Bi:PHNG TRNH TNG QUT NG THNG

Tit 27:
I. Mc tiu: Qua bi ny hc sinh cn nm vng:
1. V kin thc:
Bit c vct php tuyn ca ng thng, phng trnh tng qut ca ng
thng.
2. V k nng:
Hc sinh hiu v bit c phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng.
3. V t duy:
Bit quy l v quen.
4. V thi :
Cn thn, chnh xc.
II. Phng tin:
1. Thc tin:
Hc sinh hc bi hm s bc nht lp 9.
2. Phng tin:
Bng ph, bng kt qu.
III. Gi v phng php:
C bn dng phng php vn p gi m thng qua hot ng iu khin t
duy thng qua hot ng nhm.
IV. Qu trnh dy hc:
1. Kim tra bi c:
Cho 2 vct: u = (x;y) ; v = (x;y).
Tm iu kin u v .
Kt qu: x.x+y.y = 0.
2. Bi mi:
Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1: Cho hnh v:
n
n

(d)
?1. Cc vct n 1, n 2, n 3 c c
im nh th no?
?2. Mi ng thng c bao nhiu
vct php tuyn? Chng lin h vi
nhau nh th no?
?3 Cho im I v n 0 . C bao
nhiu ng thng qua I v nhn n
lm vct php tuyn.

Hot ng ca GV
Hs:
+ Khc vct 0 .
+ C gi vung gc vi
ng thng (d).
Hs:
+ V s.
+ Cng phng.
Hs: C mt ng thng

Tm tt ghi bng
1. Phng trnh tng qut
ca ng thng
n
n

(d)
n

nh ngha:
n l vct php tuyn ca (d)

r r
n 0
r
n (d)
Hot ng 2:
Trong mt phng Oxy cho im I
(x0;y0) v n = (a;b) 0 . ( ) l
ng thng qua I nhn n lm vct
php tuyn.
Tm iu kin M(x,y) ( ).

Bi ton: Trong mt phng

Oxy cho im I (x0;y0) v n =
(a;b) 0 . ( ) l ng
thng qua I nhn n lm vct
php tuyn.
Tm iu kin M(x,y) (
).
y

GV: - Hai vct n v IM nh th

no?
- Tch v hng bng bao
nhiu?

Hs:
+ n v IM vung gc.
+ n . IM = 0

KQ: a(x - x0) + b(y y0) = 0.

(I)
Phng trnh (I) gi l phng trnh
tng qut ca ng thng ( ) .

?4. a phng trnh v dng khc?

GV: PTTQ ca ng thng ( ) c
dng?
ax + by + c = 0
( )
Hot ng 3:
Tm vct ph p tuyn ca cc ng
thng sau:
(a) : x + 2x + 1 = 0
(b) : x 1 = 0
(c) : 2x + 4 = 0
? Tm iu kin phng trnh:
kx + 2 ky 1 = 0 l phng trnh
ng thng?
Hot ng 4:
Cho ng thng a : 3x 2y + 1 = 0
Cc im no sau y thuc ng
thng a:
A(1;1); B(-1;-1); C(2;3);

Hs:
* ax - ax0 + by by0 = 0
* ax + by + c = 0

PTTQ ca
ng thng (
dng?
) c
ax + by + c = 0
( )

Hs:
n = (1;2)
n = (1;0)
n = (0;2)
Hs:
k 0

Hs:
+ Tho lun.
+ Tr li.

S: A (a); B (a); C (a).

Hot ng 5:
Cho ABC c A(-1;-1); B(-1;3);
C(2;4).
Vit phng trnh ng cao AH ca
ABC.
Gv: Cho hc sinh hot ng theo
nhm.

Hot ng 6:
- Vit phng trnh trc Ox.
- Vit phng trnh trc Oy.
Hot ng 7:
ax + by + c = 0 ( ) ( a2 + b2 0).
c im ca ng thng trong cc
trng hp :
c = 0 ; a = 0 ; b = 0.

Hs: tho lun a ra kt qu.

Vct php tuyn ca ng
cao AH:
BC = (3;-7).
Phng trnh tng qut ca
ng cao
AH : 3x 7y 4 = 0.

AH : 3x 7y 4 = 0.

Hs:
* Cc dng c bit ca
+ Tho lun.
phng trnh tng qut
+ i din nhm tr li.
(sgk)
c=0: ( ) qua O.
a=0: ( ) cung phng Ox.
b=0 : ( ) cung phng Oy.

3. Cng c dn d:
- Nm c phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng.
- Lm cc bi tp 1;2;3 SGK.

 Tit 28:
I. Mc tiu: Qua bi hc ny hc sinh cn nm c:
1. V kin thc:
Vn dng phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng lp phng trnh tng qut
ca cc ng thng.
2. V k nng:
Lp c phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng, xt nh c v tr tng i
gia hai ng thng.
3. V t duy:
Bit quy l v quen.
4. V thi :
Cn thn, chnh xc.
II. Phng tin:
1. Thc tin:
Hc sinh hc bi hm s bc nht lp 9.
2. Phng tin:
Bng ph, bng kt qu.
III. Gi v phng php:
C bn dng phng php vn p gi m thng qua hot ng iu khin t
duy thng qua hot ng nhm.
IV. Qu trnh dy hc:
1. Kim tra bi c:
Trong mt phng to Oxy cho A(a;0); B(0;b) (a.b 0).
Chng minh rng ng thng i qua hai im AB c dng:
x y
+ = 1.
a b
Hs: AB =(-a;b).

Vct php tuyn ca ng thng AB l: n =(-b;-a).

Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng AB:
-b(x-a)-a(y-0) = 0.

-bx-ay = -ab

x y
+ =1
a b

Phng trnh ng thng trn gi l phng trnh on chn.

2. Bi mi:
Hot ng ca Gio vin
Hot ng ca Hc sinh
Hot ng 1:
a
c
ng thng: ax + by + c = 0 (d)
y=xKhi b 0 th y bng g?
b
b
y = kx + m
)
k = tan
Hot ng 2:

(k=-

Ni dung ghi bng

Phng trnh ng thng
theo h s gc l:
y = kx + m (d).
y

a
c
;m=b
b

( 1) : 2x + 2y 1 = 0.
( 2) : 3 x y + 5 = 0.
Ch ra h s gc v gc tng ng
gia hai ng thng trn.
GV: Cho hc sinh tho lun v tr
li.
Hot ng 3:
( 1) : a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
( 2) : a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Gv: Hai ng thng ( 1), ( 2)
ct nhau, song song, trng nhau
khi no?

Hs:
( 1) : y = -x +

1
2

k = -1; 1= 135o

Dy=

* (SGK)

a b
a b

= a1b2 a2b1

c b
c b

= c1b2 c2b1

a c
a c

= a1c2 a2c1

0 ( 1) ct ( 2) .
Dx 0 hay Dx 0 :

D=0

( 1) // ( 2)

Dx = Dy = 0:
( 1) ( 2)

Gv: Khi D = 0 ta c t l thc no?

Hs: a1b2 a2b1 = 0

Do ta c:
*

c th

( 2) : y = 3 x + 5
k = 3 ; 2= 60o

Hs: Hot ng theo nhm ri tr

li:
D=

a b
a b
1

1
2

k = -1; 1= 135o

( 2) : y = 3 x + 5
k = 3 ; 2= 60o

Dx=

a =b
?1. T l thc
a b

( 1) : y = -x +

a =b
a b
1

( 1) ct ( -

ni g v v tr tng i ca ( 1)
v ( 2)?

a =b c
a b c
1

( 2)
*

a =b =c
a b c
1

( 2)

( 1) //

( 1)

Hs: song song hay trng.

Hot ng 4:
Xt v tr tng i gia cc cp
ng thng sau?
a) ( 1)
2 x 3y + 5 v
( 2)
x + 3y - 3 = 0
b) ( 1)
x 3y + 2 = 0 v
( 2)
-2x + 6y + 3 = 0
c) ( 1)
0,7x + 12y 5 =
0 v
( 2)
1,4x + 24y 10 =
0
GV: Cho hc sinh tho lun v tr
li.
Hot ng 5:
Cho N(-2;9) v ng thng
(d) : 2x 3y + 18 = 0.
a) Tm ta hnh chiu H
ca N ln (d).
b) Tm ta im i xng
ca N qua (d).
Gv: Cho hc sinh c v v
hnh:

a) Do

2
1

3
3

a) Do

nn ( 1) ct ( 2)
1
3
b) Do
=
2
6

nn ( 1) // ( 2)

2
3

0,7
12
5
c) Do 1,4 =
=
24
10

nn ( 1)

( 2)

Hs:
( )
N

(d)
H
N

GV: Cho hc sinh lm bi theo

nhm.

Hs:
- Vit ng thng ( ) qua N v
vi (d).
Vct php tuyn ca (d) :

2
1

3
3

nn ( 1) ct ( 2)
b) Do

1
3
=
2
6

nn ( 1) // ( 2)
0,7

12

2
3
5

c) Do 1,4 =
=
24
10
nn ( 1) ( 2)

= (2;-3)
Vct php tuyn ca ( ) :
n ' = (3; 2)
Phng trnh ng thng ( ):
3(x + 2) + 2(y 9) = 0
3x + 2y 12 = 0
- Ta im H l nghim ca h:
n

2x 3y + 18 = 0

3x + 2y 12 = 0
x=0

y=6
Nh vy H (0;6)
xN + xN = 2xH
xN = 2

yN + yN = 2yH
yN = 3
Vy N(2;3).

H (0;6)

N(2;3).