Quan Tri He Dieu Hanh Linux

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www.nhipsongcongnghe.net
QU N TR H
M CL C
1. Gi i thi u h i u hnh Linux 1.1 L ch s Linux 1.2 Ci t Linux 2. Giao ti p trn mi tr ng Linux 2.1 Gi i thi u trnh so n th o vi 2.2 Gi i thi u ti n ch mc 2.3 Cc cu l nh c b n trn Linux 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4
I U HNH LINUX
Hi u bi t v cc cu l nh trong Linux Cc cu l nh v th m c v file Cc cu l nh nn d li u Cc cu l nh qu n l ti n trnh
3. Gi i thi u h th ng t p tin, th m c. 3.1 Gi i thi u 3.1.1 Th m c ch 3.1.2 Cc th m c h th ng 3.2 Cc quy n truy c p file, th m c 3.2.1 Thay i quy n s h u file, th m c s d ng l nh chown 3.2.2 Thay i nhm s d ng file/th m c v i l nh chgrp 3.2.3 S d ng s theo h c s 8 tng ng v i thu c tnh truy c p 3.2.4 S d ng ngn ng t nhin tng ng v i quy n truy c p 3.2.5 Thay i quy n truy c p file th m c s d ng l nh chmod 3.2.6 Cc ch c bi t trn cc quy n th m c 3.3 Thi t l p m t chnh sch cho server nhi u ng i s d ng 3.3.1 Thi t l p c u hnh cc quy n truy c p file c a ng i s d ng 3.3.2 Thi t l p m c nh cc quy n truy c p file cho ng i s d ng 3.3.3 Thi t l p cc quy n c th th c thi cho cc file 3.4 Lm vi c v i file, th m c 3.4.1 Xem cc file v cc th m c 3.4.2 Chuy n n th m c 3.4.3 Xc nh ki u file 3.4.4 Xem th ng k cc quy n c a file hay th m c 3.4.5 Sao chp file v th m c 3.4.6 D ch chuy n cc file v th m c 3.4.7 Xa cc file v th m c 3.4.8 Tm ki m file 4. Qu n l ng i dng v ti nguyn 4.1 Khi ni m 4.2 T o superuser 4.3 Qu n l ng i dng v i cc cng c dng l nh 4.3.1 T o m t ti kho n ng i s d ng m i 4.3.2 T o m t nhm m i 4.3.3 S a i m t ti kho n ng i s d ng ang t n t i 4.3.4 Thay i ng d n th m c ch
4.3.5 Thay i UID 4.3.6 Thay i nhm m c nh 4.3.7 Thay i th i h n k t thc c a m t ti kho n 4.3.8 S a i m t nhm ang t n t i 4.3.9 Xa ho c h y b m t ti kho n ng i s d ng 4.4 Ci t my in 4.4.1 C u hnh my in 4.4.2 Ci t my in c c b 4.4.3 Ci t my in trn h th ng Unix xa 4.4.4 Ci t my in Samba (SMB) 4.4.5 Ch n trnh i u khi n Print Driver v k t thc 4.4.6 Thay i thng s c u hnh cc my in c s n 4.4.7 Backup cc thng s c u hnh my in 4.4.8 Qu n l cng vi c in n 5. Trnh di n thi t l p m ng v ci t Diul-up trn Linux 5.1 Thi t l p m ng 5.1.1 H H Linux v card m ng 5.1.2 C u hnh card m ng 5.1.3 Cc ti n ch m ng: Telnet v ftp 5.2 Ci t Diul-up 5.2.1 Ci t 5.2.2 Quay s t xa 6. L p trnh shell 6.1 T o v ch y chng trnh shell 6.2 S d ng cc bi n 6.2.1 Gn m t gi tr cho m t bi n 6.2.2 Tham s v cc bi n Shell c s n 6.3 S d ng d u trch d n 6.4 Lm vi c v i cu l nh test 6.5 S d ng cc cu l nh r nhnh 6.5.1 L nh if 6.5.2 L nh case 6.6 S d ng cc cu l nh vng l p 6.6.1 L nh for 6.6.2 L nh while 6.6.3 L nh until 6.6.4 L nh shift 6.6.5 L nh select 6.6.6 L nh repeat 6.7 S d ng cc hm 6.8 T ng k t 7. Ci t v Qu n tr WebServer 7.1 H ng d n ci t trn mi tr ng Linux 7.2 Qu n tr WebServer 7.2.1 Ph n m m Apache 7.2.2 Bin d ch v ci t 7.2.3 Kh i ng v t t WebServer 7.2.4 C u hnh Apache 7.2.5 Xc th c ng i dng
8. Qu n l ti n trnh 8.1 Ti n trnh 8.1.1 Ti n trnh ti n c nh 8.1.2 Ti n trnh h u c nh 8.2 i u khi n v gim st ti n trnh 8.2.1 S d ng l nh ps l y thng tin tr ng thi c a ti n trnh 8.2.2 Pht tn hi u cho m t chng trnh ang ch y 8.2.3 Giao ti p gi a cc ti n trnh 8.3 L p k ho ch cc ti n trnh 8.3.1 S d ng l nh at 8.3.2 S d ng l nh crontab 9. B o m t h th ng 9.1 Nh ng nguy c an ninh trn Linux 9.2 Xem xt chnh sch an ninh c a b n 9.3 Tng c ng an ninh cho KERNEL 9.4 An ton cc giao d ch trn m ng 9.5 Linux firewall 9.6 Dng cng c d tm kh o st h th ng 9.7 Pht hi n s xm nh p qua m ng 9.8 Ki m tra kh nng b xm nh p 9.9 i ph khi h th ng b t n cng
www.nhipsongcongnghe.net 1. Gi i thi u h
1.1. L ch s
i u hnh Linux
Linux l h i u hnh m ph ng Unix, c xy d ng trn ph n nhn (kernel) v cc gi ph n m m m ngu n m . Linux c cng b d i b n quy n c a GPL (General Public Licence). Unix ra i gi a nh ng nm 1960, ban u c pht tri n b i AT&T, sau c ng k thng m i v pht tri n theo nhi u dng d i cc tn khc nhau. Nm 1990 xu h ng pht tri n ph n m m m ngu n m xu t hi n v c thc y b i t ch c GNU. M t s licence v m ngu n m ra i v d BSD, GPL. Nm 1991, Linus Torvald vit thm phin b n nhn v0.01 (kernel) u tin c a Linux a ln cc BBS, nhm ng i dng m i ng i cng s d ng v pht tri n. Nm 1996, nhn v1.0 chnh th c cng b v ngy cng nh n c s quan tm c a ng i dng. Nm 1999, phin b n nhn v2.2 mang nhi u c tnh u vi t v gip cho linux b t u tr thnh i th c nh tranh ng k c a MSwindows trn mi tr ng server. Nm 2000 phin b n nhn v2.4 h tr nhi u thi t b m i ( a x l t i 32 chip, USB, RAM trn 2GB...) b t u t chn vo th tr ng my ch cao c p. Qu trnh pht tri n c a linux nh sau: Nm 1991: 100 ng i dng. Nm 1997: 7.000.000 ng i dng. Nm 2000: hng trm tri u ng i dng, hn 15.000 ngi tham gia pht tri n Linux. Hng nm th tr ng cho Linux tng tr ng trn 100%.
Cc phin b n Linux l s n ph m ng gi Kernel v cc gi ph n m m mi n ph khc. Cc phin b n ny c cng b d i licence GPL. M t s phin b n n i b t l: Redhat, Caldera, Suse, Debian, TurboLinux, Mandrake. Gi ng nh Unix, Linux g m 3 thnh ph n chnh: kernel, shell v c u trc file. Kernel l chng trnh nhn, ch y cc chng trnh v qu n l cc thi t b ph n c ng nh a v my in. Shell (mi tr ng) cung c p giao di n cho ng i s d ng, cn c m t nh m t b bin d ch. Shell nh n cc cu l nh t ng i s d ng v g i cc cu l nh cho nhn th c hi n. Nhi u shell c pht tri n. Linux cung c p m t s shell nh: desktops, windows manager, v mi tr ng dng l nh. Hi n nay ch y u t n t i 3 shell: Bourne, Korn v C shell. Bourne c pht tri n t i phng th nghi m Bell, C shell c pht tri n cho phin b n BSD c a UNIX, Korn shell l phin b n c i ti n c a Bourne shell. Nh ng phin b n hi n nay c a Unix, bao g m c Linux, tch h p c 3 shell trn. C u trc file quy nh cch lu tr cc file trn a. File c nhm trong cc th m c. M i th m c c th ch a file v cc th m c con khc. M t s th m c l cc th m c chu n do h th ng s d ng. Ng i dng c th t o cc file/th m c c a ring mnh cng nh d ch chuy n cc file gi a cc th m c . Hn n a, v i Linux ng i dng c th thi t l p quy n truy nh p file/th m c, cho php hay h n ch m t ng i dng ho c m t nhm truy nh p file. Cc th m c trong Linux c t ch c theo c u trc cy, b t u b ng m t th m c g c (root). Cc th m c khc c phn nhnh t th m c ny. Kernel, shell v c u trc file c u thnh nn c u trc h i u hnh. V i nh ng thnh ph n trn ng i dng c th ch y chng trnh, qu n l file, v tng tc v i h th ng.
1.2. Ci t my ch Linux t, c n tm hi u cc thng tin v ph n c ng c a h th ng, bao a c ng ho
Lu : tr c khi ci g m Thng tin v
Thng tin v card m ng Thng tin v card Thng tin v mn hnh Thng tin v giao th c v c u hnh m ng n u k t n i m ng Thng tin v cc thi t b ngoi.
C th ch n nhi u phng n ci t nh ci t t a m m, t a c ng, t a CD Rom ho c qua m ng. Ti li u ny ch n h ng d n qu trnh ci t phin b n 7.0 t a CDRom. Yu c u my ci t c kh nng kh i ng (boot) t a CD-Rom ( c h tr h u h t trong cc my tnh hi n nay). Sau y l cc b c ci t c th . Khi k t thc b c tr c chng trnh ci t t ng chuy n sang b c sau. M t s b c ci t cho php quay l i b c tr c b ng cch ch n Back.
1.
a a CD Rom Redhat vo my c kh nng kh i ng t

ci text
a. Kh i ng l i my (lu ph i a CD-Rom. Ch n ch ci text
mb o
2. Ch n ch
boot: text 3. L a ch n ngn ng

Ch n ngn ng m c nh l English
4. L a ch n ki u bn phm
L a ch n ki u th hi n bn phm l us.
5. Mn hnh cho m ng
Sau khi l a ch n xong ngn ng ci t, bn phm v phng php ci hnh cho m ng xu t hi n. B m OK ti p t c. t, mn
6. Ch n ki u ci
H p h i tho i cho php b n ch n l a ki u ci t h i u hnh Linux RedHat nh m t Workstation, Server, Custom hay ch l nng c p phin b n ci t. Ch n ki u ci t l Custom System. Ch n OK ti p t c.
7. L a ch n ph n m m phn chia
Linux a ra cho b n hai ph n m m phn chia a dnh cho Linux: l Disk Druid v fdisk. Ch n Disk Druid ti p t c.
B n c n t o 2 partition install RedHat, nh ng delete nh ng partition c s n trong my b n (n u khng th d li u c s n s m t, t t nh t l b n nn sao lu d li u tr c cho b o m!). Dng cc ch c nng add, edit, delete t o 1 partition v i type l
Linux swap, dung l ng b ng dung l ng RAM c a my. Ti p theo t o m t partion tn "/" v i lo i Linux native, dung l ng t nh t l 500Mb (tu theo dung l ng cn tr ng c a a b n, n u b n mu n install tr n gi RedHat th c n n kho ng 2288MB). Hy yn ch l n u b n t o sai (partition kch th c qu l n, l n hn dung l ng cn tr ng c a a) th RedHat s khng cho b n i ti p. Ch c n t o 2 partition ny l r i. Khi no b n click c Next th coi nh l thnh cng!
t o m t partition m i, ch n Add. Mn hnh Edit New Partition xu t hi n
M ts v n
c th x y ra khi thm m t partition
8. Hi u ch nh m t partition
Ch n m t partition c n hi u ch nh, nh n Edit, mn hnh m i s cho php b n thay cc thng s c a partition ch n nh kch th c, ki u, ... i
9. Hon thnh vi c phn chia a

Chng trnh ci t s yu c u b n format l i phn vng v a t o, ch khng ch n nh ng phn vng d li u quan tr ng i v i b n.
10. Kh i t o LILO
LInux LOader (LILO) cho php b n xc nh th i gian kh i t o Linux hay m t h i u hnh no khc. Khi kh i t o cho server, LILO c c u hnh t ng trn Master Boot Record [MBR]. If you are performing a custom-class installation, the LILO Installation dialogs let you indicate how or whether to install LILO. Vi c ch n LILO trong c a s LILO Configuration cho php b n thm cc tu ch n m c nh vo l nh boot LILO v cc ty ch n ny c chuy n cho Linux kernel t i th i i m boot.
.
Ch r ng n u b n ch n Skip, b n s khng th boot h th ng Red Hat Linux m t cc tr c ti p m s ph i s d ng phng php boot khc (boot disk ch ng h n) B n ch nn l a ch n cch ny khi b n ch c ch n c cch khc boot h th ng Red Hat Linux c a b n. Dng l a ch n t boot loader t i Master Boot Record Linux khi b t my. kh i t o ngay h i u hnh
Mn hnh ny cho php b n t tn cho my tnh c a mnh. B n c th thay i hostname sau khi ci t xong b ng l nh hostname newname, trong newname l tn m b n mu n t.
11. C u hnh k t n i m ng
N u my khng c card m ng, s khng nh n c mn hnh ny. Th c hi n c u hnh m ng cho my nh sau B l a ch n config using DHCP (ch c p pht a ch IP ng), nh p subnetmask theo h ng d n c a gio vin h ng d n th c hnh. a ch IP,
12. C u hnh firewall: ch n Medium 13. C u hnh chu t
Thng th ng th chng trnh ci t s t pht hi n lo i chu t c a my b n. N u khng, b n hy ch n lo i chu t ph h p trong danh sch, v n u b n khng bi t chu t c a mnh lo i g th c yn, click Next ti p t c.
L a ch n Emulate 3 Buttons cho php b n s d ng chu t c a b n nh chu t c 2 nt trong dng nt gi a b ng cch b m hai nt cng m t lc.N u b n c chu t hai nt, b n hy s d ng ch c nng ny v XWindow tr nn d dng nh t v i khi chu t c ba nt.
14. C u hnh Time Zone
N u b n mu n thi t l p ng h cho CMOS theo gi GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), ch n Hardware clock set to GMT. Tuy nhin, n u my tnh c a b n s d ng m t h
i u hnh khc th vi c thi t khc hi n th sai th i gian. t ng h theo gi GMT s khi n cho h i u hnh
t gi VN, ch n Asia/Saigon thay i c u hnh v th i gian sau khi b n ci /usr/sbin/timeconfig t, b n c th dng l nh
15. Thi t l p m t kh u root

H p tho i Root Password bu c b n ph i thi t l p m t m t kh u root cho h th ng c a b n. B n s s d ng m t kh u ny log vo h th ng v th c hi n cc ch c nng qu n tr h th ng c a mnh.
16. T o user
B n c th t o ti kho n user cho chnh mnh s d ng hng ngy. User root (superuser) c quy n truy nh p vo h th ng nhng r t nguy hi m, ch nn s d ng b o d ng hay qu n tr h th ng. M t kh u c a user c phn bi t ch hoa ch th ng v t nh t l 6 k t .
15. B n c th t o ti p nhi u user theo c a s sau:
16. C u hnh xc th c ng i dng Do b n kh i t o theo ch custom, b c ny cho php b n c u hnh cch m h hnh linux c a b n s d ng xc th c m t kh u. i u
L a ch n Use Shadow Passwords: m t kh u c a b n ng nh n m trong t p /etc/passwd s c thay th b ng th m c /etc/shadow v ch c truy nh p b i superuser (root) Tu ch n Enable MD5 Passwords -- cho php m ha m t kh u theo chu n MD5.
17. Ti p theo, b n c th ch n l a cc gi tin ci t. B n nn ch n cc ph n m m, d ch v hay s d ng nh t ci t s n trn my khi kh i ng. Tuy nhin, tuy nhin, b n cng c th ci t sau ny tu theo nhu c u s d ng. Cc gi tin ny n u c ci t s c ghi l i trong t p /tmp/install.log sau khi kh i t o l i h th ng c a b n.
C th ci nh n OK.
t t ng gi tin nh hn b ng cch ch n Select individual packages v
18. C u hnh Video Adapter Chng trnh ci t s t pht hi n video card kh i t o. Nh n OK ti p t c.
19. B t
u kh i t o cc gi tin: c ghi vo t p /tmp/install.log. Nh n OK ti p t c.
Qu trnh kh i t o s
20. T o a kh i t o cho h th ng (boot disk): Ch n No v ti p t c.
21. Hon thnh ci
Nh v y l b n hon thnh xong cng vi c ci t h i u hnh RedHat 7.0. B n hy rt a ra kh i CD v nh n OK kh i ng l i h th ng.
www.nhipsongcongnghe.net 2. Giao ti p trn mi tr ng Linux

2.1. Trnh so n th o vi Chng trnh vi l m t chng trnh so n th o m nh m g n nh ch c ch n c tm th y trn t t c cc h i u hnh h UNIX b i kch th c v kh nng c a n.vi khng i h i nhi u ti nguyn, thm vo l cc ch c nng so n th o c b n. vi c th tm ki m, thay th , v k t n i cc file,v n c ngn ng macro c a chnh n, cng nh m t s cc c i m b sung.C hai ch trong vi: Ch th nh t l ch input. Trong ch li u, b n c th chn ho c b sung vn b n. ny, vn b n c a vo trong ti
Ch th hai l ch dng l nh. Khi ch ny, b n c th d ch chuy n trn ti li u, tr n cc dng, tm ki m, B n c th th c hi n t t c cc ch c nng c a vi t ch dng l nh ngo i tr vi c nh p vo vn b n. Vn b n ch c th c vo trong ch input. Khi vi kh i ng, n ch dng l nh. b n c th chuy n i t ch dng l nh sang ch input b ng cch s d ng m t trong cc cu l nh sau: [aAiIoOcCsSR]. tr l i ch dng l nh b n ch n phm ESC. Hy xem cc cu l nh v tc dung c a cc cu l nh trong ch dng l nh.
Cu l nh Ctrl + D Ctrl + U Ctrl + F Ctrl + B k ho c up arrow j ho c down arrow l ho c right arrow h ho c left arrow Return w b ^ ho c 0 $
Tc d ng Chuy n c a s xu ng b ng m t n a mn hnh Chuy n c a s ln b ng m t n a mn hnh D ch chuy n c a s ln pha tr c b ng m t mn hnh D ch chuy n c a s v pha sau m t mn hnh D ch chuy n con tr ln m t dng D ch chuy n con tr xu ng m t dng D ch chuy n con tr sang ph i m t k t D ch chuy n con tr sang tri m t k t D ch chuy n con tr D ch chuy n con tr d ch chuy n con tr d ch chuy n con tr d ch chuy n con tr d ch chuy n con tr n v tr b t n v tr b t n v tr b t n v tr b t n v tr b t u dng ti p theo u c a dng tr c u c a t ti p theo u c a t tr c u c a dng hi n t i
n v tr k t thc c a dng hi n t i
i,a o O x dw D d^ u /pattern ?pattern n,N p, P . dd :w :q! :ZZ 2.2. Ti n ch mc. Chn vn b n ngay tr c/sau v tr con tr M m t dng m i ngay sau dng hi n t i M m t dng m i ngay tr c dng hi n t i Xa k t sau con tr Xo m t t (bao g m c k t tr ng ngay sau n) Xo t v tr con tr Xo t v tr b t tri con tr Hu b thay n k t thc dng u dng n v tr k t tr ng hay k t bn
i tr c
Tm xu pattern. Theo h ng ti n. Tm xu pattern, theo h ng li v u vn b n.
L p l i vi c tm ki m theo cng h ng / ng c h ng Dn o n vn b n v a xo vo tr c / sau con ch y L p l i cu l nh cu i. Xa dng c con tr ch y Ghi l i t t c cc thay i c a file hi n t i v ti p t c so n th o i
K t thc, khng lu tr b t k thay Lu thay
i c a file hi n t i v k t thc.
M t khi ng i dng c c c m v i giao di n dng l nh c a DOS, h cho r ng cc l nh c a Linux cng kh h c. Trong th i k c a DOS tr c Windows, vi c nh h ng cc t p tin thng qua h th ng menu v cc chng trnh qu n l b t u pht tri n m nh, cho d chng ch d a trn ch text. M t trong s chng trnh thng d ng nh v y l Norton Commander. Linux cng c m t chng trnh ti n ch v i ch c nng tng t nh v y g i l Midnight Commander (MC). B n khng ph i m t cng tm ki m MC, ph n l n cc nh phn ph i Linux u cung c p km theo H H v n c ci trong /usr/bin/mc. Chng trnh ch y c hai ch : text mode v h a (Xterm d i X Windows). Sau khi nh p l nh "mc" ch y chng trnh, b n s nhn th y m t c a s c chia i nh trong hnh 1. Midnight Commander h u nh l b n sao c a Norton
Commander. Ph n l n cch trnh by, phm t t v cc d ng mouse cng c h tr ch text. c tnh u gi ng NC. S
N u driver mouse c t i khi kh i ng (ph n l n cc nh cung c p Linux u lm nh v y), b n c th dng mouse truy c p menu v cc t p tin. Nh n vo file th c thi ch y, nh n vo th m c chuy n vo , ho c nh n vo t p tin v i ph n ui m r ng m n v i chng trnh tng ng. B ng cch nh n nt ph i chu t vo m t t p tin, b n ch n ho c b ch n t p tin . B n c th th c hi n tm tn file b ng nh n t h p phm Ctrl-S v trn file v i Alt. Sau y l nh ng phm l nh c b n:
F1: Tr gip F2: Menu ng i dng F3: Xem cc t p tin c ch n F4: Hi u nh t p tin F5: Copy t p tin F6: i tn, chuy n t p tin
F7: T o th m c F8: Xo t p tin F9: G i menu th xu ng (pull-down) F10: Thot kh i Midnight Commander
Midnight Commander h tr m t s h th ng t p tin o, ngha l b n c th xem file khng ch trn cc a c ng c c b . B n cng c th xem cc ki u t p tin nn khc nhau, nh .tar, .tgz, .zip, .lha, .rar, .zoo v th m chi c .rpm v .deb (cc d ng th c t p tin nn c a Red Hat v Debian. Vi c xem cc t p tin c th c hi n thng qua h
th ng t p tin m ng c a UNIX (UNIX Network File System - NFS), Midnigh Commander c th ho t ng nh m t my khch ftp b ng cch a lin k t FTP vo menu.
C th h i ph c cc t p tin xa trong Linux? Midnight Commander cho th y r ng v n chng ta ni n trong ph n tr c (PC World VN s 7/1999 trang 95) - khng c cch no h i ph c c cc t p tin b xo trong Linux - l khng hon ton chnh xc. N u b n s d ng ph n m r ng ext2, h th ng t p tin c b n trong Linux v c u hnh h th ng cho php h i ph c t p tin b xa th trn th c t b n c th truy c p vo cc file xa.
V i Midnight Commander, b n nh p dng "undel:/" tr c tn t p tin, v d "undel:/dev/hda1". Sau b n c th xem cc t p tin b xa (hnh 3). Ch n t p tin b n mu n h i ph c b ng chu t hay bn phm v dng F5 copy chng vo th m c ch no . Tr ng i duy nh t y l thng tin v tn file b m t, b i v y b n ph i c xc nh c t p tin no b n mu n h i ph c.
Midnight Commander bao g m c chng trnh xem v so n th o t p tin. C hai u c th lm vi c v i file vn b n v file nh phn (text v binary) v hi n th cc k t 8-bit ngoi 128 k t m ASCII. Trnh so n th o c giao di n menu v gi ng Windows nhi u phm so n th o c b n: nh n Shift v phm mi tn ch n text, nh n Ctrl-Ins copy text v Shift-Ins dn text. B n c th ghi macro v i Ctrl-R cng nh th c hi n nh ng tm ki m theo t thng th ng.
Midnight Commander c m t s tnh nng m DOS khng c. B n c th thay i quy n s h u t p tin v xem chi ti t v quy n truy c p t p tin. MC cn c kh nng qu n l quy trnh, cho php b n xem nh ng qu trnh ang c th c hi n ch n n, v b n c th d ng chng, kh i ng l i ho c t t chng hon ton. Midnight Commander c r t nhi u tnh nng m khng th li t k h t trong bi ny. Trn Internet c nhi u Web site dnh ring cho Midnight Commander, ch ng h n nh www.gnome.org/mc, b n c th tham kh o chi ti t hn. 2.3. Cc cu l nh c b n trn Linux
2.3.1. Hi u bi t v cc cu l nh trong Linux 2.3.1.1. S d ng cc k t i di n Khi b n s d ng cc cu l nh v file v th m c, b n c th s d ng cc k t c bi t c g i l cc k t i di n xc nh tn file, tn th m c. V d , a ra danh sch t t c cc file c tn k t thc b ng .c, b n s d ng cu l nh sau: ls *.c K t * l m t k t i di n, khi shell thng d ch, n s thay * b ng t t c cac tn file c k t thc b ng .c. B ng bn d i ch ra m t s cc k t i di n th ng c s d ng:
* ? [] V d : Jo* Jo*y Ut*l*s.c ?.h Doc[0-9].txt Doc0[A-Z].txt 2.3.1.2. : Cc file b t : Cc file b t : Cc file b t : Cc file b t u v i Jo u v i Jo v k t thc v i y u v i Ut, ch a m t k t l v k t thc v i s.c u v i m t k t n, theo sau b i .h Tng ng v i th t b t k c a m t hay nhi u k t Tng ng v i m t k t b t k Tng ng v i m t trong nh ng k t trong ngo c ho c gi i h n
: Cc file c tn Doc0.txt, Doc1.txt .Doc9.txt : Cc file c tn Doc0A.txt, Doc0B.txt Doc0Z.txt
C b n v cc bi u th c chnh quy
Cc bi u th c chnh quy c s d ng b i ph n l n cc cu l nh. Chng cung c p m t cch thu n ti n v ng nh t xc nh cc m u ph h p . Chng tng t v i cc k t i di n, nhng chng m nh hn r t nhi u. Chng cung c p m t ph m vi r ng cc m u l a ch n. cc k t c bi t c a ra d i y l cc bi u th c chnh quy th ng c s d ng:
K t . * ^ $ \< \> [] [^] \
ngha Tng ng v i m t k t n b t k ngo i tr dng m i ng tr c
Tng ng v i khng ho c nhi u hn cc k t Tng ng v i b t u c a m t dng
Tng ng v i k t thc m t dng Tng ng v i b t um tt
Tng ng v i k t thc m t t Tng ng v i m t trong cc k t bn trong ho c m t dy cc k t Tng ng v i cc k t b t k khng n m trong ngo c L y k hi u theo sau d u g ch ng c
Tr c tin, trong m t bi u th c chnh quy, m t k t b t k khng c ngha ring cho chnh n. V d tm ki m cc dng ch a ch foo trong file data.txt s d ng cu l nh sau:
grep foo data.txt tm ki m cc dng b t grep ^foo data.txt Vi c s d ng d u trch d n n ni cho shell nguyn cc k t v b qua chng trong chng trnh. Vi c s d ng d u trch d n n l c n thi t khi s d ng cc k t c bi t. grep hello$ data.txt Cc dng b t k k t thc v i chu i hello c tr l i. b ng m t t , s d ng \<. V d : grep \<ki data.txt bi u th c bn trn s cho php tm ki m cc t b t tm ki m m u wee k t thc c a m t t , s d ng: grep wee\> data.txt b ng bn trn, ch r ng d u ch m s ph h p v i m t k t b t k tr dng m i. i u ny c th c thao tc, n u chng ta tm ki m t t c cc dng ch a k t C c theo sau b i hai k t v k t th c b i k t s, bi u th c chnh quy c th l: grep C..s data.txt Bi u th c ny c th c cc m u ph h p nh Cats, Cars v Cris n u chng c ch a trong file data.txt. N u b n mu n xc nh m t dy cc k t , s d ng m t d u g ch n i phn bi t k t b t u v k t k t thc c a dy. Khi b n xc nh m t dy, th t ph i gi ng nh m ASCII. V d , tm ki m t t c cc dng ch a m t k t B theo sau b i m t k t th ng s d ng: grep B[a-z] data.txt Cng c th xaca nh nhi u gi i h n trong cng m t m u: u b ng ki trong file data.txt. tm ki m m t m u b t u u b ng t foo, ta s d ng cu l nh:
grep B[A-Za-z] data.txt 2.3.2. Cc cu l nh v th m c v file L nh cat C php: cat file [>|>] [destination file] L nh cat s hi n th n i dung c a m t file ra thi t b ra chu n. N th ng h u ch ki m tra n i dung c a m t file b ng s d ng cu l nh cat. i s m b n a vo l nh cat l file b n mu n xem. xem ton b n i dung c a m t file: cat name L nh cat cng c th tr n nhi u file ang t n t i vo m t file: cat name1 name2 name3 > allnames V d ny s k t h p cc file : name1, name2 v name3 cho file cu i cng allnames. Th t c a vi c tr n c thi t l p b i th t c a cc file c a vo trn dng l nh. S d ng l nh cat, chng ta c th b sung m t file vo m t file khc ang t n t i. Trong tr ng h p b n qun thm name4 vo cu l nh tr c, chng ta v n c th nh n c k t qu mong mu n b ng cch th c hi n l nh: cat name4 > allnames L nh ny s b sung n i dung c a file name4 vo allnames L nh chmod
C php: chmod [-R] permission-mode file ho c th m c L nh chmod dng chmod myscript.pl thay i quy n c a m t th m c v t t c cc file, cc th m c con c a th m c s d ng cu l nh: thay i quy n truy c p file ho c th m c. V d :
chmod R 744 public_html L nh chown chown [ -fhR ] Owner [ :Group ] { file | th m c }
C php:
L nh chown thay i quy n s h u file hay th m c. Gi tr c a khai bo Group c th la m t ID c a nhm ng i s d ng ho c tn c a nhm ng i s d ng c tm th y trong file /etc/group. Ch ng i s d ng root m i c quy n thay i quy n s h u i v i file. Chi ti t v cc tu ch n c ch ra bn d i: -f : ngn ch n t t c cc thong bo l i tr cc thong bo s d ng -h: thay i quy n s h u c a lien k t t ng trng nhng khng thay h u c a file m c ch n b i lien k t t ng trng . i quy n s
-R: thay i quy n s h u c a th m c, cc file v cc th m c con bn trong th m c hi n t i c ch ra L nh clear pha trn c a mn hnh
clear
Xo mn hnh, tr l i d u ch c dng l nh
l nh cmp
C php: cmp [ -ls ] file1 file2 L nh ny so snh n i dung c a hai file. N u khng c s khc nhau no, l nh cmp s k t thc m t cch yn l ng, tu ch n l s n ra s byte v cc gi tr khc nhau gi a hai file. Tu ch n s khng hi n th ci g c , n ch tr l i tr ng thi ch ra r ng s tng ng gi a hai file. Gi tr 0 c tr l i n u cc file gi ng h t nhau, gi tr b ng 1 n u hai file khc nhau v l n hn 1 n u l i xu t hi n khi th c hi n cu l nh. L nh cp
C php: cp [ -R ] file_ho c_th_m c file_ho c_th_m c L nh cp s sao chp m t file t th m c ngu n n th m c ch c a vo. sao chp ton b cc file v cc th m c con bn trong th m c mong mu n, b n s d ng cu l nh cp v i tu ch n R L nh du nh m t th m c, l nh du s bo L nh ny t ng k t vi c s d ng a. N u b n xc co vi c s d ng a cho chnh cc th m c .
C php: du [ -ask ] tn_file Tu ch n a s a ra mn hnh kch th c c a m i th m c v file
Tu ch n s s ch in ra t ng c ng Tu ch n k s in ra t t c cc kch th c file theo kilobytes L nh file
C php: file filename Cu l nh xc nh ki u c a file. N u file khng ph i l file thng th ng, ki u c a file c xc nh. L nh find
Cu l nh find tm cc file v cc th m c. C php : find [path] [-type fd] [-name m u] [-atime [+-] s _ngy] [-exec cu_l nh {} \;] [-empty]. V d : find . type d Cu l nh tr l i t t c cc th m c con trong th m c hi n t i. Tu ch n type xc nh ki u, d cho cc th m c, f cho cc file hay l cho cc lien k t. find . type f name *.txt L nh ny s tm t t c cc file vn b n c ph n m r ng .txt trong th m c hi n t i v c trong cc th m c con. find . type f name *.txt exec grep l magic {} \; Cu l nh ny s tm ki m t t c cc file vn b n (k t thc v i ph n m r ng .txt) trong th m c hi n t i v cc th m c con c ch a t magic. find . type f empty
Hi n th t t c cc file r ng trong th m c hi n t i. L nh grep
C php: grep [viw] m u file L nh grep cho php b n tm ki m m t ho c nhi u file c cc m u k t c bi t. M i dng c a m i file ch a cc m u c hi n th trn mn hnh. Cu l nh grep h u ch khi b n c nhi u file v b n mu n tm ra file ch a t ho c cu xc nh. S d ng tu ch n v, b n c th hi n th cc file khng ch a m t m u. V d , ch n cc dng trong data.txt khng ch a t the ta th c hi n: grep vw the data.txt n u tu ch n w khng c xc nh th b t k cc t ch a the u ph h p nh together. Tu ch n w c xc nh bu c m u ph i l ton b m t t . Cu i cng , tu ch n i b qua s khc nhau gi a cc k t ch hoa v k t ch th ng khi tm ki m m u. L nh head
C php: head [-count | -n number] filename Cu l nh ny s hi n th vi dng u tin c a m t file. B i m c nh, 10 dng u c a m t file c hi n th . Tuy nhin, b n c th s d ng cc tu ch n xc nh s dng hi n th . V d : head -2 doc.txt s hi n th hai dng L nh ln ch u tin.
C php: ln [-s] file_ngu n
L nh ln t o cc lin k t c ng v m m. Cc lin k t c ng c t o s d ng l nh ln khng c tu ch n s. V d : ln ./www ./public_html
M t lien k t c ng c h n ch , n khng th t o lin k t n m t th m c khc, v m t lin k t c ng khng th lin k t n m t file trn m t h th ng file khc. S d ng tu ch n s b n c th t o m t lin k t m m, lo i b cc gi i h n ny. ln s /dev/fs02/jack/www /dev/fs01/foo/public_html y chng ta t o m t lin k t m m gi a th m c www trn h th ng file 2 v m t file m i c t o trn h th ng file 1. L nh locate
C php : locate t _kho Cu l nh locate tm ng d n n m t file c bi t hay m t cu l nh. L nh locate s tm ki m chnh xc hay m t ph n c a chu i ph h p. V d : locate foo k t qu tm ki m s a ra cc file c tn ch a t kho foo theo ng d n tuy t ho c s khng a ra k t qu n u khng c tn file nh v y. L nh ls i
L nh ls cho php b n a ra danh sch cc file v cc th m c con. C php : ls [-1aRl] file_ho c_th_m c Khi s d ng tu ch n -1 , n ch hi n th tn file v tn th m c con c a th m c hi n t i. Khi ch n tu ch n l, m t danh sch cc file v th m c con c a th m c hi n t i c hi n th v i y cc thng tin v file v th m c. Tu ch n a cho php b n hi n th t t c cc file v th m c (k c cc file n, tn file b t u b ng d u ch m) trong th m c hi n t i. Tu ch n R s hi n th t t c cc file v cc th m c con bn trong n n u c. L nh mkdir
C php: mkdir th_m c t o m t th m c, s d ng cu l nh mkdir. Ch c 2 gi i h n khi ch n tn th m c, l tn c a th m c c th ln t i 255 k t v tn th m c c th ch a b t k k t no tr k t /.V d : mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3
L nh trn t o ra ba th m c, n m bn trong th m c hi n t i. L nh mv
C php : mv [-if] file_ngu n file_ ch S d ng l nh mv d ch chuy n hay i tn cc file hay cc th m c. Cu l nh th c hi n vi c d ch chuy n hay i tn ph thu c vo file_ ch c l m t th m c hay khng. minh ho , chng ta s i tn m t th m c foo thnh foobar: mv foo foobar B i v foobar cha t n t i, foo s th c hi n: mv doc.txt foobar v foobar t n t i, vi c d ch chuy n file s c th c hi n sau . Tu ch n f s xo cc file ch ang t n t i v khng bao gi nh c ng i s d ng. Tu ch n i s nh c ng i s d ng c ghi hay khng n u file_ ch t n t i. L nh pwd c i tn thnh foobar. N u cu l nh sau c
C php: pwd Cu l nh ny hi n th tn th m c hi n t i bao g m c pwd Trn mn hnh hi n th : /home/trantu L nh rm ng d n tuy t i. V d :
C php: rm [-rif] th_m c/file xo th m c ho c file, s d ng cu l nh rm. b n c th xo nhi u file s d ng k i di n ho c g vo tn cc file. V d :
rm doc1.txt doc2.txt doc3.txt Tng ng v i: rm doc[1-3].txt rm l cu l nh r t m nh, hy c n th n khi s d ng l nh ny v b n c th nh m v xo i cc file quan tr ng. N u cha ch c ch n, b n c th s d ng tu ch n i, h th ng s nh c l i cho b n xc th c m i l n xo m t file. N u nh ch c ch n file c n xo, b n c th ch n tu ch n f khng ph i nh n cc thng tin nh c b n xc th c. Tu ch n r s cho php b n xo ton b cc th m c con. L nh tail
C php: tail [-count | -fr] tn_file Cu l nh tail hi n th ph n cu i c a m t file, m c nh n s hi n th 10 dng cu i cng c a file. hi n th 50 dng cu i cng c a file doc.txt, b n c th s d ng cu l nh: tail -50 doc.txt Tu ch n r s th c hi n cng vi c ng c l i, m c nh n s hi n th t t c cc dng tr 10 dng cu i cng. Tu ch n f h u ch khi b n ang gim st m t file. V i tu ch n ny, tail s ch cho d li u m i c ghi vo file. Khi d li u m i c thm vo file, tail s hi n th d li u ln mn hnh. d ng l nh tail khi ang gim st file, ch n t h p phm Ctrl + C b i v l nh tail khng t d ng c. 2.3.3. Cc cu l nh nn d li u L nh compress C php: compress [ -v ] file Cu l nh compress s c g ng gi m kch th c c a m t file s d ng. Cc file c nn s c thay th b i m t file c ph n m r ng .Z. Ty ch n v s hi n th ph n trm dung l ng gi m c a m t file c nn v s ni cho b n tnc a file m i: compress v inbox trn mn hnh s hi n th
inbox: Compression: 37.20% - replaced with inbox.Z L nh gunzip
C php: gunzip [-v] files gi i nn cc file v d ng nguyn b n , s d ng l nh gunzip, s c g ng gi i nn cc file c ph n m r ng: .gz, -gz, .z, -z, _z, .Z, ho c tgz. Ty ch n v s hi n th k t qu p khi gi i nn cc file. V d : gunzip v README.txt.gz L nh gzip
C php: gzip [-rv9] file L nh gzip l m t chng trnh nn khc. N c bi t n l chng trnh nn c t l nn t t nh t. cc file c nn b i l nh gzip s c thay th b i cc file c ph n m r ng .gz. Ty ch n 9 c t c nn t t nh t. Ty ch n v cho php hi n th p trn mn hnh. Kch th c, t ng s v t l nn c a ra danh sch cho m i file. Ty ch n r s nn t t c cc file trong m i th m c theo cng m t cch. L nh tar
C php: tar [c] [x] [v] [z] [f tn_file] tn_file_ho c_th_m c L nh tar cho php b n nn nhi u file v th m c vo m t file .tar. N cng cho php b n gi i nn cc file v cc th m c t m t file nn. V d : tar cf source.tar *.c Cu l nh ny s t o m t file source.tar, ch a t t c cc file m ngu n C (c ph n m r ng .c) trong th m c hi n t i. tar cvf source.tar *.c Ty ch n v y cho php b n xem cc file c nn
tar cvzf backup.tar.gz important_dir
y, t t c cc file v cc th m c con c a th m c important_dir c nn trong m t file c g i l backup.tar.gz. Ch r ng file ny cng c nn do c ty ch n z , v do k t qu l file c ph n m r ng l .gz. Thng th ng ph n m r ng .tar.gz c vi t ng n thnh .tgz. gi i nn cc file , v d nh backup.tar , b n s d ng cu l nh: tar xf backup.tar gi i nn m t file c ph n m r ng .tgz hay .tar.gz, b n th c hi n cu l nh sau: tar xzf backup.tgz L nh uncompress
C php: uncompress [ -v ] file Khi m t file c nn s d ng cu l nh compress, gi i nn b n s d ng cu l nh uncompress. L nh uncompress gi i nn cc file c ph n m r ng .Z, v v y c php c a n tng t nh l nh compress uncompress v inbox.Z L nh unzip
C php: unzip file L nh ny s gi i nn cc file c ph n m r ng .zip. Cc file ny c th l nh zip. L nh zip c nn v i
C php : zip [-ACDe9] file y l chng trnh nn file theo nh d ng n i ti ng tng thch v i nhi u h hnh. Cc file c nn v i l nh zip c ph n m r ng .zip. L nh mount i u
C php: mount a [-t fstype] [-o option] device directory L nh mount c s d ng gn cc thi t b v i h th ng, cc ty ch n thng th ng th ng c trong file /etc/fstab. V d :
/dev/hda6 /intranet ext2 defaults 1 2 N u dng bn trn c tm th y trong /etc/fstab, b n c th g n h th ng file c lu trong phn vng /dev/hda6 nh sau: mount /intranet Cng m t h th ng file, cu l nh sau y l tng t : mount t ext2 /dev/hda6 /intranet Ty ch n t c s d ng xc nh ki u file h th ng. file c trong /etc/fstab s d ng ty ch n a. V d : mount a t ext2 Thng th ng ng i s d ng ch n ty ch n o l ro (ch d : mount t ext2 o ro /dev/hda6 /secured L nh umount c) ho c rw ( c ghi). V g n t t c cc h th ng
C php : umount a [-t fstype] L nh umount ng c l i v i l nh mount. V d umount /cdrom 2.3.4. Cc cu l nh qu n l ti n trnh L nh bg sau
C php: bg y l k ch b n shell c xy d ng s n. a m t ti n trnh ang ch y v ch y h u c nh (ti n trnh n n). L nh fg
C php: fg [%job-number] Cu l nh ny cho php b n chuy n m t ti n trnh n n ln ch y trn ti n c nh. N u b n ch y cu l nh ny khng c b t k i s no, n s a cu l nh cu i cng sau h u c nh ln hi n th . V d , n u c hai cu l nh ch y sau h u c nh, b n c th chuy n cu l nh th nh t ln ch y trn ti n c nh b ng cu l nh: fg %1 L nh jobs
C php: jobs L nh ny cho php b n hi n th cc ti n trnh n n ang ch y. Ngoi ra cn m t s l nh s c trnh by trong cc ph n sau.
3. Gi i Thi u H Th ng T p Tin, Th M c
3.1. Gi i thi u Trong linux file c t ch c thnh cc th m c, theo m hnh phn c p. Tham chi u n m t file b ng tn v ng d n. Cc cu l nh thao tc file cho php th c hi n cc ch c nng nh d ch chuy n, sao chp ton b th m c cng v i cc th m c con ch a trong n C th s d ng cc k t , d u g ch d i, ch s , d u ch m v d u ph y t tn file. Khng c b t u m t tn file b ng d u ch m hay ch s . Nh ng k t khc nh /, ?, *, l k t c bi t c dnh ring cho h th ng. Chi u di c a tn file c th t i 256 k t . T t c cc file trong linux c chung c u trc v t l l chu i cc byte (byte stream). C u trc th ng nh t ny cho php linux p d ng khi ni m file cho m i thnh ph n d li u trong h th ng. Th m c cng nh cc thi t b c xem nh file. Chnh vi c xem m i th nh cc file cho php linux qu n l v chuy n i d li u m t cch d dng. M t th m c ch a cc thng tin v th m c, c t ch c theo m t nh d ng c bi t. Cc thnh ph n c xem nh cc file, chng c phn bi t d a trn ki u file: ordinary file, directory file, character device file, v block device file. 3.1.1. Th m c ch Sau khi ng nh p h th ng, ng i dng s ng th m c ch . Tn c a th m c ny gi ng v i tn ti kho n ng nh p h th ng. Cc file c t o khi ng i dng ng nh p c t ch c trong th m c ch . 3.1.2. Cc th m c h th ng Th m c root, l g c c a h th ng file c a Linux, ch a m t vi th m c h th ng. Th m c h th ng ch a file v chng trnh s d ng ch y v duy tr h th ng. Bi u di n cc th m c nh sau:
/(root)
sbin
usr
dev
var
etc
home
M t th m c Th m c / /home /bin /usr /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/lib /usr/doc /usr/man /sbin /dev /etc 3.2. Ch c nng B t u c u trc file, g i l th m c g c (root)
Ch a th m c g c (home) c a ng i dng lu ch t t c cc cu l nh chu n v cc chng trnh ti n ch ch a cc file, cu l nh c h th ng s d ng, th m c ny c chia thnh cc th m c con khc Ch a cc cu l nh h ng ng i dng v cc chng trnh ti n ch Ch a cc cu l nh qu n tr h th ng Ch a th vi n cho cc ngn ng l p trnh Ch a ti li u c a linux Ch a cc file ch d n cho cc cu l nh (man) Ch a cc file h th ng kh i ng h th ng u cu i v my in
Ch a giao di n cho cc thi t b nh
Ch a file c u hnh h th ng v cc file h th ng khc Cc quy n truy c p file/th m c
Trong Linux, m i file hay th m c c k t h p v i m t ng i s d ng v m t nhm ng i s d ng. Hy xem m t v d :

-rwxr-x-r-1 trantu trantu 191 Apr 14 14:55 .bash_profile
Dng bn trn c t o b i l nh ls l .bash_profile trn h i u hnh Linux. L nh ls a ra danh sch cc file v th m c. Ty ch n l a ra danh sch y cc thng tin v file .bash_profile. B ng bn d i m t cc ki u thng tin a ra:
Ki u thng tin Quy n truy c p file S lin k t Ng i s d ng (s h u file) Nhm s d ng Kch th c file (theo bytes) Ngy s a i sau cng i sau cng Thng tin k t xu t -rw-rw-r-1 Trantu Trantu 191 Apr 14 14:55 .bash_profile
Th i gian s a Tn file
y, ng i s d ng l trantu. y l ng i s d ng th ng xuyn, c quy n thay i cc quy n try c p i v i file ny. Ch c m t ng i s d ng khc c quy n thay i thu c tnh file ny, l superuser. Nhm s d ng file ny l trantu, b t k nh ng ng i s d ng no thu c nhm trantu cng c quy n c, v th c thi d a vo quy n c a nhm c t b i ng i s h u. Khi b n t o m t file trn h th ng Linux, h th ng s m c nh ng i s h u file ny c tn l tn ng nh p c a b n v c tn nhm gi ng nh tn c a ng i s h u. M t ng i s d ng thng th ng khng th gn l i quy n s h u m t file hay th m c cho ng i khc. V d , b n khng th t o m t file v i ng i s d ng kabid r i sau gn l i quy n s h u cho ng i khc c tn l sheila b i l do b o m t. N u m t ng i s d ng thng th ng c quy n gn quy n s h u file cho ng i khc, thi m t ai cng c th t o m t chng trnh x u nh xa cc file, v thay i quy n s h u cho superuser, v khng bi t i u g s x y ra. Ch c ng i superuser m i c th gn l i quy n s h u file hay th m c cho ng i khc. 3.2.1. Thay i quy n s h u file, th m c s d ng l nh chown Ng i s d ng superuser c th thay i quy n s h u file, th m c cho m t ng i s d ng khc. thay i quy n s h u s d ng cu l nh sau: chown V d : chown trantu example.txt Cu l nh ny lm cho ng i s d ng trantu c quy n s h u file example.txt N u superuser mu n thay i nhm cho m t file ho c th m c, ng i c th s d ng cu l nh chown nh sau: newuser file ho c th m c
chown V d
newuser.newgroup
file ho c th m c
chown trantu.admin example.txt Cu l nh trn khng ch thay i quy n s h u file cho trantu m cn t l i nhm s d ng file l admin. N u superuser mu n thay i ng i s h u v nhm s d ng cho t t c cc file trong m t th m c, ng i c th s d ng cu l nh chown v i ty ch n R. V d chown R trantu.admin /home/trantu/ 3.2.2. Thay i nhm s d ng file/th m c v i l nh chgrp
Cu l nh chgrp cho php b n thay i quy n s d ng file hay th m c c a m t nhm, ch n u b n thu c v c hai nhm (nhm c v nhm m i). V d : chgrp httpd *.html L nh trn s thay i nhm s d ng cho t t c cc file c ph n m r ng html. B n ch c th thay i c n u b n thu c nhm httpd. Gi ng nh l nh chown, l nh chgrp cng c ty ch n R thay i quy n v i nhi u file hay th m c. 3.2.3. S d ng s theo h c s 8 tng ng v i thu c tnh truy c p H c s 8 s d ng 8 s (0-7), v m i s tng ng v i 3 bit (theo h nh phn). B ng bn d i ch cho b n th y s tng ng v quy n v i s h c s 8.
S th 1 4 Gi tr c s 8 2 1 set-UID set-GID sticky-bit Special
S th 2 R W X User
S th 3 r w x Group
S th 4 r w x Others
Nh trn b ng trn, s th nh t c s d ng cho vi c thi t l p cc quy n c bi t, s th hai c s d ng cho vi c thi t l p ng i s h u file hay th m c. S th ba c s d ng thi t l p quy n cho nhm ng i s d ng v s th t c s d ng thi t l p quy n cho t t c m i ng i. Khi b t k m t s no b b qua, n c xem nh nh n gi tr 0. B ng bn d i ch ra m t vi v d v cc gi tr tng ng v i quy n:
Gi Tr 0400 0440 0444 0644 0755 4755 Ch c quy n Gi i Thch c cho ng i s h u, n tng ng v i 400.
Ch c quy n c v i ng i s h u v nhm ng i s d ng. N tng ng v i gi tr 440. Quy n c cho t t c m i ng i. N tng ng v i gi tr 444
Ng i s h u c quy n c v ghi, t t c m i ng i c quy n c, tng ng v i gi tr 644. (6 l t a b i 4:r v 2:w) c ghi v th c thi i v i ng i s d ng, c v th c thi v i t t c m i ng i. (7 l t o b i 4:r , 2:w v 1:x) i
N tng ng v i gi tr 755 ngo i tr file ny c t gi tr set-UID = 4. i u ny c ngha l khi file c th c thi, n c t t c cc quy n c a ng i s h u th c hi n cng vi c. S l m t l h ng l n n u ng i s h u y l root v nh ng ng i khc c quy n th c thi file ny. Hy c n th n khi thi t l p gi tr c a set-UID. N tng t v i gi tr 755 ngo i tr , khi th c thi n c t t c cc quy n c a nhm s d ng file.
2755
thi t l p quy n ph h p, b n nn ch ra ki u truy c p c a ng i s d ng, nhm ng i s d ng v c a nh ng ng i khc. 3.2.4. S d ng ngn ng t nhin tng ng v i quy n truy c p By gi chng ta s s d ng xu truy c p n gi n hn vi c s d ng s . B ng bn d i ch ra cc xu truy c p tng ng v i cc quy n: read (r) write (w) execute (x) Special read (r) write (w) execute (x) User read (r) write (w) execute (x) Group read (r) write (w) execute (x) Others
M i ki u quy n tng ng v i m t k t 3.2.5. Thay
all (a) n (trong d u ngo c).
i quy n truy c p file th m c s d ng l nh chmod
Ti n ch chmod cho php b n thay i cc quy n. B n c th s d ng cc ch s hay cc k t v i ti n ch ny thay i quy n. V d
chmod 755 *.pl Cu l nh trn thay i quy n cho cc file c ph n m ui l .pl. M i m t file .pl c t cc quy n c, ghi v th c thi b i ng i s h u, cc file cng c th c v th c thi b i nhm ng i s d ng v nh ng ng i khc. B n c th hon thnh cng m t cng vi c nh v y v i l nh sau: chmod a+rx,u+w *.pl a+rx c s d ng u+w c s d ng cho php t t c m i ng i c v th c thi i v i m i file .pl v cho php ng i s h u c quy n ghi i v i m i file .pl.
N u b n mu n thay i cc quy n cho t t c cc file v cc th m c con trong m t th m c, b n c th s d ng ty ch n R: chmod R 750 /www/mysite 3.2.6. Cc ch c bi t trn cc quy n th m c
Cc quy n thi t l p cho m t th m c cng tng t nh cc file thng th ng, nhng khng gi ng h t nhau. D i y l m t vi ch c bi t trn cc quy n th m c: Quy n ch th m c, c cho m t th m c s khng cho php b n chuy n vo bn trong chuy n vo bn trong b n c n c quy n th c thi
Quy n ch c th c thi s cho php b n truy c p vo cc file b ntong m t th m c khi b n bi t tn c a chng v b n c php c chng. c th a ra danh sch n i dung c a m t th m c s d ng cu l nh tng t nh ls v cng c th chuy n vo bn trong th m c b n c n c c quy n c v quy n th c thi i v i th m c N u b n c quy n ghi cho m t th m c, b n c th t o, thay i, xa cc file b t k hay cc th m c con b t k bn trong th m c ngay c khi file v th m c con c s h u b i ng i khc
3.3. T o m t chnh sch quy n cho m t server nhi u ng i s d ng 3.3.1. Thi t l p c u hnh cc quy n truy c p file c a ng i s d ng Trong th m c c a m i ng i s d ng c m t vi file n chung b t u v i d u ch m (.). Cc file ny th ng c s d ng th c thi cc cu l nh t i th i i m ng i s d ng ng nh p. V d , t t c cc shell (csh, tcsh, bash, ) s n sng cho m t ng i s d ng c cc thi t l p c a h t m t file gi ng nh .cshrc hay .bashrc. N u m t ng i s d ng khng c n th n trong vi c gi quy n cc file m t cch hon h o, m t ng i s d ng khng thn thi n khc c th gy ra cc v n khng mong mu n.. V d , n u m t file .cshrc c a ng i s d ng c th c vi t b i ng i khc, ng i su c th chi m t tr t n cng ngu ng c nh a m t cu l nh logout ngay dng u c a file .cshrc, nh v y ng i s d ng s thot ngay khi ng nh p vo h th ng. N u
b n c quy n thao tc v i nh ng ng i s d ng b n c th th c hi n nhanh chng vi c ki m tra n gi n sau: find /home -type f -name ".*rc" -exec ls -l {} \; Cu l nh ny s hi n th quy n c a t t c cc file c k t thc b ng rc n m trong th m c home 3.3.2. Thi t l p m c u tin l d u ch m, k t
nh cc quy n truy c p file cho ng i s d ng
L ng i qu n tr b n c n nh ngha cc quy n m c nh thi t l p cho t t c cc file c a ng i s d ng a vo h th ng c a b n. thi t l p m c nh quy n cho cc file m i, b n c th s d ng c u l nh umask nh sau: umask mask hi u t umask nh th no, hy xem v d sau. Khi ni r ng umask t l 022, file m i c t o , thng th ng m t quy n 0666 c yu c u b i hm t o file open. Tuy nhin, trong tr ng h p ny , quy n cu i cng thi t l p cho cc file c t o b i h th ng nh sau: 0666 c th c hi n php ton AND v i ph n b c a 022 (ph n b c a 022 l 755) do k t qu c a php AND thu c l 0644, n cho php ng i s h u c v ghi cn nh ng ng i khc ch c quy n c. t o m t mask m c nh cho cacs quy n truy c p file, b n c th nhng cu l nh umask vo m t shell ti nguyn chung trong /etc khi m t ng i s d ng ng nh p v ch y m t shell, file ti nguyn shell chung s c th c thi. V d , n u ng i s d ng c a b n s d ng shell /bin/csh hay /bin/tcsh, b n c th a m t cu l nh umask mong mu n trong file /etc/csh.cshrc cho m c ch ny. 3.3.3. Thi t l p cc quy n c th th c thi cho cc file Cc file chng trnh c th c ch y b i nh ng ng i s d ng thng th ng khng bao gi nn t quy n c ghi cho b t k ai khc ngoi ng i s h u. V d , cc file chng trnh trong /usr/bin nn thi t t cc quy n nh ch root c quy n c, ghi v th c thi v t t c m i ng i ch c quy n c v th c thi cc file ny. Vi c cho php ng i khc ghi c th t o ra m t l h ng nghim tr ng cho h th ng. 3.4. Lm vi c v i cc file v cc th m c 3.4.1. Xem cc file v cc th m c B n c th quen v i l nh ls, thng th ng n c s d ng v i cc ty ch n l (long listing) hi n th y thng tin, -a hi n th t t c cc file bao g m c cc file b t u b ng d u ch m v R hi n th t t c cc file v cc th m c con bn trong thu m c mong mu n 3.4.2. Chuy n n th m c B n g n nh quen v i cu l nh cd, n l m t shell xy d ng s n. N u b n khng cung c p m t tn thu m c b t k lm i s cho n, n s chuy n v th m c ch c a
b n m hi n t i b n ang s d ng. Khi b n ang ng b t k u trong h th ng file, b n c th s d ng l nh pwd hi n th ng d n n th m c hi n t i. 3.4.3. Xc nh ki u file Khng gi ng nh h i u hnh Windows, Linux khng d a vo ph n m r ng c a file xc nh ki u file. B n c th s d ng ti n ch file xc nh ki u file trong h th ng. V d : file todo.txt K t qu hi n th nh sau:
todo.txt: ASCII text
3.4.4. Xem th ng k cc quy n c a file hay th m c B n c th s d ng l nh stat stat ./exam K t qu hi n th trn mn hnh
File: "./exam" Size: 4096 Blocks: 8 IO Block: -4611692478058196992 Directory Links: 2 root) Gid: ( 0/ root) 0/ Device: 812h/2066d Inode: 157762
l y th ng k v cc file v cc th m c:
Access: (0755/drwxr-xr-x) Uid: ( Access: Wed Jun 18 14:56:48 2003 Modify: Wed Jun 18 11:18:42 2003 Change: Wed Jun 18 11:18:42 2003
3.4.5. Sao chp file v th m c S d ng cu l nh cp sao chp t m t v tr xc nh n v tr khc:
cp /some/important /new/place B n cng c th xc nh m t tn m i cho file sao chp. Thng th ng l nh cp c s d ng v i ty ch n f sao chp file t ngu n n ch m khng quan tm n n vi c c m t file cng tn t n t i ch. File m i s c sao chp ln file c. sao chp m t th m c n m t th m c khc b n th c hi n l nh cp v i ty ch n r v d :
cp r /tmp/foo /zoo/foo 3.4.6. D ch chuy n cc file v th m c d ch chuy n cc file hay th m c s d ng cu l nh mv. V d , vo /tmp/file2 ta s d ng cu l nh sau: mv /file1 /tmp/file2 3.4.7. Xa cc file v th m c xa cac file v th m c s d ng l nh sau: rm filename Khi xa h th ng s h i b n c th s mu n xa hay khng. N u b n ch c ch n file b n mu n xa b n c th th c hi n l nh xa rm v i ty ch n f khng hi n ra thng tin yu c u xc nh n c a h th ng. xa m t th m c, b n c n th c hi n l nh rm v i ty ch n r 3.4.8. Tm ki m file xc nh v tr chnh xc c a m t filem, b n c th s d ng l nh which. V d : chuy n /file1
which httpd Cu l nh ny s ch ra cho b n y ng d n c a chng trnh httpd n u n s n c. B n cng c th xc nh m t ph n c a tn file hay th m c s d ng l nh locate locate netpr.pl
4.
Qu n l ng i dng v ti nguyn
4.1. Khi ni m Linux l h i u hnh a nhi m v a ng i dng. M i ng i dng c tn truy nh p v m t kh u ring, tng ng v i nh ng quy n h n nh t nh trong h th ng file c a Linux. t o i u ki n thu n l i trong qu n l ng i dng v quy n h n file, Linux cho php khai bo nh ng nhm ng i dng, m i nhm nh ng ng i dng chung m t m c ch khai thc ti nguyn nh t dng c th tham gia nhi u nhm ngi dng khc nhau. M i ngi i v i h th ng l m t t p h p nh. M i ng i dng cng m c
nhin l p nn m t nhm ng i dng l nhm c a chnh h (nhm c th ch c m t thnh vin). Ng i dng c ton quy n trong Linux l ng i dng root, m c nhin thu c v nhm root. Ng i dng c quy n root n nh m t ng i dng no thu c v nhm root v c quy n tng ng v i root. 4.2. Tr thnh superuser B n bi t r ng ti kho n root l ti kh an superuser trong h th ng Linux. Th c ra n u b n t ci t h th ng, b n s d ng ti kho n ny ng nh p h th ng l n u tin. B n cng bi t r ng root l ti kho n superuser, ti kho n ny c quy n lm m i th trn h th ng. Ng i s d ng root c th kh i ng hay d ng m t chng trnh b t k cng nh t o v xa m t file b t k. R t nhi u nh ng ng i m i qu n tr h th ng Linux cho r ng ch c root l ti kho n superuser. Hy nhn xu ng o n m bn d i c trong file /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin: daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin: vietvq:x:0:0:root:/home/vietvq:/bin/bash xanhhh:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash tuta:x:0:0:root:/var:/bin/bash
B n c th th y c trn c 4 ti kho n superuser. nh d ng m t dng trong file /etc/passwd username:passwd:UID:GID:fullname:home-dir:shell
hi u t i sao b n hy xem
B n hy ch vo cc tr ng UID (User ID) v GID (Group ID) c a ti kho n root. Nh ng ti kho n m c cc gi tr c a cc tr ng ny l 0 l nh ng superuser. Hay ni m t cch khc nh ng ng i c UID = 0 v GID = 0 c quy n tng ng v i ti kho n root. Nh v y n u h th ng c a b n ph i c nhi u ti kho n superuser do m t s l do qu n tr , b n c th d dng t o m t ti kh an superuser. Tuy nhin, hy nh r ng m t ti kho n superuser (UID=0, GID=0) c th lm m i th . 4.3. Qu n l ng i dng v i cc cng c dng l nh 4.3.1. T o m t ti kho n ng i s d ng m i T o m t ng i s d ng m i kh d dng, t o ng i s d ng t dng l nh, b n c th s d ng cu l nh useradd. V d t o ng i s d ng c tn l tutavn, b n c th ch y cu l nh sau:
useradd tutavn Trong file /etc/passwd s b sung thm dng m i nh sau: tutavn:x:502:504::/home/tutavn:/bin/bash K hi u x c ngha l ti kho n cha c m t kh u. V v y b n c n t o m t kh u cho ng i s d ng b ng cu l nh sau: paswd tutavn B n s c yu c u vo m t kh u hai l n, v khi m t kh u c ti p nh n, n s c m ha v thm vo dng c a ng i s d ng trong file /etc/passwd. Cc gi tr UID v GID s c l a ch n t ng b i useradd, thng th ng n tng gi tr UID v GID ln m t so v i ng i c thm vo l n sau cng tr c . B n c th t o ng i s d ng c th m c ch khc v i m c nh (trong th m c home) b ng th c hi n cu l nh: useradd newuser d /www/newuser Ng i s d ng m i s c t o v c th m c ch l /www/user. Khi b n t o m t ng i s d ng m i, h th ng cng ng th i m c nh t o ra m t nhm m i c trong file /etc/group c tn gi ng nh tn ti kho n c a ng i s d ng. t o ng i s d ng v i tn nhm m i hay tn nhm t n t i trong h th ng, b n s d ng l nh adduser v i ty ch n g. V d : useradd tutavn g users N u b n mu n t o ng i s d ng m i l thnh vin c a m t s nhm, b n c th s d ng ty ch n G. v d useradd tutavn G users1,users2 4.3.2. T o m t nhm m i t o m t nhm m i b n s d ng cu l nh groupadd. V d : groupadd mygroup
N u b n t o m t tn nhm c trong h th ng b n s nh n c m t thng bo l i 4.3.3. S a Thay thay i m t ti kho n ng i s d ng ang t n t i i m t kh u i m t kh u c a ti kho n ang t n t i b n s d ng cu l nh passwd.V d :
passwd tutavn Cu l nh ny tng i n gi n v n khng c cc ty ch n, v n ch cho php ng i s d ng thng th ng ch c th thay i m t kh u c a chnh h . H th ng s yu c u b n nh p m t kh u hai l n v khi m t kh u c ti p nh n, n s c m ha tr c khi a vo file /etc/passwd 4.3.4. Thay i ng d n th m c ch thay i ng d n th m c ch c a ng i s d ng ang t n t i, s d ng cu l nh usermod nh sau: usermod d new_home_directory username V d , n u m t ng i s d ng tutavn c th m c ch /home/tutavn v mu n chuy n thnh /home2/tutavn, b n c th ch y cu l nh sau: usermod d /home2/tutavn tutavn Tuy nhin, n u b n mu n n i dung th m c ch m nh sau: usermod d m /home2/tutavn tutavn 4.3.5. Thay thay i UID n m t v tr m i, s d ng ty ch n
i UID c a m t ng i s d ng, s d ng cu l nh usermod nh sau:
usermod u UID username V d : usermod u 500 myfrog Cu l nh ny s thay i UID c a ng i s d ng myfro l 500
4.3.6. Thay thay ch n g
i nhm m c
nh
i nhm m c
nh cho ng i s d ng, s d ng cu l nh usermod v i ty
usermod g 777 myfrog Cu l nh ny s thay 4.3.7. Thay i nhm m c nh c a myfrog thnh 777.
i th i h n k t thc c a m t ti kho n
B n c th thay i th i h n k t thc c a m t ti kho n s d ng cu l nh usermod v i ty ch n e. C php c a cu l nh nh sau: usermod e MM/DD/YY username V d : usermod e 12/31/99 kabir 4.3.8. S a s a i m t nhm ang t n t i
i tn m t nhm ang t n t i, s d ng cu l nh groupmod. C php nh sau:
groupmod n new_group current_group V d : groupmod n experts novices Nhm novices ang t n t i c i tn thnh experts. nhm s d ng ty ch n g nh sau: groupmod g 666 troublemaker Cu l nh ny s thay i GID c a m t nhm troublemaker thnh 666. thay i GID c a m t
4.3.9 Xa ho c h y b m t ti kho n ng i s d ng
xa m t ti kho n ang t n t i s d ng cu l nh userdel. V d : userdel snake S xa b ti kho n ti kho n snake kh i h th ng. N u b n mu n xa th m c ch c a ng i s d ng v t t c cc n i dung trong th m c, s d ng ty ch n r. Ch r ng userdel s khng xa ng i s d ng n u ng i s d ng hi n t i ang ng nh p. N u b n mu n h y b t m th i quy n truy c p c a t t c cc ti kho n b n c th t o m t file t m th i c tn l /etc/nologin v i m t thng tin gi i thch l do v sao khng c php truy c p. Chng trnh login s khng cho php b t k ti kho n no khc ti kho n root c th ng nh p trong th i gian ny. 4.4. Ci t my in 4.4.1. C u hnh my in ng d ng printconf cho php ng i dng c u hnh my in trong Red Hat Linux. N m in v b l c cho php s a i t p tin c u hnh /etc/printcap, cc th m c b in.printconf c u hnh h th ng in n c a b n, c g i l LPRng. LPRng cng l m t h th ng in n ng m nh. Ph n ny t p trung vo vi c s d ng printconf c u hnh LPRng. s d ng printconf, b n ph i c quy n truy c p m c root. theo m t trong cc cch sau y kh i ng printconf,
Trn mn hnh GNOME, ch n Main Menu Button => Programs => System => Printer Configuration kh i ng trong ch h a. Trn mn hnh KDE, ch n Main Menu Button => System => Printer Configuration kh i ng ch h a. nh l nh printtool t i d u nh c shell (VD: XTerm ho c GNOME terminal) kh i ng printconf
B n cng c th ch y printconf d i d ng m t ng d ng trong ch text n u b n khng ci t h th ng X Window ho c b n thch s d ng giao di n text hn. Khi , b n ph i log in theo ti kho n root (ho c dng l nh su chuy n sang ng i dng root v nh l nh /usr/sbin/printconf-tui t i d u nh c shell. Ch : b n
c kh i sinh ra t
ng s a
i t p tin /etc/printcap, m i khi daemon my in (lpd)

ng l i, t p tin /etc/printcap m i s c
ng hay kh i ng.
N u b n mu n ci t my in m khng s d ng printconf, khi b n ph i ch nh s a t p tin etc/printcap.local. Cc u vo trong /etc/printcap.local khng c hi n th trong printconf nhng c daemon my in c khi kh i ng d ch v in n. M i khi b n nng c p h th ng c a b n ln phin b n m i, t p c u hnh s c printconf chuy n sang nh d ng m i v t p tin c u hnh c s c ghi d i tn /etc/printcap.old.
Hnh 1: C a s printconf chnh C nm ki u hng
i in c c u hnh b i printconf:
Local Printer my in c g n tr c ti p vo my tnh c a b n thng qua c ng song song ho c c ng USB. Ki u hng i in Queue Type s c thi t l p l LOCAL. Unix Printer (lpd Spool) my in c g n trn m t h th ng UNIX khc m c th c truy nh p thng qua m ng TCP/IP. Ki u hng i in Queue Type cho my UNIX xa s c thi t l p l LPD. Windows Printer (SMB) my in c g n trn m t h th ng khc (Windows) c chia s my in thng qua m ng SMB (s d ng d ch v samba chia s ti nguyn trn m ng: my in, d li u......), ki u hng i in Queue Type lc s c thi t l p l SMB. Novell Printer (NCP Queue) my in c g n vo m t h th ng s d ng cng ngh m ng Novell's NetWare. Ki u hng i in cho my in Novel xa s c thi t l p l NCP. JetDirect Printer my in c n i tr c ti p vo m ng (my in m ng). Ki u hng i in Queue Type cho my in JetDirect s c thi t l p l JETDIRECT.
Ch : Khi b n thm m t hng i in m i hay s a i hng i in c, b n ph i kh i ng l i daemon my in (lpd) nh ng thay i c hi u l c. Ch n Apply ghi l i nh ng thay i m b n v a th c hi n v kh i ng l i daemon my in. Cc thay i s cha c ghi trong t p tin c u hnh /etc/printcap cho n khi daemon my in (lpd) c kh i ng l i. th c hi n cng vi c ny, ch n File => Save Changes v sau ch n File => Restart lpd. N u m t my in xu t hi n trong danh sch in v i Queue Type c thi t INVALID, c u hnh my in c th thi u cc tu ch n c n c cho my in ho t Ch n Delete xa my in kh i danh sch. t l ng.
4.4.2. Ci t my in c c b
ci t m t my in g n trn c ng song song hay c ng USB c a my tnh, nh n nt New trn c a s printconf chnh nh trn, ch n Next ti p t c.
Hnh 2: Ci
t my in
Nh p tn my in trong tr ng Queue Name v ch n Local Printer t danh sch Queue Type nh n Next ti p t c.
Hnh 3: Ci t my in c c b
printconf s c g ng pht hi n my in v hi n th nh trong hnh 4.
Hnh 4: Ch n thi t b my in 4.4.3. Ci t my in trn h th ng Unix xa ci t m t my in g n trn m t h th ng Linux xa trong cng m t m ng, nh n nt New trong c a s chnh printconf. M t c a s nh hnh 2 s xu t hi n, ch n Next ti p t c. C a s nh hnh 3 xu t hi n. B n cng ph i nh p tn my in vo tr ng Queue Name v ch n Unix Printer t trong th c n Queue Type, nh n Next ti p t c.
Hnh 5: Ci
t my in Unix
xa xa .
C a s ti p theo cho php b n c u hnh my ch in
Server Hstname ho c i ch IP c a my xa m my in g n vo. Queue Hng i my in xa, ng m nh l lp.
Ng m nh khng ch n tu ch n Strict RFC1179 Compliance. Ch khi no b n g pv n v in n v i m t hng i v i m t hng i lpd khng ph i Linux, hy ch n tu ch n ny c m cc tnh nng in n LPRng nng cao. Nh n Next ti p t c.
Hnh 6: Ch n Printer Server B c ti p theo l ch n ki u my in k t n i v i h th ng xa . Ch r ng my xa ph i c c u hnh cho php m t my c b c th a yu c u v in n. th c hi n i u , b n ph i t o m t file /etc/hosts.lpd trn my xa m my in g n km v thm vo cc a ch IP hay hostname c a cc my mu n in trn cc dng ring r trong t p tin. 4.4.4. Ci t my in Samba (SMB) Cc b c th c hi n ban u tng t hai b c ch n Windows Printer v nh n Next ti p t c. trn. Trong th c n Queue Type,
Hnh 7: Ci
t my in SMB
Trong c a s c a hnh 8, i n cc thng s c u hnh sau:

Share Tn c a my in c chia s m b n mu n in t i . Tn ny ph i
cng tn v i tn c nh ngha cho my in Samba trn my Windows xa. Ch c php ph i nh sau: //machinename/sharename. User Tn ng i dng c php truy nh p vo my in. Tn ny ph i t n t i trn h th ng Windows v ng i dng c quy n truy nh p my in. Tn th ng l guest i v i cc my Windows servers, ho c nobody i v i cc my Samba servers. Host IP Hostname hay a ch IP c a h th ng xa chia s my in SMB. Password M t kh u (n u c) c a ng i dng nh ngha trong tr ng User Workgroup Tn workgroup my ch y Samba thu c vo.
Ch n nt Translate \n => \r\n chuy n i cc k t cu i dng sang khun d ng m h th ng Microsoft Windows c th c c. Nh n Next ti p t c.
Hnh 8: Ch n Print Server B c ti p theo l ch n ki u my in c k t n i v i h th ng SMB 4.4.5. Ch n trnh i u khi n Print Driver v k t thc Sau khi ch n ki u hng i my in v ci theo k ch n trnh i u khi n my in. t cc thng s lin quan, b c ti p xa.
B n s th y m t c a s nh hnh 13. N u b n c u hnh m t my in c c b , hy ch n trnh i u khi n in t trong danh sch, ch n nh s n xu t v lo i my in c a b n.
Hnh 13: Ch n trnh i u khi n my in My in c c b :
N u b n c u hnh my in xa (LPD, SMB, hay NCP), my in ch xa s in n theo trnh i u khi n my in c a n. C g ng ch n ng trnh i u khi n my in xa .
B c cu i cng l kh ng nh l i cc thng s c u hnh, nh n nt Apply ghi l i cc thay i v trong t p tin c u hnh etc/printcap v kh i ng l i daemon my in (lpd). Hy in th 1 trang xem c u hnh b n thi t l p ng cha.
4.4.6. Thay i thng s c u hnh cc my in c s n xo m t my in ang t n t i, chon my in v nh n nt Delete trn thanh cng c , my in s c lo i b trong danh sch my in. Nh n nt Apply ghi l i cc thay i v kh i ng l i daemo thi t l p m t my in ng m nh, ch n my in t danh sch v nh n nt Default trn thanh cng c . My in ng m nh s c icon xu t hi n bn c nh tn my in. N u b n mu n thay i c u hnh c a m t my in, b n khng th thay i cc thi t t m t cch tr c ti p m ch c ghi ln nh sau: Ch n my in, ch n File => Override Queue t th c n. Khi , my in s c k hi u c nh tn my in. Ch n nt Edit th c hi n vi c hi u ch nh cc thng s . C a s nh hnh 14 xu t hi n cho php b n thay i l i cc thng s c a my in.
Hnh 14: Thay
i thng s my in
4.4.7. Backup cc thng s c u hnh my in Thng s c u hnh c a b n c a vo t p tin /etc/printcap v
c daemon my in c khi kh i ng. B n c th s d ng cc l nh backup l i cc file c u hnh v d nh backup file c u hnh my in v ghi thnh file settings.xml /usr/sbin/printconf-tui --Xexport > settings.xml
khi ph c l i file c u hnh c backup theo cch trn, b n c th s d ng l nh d i y
/usr/sbin/printconf-tui --Ximport < settings.xml
4.4.8. Qu n l cng vi c in n Khi b n mu n in m t file vn b n t Emacs ho c in m t hnh nh t The GIMP, cng vi c ny s c a vo hng m in. N u mu n xem danh sch cc cng vi c in n, a l nh lpq vo d u nh c shell, v d :
Rank Owner/ID Class A Job Files Size Time 2050
active user@localhost+902 01:20:46
902 sample.txt
N u mu n d ng m t cng vi c in no , a l nh lprm job number v i tham s l nh danh c a cng vi c in m b n bi t c thng qua l nh lpq trn. B n cng c th in n thng qua l nh lpr sample.txt in file vn b n sample.txt.
5.
Trnh di n thi t l p m ng v ci
t diul-up trn Linux

trao i
5.1. Thi t l p m ng Linux Chng ta s xem xt qu trnh n i m t my Linux vo m ng Ethernet thng tin b ng giao th c TCP/IP trn Ethernet.
5.1.1. H H Linux v card m ng n i m t my Linux vo m t m ng Ethernet, b n c n ph i c u tin l m t card m ng m Linux c chng trnh driver. Sau y l m t s m ng m Linux c tr gip (danh sch sau khng y v cc phin b n m i c a Linux h tr r t nhi u cc card m ng khc nhau) : 3Com 3C509 3Com 3C503/16 Novell NE1000 Novell NE2000 Western Digital WD8003 Western Digital WD8013 Hewlett-Packard HP27245 Hewlett-Packard HP27247 Hewlett-Packard HP27250 Gi s cc b n mu n g n my c a mnh vo m t m ng LAN Ethernet v b n c m t card m ng. V n u tin l s nh n bi t c a Linux i v i card ny. N u card c a b n l m t card kh ph bi n nh 3c509 c a 3COM hay NE2000 c a Novell, HDH Linux s nh n bi t s hi n di n c a card trong qu trnh boot. bi t xem k t
qu nh n bi t card m ng, ta c th xem xt cc thng bo c a kernel Linux trong qu trnh boot c a h th ng qua l nh dmesg
Freeing unused kernel memory: 60k freed Adding Swap: 72572k swap-space (priority -1) eth0: 3c509 at 0x300 tag 1, BNC port, address 00 a0 24 4f 3d dc, IRQ 10. 3c509.c:1.16 (2.2) 2/3/98 becker@cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov. eth0: Setting Rx mode to 1 addresses.
Hai dng in m bo r ng card m ng 3c509 c kernel nh n bi t. Trong tr ng h p kernel khng nh n bi t card , chng ta ph i lm l i kernel Linux v t module i u khi n (driver) c a card vo trong kernel hay c u hnh ch load module. c u hnh ti p n i m ng qua TCP/IP chng ta ph i xc quan n a ch IP c a my. Cc thng tin c n bi t l : a ch IP c a my Netmask a ch c a m ng Broadcast a ch IP c a gateway Chng ta s l n l t i m qua cc khi ni m c b n trn v s h c su hn trong ph n TCP/IP c a kha h c. a ch IP c a my l m t dy 4 s vi t d c d ng A.B.C.D, trong m i s nh n gi tri t 0-255. N u my c a b n k t n i m t m ng nh t i nh do b n thi t l p th a ch ki u 192.168.1.D l m t a ch nn t, v i D l cc s khc nhau cho t ng my. N u my c a b n s ha nh p v i m t m ng LAN c tr c v b n mu n k t n i v i cc my khc th h i ng i qu n tr m ng v a ch IP b n c th gn cho my c a mnh cng v i t t c cc thng s ti p theo. Netmask. Tng t nh trn, n u b n t qu n, netmask s l 255.255.255.0 a ch m ng. N u b n t qu n, a ch c a m ng s l 192.168.1.0 Broadcast. N u b n t qu n, broadcast l 192.168.1.255 a ch gateway. y l a ch c a my cho php b n k t n i v i m ng LAN khc, t c l cc my tnh v i 3 s u c a a ch khng gi ng b n l 192.168.1. B n b tr ng n u b n ch lin l c v i cc my cng m ng 192.168.1.XXX. Ch l a ch m ng c a my gateway b t bu c ph i trng v i a ch m ng c a b n. Sau khi xc nh cc thng s , v d nh nh r cc thng tin lin
IP address = 192.168.1.15 Netmask = 255.255.255.0
suy ra network address = 192.168.1.0 v broadcast = 192.168.1.255 Gateway = 192.168.1.1 5.1.2. C u hnh card m ng L nh ifconfig Sau khi lm cho kernel nh n bi t s hi n di n c a card m ng, cng tc ti p theo l c u hnh TCP/IP cho card. Trong qu trnh ci t Linux Redhat 6.X, bnh th ng chng ta c chng trnh ci t h i v c u hnh h . Trong tr ng h p khi chng ta b sung card m ng sau khi Linux c ci t, chng ta c th s d ng ti n ch netconf cho m c ch ny ho c chng ta s d ng l nh ifconfig t ci t. L nh ifconfig c s d ng trong qu trnh boot h th ng c u hnh cc trang thi t b m ng. Sau , trong qu trnh v n hnh, ifconfig c s d ng cho debug, ho c cho ng i qu n tr h th ng thay i c u hnh khi c n thi t . L nh ifconfig khng c ty ch n dng hi n th c u hnh hi n t i c a my.
[root@pasteur tnminh]# /sbin/ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:A0:24:4F:3D:DC Bcast:192.168.2.255 MTU:1500 Metric:1 inet Mask:255.255.255.0 addr:192.168.2.20
UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST
RX packets:531 errors:4 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:4 TX packets:1854 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 Interrupt:10 Base address:0x300 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING Mask:255.0.0.0 MTU:3924 Metric:1
RX packets:1179 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1179 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
gn
a ch IP 193.105.106.10 cho card m ng Ethernet

193.105.106.10 netmask
u tin ta dng l nh
broadcast
ifconfig eth0 192.105.106.255
255.255.255.0
Linux cho php b n s d ng b danh (alias) cho card m ng, t c l cho php b n c nhi u a ch IP cho cng m t card v t l. K t qu nh n c g n gi ng nh b n c g n nhi u card v t l ln my. Do , b n c th dng m t card n i v i nhi u m ng logic khc nhau. C php c a l nh ny l :
ifconfig eth0:0 208.148.45.58 208.148.45.255 up netmask 255.255.255.248 broadcast
Cc t p tin c u hnh c a k t n i m ng l /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ethX v i X l 0,1 ... hay 0:0, 0:1 .... B n c th thay i c u hnh k t n i m ng b ng cch s a i l i t p tin ny b ng m t chng trnh so n th o text nh mc ch ng h n, sau kh i ng l i k t n i m ng b ng
/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart
Nh ki m tra l i k t qu qua l nh ifconfig. L nh route L nh route cho php lm cc thao tc n b ng d n ng (forwarding table) c a kernel. N c s u tin xc nh ng d n c nh (static) n nh ng my ho c nh ng m ng qua cc card m ng ethernet c c u hnh tr c b i ifconfig. L nh route khng c ty ch n (option) cho php hi n th b ng d n ng hi n t i c a kernel (L nh netstat r cng c tc d ng tng t )
[root@pasteur tnminh]# /sbin/route Kernel IP routing table Destination 192.168.2.20 192.168.2.0 127.0.0.0 default Gateway * * * Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0 0 0 UG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 eth0 eth0 lo U U 255.255.255.255 UH 255.255.255.0 255.0.0.0
192.168.2.10
0.0.0.0
0 eth0
ch ra r ng card m ng eth0 route nh sau :
c n i v i m t m ng 208.148.45.56 ta dng l nh
route add -net 208.148.45.56 eth0
Cn n u chng ta mu n s d ng b danh c a card m ng khc, ta c th s d ng l nh

route add -net 193.105.106.0 eth0:0
n i vo m t m ng logic
Cng tc cu i cng l ph i ch ra cc
a ch c a gateway m c
nh.
route add default gw 193.105.106.1 metric 1
Bi t s d ng thnh th o c php c a 2 l nh ifconfig v route r t quan tr ng, n cho php cc cn b qu n tr thay i c u hnh k t n i m ng c a m t server m t cch nhanh chng v khng ph i kh i ng l i my. V v y, server lun s n sng. B n cng c th s d ng ti n ch netconfig c u hnh lin k t m ng n u cha thnh th o nhi u c php c a cc l nh trn. L nh ping ng d ng c a l nh ny l th xem 2 my c k t n i c v i nhau cha. C php c b n c a l nh r t n gi n l ping a_ch _IP_my_ ch. V d nh
[tnminh@proxy tnminh]$ ping sun PING sun.vnuhcm.edu.vn (172.16.1.4): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 172.16.1.4: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=0.1 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.1.4: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=0.2 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.1.4: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=0.1 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.1.4: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=0.1 ms --- sun.vnuhcm.edu.vn ping statistics --4 packets transmitted, 4 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.1/0.1/0.2 ms
N u 2 my c th lin l c c v i nhau, chng ta s bi t thm th i gian tr l i cho bi t s thng thong v m ng gi a 2 my. C th ni, ping ph i ch y tr c tin tr c t t c cc ho t ng m ng khc. Ch : Nn s d ng ping n k t qu th k t n i m ng. L nh Traceroute y cng l l nh cho php ch n on ho t ng c a m ng. C php c a l nh gi ng nh l nh ping nhng k t qu khng ch d ng s tr l i m cn ch ra cc thi t b trung gian n m gi a 2 my.
# tnminh@nefertiti ~ > traceroute 203.162.44.33 traceroute to 203.162.44.33 (203.162.44.33): 1-30 hops, 38 byte packets 1 makeda.pasteur.fr (157.99.64.3), 1.66 ms, 1.66 ms, 1.66 ms (195.25.28.149), 5.0 ms, 4.17 ms, 2 418.ATM4-0.GW21.Defense.OLEANE.NET 4.17 m
trnh tr c tr c do d ch v DNS lm nh h ng t i vi c
3 FastEth0-0.GW16.Defense.OLEANE.NET (195.25.25.208), 4.17 ms, 4.17 ms, 4.17s 4 ms 100.ATM6-1.GW2.Telehouse.OLEANE.NET (194.2.3.245), 5.0 ms, 5.0 ms, 5.0
..............
14 210.132.93.210 (210.132.93.210), 849 ms (ttl=241!), 807 ms (ttl=241!), 970 s (ttl=241!) 15 202.167.121.195 (203.162.3.42), 1 88 ms (ttl=242!) (202.167.121.195), 905 ms !H 203.162.3.42
L nh traceroute l m t cng c hi u qu cho php ta pht hi n l i trong qu trnh phn ng (IP routing). V d k t n i t A -> C c tr c tr c v v i traceroute t i C t my A, ta c th pht hi n ra my A k t n i my B, r i my B l i k t n i my A ... do c u hnh routing c a A v B sai. Ch l khi chng ta th k t n i v i m t my xa trong Internet, do nhi u m ng p d ng cc b c t ng l a (firewall) nn nhi u khi l nh ping v traceroute khng ch y nhng trn th c ch t l m ng v n thng. 5.1.3. Cc ti n ch m ng: Telnet v ftp Telnet
Telnet l m t ti n ch cho php ng nh p vo m t my tnh xa v lm vi c gi ng nh v i my t i ch . V d , c th dng telnet ch y m t chng trnh trong m t siu my tnh cch xa hng ngn d m. Telnet s d ng giao th c TCP/IP, c ng 23. S d ng: gi s my c a b n ang ch y Window v b n c c p m t ti kho n trong my ch Linux. 1. Nh n chu t vo "Start" ch n "RUN". 2. G vo: telnet <tn hay a ch IP> c a my ch m b n c ti kho n. V d "telnet linuxcourse.iti.edu.vn v nh n OK. 3. N u k t n i n my ch thng su t, m t c a s s hi n ln m i b n cung c p tn ti kho n v m t kh u. 4. Nh p vo tn ti kho n username v password 5. ng nh p thnh cng th b n s mnh. dng nh p. ng t i th m c nh (home directory) c a hi n th t t c
6. B t u phin lm vi c c a b n. V d , dng cu l nh "ls -al" cc t p trong th m c. 7. K t thc phin lm vi c, g "exit". FTP
FTP l vi t t t c a T p Transfer Protocol, m t ti n ch t i t p xa. V i ftp c th l y t p my t xa v my tnh c a mnh (download) v ng c l i, g i m t t p t my c a mnh ln my xa (upload) n u b n c quy n write vo th m c my . FTP s d ng giao th c TCP/IP, c ng 21. S d ng FTP Cch t i xu ng (download):

Telnet vo my
xa. xa>.
G l nh ftp <tn my
My s yu c u tn ng nh p v password. M t trong nh ng ch cho php m i ng i t i t p v t do l dng tn ng nh p "anonymous" v password l a ch email c a b n. Chuy n n th m c c cc t p ta mu n t i v . G l nh: get <tn t p mu n t i v >. k t thc g quit.
Cch t i ln (upload): Tng t nh trn, nhng dng cu l nh put thay cho cu l nh get. 5.2. Ci t diul-up trn Linux 5.2.1. Ci t Ch n Internet Configuration Wizard tug menu System configuration
Sau mn hnh ny s ch th
ch n Modem connection, ch n Forward.
Nh p vo cc thng tin quay s ., sau ch n Forward
Ch n gn IP
ng, ch n Forward
Ch n Apply, sau c a s Network configuration hi n ra
n y chng ta hon t t b c ci
t modem.
5.2.2. Quay s T i mn hnh ny ch n giao di n ppp0 v click vo nt l nh Avtive
My tnh b t
u quay s . file log s
c c t vo /var/log/message.
yess wait... Khi xong mn hnh network configuration s bo giao di n ppp0 l active.
C th ki m tra a chi IP ng v my cung c p DHCP qua l nh ifconfig -a
Lc ny k t n i coi nh c thi t l p, c th dng ping
t ki m tra.
By gi th chng ta c th truy c p internet thng qua trnh duy t.
www.nhipsongcongnghe.net 6. L p trnh shell.
L p trnh shell l m t trong nh ng cng c h u ch nh t cho vi c qu n tr h th ng. Kh nng vi t m t chng trnh ng n hon thnh m t cng vi c i h i nhi u th i gian m nh hn r t nhi u so v i cc cng c qu n tr Linux khc c bi t n. L p trnh Shell c th lm cho cu c s ng c a ng i qu n tr tr ln d th hn v n l m t k nng b t bu c i v i ng i qu n tr Linux. C th nh n th y c r t nhi u cng vi c c a nh ng ng i qu n tr h th ng i m t hng ngy lin quan n cc file v th m c. B t c khi no b n ph i x l v i m t s l ng l n cc file, l p trnh shell s lm cho cng vi c c a b n tr ln d dng hn. Ph n ny s ch cho b n cch l p trnh Shell c b n, n c th gip cho b n th c hi n cc cng vi c hng ngy. 6.1. T o v ch y chng trnh Shell N m t cch n gi n nh t, l p trnh shell ch l cc file ch a m t ho c nhi u cu l nh shell hay cu l nh Linux. B n c th s d ng cc chng trnh n gi n th c hi n cc cng vi c l p i l p l i, thay cho hai hay nhi u cu l nh lun lun c th c thi cng nhau b ng m t cu l nh, t ng ci t cc chng trnh khc, v vi t cc ng d ng tng tc n gi n. t o m t chng trnh shell, b n ph i t o m t file s d ng m t trnh so n th o v a cc cu l nh shell hay Linux m b n mu n c th c thi vo trong file. Gi s r ng b n c m t CD-ROM c g n vo h th ng Linux. Thi t b CD-ROM ny c g n vo h th ng khi h th ng c kh i ng l n u. N u b n c n thay i a CD c trong CD b ng m t a CD m i. M t cch b n th c hi n c cng vi c ny l b n nh CD-ROM kh i h th ng s d ng cu l nh umount, v sau g n l i s d ng cu l nh mount . Cc cu l nh ch ra d i y cho b n th y tu n t cc b c th c hi n:
umount /dev/cdrom mount /dev/cdrom /cdrom
Thay vi c g c hai cu l nh m i l n b n thay i a CD, b n c th t o m t chng trnh shell th c hi n c hai cu l nh ny cho b n. t o chng trinh shell ny b n a c hai cu l nh vo trong m t file c tn l remount (ho c m t tn b t k no khc m b n mu n). C m t vi cch th c hi n cc cu l nh trong file remount. Cch th nh t l b n thay i thu c tnh cho file ny c th th c thi b ng cch th c hi n cu l nh sau:
chmod +x remount
Cu l nh ny thay i quy n c a file lm cho file c th th c thi. trnh shell m i, g remount trn dng l nh.
ch y chng
Chng trnh shell remount ph i n m trong m t th m c c trong ng d n tm
ki m c a b n, n u khng h th ng s khng tm th y chng trnh th c thi. N u b n khng chay c chng trnh b i v file khng c tm th y, hy xc nh ng d n. Ho c n u b n s d ng tcsh vi t chng trnh, dng u tin c a chng trnh shell ph i b t u v i # tcsh nh n ra n nh m t file chng trnh tcsh. Th c ra, cch an ton ( m b o ) nh t l dng u c a m i chng trnh shell b n thm #!/bin/sh m b o chng trnh shell c th c thi nh m t ti n trnh Bourne shell. i u ny ngn ch n nhi u v n v i ngn ng l p trnh C, shell s c g ng thng d ch c php Bourne shell.
M t cch khc l b n c th th c thi chng trnh shell l ch y shell m chng trnh c vi t theo n v tn chng trnh nh m t khai bo cho shell. Trong tr ng h p m t chng trinh tcsh, b n th c hi n cu l nh sau:
tcsh remount
Cu l nh ny ch y m t shell m i v ni cho n th c thi cc cu l nh trong file remount. Cch th ba th c thi cc cu l nh trong m t file chng trnh shell l s d ng cu l nh . (d u ch m) v i c shell pdksh v bash ho c cu l nh source trong shell tcsh. Cc cu l nh ny ni cho shell th c thi file c truy n vo nh i s . V d , b n c th s d ng cu l nh sau ni cho bash ho c pdksh th c thi cc cu l nh trong file remount:
. remount
lm tng t
source remount
i v i tcsh, s d ng cu l nh sau:
V d sau trnh b y m t tnh hu ng khc, trong vi c s d ng chng trnh shell s gip ti t ki m r t nhi u th i gian. Gi s r ng b n ph i lm vi c v i ba file khc nhua trong m t th m c m i ngy, v b n mu n d phng ba file ny vo m t a m m vo cu i m i ngy. th c hi n c cng vi c ny, b n ph i g m t lo t cc l nh:
mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /a cp file1 /dev/fd0 cp file2 /dev/fd0 cp file3 /dev/fd0
M t cch d phng cc file l g n a m m vo h th ng v sau g ba cu l nh copy, m i l nh cho m t file b n mu n copy. M t cch n gi n hn l a b n cu l nh ny vo trong m t file c tn l backup v sau th c hi n cu l nh backup khi b n mu n copy ba file ny vo a m m.
B n v n ph i m b o chng trnh file shell backup c th th c thi v n m trong m t th m c m c trong ng d n c a b n tr c khi ch y cu l nh. B n hy c n th n khi s d ng m t tn file, n c th tng ng v i tn c a m t cu lnh h th ng. V d , n u c m t chng trnh c g i l backup trong ng d n m shell tm ki m tr c khi c th m c hi n t i, cu l nh c th c thi thay cho file cu l nh shell. V l do ny, hy c s d ng cc tn file cho k ch b n shell c a b n khng g n v i cc cu l nh Linux.
6.2. S d ng cc bi n Cng gi ng nh v i h u h t cc ngn ng l p trnh, vi c s d ng cc bi n l r t quan tr ng trong cc chng trnh shell. T t nhin, b n c nhn th y m t vi ki u bi n tr c . M t vi v d ni chung v bi n c s d ng l bi n PATH v bi n TERM. Cc bi n ny l cc v d v cc bi n shell s n c, l cc bi n c nh ngha b i chng trnh shell m b n ang s d ng. Ph n ny miu t cch lm th no b n t o cc bi n c a chnh b n v s chng trong m t vi chng trnh shell. 6.2.1. Gn m t gi tr cho m t bi n
Trong c ba shell c cung c p b i Linux ( shell Bourne, Korn, v C ), b n c th gn m t gi tr cho m t bi n b ng cch g tn bi n theo su b i d u b ng v sau g gi tr m b n mu n gn cho bi n. V d , gn m t gi tr 5 cho m t bi n c tn l count, vo cu l nh sau trong bash ho c pdksh:
count=5
V i tcsh, vo cu l nh sau
set count = 5
t c k t qu tng t :
Khi thi t l p m t bi n cho shell bash v pdksh, hy ch c ch n r ng khng c d u cch c hai bn d u b ng. V i tcsh, i u ny khng quan tr ng.
B i v ngn ng shell l m t ngn ng k ch b n phi ki u, b n khng ph i khai bo bi n nh b n c th t ng lm i u ny trong l p trnh C hay Pascal. B n c th s d ng cng m t bi n lu tr xu k t hay s nguyn. B n lu m t chu i k t vo trong m t bi n cng gi ng nh vi c b n lu m t s nguyn vo m t bi n, nh c th th y trong v d d i y:
name=Garry (for pdksh and bash) set name = Garry (for tcsh)
Sau khi b n lu m t gi tr vo m t bi n, b n lm th no l i? B n t tr c tn bi n v i d u la ($). in gi tr count ra mn hnh, vo cu l nh sau:

echo $count
c th l y gi tr tr c lu tr trong bi n
N u b n qun d u $ tr c cu l nh, l nh echo s hi n th t count trn mn hnh. 6.2.2. Tham s v cc bi n Shell c s n
Khi b n ch y chng trnh shell yu c u hay h tr m t s cc ty ch n dng l nh, m i ty ch n ny c lu tr trong m t i s . is u tin c lu tr trong m t bi n c tn l 1, i s th hai c lu tr trong bi n c tn l 2, v ti p t c nh th . Shell t tn cc bi n ny, v v y b n khng th t tn nh th cho cc bi n m b n nh ngha. l y gi tr t cc bi n ny, b n ph i t tr c tn bi n v i m t d u $ nh b n lm i cc bi n m b n nh ngha. Chng trnh shell reverse d i y ch nh n hai i s . Chng trnh l y hai i s dng l nh v in ra i s th hai dng u tin v i s u tin dng th hai:
echo "$2" echo "$1"
N u b n g i t i chong trnh b ng cch g dng l nh sau

reverse hello there
Chng trnh s tr l i k t qu
there hello
M t s cc bi n shell quan tr ng c xy d ng s n m b n c n bi t khi lm vi c nhi u v i l p trnh shell. B ng 6.2.1 a ra danh sch cc bi n ny v m t tm t t m i bi n c s d ng lm g. B ng 6.2.1 Cc bi n shell c s n. Bi n S d ng $# $? $0 $* Lu s cc Lu t i s dng l nh c a vo chng trnh shell Lu gi tr t n t i c a cu l nh c th c thi sau cng u tin c a cu l nh c a vo, l tn c a chng trnh shell is c a vo t dng l nh ("$1 $2 ...") Lu t t c cc
"$@" Lu t t c cc "$2" ...) is c a vo t dng l nh, c d u nhy kp ring ("$1"
6.3. S d ng d u trch d n Vi c s d ng cc d u trch d n l r t quan tr ng trong l p trnh shell. Shell s d ng c hai ki u d u trch d n v k t v d u g ch cho ng c th c hi n cc ch c nng khc nhau. C d u nhy kp (""), d u nhy n (''), v d u g ch ng c (\) c s d ng n cc k t c bi t trong shell. Cc d u nhy c m t ngha c bi t trong shell v n khng nn s d ng ch a cc xu. M i m t phng th c c m t m c che d u khc nhau cc k t c bitk trong shell. Khi b n bao quanh cc k t v i d u nhy kp, t t c cc k t tr ng c n trong shell, nhng t t c cc k t khc v n c thng d ch. Ki u d u nhy kp ny s d ng h u ch nh t khi b n gn cc chu i ch a nhi u hn m t t vo m t bi n. V d , gn chu i hello there cho bi n greeting, nh p vo cu l nh sau:
greeting="hello there" (in bash and pdksh) set greeting = "hello there" (in tcsh)
Cu l nh ny lu tr ton b chu i hello there vo bi n greeting nh m t t . N u b n g vo cu l nh m khng s d ng d u nhy kp, bash v pdksh c th khng hi u cu l nh v c th tr l i m t thng bo l i, v tcsh c th gn gi tr hello cho bi n greeting v b qua ph n ui c a dng l nh. D u nhy n l hnh th c s d ng m nh nh t c a d u nhy. Chng n t t c cc k t c bi t trong shell. Ki u d u nhy ny h u ch n u cu l nh c a b n a vo c d ng cho m t chng trnh hn l cho shell. V d , b n c th s d ng d u nhy n ghi chu i hello there, nhng b n khng th s d ng phng th c ny trong m t s tr ng h p. V d , n u chu i c gn cho bi n greeting ch a bi n khc, b n ph i s d ng d u nhy kp. Gi s r ng b n mu n a tn c a ng i s d ng trong bi n greeting. B n g cu l nh sau:
greeting="hello there $LOGNAME" (for bash and pdksh) set greeting="hello there $LOGNAME" (for tcsh)
Bi n LOGNAME l m t bi n shell ch a tn ng nh p c a ng i s d ng Linux ng nh p h th ng.
Cu l nh ny lu tr gi tr hello there root vo trong bi n greeting n u b n ng nh p vo Linux l root. N u b n c ghi cu l nh ny s d ng d u nhy n, d u nhy
n s lm n d u $ trong shell, v shell khng bi t r ng n c yu c u th c hi n thay th m t bi n. K t qu , bi n greeting c gn gi tr hello there $LOGNAME. S d ng d u g ch ng c l cch th ba che d u cc k t c bi t trong shell. Gi ng nh phng th c d u nhy n, d u g ch ng c n t t c cc k t c bi t trong shell, nhng n ch c th n m t k t t i m t th i i m, ch khng ph i m t nhm cc k t . B n c th vi t l i v d greeting s d ng d u g ch ng c thay cho d u nhy kp b ng cch s d ng cu l nh sau:
greeting=hello\ there (for bash and pdksh) set greeting=hello\ there (for tcsh)
Trong cu l nh ny, d u g ch ng c n k t tr ng trong shell v chu i hello there c gn cho bi n greeting. D u g ch ng c th ng c s d ng nhi u nh t khi b n mu n n ch m t k t trong shell. V n ny xu t hi n khi b n mu n a vo m t k t c bi t trong m t chu i. V d , lu gi c a m t h p a my tnh vo m t bi n c tn l disk_price, s d ng cu l nh sau.
disk_price=\$5.00 (for bash and pdksh) set disk_price = \$5.00 (tcsh)
D u g ch ng c trong v d ny n d u la trong shell. N u d u g ch ng c khng c , shell c th c tm m t bi n c tn l 5 v th c hi n m t php thay th bi n trn bi n . N u khng c bi n tn l 5 c nh ngha, shell c th m t gn gi tr .00 cho bi n disk_price. ( shell ny c th thay th m t gi tr r ngcho bi n $5 ) B n cng c th s d ng d u nhy n trong v v disk_price n k hi u $ trong shell. D u nhy ng c (``) th c hi n m t ch c nng khc. B n s d ng chng khi b n mu n s d ng cc k t qu c a m t cu l nh trong m t cu l nh khc. V d , t gi tr c a bi n contents b ng danh sch cc file c trong th m c hi n t i, g cu l nh sau:
contents=`ls` (for bash and pdksh) set contents = `ls` (for tcsh)
Cu l nh ny th c thi cu l nh ls v lu k t qu c a cu l nh vo bi n contents . Nh s c ch ra trong cc o n sau, c i m ny c th r t h u ch khi b n mu n ghi k t qu c a m t chng trnh shell th c hi n m t vi ho t ng vo trong m t cu l nh khc. 6.4. S d ng cu l nh test Trong bash v pdksh, cu l nh test c s d ng tnh gi tr c a m t bi u th c c i u ki n. Thng th ng, b n s d ng cu l nh test tnh gi tr i u ki n trong m t
l nh c i u ki n ho c tnh gi tr Cu l nh test c c php sau:
test expression
u vo hay i u ki n t n t i cho m t cu l nh l p.
ho c
[ expression ]
B n c th s d ng m t vi ton t c s n v i cu l nh test. Cc ton t ny c phn lo i thnh b n nhm khc nhau: cc ton t xu, cc ton t s , cc ton t file, v cc ton t logic. B n s d ng cc ton t xu tnh gi tr bi u th c xu. B ng 6.4.1 a ra danh sch cc ton t xu m ba ngn ng l p trnh shell h tr . B ng 6.4.1 Cc ton t chu i cho cu l nh test. Ton t str1 = str2 str1 != str2 str -n str -z str ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u str1 gi ng v i str2 Tr l i gi tr true n u str1 khng gi ng str2 Tr l i gi tr true n u str khc r ng Tr l i gi tr true n u Tr l i gi tr true n u di c a str l n hn 0 di c a str b ng 0
Cc ton t s th c hi n cc ch c nng tng t cc ton t string ngo i tr vi c chng ho t ng trn cc i s ki u s . B ng 6.4.2 li t k danh sch cc ton t s c s d ng trong cu l nh test. B ng 6.4.2 Cc ton t s cho cu l nh test. Ton t int1 -eq int2 int1 -ge int2 int1 -gt int2 int1 -le int2 int1 -lt int2 int1 -ne int2 B ns d nh ki m no, file cc ton t ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 b ng int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 l n hn ho c b ng int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 l n hn int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 nh hn int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 nh hn int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 khng b ng int2
ng cc ton t file cho cu l nh test th c hi n cc ch c nng ch ng h n tra xem cc file c t n t i hay khng v ki m tra xem file thu c lo i c a vo nh m t i s cho cu l nh test. B ng 6.4.3 a ra danh sch file cho cu l nh test.
B ng 6.4.3 Cc ton t File cho cu l nh test. Ton t -d file -f file -r file -s file -w file -x file ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u file c xc Tr l i gi tr true n u file c xc Tr l i gi tr true nu file xc Tr l i gi tr true n u file xc Tr l i gi tr true n u file xc nh c nh l m t th m c nh l m t file thng th ng c b i ti n trnh di khc 0
nh l c th
Tr l i gi tr true n u file c th ghi c b i ti n trnh nh l c th th c thi
B n s d ng cc ton t logic cho cu l nh test k t h p cc ton t s , xu, hay file ho c ph nh m t ton t n s , xu, ho c file. B ng 6.4.4 a ra danh sch c ton t logic cho cu l nh test. B ng 6.4.4 Cc ton t Logic ch cu l nh test. Ton t ! expr Expr1 -a expr2 Expr1 -o expr2 ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u expr khc true Tr l i gi tr true n u expr1 v expr2 l true Tr l i gi tr true n u expr1 ho c expr2 l true
Shell tcsh khng c cu l nh test, nhng cc bi u th c c a tsch th c hi n cc ch c nng tng t . Cc ton t tcsh h tr h u h t gi ng nh c h tr trong ngn ng C. B n th ng s d ng cc bi u t c ny trong cc cau l nh if v while. Trong o n sau,ph n "S d ng cc l nh c i u ki n " v "S d ng cc l nh l p " s ni v cc cu l nh ny. Gi ng nh cu l nh test trong bash v pdksh, cc bi u th c trong tcsh h tr cc ton t s , xu, file, v logic. B ng 6.4.5 a ra danh sch cc ton t c h tr trong c bi u th c c a tcsh. B ng 6.4.5 Cc tan t s cho for cc bi u th c tcsh. Ton t int1 <= int2 int1 >= int2 int1 < int2 int1 > int2 ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 nh hn int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 l n hn ho c b ng int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 nh hn int2 Tr l i gi tr true n u int1 l n hn int2
B ng 6.4.6 a ra danh sch cc ton t xu m cc bi u th c c a tcsh h tr . Table 6.4.6. Cc ton t xu cho cc bi u th c c a tcsh. Ton t ngha
str1 == str2 str1 != str2 Tr l i gi tr true n u str1 b ng str2 Tr l i gi tr true n u str1 khng b ng str2
B ng 6.4.7 a ra danh sch c ton t file m cc bi u th c tcsh h tr . B ng 6.4.7 Cc ton t File cho cc bi u th c tcsh. Ton t -r file -w file -x file -e file -o file -z file -f file -d file ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u file c th c c Tr l i gi tr true n u file c th ghi c Tr l i gi tr true n u file c th th c thi Tr l i gi tr true n u file t n t i Tr l i gi tr true n u file c s h u b i ng i s d ng hi n t i Tr l i gi tr true n u file c kch th c b ng 0 Tr l i gi tr true n u file l file thng th ng Tr l i gi tr true n u file l m t th m c
B ng 6.4.8 a ra danh sch cc ton t logic c h tr trong cc bi u th c c a tcsh. Table 6.4.8 Cc ton t Logical cho c bi u th c c a tcsh. Ton t exp1 || exp2 exp1 && exp2 ! exp ngha Tr l i gi tr true n u exp1 l true ho c exp2 l true Tr l i gi tr true n u c hai exp1 v exp2 l true Tr l i true n u exp khc true
6.5. S d ng cc cu l nh r nhnh Trong cc shell bash, pdksh v tcsh, m i shell c hai hnh th c khc nhau c a cu l nh r nhnh. B n s d ng cc l nh ny th c thi cc ph n khc nhau c a chng trnh shell ph thu c vo cc i u ki n nh t nh c ng hay khng. V i h u h t cc l nh th c hi n, c php cho cc cu l nh ny khc nhau gi a cc shell. 6.5.1. L nh if T t c ba shell u h tr cc cu l nh if-then-else statements l ng nhau. Cc l nh ny cung c p cho b n cch th c hi n cc cu l nh test i u ki n ph c t p trong chng trnh shell c a b n. C php c a l nh if trong bash v pdksh l gi ng nhau:
if [ expression ] then
commands elif [ expression2 ] commands else commands fi
Ch r ng shell bash v pdksh s d ng o ng c c a tn cu l nh trong hu h t cc l nh ph c t p k t thc cu l nh. Trong l nh bn trn, t kha fi c s d ng lm k hi u k t thc cho cu l nh if. C hai m nh elif v else u l cc ph n ty ch n c a l nh if. L nh elif l rt g n c a else if. L nh ny c th c thi n u cc bi u th c n m trong l nh if ho c t t c cc bi u th c trong cc l nh elif tr c u khng c gi tr true. Cc cu l nh n m trong l nh else c th c thi ch n u khng m t bi u th c no trong m nh if v trong b t k m nh elif no c gi tr true. Trong tcsh, l nh if c hai d ng khc nhau. D ng th nh t cung c p cng m t ch c nng nh l nh if trong bash v pdksh. D ng ny c a l nh if c c php nh sau:
if (expression1) then commands else if (expression2) then commands else commands endif
L i m t l n n a cc ph n if v else c a l nh if l ty ch n. L nh ny cng c th c vi t v i elif. N u m bn trn trnh by ton b chng trnh tcsh, n nn b t u v i dng sau m b o ch y hon h o:
#!/bin/sh
D ng th hai c a l nh if m tcsh cung c p l bi n i n gi n c a l nh if d ng u tin. D ng ny c a l nh if ch tnh gi tr m t bi u th c n. N u bi u th c l true n s th c thi cu l nh n. N u bi u th c l false, khng c i u g x y ra. C php cho d ng ny c a l nh if l nh sau.
if (expression) command
Bn d i l m t v d v s d ng l nh if trong bash hay pdksh. L nh ny ki m tra xem c m t file c tn l a .profile trong th m c hi n t i hay khng:
if [ -f .profile ] then echo "There is a .profile file in the current directory." else echo "Could not find the .profile file." fi
Cng v i v d trn s d ng c php c a tcsh nh sau:

# if ( { -f .profile } ) then echo "There is a .profile file in the current directory." else echo "Could not find the .profile file." endif
Ch r ng trong v d tcsh dng u tin b t u v i k t #. K hi u ny c yu c u tcsh nh n ra file ch a cc cu l nh l m t file k ch b n tcsh. 6.5.2. L nh case L nh case cho php b n so snh m t m u v i m t s cc m u khc v th c thi m t kh i m n u m t s gi ng nhau c tm th y. L nh case trong shell m nh hn l nh case trong Pascal hay l nh switch trong C. V i l nh shell trong case , b n c th so snh cc xu v i cc k t i di n trong chng; b n c th ch c th so snh cc ki u c li t k ho c cc gi tr s nguyn trong Pascal v C. C php cho l nh case trong bash v pdksh l nh sau:
case string1 in str1) commands;; str2) commands;; *)
commands;; esac
String1 c so snh v i str1 v str2. N u m t trong cc xu ny h v i string1, cc cu l nh bn d i n cho n khi g p hai d u ch m ph y(;;) c th c hi n. N u khng c xu no (str1 ho c str2) h p v i string1, cc cu l nh k t h p v i d u hoa th c th c thi. Cc cu l nh ny l i u ki n case m c nh b i v d u hoa th h p v i t t c cc xu. Cu l nh trong tcsh tng ng v i cu l nh case trong bash v pdksh c g i l l nh switch. L nh ny g n gi v i c php l nh switch trong C. C php cho l nh switch l nh sau:
switch (string1) case str1: statements breaksw case str2: statements breaksw default: statements breaksw endsw
L nh ny x l gi ng n cch s l c a l nh case trong bash v pdksh. M i xu trong t kha case c so snh v i string1. N u xu b t k trong cc xu trn h p v i string1, cc m bn d i n cho n khi g p t kha breaksw keyword c th c hi n. N u khng c xu no ph h p, cc m bn d i t kha default cho n khi g p t kha breaksw c th c thi. M bn d i l m t v d v l nh case trong shell bash hay pdksh. M ny ki m tra xem ty ch n u tin trong dng l nh l -i hay -e. N u n l -i, chng trnh m s cc dng trong m t file xc nh b i ty ch n th hai trong dng l nh b t u v i k t i. N u ty ch n th nh t l -e, chng trnh m s cc dng trong file c xc nh b i ty ch n th hai c a dng l nh b t u v i k t e. N u ty ch n th nh t c a dng l nh khc -i v khc -e, chng trnh s in ra thng tin bo l i trn mn hnh.
case $1 in -i)
count=`grep î $2 | wc -l` echo "The number of lines in $2 that start with an i is $count" ;; -e) count=`grep ê $2 | wc -l` echo "The number of lines in $2 that start with an e is $count" ;; * ) echo "That option is not recognized" ;; esac
V d tng t
c vi t theo c php tcsh:
# remember that the first line must start with a # when using tcsh switch ( $1 ) case -i | i: set count = `grep î $2 | wc -l` echo "The number of lines in $2 that begin with i is $count" breaksw case -e | e: set count = `grep ê $2 | wc -l` echo "The number of lines in $2 that begin with e is $count" breaksw default: echo "That option is not recognized" breaksw endsw
6.6. S d ng cc l nh l p Ngn ng shell cng cung c p l nh l p m th ng c s d ng nh t. Cc l nh l p ny c thao tc khi b n c n th c hi n m t hnh ng l p i l p l i, ch ng h n nh khi b n x l danh sch cc file.
6.6.1. L nh for L nh for th c thi cc cu l nh ch a trong n m t s l n. L nh for c hai d ng khc nhau trong bash v pdksh. D ng th nh t c a l nh for m bash v pdksh h tr c c php nh sau:
for var1 in list do commands done
Trong d ng ny, l nh for th c thi m t l n cho m i ph n t n m trong danh sch. Danh sch ny c th c thay i ch a cc t c phn bi t v i nhau b i d u cch, ho c n c th l m t danh sch cc gi tr c g tr c ti p vo trong cu l nh. M i l n qua vng l p, bi n var1 c gn cho ph n t hi n t i trong danh sch v ti p t c cho n khi ph n t cu i cng trong danh sch. D ng th hai c a l nh for c c php nh sau:
for var1 do statements done
Trong d ng ny, l nh for th c thi m t l n cho m i ph n t n m trong bi n var1. Khi b n s d ng c php ny c a l nh for, chng trnh shell gi s r ng bi n var1 ch a t t c cc i s c a vo trong chng trnh shell t dng l nh. i n hnh, d ng ny c a l nh for l tng ng v i vi t cc l nh sau:
for var1 in "$@" do statements done
Tng ng v i l nh for trong tcsh l l nh foreach. N x l tng t nh l nh for trong bash v pdksh. C php c a l nh foreach nh sau:
foreach name (list) commands end
M t l n n a, n u m ny l m t chng trnh hon thi n, n nn b t u v i k hi u # (v t t nh t l #!/bin/sh bu c th c thi theo Bourne shell). D i y l m t v d v s d ng l nh for trong bash hay pdksh. V d ny l y cc ty ch n dng l nh s l ng b t k cc file text. Chng trnh c m i file trong cc file ny, chuy n i t t c cc k t thnh ch hoa, v sau lu tr k t qu trong m t file c cng tn nhng c ph n m r ng l .caps.
for file do tr a-z A-Z < $file >$file.caps done
Chng trnh sau l m t v d tng t

# foreach file ($*) tr a-z A-Z < $file >$file.caps end
c vi t theo ngn ng shell tcsh:
6.6.2. L nh while M t l nh l p khc c a vo ngn ng l p trnh shell l l nh while. L nh ny th c thi m t kh i cc cu l nh theo m t i u ki n no . C php c a l nh while trong bash v pdksh l nh sau:
while expression do statements done
C php cho l nh while trong tcsh l nh sau:

while (expression) statements end
D i y l m t v d v l nh while theo ngn ng shell bash hay pdksh. Chng trnh ny a ra danh sch cc i s c a vo chng trnh cng v i s cc i s .
count=1 while [ -n "$*" ] do echo "This is parameter number $count $1" shift count=èxpr $count + 1` done
L nh shift chuy n i s dng l nh ln m t sang bn tri (xem o n sau"L nh shift" bi t thm thng tin). Chng trnh bn d i tng t c vi t cho ngn ng tcsh:
# set count = 1 while ( "$*" != "" ) echo "This is parameter number $count $1" shift set count = èxpr $count + 1` end
6.6.3. L nh until L nh until c c php v ch c nng tng t l nh while. Ch c s khc bi t th c s gi a hai l nh l l nh until th c thi m trong kh i c a n khi gi tr c a bi u th c l sai v l nh while th c thi cc kh i l nh c u n n u bi u th c c gi tr l true. C php cho l nh until trong bash v pdksh l nh sau:
until expression do commands done
lm cho v d c s d ng v i l nh while lm vi c v i l nh until, t t c nh ng g b n ph i lm ch l ph nh i u ki n, nh ch ra trong o n m bn d i:

count=1 until [ -z "$*" ]
do echo "This is parameter number $count $1" shift count=èxpr $count + 1` done
Ch c s khc nhau trong v d ny l v v d v l nh while l ty ch n -n c a l nh test, n c ngha r ng xu khng c di b ng 0, c thay b i ty ch n -z , n c ngha l chu i c di b ng 0. Trong th c t , l nh until t c dng b i v v i b t k l nh until no, b n cng c th vi t c b ng l nh while. L nh until khng c h tr trong tcsh. 6.6.4. L nh shift T t c cc shell bash, pdksh, v tcsh u h tr m t l nh g i l l nh shift. L nh shift chuy n cc gi tr hi n t i c lu tr trong cc i s dng l nh ln m t v tr sang tri. V d , n u cc gi tr c a cc i s l
$1 = -r $2 = file1 $3 = file2
v b n th c hi n l nh shift
shift
k t qu cc
is
c a vo nh sau:
$1 = file1 $2 = file2
B n c th d ch chuy n cc i s qua nhi u hn m t v tr b i m t s xc v ikm theo v i l nh shift. L nh sau d ch chuy n i s ln hai v tr:
shift 2
nh
L nh ny r t h u ch khi c m t chng trnh shell c n phn tch cc ty ch n dng l nh. Cc tyd ch n th ng c t tr c b i m t d u n i v m t k t ch ra ty ch n no c s d ng. B i v cc ty ch n lun lun c x l trong m t vng l p c a m t lo i cu l nh, b n s th ng mu n nh y n i s ti p theo m t khi b n xc nh c ty ch n no nn c x l ti p theo. V d , chng trnh shell sau ch hai ty ch n dng l nh, m t xc nh m t file u vo v m t xc nh m t file u ra. Chng trnh c file u vo, chuy n t t c cc k t trong file input thnh ch hoa, v sau lu tr k t qu trong file u ra xc nh:
while [ "$1" ] do
if [ "$1" = "-i" ] then infile="$2" shift 2 else if [ "$1" = "-o" ] then outfile="$2" shift 2 else echo "Program $0 does not recognize option $1" fi done tr a-z A-Z <$infile >$outfile
6.6.5. L nh select Shell pdksh a ra m t l nh l p m bash v tcsh khng h tr , l nh select. N hi khc v i cc l nh l p khc b i v n khng th c thi m t kh i m l nh shell theo m t i u ki n true ho c false. Nh ng g l nh select lm l cho php b n t ng t o cc menu text n gi n. C php c a l nh select nh sau:
select menuitem [in list_of_items] do commands done
Khi b n th c thi l nh select, pdksh t o m t i t ng menu c nh s cho m i ph n t c trong list_of_items. list_of_items ny c th l m t bi n ch a nhi u hn m t ph n t , ch ng h n nh choice1 choice2 ho c n c th l m t danh sch cc l a ch n c g vo t dng l nh, nh trong v d sau:
select menuitem in choice1 choice2 choice3
N u danh sch list_of_items is khng c cung c p, l nh select s d ng cc dng l nh cho l nh th c hi n.
is
Khi ng i s d ng c a chng trnh c ch a l nh select ch n m t trong s cc ph n t c a menu b ng cch g vo s tng ng v i n, l nh select lu gi tr c a ph n t c l a ch n trong bi n menuitem. Cc l nh trong kh i do sau c th th c hi n cc ho t ng trn ph n t menu ny.
D i y l m t v d v vi c s d ng l nh select nh th no. V d ny hi n th ba ph n t c a menu. Khi ng i s d ng ch n m t ph n t , chng trnh s h i b n xem c ph i ph n t c l a ch n khng, n u ng i s d ng g khc v i y ho c Y, chng trnh s hi n th l i menu.
select menuitem in pick1 pick2 pick3 do echo "Are you sure you want to pick $menuitem" read res if [ $res = "y" -o $res = "Y" ] then break fi done
V d ny gi i thi u m t vi l nh m i. L nh read c s d ng l y d li u vo t ng i s d ng. N lu b t k ci g ng i s d ng g vo bi n xc nh. L nh break k t thc vng l p l nh while, select, ho c for. 6.6.6. L nh repeat Shell tcsh c m t l nh l p khng c trong pdksh hay bash. L nh ny l l nh repeat. L nh repeat th c thi cu l nh n theo m t s l n xc nh. C php cho l nh repeat l nh sau:
repeat count command
V d sau c a l nh repeat l y m t t p h p cc s l cc ty ch n dng l nh v in ra s cc d u ch m ln mn hnh. Chng trnh ny ho t ng nh m t chng trnh minh h a r t th s.

# foreach num ($*) repeat $num echo -n "." echo "" end
B n c th vi t l i l nh repeat b t k b ng l nh while hay l nh for; c php repeat ch thu n ti n hn m thi.
6.7. S d ng cc hm Ngn ng shell cho php b n d nh ngha hm c a chnh b n. Cc hm ny c nh ngha gi ng nh cch b n nh ngha cc hm trn ngn ng l p trnh C hay cc ngn ng l p trnh khc. Thu n l i chnh c a vi c s d ng hm t ch c, trnh vi t t t c cc m shell c a b n trong m t dng. M c vi t s d ng cc hm c khuynh h ng d hn trong vi c c v b o tr v cng l khuynh h ng nh g n hn b i v b n c th nhm cc m chung vo trong m t hm thay vi c a n vo t t c cc ni c n n. C php t o m t hm trongbash v pdksh l nh sau:
fname () { shell commands }
Cng v i c php tr c , pdksh cho php c php sau:

function fname { shell commands }
C hai d ng ny
u c x l chnh xc nh nhau theo cng m t cch.
Sau khi b n nh ngha hm c a b n s d ng m t trong cc d ng trn, b n c th g i n n b ng cch vo l nh sau:

fname [parm1 parm2 parm3 ...]
Ch r ng b n c th a s l ng b t k cc i s vo trong hm c a b n. Khi b n a cc i s vo trong m t hm, n xem cc i s ny nh i s c a m t chng trnh shell khi b n a cc i s ny t dng l nh. V d , chng trnh shell sau ch a vi hm, m i hm th c hi n m t nhi m v m c k t h p v i cc ty ch n dng l nh. V d ny bao trm nhi u n i dung trong ph n ny. N c t t c cc file c a vo t dng l nh v ph thu c vo ty ch n c s d ng, vi t ra file v i t t c cc k t hoa, vi t ra file v i t t c cc k t th ng, ho c in cc file.
upper () { shift for i do
tr a-z A-Z <$1 >$1.out rm $1 mv $1.out $1 shift done; } lower () { shift for i do tr A-Z a-z <$1 >$1.out rm $1 mv $1.out $1 shift done; } print () { shift for i do lpr $1 shift done; } usage_error () { echo "$1 syntax is $1 <option> <input files>" echo "" echo "where option is one of the following" echo "p -- to print frame files" echo "u -- to save as uppercase" echo "l -- to save as lowercase"; } case $1 in
p | -p) print $@;; u | -u) upper $@;; l | -l) lower $@;; *) usage_error $0;; esac
Chng trnh tcsh khng h tr cc hm. 6.8. T ng k t Trong chng ny, b n th y c nhi u c i m c a cc ngn ng l p trnh bash, pdksh v tcsh. Khi b n s d ng Linux, b n s th y r ng b n s d ng cc ngn ng l p trnh shell cng ngy cng th ng xuyn. Cho d ngn ng shell r t m nh v d h c, b n c th g p ph i m t vi v n khi chng trnh shell khng ph h p v i v n b n gi i quy t. Trong nh ng tr ng h p nh v y, b n c th nghin c u tm hi u cc ngn ng khc c th s d ng c trong Linux.
7. Ci
t v qu n tr WebServer
t trn mi tr ng Linux.
7.1. H ng d n ci
Ci t trn mi tr ng Linux hon ton khng kh nh nh ng g chng ta ngh khi m i ti p xc v i h i u hnh ny. Qu trnh ci t ch n gi n, chng ta th c hi n cu l nh rpm v i c php sau: rpm [ivhqladefUV] [-force] [nodeps] [--oldpackage] package list y l chng trnh qu n l cc gi ci. N cho php b n qu n l cc gi RPM, th c hi n r t d dng vi c ci t v g b ph n m m. ci t ph n m m c tn l precious-software-1.0.i386.rpm ch y cu l nh sau: rpm i precious-software-1.0.i386.rpm b n c th lm cho vi c ci t trng p m t hn b ng cch s d ng ty ch n ivh thay cho ty ch n i. N u b n ci m t gi ph n m m r i nhng v m t l do no b n l i mu n ci l i n ln phin b n c, b n ch c n s d ng ty ch n force cho l nh rpm. N u b n mu n nng c p m t ph n m m, b n s d ng ty ch n U.V d : rpm Uvh precious-software-1.0.i386.rpm Tuy nhin b n ci m t phin b n m i v by gi b n mu n ci l i phin b n c, n u b n mu n s d ng l nh trn, h th ng s bo l i phin b n ci t l phin b n m i hn phin b n m b n mu n ci. c th th c hi n c i u ny b n s d ng
ty ch n --oldpackage cng v i ty ch n U ci t phin b n c. cc gi ci c ci vo h th ng c a b n, b n s d ng l nh sau: rpm -qa tm cc gi ci c a m t chng trnh nh sendmail, b n c th s d ng l nh rpm q sendmail H th ng s tr l i gi ci s d ng ci sendmail. m t file xc nh nh /bin/tcsh, ta s d ng cu l nh: rpm qf /bin/tcsh m b o r ng m t gi c ci cha c thay i theo b t c cch no, b n c th s d ng ty ch n V. V d t t c cc file c ci tr ng thi nguyn b n khng b thay i s d ng l nh rpm Va Ty ch n ny tr ln r t h u ch n u b n nh n th c c r ng m t hay nhi u gi ci c th b ph h y b i ng i khc. g cc gi ci kh i h th ng b n s d ng l nh rpm v i ty ch n e rpm e sendmail N u b n th y r ng vi c g b gi ci c th b d ng b i cc chng trnh khc b i v chng ph thu c vo n hay cc file c a n, b n ph i quy t nh xem b n c ti p t c b gi ci hay chng trnh ny hay khng, n u b n mu n g b b n c th s d ng ty ch n nodeps cng v i ty ch n e p bu c rpm g b gi ci . 7.2. Qu n tr WebServer pht hi n gi ci no c a tm ki m
7.2.1. Ph n m m Apache My ch web nghe yu c u t pha client, nh b trnh duy t Nestcape Navigator ho c Internet Explorer. Khi nh n c yu c u my ch x l yu c u v tr d li u l i cho my client. D li u tr v my tr m th ng l cc trang nh d ng c ch a hnh nh v text. Trnh duy t nh n d li u v hi n th trang d li u cho ng i dng. Khi ni m my ch web r t n gi n, n i yu c u, th c hi n, r i tr l i cho ng i dng.
My ch web ni chuy n v i cc my client v my tr m thng qua giao th c HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). i u ny cho php my tr m k t n i t i nhi u nh cung c p d ch v web m khng g p ph i cc v n v tng thch. Ph n l n cc yu c u c nh d ng d i d ng trang HTML (Hypertect Markup Language). HTML cho php lin k t nhi u vn b n v ti nguyn khc nhau. Si u vn b n cho php lin k t t i cc trang vn b n khc trn cng m t my tnh ho c trn cc my tnh t trn kh p th gi i. Apache c pht tri n d a trn NCSA web server, l phin b n cung c p y cc tnh nng c a my ch (HTTP) web do d n Apache Server th c h n. Apache cung c p m t my ch web m ngu n m , tin c y, hi u qu v d dng m r ng. Ph n m m my ch bao g m: daemon server, file c u hnh, cng c qu n tr , v ti li u. Ph n m m Apache Server s n c c trn trang Apache Group. B n c th t i v t cc a ch http://www.apache.org/dist/. B n t i v file .tar.gz tng ng v i phin b n b n mu n s d ng. V d , Phin b n m i nh t c vi t l Apache 1.3.12, v v y file b n c n t i v l apache_1.3.12.tar.gz B n c th l y m ngu n t a ch http://www.apache.org/dist/apache_1.3.12.tar.gz. Gi i nn file gi i nn file ny, s d ng cu l nh sau (gi s r ng b n temp): cd temp gzip -d -c apache_1.3.12.tar.gz | tar xvf Cu l nh ny t o m t th m c apache_1.3.12 trong th m c temp file trong th m c
7.2.2. Bin d ch v ci
Ch y cc cu l nh sau: cd apache_1.3.12 ./configure --prefix=<path-to-apache> make make install Ch s d ng ng d n y ny nn l ni b n mu n ci thay cho <path-to-apache>. t apache server, ch ng h n nh ng d n y
./configure --prefix=/afs/uncc.edu/usr/q/zlian/apache 7.2.3. Kh i Kh i ng v t t WebServer
ng Apache
<path-to-apache>/bin/apachectl start V d : /afs/uncc.edu/usr/q/zlian/Apache/bin/apachectl start T t Apache
<path-to-apache>/bin/apachectl stop V d : /afs/uncc.edu/usr/q/zlian/Apache/bin/apachectl stop 7.2.4. C u hnh Apache Theo cch truy n th ng, c u hnh Apache c chia thnh ba file c u hnh: httpd.conf, access.conf, v srm.conf. Theo th t cc file ny c ngha nh sau, httpd.conf l file c u hnh server chnh, access.conf l file nh ngha cc quy n truy c p, v srm.conf cc ti nguyn server c nh ngha, ch ng h n nh nh x cc th m c v cc bi u t ng. Trong 1.3.4, ba file ny c tr n vo m t file chung httpd.conf, n c th tm th y trong th m c conf. V d : /afs/uncc.edu/usr/q/zlian/apache/conf/ Ch : Cc h ng d n quan tr ng cho c u hnh c a b n:
ServerName ServerName ch ra a ch IP c a my ch ci t d ch v WebServer, thng th ng n u my c a b n l my c c b , khng n i m ng, a ch ny m c nh l 127.0.0.1 tng ng v i tn my l localhost. N u my ny c a ch m ng, b n c th thay th b ng a ch IP c a my. xem a ch c a my b n th c hi n l nh:
ifconfig a
Listen
Ch d n ny ni cho server l ng nghe cc yu c u trn d a ch IP c xc nh v/ho c c ng TCP/IP . M c nh, server l ng nghe c ng 80, nhng b n nn s d ng c ng l n hn 1024, b i v s t hn 1024 r t hay c s d ng trong cc ti n trnh c a h th ng. Nh trong v d sau, Apache nghe trn c hai c ng port 8080 and 8081. listen 8080 listen 8081 V i c u hnh ny, b n c th ki m tra xem server c a b n ch y thnh cng hay cha b ng cch g vo a ch sau trn trnh duy t: http://localhost:8080 ho c http://localhost:8081
DocumentRoot
Th m c ti li u m c nh l <path-to-apache>/htdocs, b n c th d billchu.html, trong th m c ny v ki m tra. V d : http://152.15.35.2:8080/billchu.html B n cng c th thay httpd.conf:
ti li u html , v
i th m c ti li u b ng s d ng h ng d n sau trong file
DocumentRoot /usr/web Sau m t truy c p n http://www.my.host.com/index.html s tng ng /usr/web/index.html. Th ng xu t hi n trong khi c u hnh nh sau: (i.e., "DocumentRoot /usr/web/") thm m t k t / ui, b n nn trnh i u ny. 7.2.5. Xc th c ng i dng
ngn ch n truy c p vo cc file trn server c a b n, b n nn s d ng b o v user/password, B n c th s d ng cc h ng d n sau. AuthType AuthName AuthUserFile AuthGroupFile require <Directory></Directory> <Files></Files> AuthType L a ch n ki u xc th c ng i s d ng cho m t th m c. Ch c Basic v Digest l th c thi hi n t i. AuthName t tn c a xc th c cho m t th. Tn xc th c ny s c g i n client nh ng ng i s d ng bi t lo i username v password no g i. AuthName c m t i s ; N u tn xc th c c d u cch n ph i c t trong d u trch d n. AuthUserFile t tn c a file vn b n thu n ty ch a danh sch nh ng ng i s d ng v m t kh u cho vi c xc th c ng i s d ng. Tn file l ng d n n n file ng i s d ng. N u n khng ph i l ng d n tuy t i (v d , n u n khng b t u v i /), N c xem nh ng d n tng i n ServerRoot. AuthGroupFile t tn c a m t file vn b n thu n ty ch a danh sch cc nhm ng i s d ng cho vi c xc th c ng i s d ng. Tn file l ng d n n file group. N u n khng ph i l ng d n tuy t i (v d , khng b t u v i d u /), n c xem nh ng d n tng i n ServerRoot. require Ch n nh ng ng i s d ng no c th truy c o vo m t th m c. C php cho php l: 1. Ch nh ng ng i s d ng c t tn c th truy c p th m c: t tn c th truy c p th require user userid userid ... 2. Ch nh ng ng i s d ng trong cc nhm c m c: 3. T t c nh ng ng i s d ng c th truy c p th m c: require valid-user <Directory> v </Directory> c s d ng nhm m t nhm cc h ng d n v n s ch c p d ng cho th m c c t tn v cc th m c con
require group group-name group-name ...
c a th m c . M t h ng d n b t k c cho php c trong m t directory c th c s d ng. <Files> v </Files> pcung c p quy n truy c p b i tn file (bao g m ng d n n file). V d : <Directory "/afs/uncc.edu/usr/q/zlian/apache/htdocs/manual"> AuthType Basic AuthName "Restricted Directory" AuthUserFile passwd AuthGroupFile /dev/null require valid-user </Directory> thi t l p file password, b n c th s d ng cng c c tn l htpasswd c cung c p b i Apache. Tr c tin t o file password b ng cch: % touch passwd Trong th m c "<path-to-apache>/bin/". hi n l nh: thm m t ng i s d ng, th c
% htpasswd <path-to-password-file>/passwd zlian New password: Re-type new password: n y b n hon thnh xong vi c c u hnh Apache v th c hi n xc th c ng i s d ng cho d ch v web c a b n.
8. Qu n tr cc ti n trnh
8.1. Ti n Trnh 8.1.1. Ti n trnh ti n c nh Khi b n ang trn d u nh c h th ng (# ho c $) v g i m t chng trnh, chng trnh tr thnh m t ti n trnh v i vo ho t ng d i s ki m sot c a h th ng. D u nh c c a h th ng s khng xu t hi n khi ti n trnh ang ch y Khi ti n trnh hon thnh tc v v ch m d t, h i u hnh s tr l i d u nh c b n g ti p l nh th c thi chng trnh khc. Chng trnh ho t ng theo cch ny c g i l chng trnh ti n c nh (foreground). V d khi b n th c hi n l nh: ls R / B n s ph i ch i r t lu cho n khi l nh th c hi n xong b n m i c th nh p vo l nh m i th c hi n cng vi c ti p theo c a b n. 8.1.2. Ti n trnh h u c nh
N u c cch no yu c u Linux a cc ti n trnh chi m nhi u th i gian x l ho c t tng tc v i ng i dng ra ho t ng pha h u c nh (background) tr l i ngay d u nh c c th th c hi n cc ti n trnh ti n c nh th t t hn. i u ny c th th c hi n c b ng cch k t h p ch th & v i l nh g i chng trnh m ta s tm hi u ph n sau, khi ti n trnh s ho t ng pha h u c nh v tr l i ngay d u nh c cho chng ta lm cng vi c khc. Cc ti n trnh nh v y g i l cc ti n trnh h u c nh. Vi c ch y ti n trnh h u c nh r t thu n ti n , chng cho php nhi u chng trnh tng tc v i nhau. 8.2. i u khi n v gim st cc ti n trnh Nh c p tr c y, cc ti n trnh th ng tr c th ng c b t u b ng ti n trnh init khi kh i ng. B n c th i u khi n ti n trnh no ch y ngay khi kh i ng b ng cch c u hnh l i cc file c u hnh v k ch b n c a init. Ngo i tr cc ti n trnh th ng tr c, cc lo i ti n trnh khc m b n s ch y c g i l cc ti n trnh c a ng i s d ng hay cc ti n trnh tng tc. B n ph i ch y m t ti n trnh tng tc thng qua m t shell. M i m t shell chu n cung c p m t dng l nh khi ng i s d ng vo tn c a m t chng trnh. Khi ng i s d ng vo tn chng trnh h p l trn dng l nh, shell s t t o m t b n copy nh m t ti n trnh m i v thay th ti n trnh m i v i chng trnh c t tn trn dng l nh. Ni m t cch khc shell s ch y chng trnh c t tn nh m t ti n trnh khc. l y thng tin v t t c cc ti n trnh ang ch y trn h th ng c a b n, b n c n ch y ti n ch c tn l ps 8.2.1 S d ng l nh ps l y thng tin tr ng thi c a ti n trnh
Ti n ch ny t o ra m t bo co v t t c cc ti n trnh trn h th ng c a b n. v d , n u b n ch y l nh ps , n s hi n th k t qu nh sau: PID TTY 13636 pts/1 13696 pts/1 13699 pts/1 13700 pts/1 13704 pts/1 16692 pts/1 17252 pts/1 TIME CMD
00:00:00 bash 00:00:00 man 00:00:00 sh 00:00:00 sh 00:00:00 less 00:00:00 tail 00:00:00 ps
D i y l gi i thch v ngha c a cc tr ng
Tr ng USER ho c UID
Gi i Thch Tn c a ti n trnh
PID %CPU %MEM SIZE RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND PRI PPID WCHAN FLAGS ID ( nh danh) c a ti n trnh % CPU s d ng c a ti n trnh % b nh ti n trnh s d ng Kch th c b nh o ti n trnh s d ng
Kch th c c a b nh th c s d ng b i ti n trnh Vng lm vi c c a ti n trnh Tr ng thi c a ti n trnh Th i gian hay ngy b t u c a ti n trnh
T ng th i gian s d ng CPU Cu l nh c th c hi n M c u tin c a ti n trnh ID c a ti n trnh cha Tn c a hm nhn khi ti n trnh ng /boot/System.map S c c k t h p v i ti n trnh c l y t file
Ti n ch ps cng ti p nh n m t vi ch n c s d ng chung:
i s t dng l nh. B ng bn d i ch ra cc ty
Ty Ch n A E L U W
Miu t Hi n th cc ti n trnh c a t t c nh ng ng i s d ng Hi n th cc bi n mi tr ng c a ti n trnh sau khi dng l nh c th c thi Hi n th k t qu y u ti n trnh
Hi n th tn ng i s d ng v th i gian b t
Hi n th k t qu theo nh d ng r ng. Bnh th ng, k t qu k t xu t b c t n u n khng v a m t dng. S d ng ty ch n ny b n c th ngn ch n c i u Hi n th cc ti n trnh c k t h p v i vng lm vi c xx
Txx
X Hi n th cc ti n trnh khng c i u khi n vng lm vi c
V d ps au
hi n th t t c cc ti n trnh b n th c hi n cu l nh:
hi n th t t c cc ti n trnh c a m t ng i no s d ng: ps au | grep username Tuy nhin, n u b n ch mu n tm cc ti n trnh ang t n t i v i ng i s d ng b t k, b n s d ng cu l nh: ps aux tm ki m PID c a m t ti n trnh cha s d ng: ps l pid V i pid l PID c a m t ti n trnh no . ps e Thng tin bi n mi tr ng c b sung vo tr ng COMMAND 8.2.2. Pht tn hi u cho m t chng trnh ang ch y S d ng l nh kill h y m t ti n trnh Cu l nh kill l m t k ch b n shell c xy d ng s n, th ng c tm th y trong th m c /bin. B n c th dng l nh ny d ng m t ti n trnh no . b n c th ch y: kill PID V i PID l PID c a ti n trnh no
S d ng l nh killall h y m t ti n trnh
Ti n ch ny cho php b n d ng m t ti n trnh b ng tn. V d b n c m t ti n trnh c goi l signal_demo.pl v b n mu n d ng ti n trnh ny. B n s d ng l nh: killall signal_demo.pl Ch y m t ti n trnh h u c nh ho c ti n c nh
Thng th ng khi chng ta ch y m t ti n trnh t thi t b u cu i (bn phm) hay shell, b n ch y ti n trnh ti n c nh. Khi b n ch y ti n trnh ti n c nh, b n ph i i cho n k t thc. Tuy nhin, thay v vi c i cho n k t thc, b n c th ch y n h u c nh b ng vi c thm m t k hi u & cu i dng l nh. i u ny h u ch khi m t ti n trnh ch y trong th i gian di v b n c n ph i lm m t cng vi c khc. V d , kh i ng h qu n tr CSDL PosgresSQL v i postmaster b n th c hi n: postmaster i & V y khi no b n bi t m t ti n trnh h u c nh ang ch y hay d ng. B n c th s d ng l nh: ps -af xem t t c cc ti n trnh trong c c ti n trnh T m d ng ti n trnh h u c nh.
N u m t ti n trnh ang ch y ti n c nh v b n mu n a chng vo h u c nh, b n th c hi n cng vi c ny b ng cch nh n t h p phm Ctrl + Z. Khi nh n c tn hi u Ctrl+Z ti n trnh s b t m d ng v c a vo h u c nh. Tuy nhin b n cha bi t c chng trnh c a chng ta d ng cha v chuy n vo h u c nh cha. L nh jobs hi n th tr ng thi c a t t c cc ti n trnh ang ch y h u c nh: [1] Stopped [2]- Stopped [3]+ Stopped man ln (wd: /home/trantu/exam) tail ls -R /
nh th c ti n trnh i
nh th c m t ti n trnh ta s d ng l nh bg k t h p v i s tc v trong hng li t k. Trong v d trn ta c th th c hi n l nh:
bg 3 M t l n n a ta s d ng l nh jobs, ta s th y thng tin hi n trn mn hnh nh sau: [1] Stopped [2]- Stopped [3]+ Running man ln (wd: /home/trantu/exam) tail ls -R /
chuy n m t ti n trnh t h u c nh sang ch y trn ti n c nh b n dng l nh fg. V d : fg 3 8.2.3. Giao ti p gi a cc ti n trnh i khi cc ti n trnh c n trao i thng tin cho nhau x l. Ch ng h n nh l nh ls c a Linux ch bi t li t k v ghi ton b d li u v thng tin c a file, th m c ra mn hnh. L nh ls khng c c ch d ng khi mn hnh y. Trong khi l nh more l i c kh nng c d li u v a ra mn hnh theo t ng trang ng i dng c th i gian xem qua. Cc chng trnh c n c nhu c u chuy n d li u cho nhau x l. M t c ch c s d ng kh ph bi n trn Linux l pipe ( ng ng). B n s d ng ch th | bi u th ng ng. V d : ls R | more Ho c b n c th tm chnh xc tn ti n trnh nh: ps af | grep [bash] 8.3 L p k ho ch cc ti n trnh 8.3.1 S d ng l nh at Ti n ch at cho php b n s p x p m t cu l nh th c thi trong th i gian sau . V d , xem dung lng a s d ng cho ton b cc file, th muc c a h th ng b n g i ti n ch du vo lc 8:40 p.m, b n c th ch y l nh sau: at 20:40 Cu l nh s hi n th d u nh c at> yu c u b n nh p vo cu l nh th i gian c a vo. B n g vo dng l nh: th c hi n theo
du a > /tmp/du.out Sau khi b n g l nh Enter, n s hi n th l i d u nh c cho php b n nh p vo cc cu l nh ti p theo. B n c th ch n Ctrl+D k t thc. N u v m t l do no , b n mu n d ng c ng vi c m b n l p l ch, b n c th s d ng l nh atrm xa cng vi c tr c khi n c th c hi n. B n c n ph i bi t s th t c a cng vi c m b n mu n h y, tm ra cc cng vi c m b n l p l ch, b n ch y cu l nh atq tm s th t cng vi c, sau dng atrq v i i s l s th t c a cng vi c mu n h y. V d : atrq 1 8.3.2 S d ng crontab C nhi u cng vi c trn Linux c n c l p l ch m t cch th ng xuyn, v d xa cc file c c sinh ra b i h th ng trong th m c tmp hng ngy, hay hng tu n b n c n ph i ch y m t ti n trnh m i ngy hay m i tu n. Ti n ch cron cho php b n th c hi n cc cng vi c nh th . Th c ra cron bao g m crond daemon, c kh i ng b i ti n trnh init. Crond c cc l ch cng vi c t /etc/crontab v cc file trong /var/spoon/cron. Th m c cron ny lu tr cc file l p l ch (th ng c g i l crontab hay cron table) cho nh ng ng i s d ng thng th ng c php ch y cc cng vi c cron. L m t superuser, b n c th xc nh m t danh sch nh ng ng i s d ng c php ch y cc cng vi c cron trong file /etc/cron.allow. Tng t , b n c th xc nh nh ng ng i s d ng khng c php th c hi n cc cng vi c cron trong file /etc/cron.deny. C hai file ny u s d ng m t nh d ng c b n: m t username trn m t dng. N u m t ng i c php th c hi n cc cng vi c cron, ng i c th s d ng ti n ch crontab th c hi n cng vi c l p l ch. V d , khi b n c php, b n c th g l nh: crontab e v so n th o cc cng vi c c n th c hi n. M t cng vi c cron ph i c nh d ng sau:
minute(s) hour(s) day(s) month weekday username command argument(s) Cc tr ng t 1 n 5 c nh d ng sau
9. B o m t h th ng
Cng v i s pht tri n khng ng ng c a truy n thng k thu t s , Internet v s pht tri n nh y v t c a n n cng nghi p ph n m m, b o m t my tnh l m t v n ngy cng tr nn quan tr ng. C n ph i hi u r ng khng c h th ng my tnh no l an
ton tuy t ton hn. i. T t c nh ng g b n c th lm l gip cho h th ng c a b n tr nn an
K t khi Linux c pht tri n m t cch r ng ri v nhanh chng, c bi t l trong cc giao d ch kinh doanh quan tr ng, an ninh l m t v n quy t nh s s ng cn c a Linux. V i hng trm cng c b o v s n c, ng i dng Linux c trang b t t hn ngn ch n v duy tr m t h th ng an ton. Linux khng nh ng ho t ng t t m cn c nh ng tnh nng v s n ph m lin quan cho php xy d ng m t mi tr ng tng i an ton. 9.1. Nh ng nguy c an ninh trn Linux Linux v cc ng d ng trn n c th khng t cc l h ng an ninh hn nh ng h i u hnh khc. Theo quan i m c a m t s chuyn gia my tnh, Linux c tnh an ton cao hn cc h i u hnh c a Microsoft, v cc s n ph m c a Microsoft khng c xem xt k l ng v ch t ch b ng cc s n ph m m ngu n m nh Linux. Hn n a, Linux d ng nh l "mi n nhi m" v i virus my tnh (hi n t i c xu t hi n m t vi lo i virus ho t ng trn mi tr ng Linux nhng khng nh h ng g m y n ng i dng Linux). Nhng m t h th ng Linux c c u hnh khng t t s t hn nhi u so v i m t h th ng Microsoft c c u hnh t t !!! Khi c c m t chnh sch an ninh t t v h th ng c c u hnh theo ng chnh sch th s gip b n t o c m t h th ng an ton ( m c m chnh sch c a b n a ra). Nhng s an ton khng ph i l th c th t c nh m t m c tiu cu i cng. ng hn l t p h p c a nh ng cch ci t, v n hnh v b o tr m t h i u hnh, m ng my tnh, ... N ph thu c vo cc ho t ng hng ngy c a h th ng, ng i dng v ng i qu n tr . B n ph i b t u t m t n n t ng ban u v t c i thi n tnh an ton c a h th ng c a b n nhi u nh t c th c m v n m b o cc ho t ng bnh th ng c a h th ng. 9.2. Xem xt chnh sch an ninh c a b n K t n i vo Inernet l nguy hi m cho h th ng m ng c a b n v i m c an ton th p. T nh ng v n trong cc d ch v TCP/IP truy n th ng, tnh ph c t p c a vi c c u hnh my ch , cc l h ng an ninh bn trong qu trnh pht tri n ph n m m v nhi u nhn t khc gp ph n lm cho nh ng h th ng my ch khng c chu n b chu o c th b xm nh p v lun t n t i nh ng nguy c ti m tng v v n an ton trong . M c ch c a m t chnh sch an ton h th ng l quy t nh m t t ch c s ph i lm nh th no b o v chnh n. c c m t chnh sch an ninh hi u qu , ng i xy d ng cc chnh sch ny ph i hi u v c th k t h p t t c cc thng tin, yu c u, ... Khi m t tnh hu ng x y ra n m ngoi d ki n, ch ng h n m t s xm nh p tri php vo h th ng c a b n, cu h i l n nh t l "s ph i lm g y ?" Khng may l c hng tri u cu tr l i khc nhau cho cu h i . N u m t ng i m cha t ng ph i i ph v i m t k xm nh p tr c y th k xm nh p c th d dng bi n m t v cc d u v t tr nn qa c v khng cn h u ch n a.
Nh ng sai st trong chnh sch an ninh khng ch lin quan n nh ng k xm nh p, m cn lin quan n nh ng v n bnh th ng nh th i ti t, thin tai, chy, n , h h ng thi t b ,... Do v y, vi c thi t l p m t chnh sch an ninh t t cho vi c gi i quy t nh ng s c ph i c ln k ho ch k l ng, c xem xt v ch ng nh n b i ng i c quy n h n trong cng ty. M t chnh sch an ninh t t nn bao g m cc v n
o o o o
sau :
Chnh sch ph c h i d li u khi c s c Chnh sch ph c h i h th ng trong tr ng h p h h ng thi t b Chnh sch, cch th c i u tra nh ng k xm nh p tri php Chnh sch, cch th c i u tra khi cng ty b co bu c xm nh p vo cc h th ng khc o Cch th c, quy trnh v ni thng bo s xm nh p tri php t bn ngoi hay gy ra b i cc nhn vin c a mnh. o Chnh sch an ninh v m t v t l c a h th ng ... B n c th nh t v n c a cc cng ty, t ch c lm d ch v t v n v an ton my tnh gip b n xy d ng m t chnh sch an ninh t t. Cc cng ty ny c cc chuyn gia v an ton my tnh, h c s n cc bi u m u chnh sch an ninh nn c th thi t l p nhanh chng cc chnh sch m bao g m t t c cc m t trong vi c an ton h th ng my tnh. 9.3. Tng c ng an ninh cho KERNEL M c d th a h ng nh ng c tnh c a h th ng UNIX v kh an ninh hn m t s h i u hnh khc, h th ng GNU/Linux hi n nay v n t n t i nh ng nh c i m sau: Quy n c a user root c th b l m d ng. User root c th d dng thay i b t k i u g trn h th ng. o Nhi u file h th ng c th d dng b s a i. Nhi u file h th ng quan tr ng nh /bin/login c th b s a i b i hacker cho php ng nh p khng c n m t kh u. Nhng nh ng file lo i ny l i hi m khi no thay i tr phi khi nng c p h th ng. o Cc module c th c dng ch n kernel. Loadable Kernel Module l m t thi t k t t tng c ng tnh uy n chuy n, linh ho t cho kernel. Nhng sau khi m t module c n p vo kernel, n s tr thnh m t ph n c a kernel v c th ho t ng nh kernel nguyn th y. V v y, cc chng trnh m c ch x u c th c vi t d ng module v n p vo kernel, r i sau ho t ng nh m t virus. o Cc process khng c b o v . Cc process nh web server c th tr thnh m c tiu b t n cng c a hacker sau khi thm nh p h th ng.
o
c i thi n tnh an ninh cho cc server Linux, chng ta c n c m t kernel an ton hn. i u ny c th th c hi n c b ng cch s a i kernel nguyn thu b ng cc patch tng c ng tnh an ninh cho h th ng. Cc patch ny c cc tnh nng chnh y u sau:
B o v b o v cc file h th ng quan tr ng kh i s thay i ngay c v i user root. B o v cc process quan tr ng kh i b ng ng b i l nh kill. Ch n cc tc v truy c p IO m c th p (RAW IO) c a cc chng trnh khng c php. o Pht hi n Pht hi n v c nh bo v i ng i qu n tr khi server b scan. Cng nh khi c cc tc v trn h th ng vi ph m cc lu t (rules) nh tr c. o i ph Khi pht hi n s vi ph m trn h th ng, cc ghi nh n chi ti t s c th c hi n cng nh c th ng ng l p t c phin lm vi c gy ra
o
M t vi cng c s a i kernel c s d ng r ng ri l LIDS (Linux Intrusion Detection System), Medusa, ... 9.4. An ton cc giao d ch trn m ng C r t nhi u d ch v m ng truy n th ng giao ti p thng qua giao th c vn b n khng m ho, nh TELNET, FTP, RLOGIN, HTTP, POP3. Trong cc giao d ch gi a ng i dng v i my ch , t t c cc thng tin d ng gi c truy n qua m ng d i hnh th c vn b n khng c m ho. Cc gi tin ny c th d dng b ch n v sao chp m t i m no trn ng i. Vi c gi i m cc gi tin ny r t d dng, cho php l y c cc thng tin nh tn ng i dng, m t kh u v cc thng tin quan tr ng khc. Vi c s d ng cc giao d ch m ng c m ho khi n cho vi c gi i m thng tin tr nn kh hn v gip b n gi an ton cc thng tin quan tr ng. Cc k thu t thng d ng hi n nay l IPSec, SSL, TLS, SASL v PKI. Qu n tr t xa l m t tnh nng h p d n c a cc h th ng UNIX. Ng i qu n tr m ng c th d dng truy nh p vo h th ng t b t k ni no trn m ng thng qua cc giao th c thng d ng nh telnet, rlogin. M t s cng c qu n tr t xa c s d ng r ng ri nh linuxconf, webmin cng dng giao th c khng m ho. Vi c thay th t t c cc d ch v m ng dng giao th c khng m ho b ng giao th c c m ho l r t kh. Tuy nhin, b n nn cung c p vi c truy c p cc d ch v truy n th ng nh HTTP/POP3 thng qua SSL, cng nh thay th cc d ch v telnet, rlogin b ng SSH. 9.5. Linux firewall An ton h th ng lun lun l m t v n s ng cn c a m ng my tnh v firewall l m t thnh ph n c t y u cho vi c m b o an ninh. M t firewall l m t t p h p cc qui t c, ng d ng v chnh sch m b o cho ng i dng truy c p cc d ch v m ng trong khi m ng bn trong v n an ton i v i cc k t n cng t Internet hay t cc m ng khc. C hai lo i ki n trc firewall c b n l : Proxy/Application firewall v filtering gateway firewall. H u h t cc h th ng firewall hi n i l lo i lai (hybrid) c a c hai lo i trn. Nhi u cng ty v nh cung c p d ch v Internet s d ng my ch Linux nh m t Internet gateway. Nh ng my ch ny th ng ph c v nh my ch mail, web, ftp, hay dialup. Hn n a, chng cng th ng ho t ng nh cc firewall, thi hnh cc chnh sch ki m sot gi a Internet v m ng c a cng ty. Kh nng uy n chuy n khi n cho Linux thu ht nh l m t thay th cho nh ng h i u hnh thng m i.
Tnh nng firewall chu n c cung c p s n trong kernel c a Linux c xy d ng t hai thnh ph n : ipchains v IP Masquerading. Linux IP Firewalling Chains l m t c ch l c gi tin IP. Nh ng tnh nng c a IP Chains cho php c u hnh my ch Linux nh m t filtering gateway/firewall d dng. M t thnh ph n quan tr ng khc c a n trong kernel l IP Masquerading, m t tnh nng chuy n i a ch m ng (network address translation- NAT) m c th che gi u cc a ch IP th c c a m ng bn trong. s d ng ipchains, b n c n thi t l p m t t p cc lu t m qui cho php hay b c m. V d : nh cc k t n i c
# Cho php cc k t n i web t i Web Server c a b n /sbin/ipchains -A your_chains_rules -s 0.0.0.0/0 www -d 192.16.0.100 1024: -j ACCEPT # Cho php cc k t n i t bn trong t i cc Web Server bn ngoi /sbin/ipchains -A your_chains_rules -s 192.168.0.0/24 1024: -d 0.0.0.0/0 www -j ACCEPT # T ch i truy c p t t c cc d ch vu khc /sbin/ipchains -P your_chains_rules input DENY
Ngoi ra, b n c th dng cc s n ph m firewall thng m i nh Check Point FireWall-1, Phoenix Adaptive Firewall, Gateway Guardian, XSentry Firewall, Raptor, ... hay r t nhi u cc phin b n mi n ph, m ngu n m cho Linux nh T.Rex Firewall, Dante, SINUS, TIS Firewall Toolkit, ... 9.6. Dng cng c d tm kh o st h th ng
Thm nh p vo m t h th ng b t k no cng c n c s chu n b . Hacker ph i xc nh ra my ch v tm xem nh ng port no ang m tr c khi h th ng c th b xm ph m. Qu trnh ny th ng c th c hi n b i cc cng c d tm (scanning tool), k thu t chnh tm ra my ch v cc port ang m trn . D tm l b c u tin hacker s s d ng tr c khi th c hi n t n cng. B ng cch s d ng cc cng c d tm nh Nmap, hacker c th r kh p cc m ng tm ra cc my ch c th b t n cng. M t khi xc nh c cc my ny, k xm nh p c th d tm cc port ang l ng nghe. Nmap cng s d ng m t s k thu t cho php xc nh kh chnh xc lo i my ang ki m tra. B ng cch s d ng nh ng cng c c a chnh cc hacker th ng dng, ng i qun tr h th ng c th nhn vo h th ng c a mnh t gc c a cc hacker v gip tng c ng tnh an ton c a h th ng. C r t nhi u cng c d tm c th s d ng nh: Nmap, strobe, sscan, SATAN, ... D i y l m t v d s d ng Nmap:
# nmap -sS -O 192.168.1.200 Starting nmap V. 2.54 by Fyodor (fyodor@dhp.com, www.insecure.org/nmap/) Interesting ports on comet (192.168.1.200): Port State Protocol Service
7 open tcp echo 19 open tcp chargen 21 open tcp ftp ... TCP Sequence Prediction: Class=random positive increments Difficulty=17818 (Worthy challenge) Remote operating system guess: Linux 2.2.13 Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 5 seconds
Tuy nhin, s d ng cc cng c ny khng th thay th cho m t ng i qu n tr c ki n th c. B i v vi c d tm th ng d bo m t cu c t n cng, cc site nn u tin cho vi c theo di chng. V i cc cng c d tm, cc nh qu n tr h th ng m ng c th pht hi n ra nh ng g m cc hacker c th th y khi d trn h th ng c a mnh. 9.7. Pht hi n s xm nh p qua m ng N u h th ng c a b n c k t n i vo internet, b n c th tr thnh m t m c tiu b d tm cc l h ng v b o m t. M c d h th ng c a b n c ghi nh n i u ny hay khng th v n khng xc nh v pht hi n vi c d tm ny. M t v n c n quan tm khc l cc cu c t n cng gy ng ng d ch v (Denial of Services - DoS), lm th no ngn ng a, pht hi n v i ph v i chng n u b n khng mu n h th ng c a b n ngng tr . H th ng pht hi n xm nh p qua m ng (Network Intrusion Detection System NIDS) theo di cc thng tin truy n trn m ng v pht hi n n u c hacker ang c xm nh p vo h th ng (ho c gy gy ra m t v t n cng DoS). M t v d i n hnh l h th ng theo di s l ng l n cc yu c u k t n i TCP n nhi u port trn m t my no , do v y c th pht hi n ra n u c ai ang th m t tc v d tm TCP port. M t NIDS c th ch y trn my c n theo di ho c trn m t my c l p theo di ton b thng tin trn m ng. Cc cng c c th c k t h p t o m t h th ng pht hi n xm nh p qua m ng. Ch ng h n dng tcpwrapper i u khi n, ghi nh n cc d ch v c ng k. Cc chng trnh phn tch nh t k h th ng, nh swatch, c th dng xc nh cc tc v d tm trn h th ng. V i u quan tr ng nh t l cc cng c c th phn tch cc thng tin trn m ng pht hi n cc t n cng DoS ho c nh c p thng tin nh tcpdump, ethereal, ngrep, NFR (Network Flight Recorder), PortSentry, Sentinel, Snort, ... Khi hi n th c m t h th ng pht hi n xm nh p qua m ng b n c n ph i lu tm hi u su t c a h th ng cng nh cc chnh sch b o m s ring t. 9.8. Ki m tra kh nng b xm nh p Ki m tra kh nng b xm nh p lin quan n vi c xc nh v s p x p cc l h ng an ninh trong h th ng b ng cch dng m t s cng c ki m tra. Nhi u cng c ki m tra cng c kh nng khai thc m t s l h ng tm th y lm r qu trnh thm nh p tri php s c th c hi n nh th no. V d , m t l i trn b m c a chng trnh ph c v d ch v FTP c th d n n vi c thm nh p vo h th ng v i quy n root. N u ng i qu n tr m ng c ki n th c v ki m tra kh nng b xm nh p tr c khi n x y ra, h c th ti n hnh cc tc v nng cao m c an ninh c a h th ng m ng. n
C r t nhi u cc cng c m ng m b n c th s d ng trong vi c ki m tra kh nng b xm nh p. H u h t cc qu trnh ki m tra u dng t nh t m t cng c t ng phn tch cc l h ng an ninh. Cc cng c ny thm d h th ng xc nh cc d ch v hi n c. Thng tin l y t cc d ch v ny s c so snh v i c s d li u cc l h ng an ninh c tm th y tr c . Cc cng c th ng c s d ng th c hi n cc ki m tra lo i ny l ISS Scanner, Cybercop, Retina, Nessus, cgiscan, CIS, ... Ki m tra kh nng b xm nh p c n c th c hi n b i nh ng ng i c trch nhi m m t cch c n th n. S thi u ki n th c v s d ng sai cch c th s d n n h u qu nghim tr ng khng th l ng tr c c. 9.9. i ph khi h th ng b t n cng
G n y, m t lo t cc v t n cng nh m vo cc site c a nh ng cng ty l n nh Yahoo!, Buy.com, E-Bay, Amazon v CNN Interactive gy ra nh ng thi t h i v cng nghim tr ng. Nh ng t n cng ny l d ng t n cng gy ng ng d ch v "Denial-OfService" m c thi t k lm ngng ho t ng c a m t m ng my tnh hay m t website b ng cch g i lin t c v i s l ng l n cc d li u t i m c tiu t n cng khi n cho h th ng b t n cng b ng ng ho t ng, i u ny tng t nh hng trm ng i cng g i khng ng ng t i 1 s i n tho i khi n n lin t c b b n. Trong khi khng th no trnh c m i nguy hi m t cc cu c t n cng, chng ti khuyn b n m t s b c m b n nn theo khi b n pht hi n ra r ng h th ng c a b n b t n cng. Chng ti cng a ra m t s cch gip b n b o m tnh hi u q a c a h th ng an ninh v nh ng b c b n nn lm gi m r i ro v c th i ph v i nh ng cu c t n cng. N u pht hi n ra r ng h th ng c a b n ang b t n cng, hy bnh tnh. Sau y l nh ng b c b n nn lm:
o
T p h p 1 nhm
i ph v i s t n cng:
- Nhm ny ph i bao g m nh ng nhn vin kinh nghi m, nh ng ng i m c th gip hnh thnh m t k ho ch hnh ng i ph v i s t n cng. D a theo chnh sch v cc quy trnh th c hi n v an ninh c a cng ty, s d ng cc b c thch h p khi thng bo cho m i ng i hay t ch c v cu c t n cng. o Tm s gip t nh cung c p d ch v Internet v c quan ph trch v an ninh my tnh:
o
- Lin h nh cung c p d ch v Internet c a b n thng bo v cu c t n cng. C th nh cung c p d ch v Internet c a b n s ch n ng c cu c t n cng. - Lin h c quan ph trch v an ninh my tnh cng thng bo v cu c t n
T m th i dng phng th c truy n thng khc (ch ng h n nh qua i n tho i) khi trao i thng tin m bo r ng k xm nh p khng th ch n v l y c thng tin. o Ghi l i t t c cc ho t ng c a b n (ch ng h n nh g i i n tho i, thay i file, ...) o Theo di cc h th ng quan tr ng trong qa trnh b t n cng b ng cc ph n m m hay d ch v pht hi n s xm nh p (intrusion detection software/services). i u ny c th gip lm gi m nh s t n cng cng nh pht hi n nh ng d u hi u c a s t n cng th c s hay ch l s qu y r i nh m nh l c h ng s ch c a b n(ch ng h n m t t n cng DoS v i d ng lm sao lng s ch c a b n trong khi th c s y l m t cu c t n cng nh m xm nh p vo h th ng c a b n).
o
- Sao chp l i t t c cc files m k xm nh p o n m chng trnh, log file, ...)

o
l i hay thay
i (nh nh ng
Lin h nh ch c trch
bo co v v t n cng.
Nh ng b c b n nn lm lai :
o o o o
gi m r i ro v
i ph v i s t n cng trong tng
Xy d ng v trao quy n cho nhm i ph v i s t n cng Thi hnh ki m tra an ninh v nh gi m c r i ro c a h th ng Ci t cc ph n m m an ton h th ng ph h p gi m b t r i ro Nng cao kh nng c a mnh v an ton my tnh gip b n b o m tnh hi u qu c a h th ng an ninh
Cc b c ki m tra
o o o
o o o
Ki m tra h th ng an ninh m i ci t : ch c ch n tnh ng n c a chnh sch an ninh hi n c v c u hnh chu n c a h th ng. Ki m tra t ng th ng xuyn : khm ph s vi ng thm c a nh ng hacker hay nh ng hnh ng sai tri c a nhn vin trong cng ty. Ki m tra ng u nhin: ki m tra chnh sch an ninh v nh ng tiu chu n, ho c ki m tra s hi n h u c a nh ng l h ng c pht hi n (ch ng h n nh ng l i c thng bo t nh cung c p ph n m m) Ki m tra h ng m nh ng file quan tr ng: nh gi s ton v n c a nh ng file v c s d li u quan tr ng Ki m tra cc ti kho n ng i dng: pht hi n cc ti kho n khng s d ng, khng t n t i, ... Ki m tra nh k xc nh tr ng thi hi n t i c a h th ng an ninh c a b n
B N C TH XEM THM THNG TIN T I Cc trung tm gip http://www.cert.org i ph tai n n trn Internet
http://www.first.org http://ciac.llnl.gov/ http://www.cert.dfn.de/eng/csir/europe/certs.html M t s website v an ton my tnh http://www.cs.purdue.edu/coast/ http://www.linuxsecurity.com http://www.securityportal.com http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/intern/wkinfsec.html http://www.icsa.net http://www.sans.org http://www.iss.com http://www.securityfocus.com
Thng tin v an ton t nh cung c p http://www.calderasystems.com/news/security/ http://www.debian.org/security/ http://www.redhat.com/cgi-bin/support/ M t s sch v an ton my tnh Actually Useful Internet Security Techniques by Larry J. Hughes Jr. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C by Bruce Schneier Building Internet Firewall by Brent Chapman & Elizabeth D. Zwicky Cisco IOS Network Security by Mike Kaeo Firewalls and Internet Security by Bill Cheswick & Steve Bellovin Halting the Hacker: A practical Guide To Computer Security by Donal L. Pipkin Intrusion Detection: An Introduction to Internet Surveillance, Correlation, Traps, Trace Back and Response by Edward G. Amoroso Intrusion Detection: Network Security Beyond the Firewall by Terry Escamilla Linux Security by Jonh S. Flowers

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www.nhipsongcongnghe.

Hi u bi t v cc cu l nh trong Linux Cc cu l nh v th m c v file Cc cu l nh nn d li u Cc cu l nh qu n l ti n trnh

Lu : tr c khi ci g m Thng tin v

a a CD Rom Redhat vo my c kh nng kh i ng t

a. Kh i ng l i my (lu ph i a CD-Rom. Ch n ch ci text

boot: text 3. L a ch n ngn ng

t o m t partition m i, ch n Add. Mn hnh Edit New Partition xu t hi n

c th x y ra khi thm m t partition

9. Hon thnh vi c phn chia a

12. C u hnh firewall: ch n Medium 13. C u hnh chu t

14. C u hnh Time Zone

t gi VN, ch n Asia/Saigon thay i c u hnh v th i gian sau khi b n ci /usr/sbin/timeconfig t, b n c th dng l nh

15. Thi t l p m t kh u root

15. B n c th t o ti p nhi u user theo c a s sau:

t t ng gi tin nh hn b ng cch ch n Select individual packages v

18. C u hnh Video Adapter Chng trnh ci t s t pht hi n video card kh i t o. Nh n OK ti p t c.

u kh i t o cc gi tin: c ghi vo t p /tmp/install.log. Nh n OK ti p t c.

20. T o a kh i t o cho h th ng (boot disk): Ch n No v ti p t c.

21. Hon thnh ci

Nh v y l b n hon thnh xong cng vi c ci t h i u hnh RedHat 7.0. B n hy rt a ra kh i CD v nh n OK kh i ng l i h th ng.

www.nhipsongcongnghe.net 2. Giao ti p trn mi tr ng Linux

Tm xu pattern. Theo h ng ti n. Tm xu pattern, theo h ng li v u vn b n.

L p l i vi c tm ki m theo cng h ng / ng c h ng Dn o n vn b n v a xo vo tr c / sau con ch y L p l i cu l nh cu i. Xa dng c con tr ch y Ghi l i t t c cc thay i c a file hi n t i v ti p t c so n th o i

K t thc, khng lu tr b t k thay Lu thay

: Cc file c tn Doc0.txt, Doc1.txt .Doc9.txt : Cc file c tn Doc0A.txt, Doc0B.txt Doc0Z.txt

K t . * ^ $ \< \> [] [^] \

ngha Tng ng v i m t k t n b t k ngo i tr dng m i ng tr c

Tng ng v i khng ho c nhi u hn cc k t Tng ng v i b t u c a m t dng

Tng ng v i k t thc m t dng Tng ng v i b t um tt

C php: du [ -ask ] tn_file Tu ch n a s a ra mn hnh kch th c c a m i th m c v file

Tu ch n s s ch in ra t ng c ng Tu ch n k s in ra t t c cc kch th c file theo kilobytes L nh file

Hi n th t t c cc file r ng trong th m c hi n t i. L nh grep

C php: ln [-s] file_ngu n

L nh ln t o cc lin k t c ng v m m. Cc lin k t c ng c t o s d ng l nh ln khng c tu ch n s. V d : ln ./www ./public_html

C php: pwd Cu l nh ny hi n th tn th m c hi n t i bao g m c pwd Trn mn hnh hi n th : /home/trantu L nh rm ng d n tuy t i. V d :

C php: rm [-rif] th_m c/file xo th m c ho c file, s d ng cu l nh rm. b n c th xo nhi u file s d ng k i di n ho c g vo tn cc file. V d :

tar cvzf backup.tar.gz important_dir

C php: unzip file L nh ny s gi i nn cc file c ph n m r ng .zip. Cc file ny c th l nh zip. L nh zip c nn v i

C php: bg y l k ch b n shell c xy d ng s n. a m t ti n trnh ang ch y v ch y h u c nh (ti n trnh n n). L nh fg

Ch a giao di n cho cc thi t b nh

Ch a file c u hnh h th ng v cc file h th ng khc Cc quy n truy c p file/th m c

Trong Linux, m i file hay th m c c k t h p v i m t ng i s d ng v m t nhm ng i s d ng. Hy xem m t v d :

S th 1 4 Gi tr c s 8 2 1 set-UID set-GID sticky-bit Special

Ch c quy n c v i ng i s h u v nhm ng i s d ng. N tng ng v i gi tr 440. Quy n c cho t t c m i ng i. N tng ng v i gi tr 444

M i ki u quy n tng ng v i m t k t 3.2.5. Thay

all (a) n (trong d u ngo c).

i quy n truy c p file th m c s d ng l nh chmod

Ti n ch chmod cho php b n thay i cc quy n. B n c th s d ng cc ch s hay cc k t v i ti n ch ny thay i quy n. V d

nh cc quy n truy c p file cho ng i s d ng

3.4.5. Sao chp file v th m c S d ng cu l nh cp sao chp t m t v tr xc nh n v tr khc:

B n c th th y c trn c 4 ti kho n superuser. nh d ng m t dng trong file /etc/passwd username:passwd:UID:GID:fullname:home-dir:shell

i UID c a m t ng i s d ng, s d ng cu l nh usermod nh sau:

4.3.6. Thay thay ch n g

nh cho ng i s d ng, s d ng cu l nh usermod v i ty

i tn m t nhm ang t n t i, s d ng cu l nh groupmod. C php nh sau:

i t p tin /etc/printcap, m i khi daemon my in (lpd)

Hnh 1: C a s printconf chnh C nm ki u hng

printconf s c g ng pht hi n my in v hi n th nh trong hnh 4.

C a s ti p theo cho php b n c u hnh my ch in

Server Hstname ho c i ch IP c a my xa m my in g n vo. Queue Hng i my in xa, ng m nh l lp.

Trong c a s c a hnh 8, i n cc thng s c u hnh sau:

B n s th y m t c a s nh hnh 13. N u b n c u hnh m t my in c c b , hy ch n trnh i u khi n in t trong danh sch, ch n nh s n xu t v lo i my in c a b n.

Hnh 13: Ch n trnh i u khi n my in My in c c b :

Hnh 14: Thay