2

2.1

, ,
.
` , ` .
,
,

.
(, )


.
,
, , : .
, , ... (
).

17

17

18

1.000

2.1
( 2.1).
.


(<100 ),
100 000
(. 2.23)

(4000 .) . ,

(. , , ).

, ,

18

(. ).
. (270 .)

.
48
1022 48
1400 .

lgol ("
, "), Antares (" "
), Betelgeuse ("
"). 1600
. ,
1930 88

(
) . : Ursa Major, : UMa.
.

.



(constellation)

` (Ursa Major),

),

("asterism")

(Big Dipper)
. .


( ).

19

19

20

12 , o
13 ( )

, ,
,
.
,

( Apollo
).

(Inertial Stellar Compass, ISC) 1

( )


.
2.1.1

, . 14

( ) . 1603 Johann Bayer

(Uranometria) 1600

: , o , .. .

. ()
(Rigel). Flamsteed (1712)
(RA) ..
58 Ori . 108 (
).
.

:
1

TacSat-2 16/12/ 2006

20

, Bayer

9 , Flamsteed

HD 48915, Henry Draper

HD -16 1591 Bonner Durchmusterung

0640-16 RA/DEC

D 48915 Henry Draper.

2.2

,
( 2.2).
.
.

2.2

,
.
.


( 2.3) . :

180

180

21

21

22

2.3

2.3

, . , ( ).

,
.

.

.


Greenwich .
0 ( + 90 )
0 ( 90) (
90 + 90 0).

22

0 ( + 180)
Greenwich 0 ( 180) 0 360
( 24 15) .
:
43.0758 , 77.6647
Greenwich
( ) :
43:04:33 , 77:39:53
, 5
11 Greenwich :
43:04:33 , 5 11
.

Greenwich
( 0)

( )

( )

( 0 )

( , )

2.4
2.3.1

( ) (, ).

23

23

24

(Declination, Dec, )
90 0.


,
. (Right Ascension,
RA, a) 0 24 ,
(
) (

.
24
)
2.5. .
`

-10
-20
-30

1h

2h 3h

2.5

( )
. , .

24

2.3.2

.

(
) ( ,
) ( ,
).
,


.

().

( )
, . 90

90 , .



.

,
.
Z (
) P
NESYW (N) (S), WZE
() NPZS (W)
(E). ( )
()

25

25

26

. X ()
(a) .

(altitude, a)
0 90
.
( z = 90 a )

To (Azimuth, )
0 ( )
(90 ..) 360.

X
z

E
A

2.6

.
,

,
.
2.3.3

26

,
. ,
.
(. ):

(LAT) :

( LAT > 0)
(
< 0,
() )

(90 LAT)
(LAT) (
).

,
(DEC)
(ALT) (LAT)
ALT = DEC + (90-LAT)
:

LAT 38o ALT = DEC + 52 o

DEC = LAT 90o

.

(DEC = 0 o) ALT = (90 o LAT)

27

27

28

DEC

90 - Lat

ALT
Lat

2.7
(, , )


.
:

H + 28.5o
ALT = + 28.5o

+ (90 38o) = 80.5o

(airmass),

.
,

.

2.3.4

(hour angle, H ) ()

28

.
( )
, ,
,
( ) ( 0
360). , 0
360 24 .
.

( ). 2.9 X,
XU .

. ,

.

Z
90-

U
T

90-

E
N

W
Y
Q

2.8

2.3.5

()

- , , -
, ,
.
()

29

29

30

(P), (
RA = 18:00 Dec = + 66:34) (SP)
0 90 . ()
, (E )

.
() (E ) Y.

.

( )

( )

( 0 )

( , )

2.9


(Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray),
. (
), ,

,
(Hubble Deep Field, Hubble Ultra Deep Field, Chandra Deep Field South)

30

2.10

2.11
2.3.6

( 2.12) :

(b)

( RA = 12:52 Dec = + 26:19) 0 90 .
.

31

31

32

(l)
(GC)
RA = 17:45 Dec = 29:22
.
(NCP) 123.
GC
(E ).

2.12

.

,
(
) .


Euler .

32

(
)

2.4

(--)

,


,


,

. ( )
( )
( ) 24
.

.

.

, ,

( )
2.13 (22.5o , 45o,
67.5o) (
).
,
. (

). ,

33

33

34

.
67.5

67.5

45.0

NCP

( ''ante meridiem'')

45.0

22.5

22.5
W

. (''a.m'').

''post meridiem'' )
E

.
(''p.m.'').

2.13

,

, -
.
-

- ,

.

LAT,
2.8
( LAT > 0) LAT

,
LAT



LAT

10

.
.
LAT ,
( )

34

. (circumpolar)
() .
,
.
,
.

. ,
(
23 56 ).
,

(Hour

Angle, HA)
.
,
.
,
HA = LST RA, LST o .
()
( )
,
( ,
! ). 2.8, ,
L V, L U
V.

()
. , .

.

(.?).

.
.

35

35

36

2.5

.
Taurus

Pisces

Aquarius

Aries
Gemini

Capricornus

Sagittarius
Cancer

Leo

Scorpius

Libra
Virgo

Taurus

Pisces

Aquarius

Aries
Gemini

Capricornus

Sagittarius

Cancer

Scorpius
Leo

Libra
Virgo

2.16

24 .

36

1
365.25 (360/365.25 .).

.

,

. 13
(
12 )
. 2.16
,
,
,
.



.
. (
) 23.5
(obliquity), ,
23.5.

(E) (K),
(spring vernal) (automnal equinox)
.
, (E)
20-21
(K)

22-23 .
(12 ) ,

.
.
( )
20-21

37

37

38

.
( ) 21-22
.
23.5 ,
( ) 23.5.

2.17
(21 ) (21 )
23.5o

LAT = 23.5o

LAT = 23.5o

.
() . 21
21 .
(
) .
(
) .

.

38

:
21 22

22

23.5

23.5

22

21-22

23.5

20-21

23.5

(23.5)
,

1 m3

1 m3

1 m3

2 m3

2.18

. o
.

.
,

39

39

40

) ()
( )
2.18.

LAT = 0 12
.
.
22 .

.
90o 23.5o = 66.5o
. 66.5o 24-
.
22 .


.
( 66.5o ) 24
24 .
2.19
. ( 4 )!

2.19

40

2.6

1:298 43 km
.



-

( 2.20). ,

()
,
( 2.20) .

26 000 .

.
Polaris ( ) 14 000
, 2200
3 ( 2.21).

/ .

23.5

2.20

,
(RA, Dec) ,

41

41

42

.
( 1
/ ).
,
.
1950
(1950) ( 1950)
2000 (2000) J2000
2000.

Deneb

23.5o

Vega
Draconis

SCP

SEP

2.21

. .



( ). 13.000

42

,

. (

!).
H


,
.

(nutation) 18.6 . 18.6 (

26
000 ).

2.22

,
-

2.5

. -

43

43

44

, .


.

( ),

,
.
()
, 2.23 milliarcsec/

100.000

100.000

2.23

arcsec/. 2.24 VS
, VT , VR
( Doppler)

VS2 = VT2 + VR2

VR
d

44

VS

VT

2.24

Doppler


V km/ sec
= T
4.74d pc

.. 10
.
< 0.1 /.
Barnard ( 10.25 /).

2.6

,

.
18
12

.
,
2

(, ,
, , ) (
) .

,
,
- .

.
2

45

45

46

(,
elongation)
.
0 180 0 28 48
. 0 (
)

(conjuction),

(inferior) (superior)
. .
180 (
) ,
.
.

2.25

46

.
,

. . . ( , .
2.7 )
,
(
).
,
.

, .
2 ,
,

( 2.26),

( , retrograde )
( , prograte).
.
,
.

2.26

47

47

48

S (synodic) ,
( )
(sidereal). , 360/

360/P. 2.27

2.27

1 2 , S-E
( 3) .
1 3
(S-E )x (360/)
S x (360/P). (S-E )x (360/) = S x (360/P)
1/S =1/E 1/P
,
E,P
1/S =1/P 1/E ()
1/S =1/E 1/P ()
.

() S
P .

48

2.7

27.3
.
.

,
.
( 2.28) .

2.28

2.27
,
( ).
, .
1 2

( 7 9 ).
,
-
.
.
,
.

49

49

50

, (7 9 )
.
29.53059
.
;

2.28
. .
()
.

(Waxing Crescent)

(Waxing gibbus)

(Full Moon)


(Waning gibbus)

(Waxing Crescent)

6 .

9 .

3 .

9 .

6 .

3 .

9 .

3 .

6 .

6 ..

9 ..

3 .

9 .

6 .

3 .

9 .

3 .

6 .

; ,
90o
90o. 180o
,
. ,
,
.
180o -
- ,

50

,


, (
).
,
,
, 14.75
.

(7%),

( )
.
.

( ).


.
(libration)

.
.
(5),

. 41%
, 41% 18%
.
(
)
. ,
,
.

51

51

52

.
.


.
(
)

.
;

(synodic) 29.530589 ( )

(sidereal) 27.3 .
,
.
,
29.27 29.83 . ()

.
, .
.

52
2.29

53

,
, . ( )

360o / (29.53 ) = 12.19 /

( ) 50

(24 /360o )(60 /1 )(12.19 /) = 48.8 /

2.8

,
(
)
.

400
,

2.30

400

( 0.50).
( )
( 2.30).

(umbra)
( ),
(penumbra)
( ).
,
( 2.31 ) .

53

54

2.31

()

7 31 .


.
.
,
( 2.32)

2.32
:

.
2.33

, ,

. (umbra)

. (penumbra),
.

2.33

54

,

.

. 35 % ,
30% 35%


.
. ,
()


.
29.5 (
) ;
5
,
.
.
.

2.34

.
,

55

55

56

. (nodes)

.
18.6 (Saros).

2 (
6 )
0,1,2, 3 ,
.

2.9
H
. 27
.
.
365 248.6 .
2.9.1

2.35

. ,

, ,
( ) (
).

56

.
,
. 360 (sidereal).

.
360 24 ,
( ) 15 .

( ) E
(Local Sidereal Time, LST) LST =
(E)
.
LST .

RA

LST = RA+

, ,

, ,

,
.
Greenwich
(GST ST0) Greenwich

LST = ST0 + L

L .
2.9.2

( ) . , (
).
365 , 360
.

57

57

58

.
(AST) (S)

. 24
.


0.986/ (360o/365 )
3.1. 24 , 360.986.
,
, 360
(synodic lunar month) .

.
23
56 4
. 365.25 ,
366.25 .
() .
2.9.3 (Civil Time)

()

(civil time) .

24 .
24
15 ,
Greenwich .

.
365.25
,
(leap day) .
(
).

58

2.9.4 (Universal Time, UT)

O (Universal Time, UT)

24
Greenwich ( 0) Greenwich
(Greenwich mean time, GMT) .
()
Greenwich ,
Greenwich
2.36 .

2.36

(Local Mean Solar Time, LMT)

LMT = UT +L
L (
) 1 . LMT

(International Astronomical Union,

IAU) 1982.

59

59

60

( )
LMT
.
,
,
UT
.
5:35 UT,
(
: UT = +2 ) 1 .
2.9.5

.
. (

)
.
50
( 26 000 )
86 164 100 ,
(
RA=0) 86 164 092 .
UT1 ( ).

( )
.
Greenwich (GMT) UT1.
(Ephemeris Time, ET). 1952-1984

60

.

.
(terrestrial dynamical time, TDE). O

9192631770

Cs. TDE

133

( ,
).
(Coordinated Universal Time, UTC). O

SI
UT1
. - -
(leap second) ( 30
31 ). TD
, UT1
.
(Julian Date, JD).

,
(. )
,
(Julian Date, JD )
1 4713 . (U.T) .


(
Julius Scaliger, Joseph Justus Scalinger (1540-1609)
).
( Greenwich) .
UT 12/3/02 = JD 2452346

61

61