Cu 1

Mng li tinh th ca KCl ging nh mng li tinh th ca NaCl. 18 oC, khi lng ring ca KCl
bng 1,9893 g/cm3, di cnh mng c s (xc nh bng thc nghim) l 6,29082 . Dng cc gi tr
ca nguyn t khi xc nh s
Avogadro. Cho bit K = 39,098; Cl = 35,453.
Hng dn
Xt mt mng c s

Trong mt mng c s c s ion K+ (hoc Cl-) l: 8

1
1
+ 6
=4
8
2

Nh vy, trong mt mng c s c 4 phn t KCl

Xt 1 mol tinh th KCl, khi : Khi lng KCl l: 39,098 + 35,453 = 74,551 (g)
Th tch tinh th KCl l: 74,551 : 1,9893 = 37,476 (cm3)
Th tch mt mng c s l: (6,29082.10-8)3 = 2,4896.10-22 (cm3)

S mng c s l: 37,476 : (2,4896.10-22) = 1,5053.1023

S phn t KCl c trong 1 mol tinh th KCl l: 1,5053.1023 4 = 6,0212.1023

Do , s Avogadro theo kt qu thc nghim trn l 6,0212.1023
Cu 2
Mui LiCl kt tinh theo mng lp phng tm din. mng c s c di mi cnh l 5,14.10 -10 m. Gi
thit ion Li+ nh ti mc c th xy ra tip xc anion - anion v ion Li + c xp kht vo khe gia cc
ion Cl-. Hy tnh di bn knh ca mi ion Li+ , Cl- trong mng tinh th theo picomet (pm).

Hng dn
Mi loi ion to ra mt mng lp phng tm mt. Hai mng lng vo nhau, khong cch hai mng l
a/2. Hnh bn m t mt mt ca c mng LiCl.
Tam gic to bi hai cnh gc vung a, a; cnh huyn l ng cho d, khi

a 2 5,14.10-10. 2
d2 = 2a2 d = a 2 v d = 4 rCl- r - =
=
=182 (pm)
Cl
4

Xt mt cnh a:

a = 2rCl- + 2rLi+ nn rLi+ =

a-2rCl
2

514-2.182
=
=75(pm)
2

Cu 3
Thc nghim cho bit pha rn, vng (Au) c khi lng ring l 19,4g/cm3 v c mng li lp phng
tm din. di cnh ca mng n v l 4,070.10-10m. Khi lng mol nguyn t ca Au l
196,97g/mol.
a. Tnh phn trm th tch khng gian trng trong mng li tinh th ca Au.
b. Xc nh tr s ca s Avogadro.
Hng dn
a. Cnh hnh lp phng = a, khong cch hai nh k nhau:

a = 4,070.10-10m
Khong cch t nh n tm mt lp phng l na ng choca mi mt vung: (a 2 ) = a/ 2
<a
l khong cch gn nht gia hai nguyn t bng hai ln bn knh nguyn t Au.
4,070 X10-10m : 2 = 2,878.10-10m = 2r
r : bn knh nguyn t Au = 1,439.10-10m
Mi mng n v c th tch l:
a3 = (4,070 . 10-10 m)3 = 67, 419143.10-30 m3v c cha 4 nguyn t Au .
Th tch 4 nguyn t Au l 4 nguyn t x 4/3 r3
=4.

4
(3,1416) (1,439. 10-10)3 = 49, 927.10-30m3
3

c kht = (49,927.10-30m3)/ (67,419.10-30 m3) = 0,74054 = 74,054%

trng = 100% -74,054% = 25,946%
b) Tnh s Avogadro
1 mol Au = NA nguyn t Au c khi lng 196,97 gam
196,97
(g)
1 nguyn t Au c khi lng =
NA
4 M Au 4.196,97
=
T khi ca Au rn: d (Au) = 19,4 g/cm3 =
V
N A .a 3
196,97(g)
1
19,4 g/cm3 = 4 x
x
NA = 6,02386.1023
30
67 ,4191 x10 m 3 .10 6 cm 3 / m 3
NA
Cu 4

Mt tinh th vng hnh lp phng, cnh a

o = 1,000cm(Khi chiu tia X c bc sng
= 10,89 o c vt
=154,05.10 -12 m (154,05pm) vo tinh th , thc nghim cho thy vi gc ti
x bc 1 cng ln bit rng Au=196,97
1. Hy tnh s nguyn t vng trong hnh lp phng .
2. Hy tnh khi lng ca t bo s ng
3. Hy tnh khi lng ring ca Au.
Bit rng Au kt tinh dng lp phng tm din.
Hng dn
1. Theo phng trnh Bragg: 2dsin = n
n = 1 (phn x bc 1) d = a cnh t bo lp phng

a=
Th tch ca t bo s ng l:

1
1 . 154,05. 1012
=
= 4,077. 1010m
0
2sin
2sin(10,89 )
V = a3 = (4,077 . 10-10)3 = 6,777 . 10-29m3

103
= 1,476. 1022
S t bo trong 1cm : N =
29
6,77. 10
3

S nguyn t trong 1cm3: NAu = 1,476 . 1022 . 4 = 5,904 . 1022

2. Khi lng mt nguyn t Au =

196,97
= 3,271 . 10-22g
6,02. 1023

Khi lng mt t bo s ng: 4 x 3,271 . 10-22 = 1,308 . 10-21g

1,308. 1021
= 19,3g / cm3
22
6,777. 10

3. Khi lng ring ca Au:

Cu 5

1. Bc kim loi c th tc dng vi dung dch HI 1M gii phng kh H

=8,3 .10 -17

hay khng? Bit T

2. Bc kim loi c th tan trong dung dch HCN c gii phng kh H

2 hay khng? Bit ion Ag
c kh nng kt hp vi ion CN
to nn anion phc [Ag(CN) 2] (tan c) c hng s khng
bn l 10 -21
3. Cho bit Cu c tan c trong mi trng axit, mi trng kim vi s c mt ca O
Bit E o O 2
EoCu

+
+ 4H

2+

/2H 2 O

= + 1,23 V;

O 2 + 2H 2 O/4OH

= + 0,4V

= + 0,34V

/Cu

Hng dn
1. Tnh th in cc trong iu kin ny nh sau:
AgI

Ag+ + I-

TAgI = 8,3 . 10-17

[I-] [Ag+] = 8,3 . 10-1 [Ag+] =

8,3 . 107
= 8,3 . 1017
1

o
+
-17
Ta c: E Ag+/Ag =E Ag+/Ag +0,059lg[Ag ]=0,799+0,059lg8,3.10 = -0,103V

Do

2Ag + HI

2AgI + H2

E = 0,103

Vy Ag c th y c H2 ra khi dung dch HI trong iu kin .

Ag - 1e

2.

Ag+ K1 =

2x HCN
H+ + e

0,794
0,059

10

H+ + CN-

1
H2
2

K = 10-9,35
K2 = 1

Ag+ + 2CN-

[Ag(CN)2]- = 1021

Ag + 2HCN

H[Ag(CN)2]- +

1
H2
2

K = K1 (K')2 . K2 . = 10-13,5 . 10-18,7 . 1 . 1021 = 10-11,2

Nh vy Ag kh tan trong dung dch HCN.
3.

Cu - 2e

Cu2+

O2 + 4H+ + 2e
Cu + O2 + 4H+

E = -0,34
2H2O E0 = +1,23
Cu2+ + 2H2O E = 0,89 > 0

Nh vy Cu tan c trong mi trng axt khi c mt oxi

2 x Cu - 2e

Cu2+ E0= -0,34V

AgI

khng?

O2 + 2H2O + 2e
2Cu + O2 + 2H2O

4OH- E0 = 0,4V
Cu (OH)2 + 2OH-

E = 0,06 (V) > O

tng t Cu cng tan c trong mi trng kim khi c mt oxi

Cu 6
T nhit phng n 1185K st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm khi, t 1185K n
1667K dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm din. 293K st c khi lng ring d = 7,874g/cm3.
1. Hy tnh bn knh ca nguyn t Fe.
2. Tnh khi lng ring ca st 1250K (b qua nh hng khng ng k do s dn
n nhit)
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia cc nguyn t st b chim bi
nguyn t ccbon. trong l luyn thp (l thi) st d nng chy khi cha 4,3% cacbon v khi lng.
Nu c lm lnh nhanh th cc nguyn t cacbon vn c phn tn trong mng li lp phng ni
tm, hp kim c gi l martensite cng v dn. Kch thc ca t bo s ng ca Fe khng i.

3. Hy tnh s nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo s ng ca Fe vi hm lng ca C l

4,3%.
4. Hy tnh khi lng ring ca martensite.
(cho Fe = 55,847; C = 12,011; s N = 6,022. 1023 )
Hng dn
1. Khi lng mol nguyn t Fe = 55,847 g/mol v khi lng ring d = 7,874 g/ cm 3 ( 293K). Vy 1
m 55,847
=
= 7,093 g/cm3.
d
7,874
Mi t bo lp phng c 2 nguyn t Fe nn th tch t bo s ng l:
7, 093 2
V1 =
= 2,356. 10-23 cm3.
23
6, 022 10
Cnh a ca t bo lp phng ni tm :
a3 = V a = (2,356. 10-23)1/3 = 2,867. 10-8 cm.
Ta bit vi cu trc lp phng ni tm (kim loi): ng cho ca lp phng
AC = a 3 = 4r
mol Fe c th tch l: V =

a 3 2,867 108 1, 732

= 1,241. 10-8 cm.
=
4
4
2. 1250K st dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng mt tm.
Khi ng cho ca mt mt l:
4r
4 1, 241 108
a 2 = 4r a =
=
= 3,511. 10-8 cm.
2
1, 414
Th tch t bo s ng: V= a3 = (3,511. 10-8)3 = 4,327. 10-23 cm3.
Vi cu trc lp phng tm mt mi t bo c 4 nguyn t Fe, do khi lng ring:
m
4 55,847
=
d=
= 8,572 g/cm3.
V 6, 022 1023 4,327
3. Trong 100 gam martensite c : 4,3 g C (0,36 mol) v 95,7 g Fe (1,71 mol)
Ngha l ng vi 1 nguyn t Fe c 0,36 : 1,71 = 0,21 nguyn t C.
4. Mi t bo s ng Fe c 2 nguyn t Fe tc l c trung bnh 0,21. 2 = 0,42 nguyn t C.
V nguyn t khng chia s c nn mt cch hp l hn ta ni c 12 t bo s ng c :
(0,42. 12) = 5 nguyn t C
Khi lng mi t bo s ng = tng khi lng ca 2 nguyn t Fe v 0,42 nguyn t C.
55,847 2 12, 011 0, 42
+
Vy
m=
= 1,938 . 10-23 gam
6, 022 1023 6, 022 1023
m 1,938 1022
=
T khi ca martensite: d =
= 8,228 g/cm3.
V 2,356 1023
Vy bn knh nguyn t r ca Fe: r =