Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CC MI TRNG
S TAY
QUAN TRC V PHN TCH
MI TRNG
NI DUNG
Trang
4
1. Li gii thiu
2. Quan trc v phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh
2.1 Mi trng khng kh v cc cht gy nhim chnh
4
5
5
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
trng khng kh
Mc tiu cht lng ca cc d liu
Thit b, dng c v phng php ly mu ti hin trng
Nhng im cn lu khi tin hnh quan trc ti hin
8
9
10
2.6
2.7
trng
Cc phng php phn tch mu kh, bi
Nhng iu cn lu khi phn tch cc mu kh v bi
14
14
17
19
19
20
20
20
20
4.2
22
4.3
nc
Thit k mng li cc im quan trc v phn tch cht
27
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
lng mi trng nc lc a
Phng php ly mu
Hng dn ly mu nc
Bo qun, vn chuyn mu v tip nhn mu
Cc phng php chun phn tch nc trong phng th
27
29
31
32
nghim
4.8 Nhng im lu khi phn tch trong phng th nghim
4.9 Cc biu mu bo co kt qu quan trc
5. Quan trc rc thi th
5.1 Cht thi rn th
5.2 Mng li quan trc rc thi th
5.3 Phng php quan trc rc thi
Ti liu tham kho
Ph lc
1. Ph lc 1
m khng kh theo nhit k Asman
2. Ph lc 2
S ph thuc ho tan ca xy trong nc vo
21
21
34
43
44
44
44
45
46
50
50
52
5
3. Ph lc 3
54
S ph thuc ca dn vo nhit
Chuyn i n v nng cht nhim
trong mi trng nc v mi trng khng
kh
58
59
6. Ph lc 6
63
1. LI GII THIU
T nm 1994 Vit Nam hnh thnh mng li cc trm quan trc v
phn tch mi trng quc gia trn c s khai thc cc tim nng sn c ca cc
c quan nghin cu v o to trong lnh vc mi trng trong c nc. Cc c
quan ny m nhim vic quan trc v phn tch mi trng ti nhng vng
trng im cu t nc trn t lin cng nh trn bin. Cho n nay c 19
trm trong c 5 trm vng t lin chu trch nhim quan trc mi trng lc
a bao gm khng kh, ting n, nc v rc thi. Bn cnh , t nm 1996,
cc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (S KHCNMT) ca cc a phng
tham gia D n Mi trng Vit Nam - Canaa (VCEP) v c trang b
mt s thit b cn thit v quan trc v phn tch mi trng, cc hot ng thc
t trong khun kh d n ti cc ni trn c trin khai. Trong qu trnh hot
ng ban u cc S KHCNMT gp rt nhiu kh khn v phng php lun
tin hnh cc cng vic c th v quan trc v phn tch mi trng.
6
nghip, giao thng v sinh hot; lm gim cht lng mi trng sng, gia tng
bnh tt nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi. iu ny c
khng nh Hi ngh ca Lin Hp quc v '' Con ngi v mi trng xung
quanh '' tin hnh vo thng 6-1972 Stockhm ( Thu in ).
Cc cht chnh gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh : kh lu
hunh ioxit SO2; nit ixyt NO2 ; cacbon monoxit CO ; zn O3 ; ch bi Pb
v bi l lng SPM.
2.1.1. Kh lu hunh ioxit (SO2)
Kh SO2 l kh khng mu, khng chy, mi hc c pht sinh khi t
nhin liu ho thch ( than, xng du c cha lu hunh ...) hoc do ni la phun
tro.
Ngi ta c tnh c rng, hng nm con ngi thi ra khng kh chng
132 triu tn SO2. Ngi b ng c SO2 cm thy tc ngc, au u, nn ma,
suy h hp dn n t vong. Ngoi ra SO2 cn l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy
ra ma axit.
2.1.2. Kh cacbon monoxit (CO)
Kh CO l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, chy c trong
khng kh; n c pht sinh do t cc vt liu c cha cacbon v cc loi
nhin liu trong iu kin thiu xy
C + O2 CO2
CO2 + C 2CO
Hot ng ca con ngi hng nm sinh ra khong 250 triu tn CO. Tc
hi ca CO l ch, n ho hp vi hemoglobin ( Hb) trong mu ngi v ng
vt. Hemoglobin c i lc ho hc i vi CO mnh hn O2 cho nn nu b ng
c CO n nhanh chng thay th xy trong mu, c th b thiu xy nghim
trng, nn nhn b hn m. Khi t ti nng 250 ppm trong khng kh con
ngi s b t vong.
2.1.3. Kh nit dioxit (NO2)
C nhiu loi oxyt nit nhng trong c hai loi oxyt NO v NO2 l c
nh hng quan trng nht trong kh quyn v gi chung l NOx. Chng c
hnh thnh do phn ng ho hc ca kh nit vi xy trong khng kh khi t
chy nhit cao(>1100oC) v lm lnh nhanh. Bn cnh chng c th
c to thnh khi t nhin liu cha nit. Trong thin nhin chng c hnh
thnh khi tri ma dng c sm st.
Trong i sng v k thut, s hot ng ca cc ng c t trong v my
hn in u sn sinh ra NOx.
8
NO2 hp th bc x cc tm O + NO
2.
O + O2 O3
TT
Thng
s
Ppm
mg/m3
SO2
2,600
CO
1,145
NO2
1,880
O3
2,000
u ly mu bi
Ni vo ng ni
Mng lc bo v
ng ni
Lu lng k
( flow control)
ng hp th kh
My ht kh (air pump)
Kh SO2
Dng c : 2 ng hp th mc ni tip, my ht kh hoc bm ht kh c lu
14
Kh NO2:
Kh O3 :
Ly mu theo phng php NBKI (phng php Kali Iodua c dung dch
m trung tnh) ca T chc Y t Th gii ( WHO).Trong GEMS/AIR
Methodology Review Handbook Series. UNEP and WHO 1994 (trang79-80).
C ch ca phng php l dung dch hp th KI trong dung dch m pht
pht c pH = 6,8 khi hp th O3 s c phn ng nh sau
O3 + 2H+ + 3I- I3- + O2 + H2O
I3- gii phng ra hp th chm tia sng c = 352 nm.
Dng c v yu cu chung nh i vi SO2
Dung dch hp th pha ch theo ti liu hng dn nu trn
Ly mu : cho khng kh sc qua 2 ng hp th mc ni tip trong mi ng
c cha 5 ml dung dch hp th. Lu lng ht 1-2 lt/pht. Th tch khng kh
ly ti thiu l 30 lt . Sau ly mu ra v lm mi quy trnh nh i vi SO2.
Ch : Khi trong khng kh c nhiu SO2 ( ln hn 10% O3)s gy nhiu
cho nn lc phi dng ng ch U c cha cht hp ph CrO3 ch to theo nh
ch dn, lp trc hai ng hp th hp th SO2
Bi l lng : ly mu theo TCVN 5067- 1995
Dng c : u ly mu , my ly mu kh c lu lng ln, ng h bm
giy, panh kp, ci lc bi chuyn dng si thu tinh ng trong bao kp bng
giy can k thut. Chun b ci lc theo TCVN 5067-1995 .
Ly mu : Phi m bo yu cu chung nu trn .
Dng panh kp lp ci lc vo u ht. Lp u ht vo h thng ht. Ghi
a im, thi gian ly mu vo s, ghi s hiu bao giy . Bt my v ghi thi
im ly mu. Chnh lu lng ht mc t 18-20 lt/pht. Tu theo iu kin
m lng kh ly ti thiu l 600-1000 lit ( t 30 n 50 pht). Sau ly mu
ra theo trnh t ngc li v ct vo hp bo qun. Ghi li cc thng s nhit ,
p sut kh quyn ti thi im o vo s nht k quan trc hoc phiu ly mu.
Ch bi :
Theo Tiu chun ngnh 52 TCN - 354 -89 ca B Y t trong Thng quy
k thut y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng. B Y t -1993 . (trang 522-527).
Ch lu l y dng phng php ly mu qua phin lc v phng php ly
16
Thng
s /Ch
tiu
SO2
NO2
CO
O3
Ch bi
Mu thu v phi phn tch ngay trong vng 24 gi, trc phi c bo
qun cn thn 5oC.
- Dung dch P-rosanilin phn tch phi c tinh ch cn thn t dung dch gc
theo ng ch dn, sau khi tinh ch xong phi trong sut.
- Thit b dng phn tch my quang ph UV-VIS
- Bc sng hp th cc i nm trong khong 548- 550 nm, phi tin hnh
tm cc i hp th v t chnh xc trn my quang ph.
-
19
ng s
0,2
0,5
0,6
0,9
Dung dch hp th
25
24,8
24,5
24,4
24,1
Cc loi bng biu cho quan trc v phn tch mi trng phi theo Bn
"D tho quy nh v phng php Quan trc v Phn tch mi trng v qun
l s liu", Cc Mi trng 2002.
25
Ly mu v o c hin
trng
Phn tch phng th
nghim
X l s liu
Bo co
26
Ra cc quyt nh
4.2.1. pH
pH l n v biu th nng ion H+ c trong nc c tnh theo cng
thc Sorenson: pH = -log[H+] v c thang n v t 0 n 14.
pH l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng v c s dng thng xuyn
nht trong ho nc, dng nh gi mc nhim ca ngun nc, cht
lng nc thi, nh gi cng ca nc, s keo t, kh nng n mn...v
trong nhiu tnh ton v cn bng axit-baz.
Gi tr pH ch ra mc axit (khi pH < 7) hoc kim (khi pH >7), th hin
nh hng ca ho cht khi xm nhp vo mi trng nc. Gi tr pH thp hay
cao u c nh hng nguy hi n thu sinh. Tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam
quy nh gi tr pH i vi mt s ngun nc nm trong khong 5,5~9
4.2.2. Nhit (t0)
Nhit nc c nh hng n s ho tan oxy, n kh nng tng hp
quang ho ca to v cc thc vt thu sinh. Trong ao h, nhit nc l hm
s ca su. Hot ng ca con ngi cng c th lm tng nhit ca nc
v c th gy ra cc tc ng sinh thi nht nh. Th d: vic cht cy ci hai
bn b sng lm cho nh nng mt tri chiu trc tip xung nc lm tng
nhit nc, thi nc thi cng nghip, thi nc lm mt my vo ngun
nc... S xi mn t, ph rng, xy dng nh ca ... gy ra vn c nc trn
cc dng sng cng lm cho nhit d nc tng ln do nc c hp th nh
sng mt tri nhiu hn nc trong.
Thng s nhit c dng tnh cc dng kim, nghin cu mc
bo ho ca oxy, cacbonat, tnh ton mui v cc hot ng th nghim
27
4.4.2. Cc dng mu
TCVN 5992 - 1995 qui nh 6 loi mu trong quan trc cht lng nc.
Trong , 2 loi mu quan trng nht i vi Chng trnh Quan trc Mi
trng Quc gia l mu n v mu t hp. Hai loi mu ny c m t trong
phn ny nh sau:
Mu n:
Mu n l loi mu c ly ti cc a im v thi im c th, ch i
din cho thnh phn ca ngun ti thi im v a im . Khi ngun c thnh
phn kh ng u theo mi hng v t thay i theo thi gian th cch ly mu
n c th i din cho c khu vc ngun .
Mu t hp:
C ba loi mu t hp l mu t hp theo thi gian, khng gian v mu t
hp theo dng chy/lu lng.
Mu t hp theo thi gian bao gm nhng mu n c th tch bng nhau
v c ly nhng khong thi gian bng nhau trong chu k ly mu. Mu t
hp thi gian dng nghin cu cht lng trung bnh ca dng nc.
Mu t hp theo khng gian bao gm nhng mu n c th tch bng nhau
v c ly ng thi cc a im khc nhau. Mu t hp theo khng gian
dng nghin cu cht lng trung bnh theo mt ct ngang hay mt ct dc
ca dng nc.
Mu t hp theo lu lng: Lu lng v c tnh ca nc thi thay i
theo thi gian, do xc nh ti lng nhim ngi ta hay s dng mu t
hp theo lu lng. Mu t hp theo lu lng l hn hp ca cc mu n ti
cc khong thi gian bng nhau nhng theo t l vi lu lng ca dng thi.
i vi tt c cc loi mu t hp, th tch ca tng mu n khng nh
hn 50 ml. mang tnh i din, th tch ca mu n thng thng dao ng
trong khong 200 ml n 300 ml.
4.5. Hng dn ly mu nc
4. 5.1 . Thit b, dng c ly mu nc
i vi mu nc b mt ch cn nhng mt bnh ming rng (th d x,
ca) xung su 0,5m di mt nc. Nu cn ly mu su hn 0,5m (hoc
ly mu kh ho tan) th c th s dng thit b ly mu theo su nh Kemmer
hoc Bnh Van Doren. Cc loi thit b ly mu nc c a trong TCVN
5992 - 1995.
Dng c ng mu thng l chai thu tinh, nha PE (TCVN 5992 - 1995).
33
34
37
Thng s/
Ch tiu
pH
Nhit
SS
5
6
dn
DO
COD
BOD5
NH4+
10
NO2-
11
NO3-
12
13
14
15
16
Hiu chun thit b: khi phn tch pH, cn phi hiu chun my o theo
khong gi tr pH ca mu nc. Tu thuc vo tnh cht ca tng loi
nc m s dng dung dch chun pH thch hp.
Khi o pH trong phng th nghim, dng c ng mu phi l thu tinh
trung tnh v phi khuy trn trong khi o (khuy t), v mu ch c
s dng phn tch pH.
Sau khi o pH ca nc thi cha du m v cc hp cht ho hc (cht
hot ng b mt, dung mi hu c,...) cn phi ngm in cc ca my
o trong dung dch HCl 2% trong khong thi gian 2 gi v sau ra
li in cc bng nc ct hai ln phc hi nhy ca in cc.
4.8.2.2. Nhit
Nhit ca nc thng thng c xc nh cng vi pH hay DO bng
my o.
4.8.2.3. SS ( Cn l lng)
Cn phi loi b vt th ni ln cng nh tp hp cc vt th khng ng
nht chm trong mu nc.
Nu mu nc c khong cao, cn thit phi ra giy lc bng nc ct
tch nh sau:
Trong :
m1t, m2t: khi lng giy lc trc v sau khi lc mu trng tng ng, mg
V: th tch mu nc phn tch, ml.
4.8.2.4. c
Rc ni v cn c kch thc ln lng nhanh cn phi c tch ra khi
mu nc trc khi phn tch.
Tt c cc dng c thu tinh s dng u phi sch tuyt i.
Phi s dng nc c c bng khng pha dung dch chun trong
nhng trng hp cn thit. Nc c c bng khng c th c
iu ch theo APHA 2130 B. Loi nc ny c th mua ti cc i l
(cng ty) ca cc hng ho cht nc ngoi.
Loi b (tch) cc bt kh c trong mu trc khi phn tch. Cc loi kh
c trong mu c th c tch bng phng php chn khng, nhit hay
s dng vi sng...Tuyt i khng tch kh trong mu bng cch gi
mu n nh trong mt khong thi gian di v nh vy kt qu phn tch
s khng ng vi gi tr thc v mt s cn l lng c th lng v
nhit ca mu thay i.
Lm sch hi nc ng b mt ngoi ca cuvt do m ca mi
trng cao hay mu trng thi lnh nhng o c ni c nhit
cao.
Kim tra b mt ngoi ca cuvt, cuvt khng s dng c nu c vt
xc try. Trc khi o cn phi trng b mt ngoi ca cng o bng
mt lp du silicon loi tr nh hng cc khuyt tt b mt khng
nhn thy c.
V tr ca cuvt trong bung quang ph k phi c gi c nh trong
trng hp lp ng chun cng nh khi phn tch.
Khi phn tch trnh rung ng thit b loi tr sai s do b mt nc
trong cuvet o dao ng.
4.8.2.5. dn in
dn in thng c o bng my ti hin trng, im lu duy nht
41
l trc khi tin hnh phn tch cn hiu chun my bng cc dung dch chun
thch hp. Phi ghi chp iu kin o c ti hin trng quy v iu kin
chun.
4.8.2.6. DO
Ch tiu DO ca nc thng thng c phn tch bng my o. Nhng
im cn lu khi s dng phng php dng in cc mng:
Loi b tt c cc bt kh bm vo pha bn trong mng ca in cc khi
thay mng in cc hay thay dung dch in ly.
Hiu chun my o theo trnh t c trnh by trong hng dn vn hnh
thit b (hiu chun theo nng oxy trong khng kh l php hiu chun
thng c s dng).
Khi phn tch DO theo phng php Winkler (TCVN 5499 - 1995) cn lu :
Loi tr cc yu t nh hng (mc 3 ca tiu chun).
Nng ca dung dch Na2S2O3: 0.02N (mc 4.2.5 ca tiu chun) cn phi
chun li mi khi phn tch. Dng c thu tinh s dng cn phi c ra
sch (c th bng dung dch axit HCl long). Nng chnh xc ca dung
dch Na2S2O3 l trung bnh cng kt qu ca ba ln chun vi iu kin l
th tch ca dung dch Na2S2O3 tiu tn trong ba ln chun khng chnh
lnh nhau qu1%.
Hiu chnh hm lng oxy ho tan theo nng cc mui ho tan (DS).
4.8.2.7. COD
Trng hp COD c phn thch theo phng php ngc dng m:
Hn hp (nc ct hai ln hay mu, dung dch axit, dung dch K2Cr2O7) ch
cn un si nh v u sut qu trnh ph hu mu. Kim tra thng xuyn
nhit ca nc lm lnh ra khi ng sinh hn.
Trng hp COD c phn tch theo phng php ngc dng ng trc
quang:
Phng php ny c u im hn so vi phng php ngc dng m chun
l lng ho cht tiu tn t, ng thi c th phn tch nhiu mu, thi
gian phn tch ngn, nhng c sai s ln.
Lc u hn hp dung dch trong cuvet o (tube, ampule) trc khi ph hu
mu cng nh trc khi o mt quang. Ngoi ra, trc khi phn tch phi
cho tt c cc loi cn lng v dung dch trong cng o trong sut (ch
n cn bm vo thnh ca cng o). Khng s dng cng o c khuyt tt
b mt (try, xc).
4.8.2.8. BOD5
Nc pha long cn phi cy thm vi sinh vt v ngun vi sinh vt i vi
nc nh sau:
A- Nc mt (sng, sui, ao, h): nc thi sinh hot.
B- Nc thi: nc ly t h lu ca dng thi.
Hay c th s dng polyseed i vi tt c cc loi mu (qui trnh pha ch
v b sung vo nc pha long c m t trong ch dn km theo). DO ca
nc pha long cy vi sinh vt sau 5 ngy nhit 20 0C khng c gim
qu 1mg/l so vi DO ban u.
Clo t do v clo lin kt c th c loi tr bng dung dch Na2SO3 0.5 mg/l.
Lng Na2SO3 cn thit phi c xc nh theo ISO 7393 - 1, ISO 7393 - 2
hay APHA (trang 5-4).
Khi o DO trong phng th nghim phi s dng chai chuyn dng dng
mu nc (chai BOD) cng nh nhng linh kin km theo my o (DOadapter for BOD analysis).
Kt qu phn tch thu c l trung bnh cng kt qu ca ba nng pha
long nu chng chnh lch nhau khng qu hai ln lnh chun. Trong
trng hp ngc li, cn tham kho thm gi tr ca COD loi tr bt kt
qu nghi ng.
4.8.2.9. NH4+
Trong tt c cc phng php phn tch cn kim tra hm lng NH4+ trong
nc ct hai ln. Trong trng hp cn thit c th iu ch nc khng
cha NH4+ theo TCVN 5988 - 1995.
Trong trng hp phn tch NH4+ theo phng php Nessler, cn c nh thi
44
4.8.210. NO2
4.8.2.11. NO3
4.8.2.12. PO43Hm lng PO43- trong nc c th xc nh theo TCVN 6200: 1996 hay
APHA - 4500 - P E (Ascorbic acid method). V nguyn tc hai phng php ny
u da vo phn ng gia octophotphat, ion molipdat v ion antimon trong mi
trng axit; v sn phm ca phn ng (antimonphotphomolidat) b kh bi acid
ascorbic to thnh phc cht moliden mu xanh m, o hp th ca phc
45
mu ca dung dch sau khi cho thuc th thay i theo thi gian, do
loi tr sai s cn phi gi c nh thi gian pht trin mu khi lp ng
chun cng nh khi phn tch mu.
Khng c thay i trnh t pha ch thuc th tng hp.
i vi nhng mu nc c c v mu cao cn phi hiu chnh ng
nn bng cch:
Chun b dung dch b chnh c - mu: trn nhng dung dch sau theo
4.8.2.14. Cl
t.
Cc mu cha nhiu cht rn l lng, cc cht hu c cn phi tin hnh
ph mu bng axit hoc hn hp cc axit trc khi phn tch.Ph mu bng l vi
sng (microwave) s lm nng cao hiu qu v rt ngn thi gian phn hu mu.
4.8.2.16.1. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la xuyn qua vng
nguyn t ho mu.
Trong phng php quang ph hp th ngn la, mu c ht vo ngn
la v b nguyn t ho. Chm tia sng chiu xuyn qua vng nguyn t ho
mu vo cch t, detector o cng nh sng b hp th bi nguyn t b
nguyn t ho trong ngn la. Nng lng nh sng b hp th t l vi nng
ca nguyn t trong mu . Do mi mt nguyn t ch hp th nh sng bc
sng nht nh nn phng php hp th nguyn t c chn lc cao.
Ngn la nguyn t ho l hn hp axetylen-khng kh hoc axetylendinit oxit (N2O)
4.8.2.16.2 Phn tch Hg-Phng php hp th nguyn t (AAS) khng ngn la
(ISO 5666-1:1983/TCVN 5989-1995; APHA Standard Methods-3112)
Ch :
V c ho phn mu th bng kali permanganate v kali persulfat 950C
chuyn ton b thu ngn thnh dng Hg (II). Kh lng d cht oxy ho
bng hydroxylamoni clorua v kh Hg (II) thnh Hg kim loi bng dung dch
SnCl2 hoc NaBH4. Li cun Hg bng dng kh nhit thng v nng
Hg trng thi hi xc nh bng quang ph hp th nguyn t khng ngn la
bc sng 253.7 nm.
4.8.2.16.4. Phn tch kim loi nng bng phng php cc ph: [xem cc hng
dn km theo thit b]
4.8.2.16.5. Phn tch st v Mangan bng phng php trc quang:
St: loi b nh hng ca cc cht hu c gy nhiu theo APHA 3030 G
hay APHA 3030 H.
Mangan: s dng phng php Persulfate 3500 - Mn D trong APHA c
th loi tr hu ht cc yu t nh hng. Trong trng hp phn tch mangan
theo TCVN 6002 - 1995, cn pha dung dch mangan chun theo mc 3c phn
3500 - Mn D trong APHA.
4. 9. Cc biu mu bo co kt qu quan trc
Cc loi bng biu cho quan trc v phn tch mi trng theo Bn "D
tho quy nh v phng php Quan trc - Phn tch mi trng v qun l s
liu". Cc Mi trng, 1999.
49
51
40.
62.US EPA. Test methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. Third Edition. November
1986.
PH LC
Ph lc 1: m ca khng kh theo nhit k Asman
t 0
t
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
94
94
94
94
94
94
93
91
91
91
91
91
90
90
88
88
88
88
88
87
87
86
85
85
85
85
85
84
83
83
83
82
82
82
82
81
80
80
80
79
79
79
78
78
78
77
77
77
76
76
75
75
75
74
74
74
73
73
73
72
72
72
71
71
71
71
70
70
69
69
56
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
97
97
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
94
94
94
94
94
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
92
92
92
92
92
92
91
91
91
91
90
90
90
90
89
89
88
88
88
87
87
87
90
90
90
90
89
89
89
89
88
88
88
88
88
87
87
87
86
86
85
85
85
84
84
83
82
82
81
81
80
87
87
87
86
86
86
86
85
85
85
84
84
84
83
83
83
82
82
80
79
79
78
77
76
76
75
74
74
73
84
84
84
83
83
83
82
82
82
81
81
81
80
80
79
79
78
78
77
76
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
81
81
81
80
80
80
79
79
78
78
78
77
77
76
76
75
74
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
79
78
78
77
77
77
76
76
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
71
71
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
60
59
57
76
76
75
75
75
74
74
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
69
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
57
56
54
73
73
73
72
72
71
71
70
69
69
68
68
67
66
65
65
64
63
62
61
60
59
57
56
55
53
52
50
48
71
70
70
69
69
68
68
67
67
66
65
65
64
63
62
62
61
60
59
57
56
55
54
52
51
49
48
46
44
68
68
68
67
66
66
65
65
64
63
63
62
61
60
59
59
58
57
55
54
53
52
50
49
47
46
44
42
40
t 6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
9,0
9,5
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
63
65
65
64
64
63
63
62
62
61
61
64
63
62
62
61
61
60
60
59
59
61
61
60
60
59
59
58
58
57
57
60
59
59
58
58
57
56
56
55
55
58
57
57
56
56
55
55
54
53
53
56
56
55
55
54
53
53
52
52
51
10,
0
54
54
54
53
53
52
51
50
50
49
10,
5
52
52
51
51
50
50
49
49
48
47
11,
0
51
51
50
50
49
48
47
47
46
46
11,
5
50
50
49
49
48
47
46
46
45
44
t
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
69
69
68
68
68
67
67
66
66
65
12,
0
48
47
47
47
46
46
45
44
43
43
57
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
65
64
63
63
62
62
61
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
52
51
50
48
47
45
44
42
40
38
36
62
62
61
60
60
59
58
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
48
47
45
44
42
40
39
37
34
32
60
60
59
58
57
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
45
44
42
41
39
37
35
33
31
29
58
57
57
56
55
54
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
41
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
25
56
55
55
54
53
52
51
51
50
49
48
47
45
44
43
42
40
39
37
35
33
32
29
27
25
22
54
53
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
39
38
36
35
33
31
29
27
24
22
19
52
51
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
38
37
35
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
19
17
50
49
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
36
35
33
32
30
28
26
24
22
19
17
14
48
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
31
29
28
26
24
22
19
17
15
12
47
46
45
44
44
43
42
41
40
39
37
36
35
34
32
31
29
27
26
24
22
20
17
15
12
10
45
44
43
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
34
33
32
30
29
27
25
24
22
20
18
15
13
10
7
43
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
33
33
31
30
29
27
25
24
22
20
18
16
13
11
8
5
42
41
40
39
39
38
37
36
35
33
32
31
30
28
27
25
24
22
20
18
16
14
11
9
6
3
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
0
9.0
18.0
27.0
36.0
14.62
13.73
12.89
12.11
11.37
1.0
14.22
13.36
12.55
11.79
11.08
2.0
13.83
13.00
12.22
11.49
10.80
3.0
13.46
12.66
11.91
11.20
10.54
mui
58
4.0
13.11
12.34
11.61
10.93
10.28
5.0
12.77
12.03
11.33
10.66
10.04
6.0
12.45
11.73
11.05
10.41
9.81
7.0
12.14
11.44
10.79
10.17
9.58
8.0
11.84
11.17
10.54
9.94
9.37
9.0
11.56
10.91
10.29
9.71
9.16
10.0
11.29
10.66
10.06
9.50
8.97
11.0
11.03
10.42
9.84
9.29
8.78
12.0
10.78
10.19
9.63
9.09
8.59
13.0
10.54
9.96
9.42
8.90
8.42
14.0
10.31
9.75
9.22
8.72
8.25
15.0
10.08
9.54
9.03
8.55
8.09
16.0
9.87
9.35
8.85
8.38
7.93
17.0
9.67
9.15
8.67
8.21
7.78
18.0
9.47
8.97
8.50
8.05
7.63
19..0
9.28
8.79
8.34
7.90
7.49
20.0
9.09
8.62
8.18
7.75
7.35
21.0
8.92
8.46
8.02
7.61
7.22
Nhit
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
0
9.0
18.0
27.0
36.0
22.0
8.74
8.30
7.88
7.47
7.09
23.0
8.58
8.14
7.73
7.34
6.97
24.0
8.42
8.00
7.59
7.21
6.85
25.0
8.26
7.85
7.46
7.09
6.73
26.0
8.11
7.71
7.33
6.97
6.62
mui
59
27.0
7.97
7.58
7.20
6.85
6.51
28.0
7.83
7.45
7.08
6.73
6.40
29.0
7.69
7.32
6.96
6.62
6.30
30.0
7.56
7.20
6.85
6.52
6.20
31.0
7.43
7.07
6.74
6.41
6.10
32.0
7.31
6.96
6.63
6.31
6.01
33.0
7.18
6.84
6.52
6.21
5.92
34.0
7.07
6.73
6.42
6.11
5.83
35.0
6.95
6.63
6.32
6.02
5.74
36.0
6.84
6.52
6.22
5.93
5.65
37.0
6.73
6.42
6.12
5.84
5.57
38.0
6.62
6.32
6.03
5.75
5.48
39.0
6.52
6.22
5.93
5.66
5.40
40.0
6.41
6.12
5.84
5.58
5.32
41.0
6.31
6.03
5.75
5.50
5.25
42.0
6.21
5.94
5.67
5.41
5.17
43.0
6.12
5.84
5.58
5.33
5.09
44.0
6.02
5.75
5.50
5.25
5.02
45.0
5.93
5.67
5.42
5.18
4.95
550
575
10.56
10.27
11.04
10.74
p sut
600
625
650
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
675
700
12.98
12.62
13.46
13.09
(oC)
0
1
11.53
11.21
12.01
11.68
12.49
12.15
60
mm Hg
Nhit
550
575
p sut
600
625
650
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
675
700
(oC)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
9.98
9.72
9.46
9.21
8.98
8.75
8.54
8.33
8.13
7.94
7.76
7.58
7.41
7.25
7.10
6.94
6.80
6.66
6.52
6.39
6.26
6.14
6.02
5.91
5.80
5.69
5.58
5.48
5.38
5.28
10.44
10.16
9.89
9.64
9.39
9.16
8.93
8.72
8.51
8.31
8.12
7.94
7.76
7.59
7.43
7.27
7.12
6.97
6.83
6.69
5.56
6.543
6.31
6.19
6.07
5.96
5.85
5.74
5.64
5.54
10.90
10.61
10.33
10.06
9.80
9.56
9.33
9.10
8.88
8.68
8.46
8.29
8.10
7.93
7.76
7.59
7.43
7.28
7.13
6.99
6.85
6.72
6.59
6.47
6.35
6.23
6.12
6.01
5.90
5.80
11.36
11.05
10.76
10.48
10.22
9.96
9.72
9.48
9.26
9.04
8.84
8.64
8.45
8.26
8.09
7.92
7.75
7.59
7.44
7.29
7.15
7.01
6.88
6.75
6.62
6.50
6.38
6.27
6.16
6.05
11.82
11.50
11.20
10.91
10.63
10.37
10.11
9.87
9.64
9.41
9.20
8.99
8.79
8.60
8.42
8.24
8.07
7.91
7.75
7.59
7.45
7.30
7.16
7.03
6.90
6.77
6.65
6.53
6.42
6.31
12.27
11.94
11.63
11.33
11.04
10.77
10.51
10.25
10.01
9.78
9.56
9.34
9.14
8.94
8.75
8.56
8.39
8.22
8.05
7.89
7.74
7.59
7.45
7.31
7.18
7.05
6.92
6.80
6.68
6.56
12.73
12.39
12.06
11.75
11.46
11.17
10.920
10.64
10.39
10.15
9.92
9.69
9.48
9.28
9.08
8.89
8.70
8.53
8.36
8.19
8.04
7.88
7.73
7.50
7.45
7.32
7.19
7.06
6.94
6.82
61
mm Hg
Nhit
550
575
p sut
600
625
650
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
675
700
(oC)
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
5.19
5.10
5.01
4.92
4.83
4.75
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43
4.35
4.27
4.20
4.12
mm Hg
Nhit
5.44
5.35
5.25
5.16
5.07
4.98
4.90
4.81
4.73
4.65
4.57
4.49
4.41
4.34
550
575
13.94
13.56
13.19
12.84
12.50
14.43
14.03
13.65
13.28
12.93
5.69
5.59
5.50
5.40
5.31
5.22
5.13
5.04
4.96
4.88
4.79
4.71
4.63
4.55
5.95
5.84
5.74
5.64
5.55
5.46
5.36
5.27
5.19
5.10
5.01
4.93
4.85
4.77
6.20
6.09
5.99
5.89
5.79
5.69
5.60
5.50
5.41
5.32
5.24
5.15
5.07
4.98
p sut
600
625
650
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
6.45
6.34
6.23
6.13
6.03
5.93
5.83
5.73
5.64
5.55
5.46
5.37
5.28
5.20
6.70
6.59
6.48
6.37
6.26
6.16
6.06
5.96
5.87
5.77
5.68
5.59
5.50
5.41
675
700
15.88
15.44
15.02
14.62
14.24
16.36
15.91
15.48
15.06
14.67
(oC)
0
1
2
3
4
14.62
14.22
13.83
13.46
13.11
14.91
14.50
14.10
13.73
13.37
15.39
14.97
14.56
14.17
13.80
62
mm Hg
Nhit
550
575
12.18
11.87
11.57
11.29
11.02
10.76
10.51
10.27
10.04
9.82
9.61
9.41
9.21
9.02
8.84
8.66
8.49
8.33
8.17
8.02
7.87
7.73
7.59
7.45
7.32
7.20
7.07
6.95
6.84
12.60
12.28
11.98
11.69
11.41
11.14
10.88
10.63
10.40
10.17
9.95
9.74
9.54
9.34
9.15
8.97
8.79
8.63
8.46
8.30
8.15
8.00
7.86
7.72
7.59
7.46
7.33
7.20
7.08
p sut
600
625
650
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
675
700
13.87
13.52
13.19
12.87
12.56
12.26
11.98
11.71
11.45
11.20
10.96
10.73
10.51
10.29
10.09
9.89
9.70
9.51
9.33
9.16
8.99
8.83
8.67
8.52
8.37
8.23
8.09
7.96
7.83
14.29
13.93
13.59
13.26
12.94
12.64
12.35
12.07
11.80
11.54
11.30
11.06
10.83
10.61
10.40
10.19
10.00
9.80
9.62
9.44
9.27
9.11
8.94
8.79
8.64
8.49
8.35
8.21
8.08
(oC)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
12.77
12.45
12.14
11.84
11.56
11.29
11.03
10.78
10.54
10.31
10.08
9.87
9.67
9.47
9.28
9.09
8.92
8.74
8.58
8.42
8.26
8.11
7.97
7.83
7.69
7.56
7.43
7.31
7.18
13.02
12.69
12.38
12.08
11.79
11.51
11.25
10.99
10.75
10.51
10.29
10.07
9.86
9.66
9.46
9.28
9.10
8.92
8.75
8.59
8.43
8.28
8.13
7.99
7.85
7.71
7.58
7.46
7.33
13.45
13.11
12.78
12.47
12.17
11.89
11.61
11.35
11.10
10.86
10.62
10.40
10.18
9.98
9.77
9.58
9.40
9.21
9.04
8.87
8.71
8.55
8.40
8.25
8.11
7.97
7.84
7.71
7.58
63
mm Hg
Nhit
550
575
p sut
600
625
650
ho tan ca xy (mg/l)
675
700
(oC)
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
6.72
6.61
6.50
6.40
6.29
6.19
6.09
6.00
5.90
5.81
6.97
6.85
6.74
6.63
6.53
6.42
6.32
6.22
6.12
6.03
7.07
6.95
6.84
6.73
6.62
6.52
6.41
6.31
6.21
3.16
7.21
7.09
6.98
6.87
6.76
6.65
6.55
6.45
6.35
6.25
7.46
7.34
7.22
7.10
6.99
6.88
6.78
6.67
6.57
6.47
7.70
7.58
7.46
7.34
7.22
7.11
7.00
6.90
6.79
6.69
7.95
7.82
7.70
7.57
7.46
7.34
7.23
7.12
7.01
6.91
Ph lc 4: S ph thuc ca dn vo nhit
867 S
Nhit
0
C
891 S
773 S
915 S
796 S
940 S
820 S
964 S
843 S
989 S
64
10
1014 S
17
1194 S
11
1039 S
39
1803 S
12
1065 S
40
1832 S
13
1090 S
41
1861 S
14
1116 S
42
1890 S
43
1919 S
44
1948 S
45
1977 S
46
2007 S
47
2036 S
48
2065 S
49
2095 S
50
2124 S
Nhit
0C
15
1142 S
16
1168 S
Ph lc 5
Chuyn i n v nng cht nhim
trong mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh
1. i vi cht lng (nc)
Nng cht nhim ho tan trong nc thng c o lng bng
trng lng ca cht nhim trn n v th tch ca hn hp cht lng. n
v o lng nng cht nhim thng dng nht l miligram (mg) hay
microgram (g) cht nhim trn 1 lt (l) cht lng hn hp. i khi cn o
lng bng gram trn mt khi (g/m3).
Ngi ta cn dng n v o lng nng cht nhim trong nc
bng trng lng ca cht nhim trn n v trng lng nc hn hp,
thng thng trng lng cht nhim trong nc rt nh, c th b qua v
tha nhn 1 m3 nc c trng lng l 1000 g, do chng ta c cng thc
chuyn i n v nng cht nhim i vi mi trng nc rt n
65
gin l :
1 mg/l = 1 g/m3 = 1 ppm (theo trng lng) - mt phn triu;
(1)
(2)
1 g/l
(4)
(5)
66
(6)
22,4
T(oK)
1 atm
9.28
273
1atm
.
.
22,4 273 + 25 1atm
= 10,3 mg/m3.
Nguyn
t
Ac
Actini
S hiu
nguyn
t
Khi
lng
nguyn
t
S
K Nguyn t hiu
nguy
hiu
n t
89
227,03
Er
Ecbi
68
Khi
lng
nguyn
t
167,26
67
Ag
Bc
47
107,87
Es
Ensteni
99
254
Al
Nhm
13
26,98
Eu
Europi
63
151,96
Am Amerixi
95
243
Flo
19,00
Ar
Agon
18
39,95
Fe
St
26
55,85
As
Asen
33
74,92
Fm
Fecmi
100
257
At
Atatin
85
210
Fr
Franxi
87
223
Au
Vng
79
196,97
Ga
Gali
31
69,72
Bo
10,81
Gd
Gaolini
64
157,25
Ba
Bari
56
137,33
Ge
Gecmani
32
72,59
Be
Berili
9,01
Hyro
1,01
Bi
Bitmut
83
208,98
He
Hli
4,00
Bk
Bekeli
97
247
Hf
Hafini
72
178,49
Br
Brom
35
79,90
Hg
Thu ngn 80
200,59
Cacbon
12,01
Ho
Honmi
67
164,93
Ca
Canxi
20
40,08
Iot
53
126,90
Cd
Cadimi
48
112,41
Ir
Irii
77
192,22
Ce
Xeri
58
140,12
Kali
19
39,10
Cf
Califoni
98
251
Kr
Kripton
36
83,80
Cl
Clo
17
35,45
La
Lantan
57
138,91
Cm Curi
96
247
Li
Liti
6,94
Co
Coban
27
58,93
Lr
Laurenxi
103
256
Cr
Crom
24
52,00
Lu
Lutexi
71
174,97
Cu
ng
29
63,55
Md
Menelevi 101
258
Dy
Disrozi
66
162,50
Mg
Magi
24,31
12
Nguyn
t
S hiu
nguyn
t
Khi
lng
nguyn
S
K Nguyn t hiu
nguy
hiu
Khi
lng
nguyn
68
n t
Mn Mangan
25
54,94
Ru
Ruteni
44
101,07
Mo Molipde
n
42
95,94
Lu
hunh
16
32,06
Nit
14,01
Sb
Stibi
51
121,75
Na
Natri
11
22,99
Sc
Scani
21
44,96
Nb
Niobi
41
92,91
Si
Silic
14
28,09
Nd
Neodim
60
144,24
Se
Selen
34
78,96
Ne
Neon
10
20,18
Sm
Samari
62
150,4
Ni
Niken
28
58,70
Sn
Thic
50
118,70
Np
Neptuni
93
237,05
Sr
Stronti
38
87,62
Oxi
16,00
Ta
Tantali
73
180,95
Os
Osimi
76
190,2
Tb
Tecbi
65
158,93
Photpho
15
30,97
Tc
Tecnexi
43
98,91
Pa
Protactin
i
91
231,04
Te
Telu
52
127,60
Pb
Ch
82
207,19
Th
Thori
90
232,04
Pd
Paladi
46
106,4
Ti
Titan
22
47,90
Pm Prometi
61
145
Tl
Tali
81
204,37
Po
Poloni
84
209
Tm
Tuli
69
168,93
Pr
Prazeodi
m
59
140,90
Urani
92
238,03
Pt
Platin
78
195,09
Vanai
23
50,94
Pu
Plutoni
94
244
Vonfram
74
183,85
Ra
Rai
88
226,03
Xe
Xenon
54
131,30
Rb
Rubii
37
85,47
Ytri
39
88,91
Re
Reni
75
186,21
Yb
Ytecbi
70
173,04
Rh
Roi
45
102,91
Zn
Km
30
65,38
Rn
Raon
86
222
Zr
Ziriconi
40
91,22
Ru
Ruteni
44
101,07
69
Ph lc 6
Chuyn i n v o lng thng dng gia
n v o lng Anh, M v n v o lng quc t (SI)
1. Chiu di
1 in (inch)
2,540 cm
1 b (foot)
0,3048 m
0,9144 m
1 dm (mile)
1,6093 km
1 mt (meter)
3,2808 ft (b)
1 kilomt (kilometer) =
0,6214 mi (dm)
2. Din tch
1 in vung
6,452 cm2
1 b vung
0,0929 m2
1 mu Anh (acre)
43 560 ft2
0,0015625 dm vung
4046,86 m2
0,404685 ha
640 acre
2,604 km2
259 ha
10,764 ft2
1 cng mu (hecta) =
2,471 acre
1 dm vung
1 mt vung
0,00386 dm vung
10 000 m2
3. Th tch
1 b khi
1 galon (M)
28,32 l
=
0,134 b khi
70
=
1 mt khi
3,785 l
=
8,11.10-4 Acft
35,3147 ft3
1,0973 km/h
0,3048 m/s
1,467 ft/s
0,4470 m/s
1,609 km/h
3,280 ft/s
4. Tc
1 b trn giy
1 dm trn gi
1 mt trn giy
5. Trng lng
1 cn Anh (pound - lb)
0,45392 kg
1 kilogam
1 tn
35,27396 aox
1000 kg
6. Lu lng
1 b khi trn giy
0,028316 m3/s
0,0438 m3/s
35,315 b khi/s
2118,9 ft3/pht
7. T trng
1 cn Anh (lb) trn b khi =
16,018 kg/m3
71
0,062428 lb/ft3
62,427961 lb/ft3
8. Nng
1 miligam trn lt nc (t trng ring = 1,0) =
1000 phn t
1,0 g/m3
14,696 lb/in2
33,8995 ft ct nc (oC)
101,325 kPa
9. p sut
1 atmosphe
1 Pascal (Pa)
1 in ct thu ngn
2,307 ft ct nc
0,06805 atm
1 N/m2
1,45.10-4 psia
(oC)
3386,4 Pa
10. Nhit
1 bch phn (oC)
1 F (oF)
1,8 . (oC) + 32 oF
=
((oF) - 32 oC)/1,8
778 ft - lb
252 cal
1055 J
72
=
1 quadrillion Btu
1 jun
1 kilowat gi
0,2930 W.h
=
1015 Btu
1055 . 1015 J
1 N.m
0,73756 ft - lb
3600 kJ
3412 Btu
860 kcal
1 kilocalo
4,185 kJ
1000 J/s
3412 Btu/h
1,340 sc nga
1 sc nga
746 W
73