1, Q2 hot ng ch A. Q3, Q4 c th ch A hoc AB. - PR1 c /chnh Q3, Q4 c in p chn B bng nhau, nh vy m ca Q3=Q4 v kt qu l in p ti im C bng 1/2 in p ngun cp (theo s mch c cp 15V th in p im C l 7.V), in p ti im C gi l in p trung im. - T C5 c ni vo im C. in p ban u trn t chnh bng in p im C (7.5V) Khi tn hiu vo bn k dng (+): - in p chn B Q1 tng Q1 m thm, dng IcQ1 tng st p trn R4 (UR4 = R4xIcQ1) tng lm cho UcQ1 gim. gim ca UcQ1 t l thun vi bin tn hiu vo. - V chn CQ1 ni trc tip chn BQ2 nn khi UcQ1 gim th UbQ2 gim theo lm cho Q2 kha bt, nh vy dng IcQ2 gim xung dn n in p ti im A(UA) v im B(UB) u gim. - Cc bn : Q3 l PNP, Q4 l NPN do vy khi UA gim th m Q3 tng (m thm), UB gim th m Q4 gim (kha bt). - V Q3 m thm, Q4 kha bt lm cho in p ti im C tng ln dn ti t C5 (ban u l 7.5V) np, dng np cho C5 i t (+) ngun 15V CEQ3 R9 C5 loa mass. Dng np qua loa l i xung. in p trn t C5 lc ny ln hn 7.5V.

Khi tn hiu vo bn k m (-) - in p chn B Q1 gim Q1 kha bt, dng IcQ1 gim st p trn R4 (UR4 = R4xIcQ1) gim lm cho UcQ1 tng. tng ca UcQ1 t l thun vi bin tn hiu vo. - V chn CQ1 ni trc tip chn BQ2 nn khi UcQ1 tng th UbQ2 tng theo lm cho Q2 m thm, nh vy dng IcQ2 tng ln dn n in p ti im A(UA) v im B(UB) u tng. - Cc bn : Q3 l PNP, Q4 l NPN do vy khi UA tng th m Q3 gim (kha bt), UB tng th m Q4 tng (m thm). - V Q3 kha bt, Q4 m thm lm cho in p ti im C gim ln dn ti t C5 phng, dng phng ca C5 i t (+) t R10 CQ4 mass loa (-)C5. Dng phng qua loa l i ln. Kt lun : Nh vy, vi c chu k ca tn hiu vo ta thu c 2 dng in lin tc i xung/i ln loa, chnh l tn hiu xoay chiu ra loa. Cng 2 dng ny t l thun vi bin tn hiu xoay chiu vo mch.

th thi gian :

C bn: Mch chnh lu v n p

15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 39 phn hi

1 Mch chnh lu in xoay chiu

1.1 B ngun trong cc mch in t . Trong cc mch in t ca cc thit b nh Radio -Cassette, mlpy, Ti vi mu, u VCD v v chng s dng ngun mt chiu DC cc mc in p khc nhau, nhng ngoi zc cm ca cc thit b ny

li cm trc tip vo ngun in AC 220V 50Hz, nh vy cc thit b in t cn c mt b phn n nh n chuyn i t ngun xoay chiu ra in p mt chiu , cung cp cho cc mch trn, b phn chuyn i n bao gm :

Bin p ngun : H th t 220V xung cc in p thp hn nh 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V v v n n Mch chnh lu : i in AC thnh DC. n Mch lc Lc gn xoay chiu sau chnh l cho ngun DC phng hn. ch lu Mch n p : Gi mt in p c nh cung cp cho ti tiu th nh

S tng qut ca mch cp ngun. 1.2 Mch chnh lu bn chu k . Mch chnh lu bn chu k s dng mt Diode mc ni tip vi ti tiu th, chu k dng => Diode dng c phn cc thun do c dng in i qua diode v i qua ti, chu k m , Diode b phn cc n i, ngc do khng c dng qua ti.

Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu bn chu k. n 1.3 Mch chnh lu c chu k Mch chnh lu c chu k thng dng 4 Diode mc theo hnh cu (cn gi l mch chnh l cu) nh ng lu hnh di.

Mch chnh lu c chu k .

chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha d m) dng in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti => qua ng, di Rt diode D4 v u dy m

chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u dy trn m, di dng) dng in i qua n ng D2 => qua Rti => qua D3 v u dy m. u

Nh vy c hai chu k u c dng in chy qua ti. n

2 Mch lc v mch chnh lu b p u bi

2.1 Mch lc dng t in. n n Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp nh, nu khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny cha th dng c vo cc mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc t lc c tr n ch s t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode chnh l n lu.

Dng in p DC ca mch chnh l trong hai trng hp c t v khng c t n lu ng

S trn minh ho cc trng hp mch ngun c t lc v khng c t lc. ng Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia , v vy in p thu c c dng nhp nh. u c c

Khi cng tc K ng, mch chnh lu c t C1 tham gia lc ngun , kt qu l in p u ra c lc u t u tng i phng, nu t C1 c in dung cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng, t C1 trong cc n u b ngun thng c tr s khong vi ngn F . ng

Minh ho : in dng ca t lc cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng. n u

Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti hoc ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k u so vi cng xut ca bin p th in p DC thu c l DC = 1,4.AC n 2.2 Mch chnh lu nhn 2 .

S mch ngun chnh lu nhn 2

tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta ph dng hai t ho cng tr s mc ni tip, sau 1 u ca u phi u in p xoau chiu vo im gia hai t => ta s thu c in p tng gp 2 ln.

mch trn, khi cng tc K m, mch tr v dng chnh l thng thng . lu

Khi cng tc K ng, mch tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2, v kt qu l ta thu c in p ra tng gp 2 ln.

3 Mch n p c nh
3.1 Mch n p c nh dng Diode Zener.

. Mch n p to p 33V c nh cung cp cho mch d knh trong Ti vi mu

T ngun 110V khng c nh thng qua in tr hn dng R1 v gim trn Dz 33V ly ra mt in p c nh cung cp cho mch d knh Khi thit k mt mch n p nh trn ta cn tnh ton in tr hn dng sao cho dng in ngc cc i qua Dz phi nh hn dng m Dz chu c, dng cc i qua Dz l khi dng qua R2 = 0 Nh s trn th dng cc i qua Dz bng st p trn R1 chia cho gi tr R1 , gi dng in ny l I1 ta c I1 = (110 33 ) / 7500 = 77 / 7500 ~ 10mA Thng thng ta nn dng ngc qua Dz 25 mA 3.2 Mch n p c nh dng Transistor, IC n p . Mch n p dng Diode Zener nh trn c u im l n gin nhng nhc im l cho dng in nh ( 20mA). c th to ra mt in p c nh nhng cho dng in mnh hn nhiu ln ngi ta mc thm Transistor khuych i v dng nh s di y.

Mch n p c Transistor khuych i

mch trn in p ti im A c th thay i v cn gn xoay chiu nhng in p ti im B khng thay i v tng i phng.

Nguyn l n p : Thng qua in tr R1 v Dz gim c nh in p chn B ca Transistor Q1, gi s khi in p chn E n Q1 gim => khi in p UBE tng => dng qua n Q1 tng => lm in p chn E ca n tng , v ngc li

Mch n p trn n gin v hiu qu nn c s dng rt rng di v ngi ta sn xut cc loi IC h LA78.. thay th cho mch n p trn, IC LA78.. c s mch nh phn mch c mu xanh ca s trn.

IC n p h LA78..

IC n p LA7805

LA7805 IC n p 5V

LA7808 IC n p 8V LA7809 IC n p 9V LA7812 IC n p 12V Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi rp IC trong mch th U in > Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc dng. 3.3 ng dng ca IC n p h 78.. IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b ngun , nh B ngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu, trong my tnh

ng dng ca IC n p LA7805 v LA7808 trong b ngun u VCD

4 Mch n p tuyn tnh (c hi tip)

4.1 S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

S khi ca mch n p c hi tip . * Mt s c im ca mch n p c hi tip : m

Cung cp in p mt chiu u ra khng i trong hai trng hp in p u vo thay i hoc dng u u tiu th ca ti thay i, tuy nhin s thay i ny phi c gii hn. i,

Cho in p mt chiu u ra c cht l ng cao, gim thiu c hin tng gn xoay chiu. ng * Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch.

Mch ly mu s theo di in p u ra thng qua mt cu phn p to ra ( Ulm : p ly mu) u Mch to p chun => gim ly mt mc in p c nh (Uc : p chun ) ch Mch so snh s so snh hai in p ly mu Ulm v p chun Uc to thnh in p iu khin. n u Mch khuch i sa sai s khuch i p iu khin, sau a v iu chnh s hot ng ca n i ng cng xut theo hng ngc li, nu i p ra tng => thng qua mch hi tip iu chnh => n cng in u xut dn gim =>in p ra gim xung. Ngc li nu in p ra gim => thng qua mch hi tip iu n m chnh => n cng xut li dn tng => v i p ra tng ln =>> kt qu in p u ra khng thay i. ng in u 4.2 Phn tch hot ng ca mch ngun c hi tip trong Ti vi en trng Samsung ng ng in p u vo cn gn xoay chiu in p u ra bng phng u

Mch n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi Samsung en trng . * ngha cc linh kin trn s .

T 2200F l t lc ngun chnh, lc in p sau chnh lu 18V , y cng l in p u vo ca mch n p, in p ny c th tng gim khong 15%.

Q1 l n cng xut ngun cung cp dng in chnh cho ti , in p u ra ca mc n p ly t chn C n Q1 v c gi tr 12V c nh .

R1 l tr phn dng c cng xut ln ghnh bt mt phn dng in i qua n cng xut. Cu phn p R5, VR1 v R6 to ra p ly mu a vo chn B n Q2 . Diode zener Dz v R4 to mt in p chun c nh so vi in p ra. Q2 l n so snh v khuych i in p sai lch => a v iu khin s hot ng ca n cng xut Q1.

R3 lin lc gia Q1 v Q2, R2 phn p cho Q1 * Nguyn l hot ng .

in p u ra s c xu hng thay i khi in p u vo thay i, hoc dng tiu th thay i. Gi s : Khi in p vo tng => in p ra tng => in p chn E n Q2 tng nhiu hn chn B ( do c Dz gim

t chn E n Q2 ln Ura, cn Ulm ch ly mt phn Ura ) do UBE gim => n Q2 dn gim => n Q1 dn gim => in p ra gim xung. Tng t khi Uvo gim, thng qua mch iu chnh => ta li thu c Ura tng. Thi gian iu chnh ca vng hi tip rt nhanh khong vi giy v c cc t lc u ra loi b, khng lm nh hng n cht lng ca in p mt chiu => kt qu l in p u ra tng i phng.

Khi iu chnh bin tr VR1 , in p ly mu thay i, dn n Q2 thay i , dn n Q1 thay i => kt qu l in p ra thay i, VR1 dng iu chnh in p ra theo mun . 4.3 Mch ngun Ti vi ni a nht.

S mch ngun n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi mu ni a Nht .

C1 l t lc ngun chnh sau cu Diode chnh lu. C2 l t lc u ra ca mch ngun tuyn tnh. Cu phn p R4, VR1, R5 to ra in p ly mu ULM R2 v Dz to ra p chun Uc R3 lin lc gia Q3 v Q2, R1 nh thin cho n cng xut Q1 R6 l in tr phn dng, l in tr cng xut ln . Q3 l n so snh v khuch i p d sai

Khuch i in p d sai Q1 n cng xut ngun => Ngun lm vic trong di in p vo c th thay i 10%, in p ra lun lun c nh . n nh Bi tp : Bn c hy phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca mch ngun trn. c ng

C bn: Mch dao ng

15-02-2009 | lqv77 | 32 phn hi

1 Mch to dao ng
1.1 Khi nim v mch dao ng. Mch dao ng c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit b in t, nh mch dao ng ni trong khi RF c ng Radio, trong b knh Tivi mu, Mch dao ng to xung dng , xung mnh trong Tivi, to sng hnh sin ng cho IC Vi x l hot ng v v

Mch dao ng hnh Sin Mch dao ng a hi Mch dao ng nght Mch dao ng dng IC 1.2 Mch dao ng hnh Sin Ngi ta c th to dao ng hnh Sin t cc linh kin L C hoc t thch anh. ng * Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L C

Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L C ch

Mach dao ng trn c t C1 // L1 to thnh mch dao ng L -C duy tr s dao ng ny th tn hiu ng ng dao ng c a vo chn B ca Transistor, R1 l tr nh thin cho Transistor, R2 l tr gnh ly a nh ra tn hiu dao ng ra , cun dy u t chn E Trans u Transistor xung mass c tc dng ly hi tip duy tr ng dao ng. Tn s dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo C1 v L1 theo cng thc ng f = 1 / 2. .( L1.C1 )1/2 * Mch dao ng hnh sin dng thch anh. ng

Mch to dao ng bng thch anh . ch

X1 : l thch anh to dao ng , tn s dao ng c ghi trn thn ca thach anh, khi thch anh c cp ng c in th n t dao ng ra sng hnh sin.thch anh th ng thng c tn s dao ng t vi trm KHz vi m n chc MHz.

n Q1 khuych i tn hiu dao ng t thch anh v cui cng t hiu c ly ra chn C. ng tn c R1 va l in tr cp ngun cho thch anh va nh thin cho n Q1 n R2 l tr ghnh to ra st p ly ra tn hiu .

Thch anh dao ng trong Tivi mu, my tnh ch 1.3 Mch dao ng a hi.

Mch dao ng a hi to xung vung ch * Bn c th t lp s trn vi cc thng s nh sau : nh

R1 = R4 = 1 K R2 = R3 = 100K C1 = C2 = 10F/16V Q1 = Q2 = n C828 Hai n Led Ngun Vcc l 6V DC Tng gi thnh lnh kin ht khong 4.000 VN ng VN * Gii thch nguyn l hot ng : Khi c ngun , gi s n Q1 dn trc, p Uc n Q1 gi => cp gim thng qua C1 lm p Ub n Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc n Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p Ub n m Q1 tng => xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo p ho v Q2 tt , sau khong thi gian t , dng np qua R3 vo t C khi in p ny > 0,6V th n Q2 dn t C1 n => p Uc n Q2 gim => tip tc nh v cho n khi Q2 dn bo ho v Q1 tt, trng thi lp i lp li vy n v to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1, C2 v R2, R3. ng

2 Thit k mch dao ng bng IC ng

IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v

Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555 ch

Bn hy mua mt IC h 555 v t lp cho mnh mt mch to dao ng theo s nguyn l nh trn. n nh Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V n 15V , ng mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu p n, en di cng l m ngun.

T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th b qua ( khng lp cng c ) c Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn n s thu c dao ng c tn s v rng xung theo mu theo cng mun thc.

T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f =

T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s) i f = Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz) R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( C1 = T in tnh bng Fara ( T = Tm + Ts T : chu k ton phn i Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 Tm : thi gian in mc cao Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp

1.4 (R1 + 2R2) C1

Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts n

T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k. Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f = 1/ T o * Th d bn thit k mch to xung nh hnh di y. nh

Mch to xung c Tm = 0,1s , Ts = 1s ch Bi tp : Lp mch dao ng trn vi cc thng s : ng

C1 = 10F = 10 x 10-6 = 10-5 F R1 = R2 = 100K Bi lm : Ta c Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 = 0,7 x 100.103 x 10-5 = 0,7 s Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 = = 0,7 x 200.103 x 105 = 1,4 s = 100 x 103

Tnh Ts v Tm = ? Tnh tn s f = ?

=> T = Tm + Ts = 1,4s + 0,7s = 2,1s => f =1 / T = 1/2,1 ~ 0,5 Hz

3 Mch dao ng nght

Mch dao ng nght (Blocking OSC) ng

Mh dao ng nght c nguyn tc hot ng kh n gin, mch c s dng rng ri trong cc b ngun xung (switching), mch c cu to nh sau :

Mch dao ng nght Mch dao ng nght bao gm :

Bin p : Gm cun s cp 1-2 v cun hi tip 3-4, cun th cp 5-6 Transistor Q tham gia dao ng v ng vai tr l n cng xut ngt m to ra dng in bin thin qua cun s cp.

Tr nh thin R1 ( l in tr mi ) R2, C2 l in tr v t in hi tip C hai kiu mc hi tip l hi tip dng v hi tip m, ta xt cu to v nguyn tc hot ng ca tng mch. * Mch dao ng nght hi tip m .

Mch hi tip m c cun hi tip 3-4 qu ngc chiu vi cun s cp 1-2 , v in tr mi R1 c tr s 4 qun n nh khong 100K xung , mch thng c s dng trong cc b ngun cng xut nh khong 20W tr c

Nguyn tc hot ng : Khi cp ngun, dng nh thin qua R1 kch cho n Q1 dn kh m p n mnh, dng qua cun s cp 1-2 tng nhanh to ra t tr ng bin thin => cm ng sang cun hi tip, chiu m ca o trng cun hi tip c a v chn B n Q thng qua R2, C2 lm i p chn B n Q gim < 0V => n in m Q lp tc chuyn sang trng thi ngt, sau kh p khong thi gian t dng in qua R1 np vo t C2 lm p n chn B n Q tng => n Q dn lp li chu k n th hai => to thnh dao ng .

Mch dao ng nght hi tip m c u i l dao ng nhanh, nhng c nhc im d b xc in im m lm hng n Q do mch thng khng s dng trong cc b ngun cng xut ln. ng * Mch dao ng nght hi tip dng . ng

Mch dao ng nght hi tip dng c cu hi tip 3-4 qun thun chiu vi cun s cp 1-2, in tr cun p 1 miR1 c tr s ln khong 470K V R1 c tr s ln, ln dng nh thin qua R1 ban u nh => n Q dn tng dn => sinh ra t trng nh n tr bin thin cm ng ln cun hi tip => in p hi tip ly chiu d n dng hi tip qua R2, C2 lm n Q d tng => dn v tip tc cho n khi n Q dn bo ho, Khi n Q dn bo ho, dng in qua cun 1- khng i => n -2 mt in p hi tip => p chn B n Q gi nhanh v n Q lp tc chuyn sang trng thi ngt, chu k gim p th hai lp li nh trng thi ban u v to thnh dao ng.

Mch ny c u im l rt an ton dao ng t t khng b xc in, v c s dng trong cc mch m c ngun cng xut ln nh ngun Ti vi mu. n * Xem li l thuyt v cm ng in t : n

Th nghim v hin t m tng cm ng in t trong bin p. th nghim trn ta thy rng, bng n ch lo sng trong thi im cng tc ng hoc ngt, ngha l ch c khi dng in chy qua cun s cp bin i, trong trng hp c dng in chy qua cun s cp nhng p n s khng i cng khng to ra in p cm trn cun th cp. n