Ni dung kho lun tt nghip

T yu cu ca ti Cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang th lun vn nu ln c cc vn lin quan. l gii thiu mt cch khi qut v yu cu ca ti, ni ln c tng quan v cng ngh IP. Cng ngh m ang tr thnh chun ph bin ca nhiu dch v mng mi. nu ln cng ngh IP ang s dng hin nay v xu hng pht trin cng ngh IP trong tng lai. Lun vn cng nu cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang hin nay. Cc cch thc truyn ti da trn cc phng php lm ch, cc gii php mi c tnh kh thi cho tng lai. a ra vn khng th thiu v rt quang trng l vn v cch thc iu khin, bo hiu trong truyn ti IP trn mng quang cng c cp.

MC LC
NI DUNG KHO LUN TT NGHIP.................................................................................................................I ....................................................................................................................................................................................I MC LC..................................................................................................................................................................II CH VIT TT......................................................................................................................................................VI

Li m u....................................................................................................................................1 Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc dch v mng mi, do lu lng IP khng ngng tng nhanh v dn thay th cc loi giao thc khc. Hng nm, lu lng s tng hn lu lng thoi gp 2 4 ln. n nm 2010, lu lng s t n gp hng chc ln lu lng thoi........................................................................................................1 Mt s nh cung cp v t chc tiu chun ang xut nhng gii php mi khai thc IP trn kin trc mng n gin, lp WDM l ni cung cp bng tn truyn dn v cng ln. Nhng gii php ny c gng gim ti a tnh nng d tha, gim mo u giao thc, n gin ho cng vic qun l v qua truyn ti IP trn lp WDM (lp mng quang) cng hiu qu cng tt. Hin nay c nhiu kin trc mng c nhn din v trin khai trong thc t. Tt c chng u lin quan n vic n gin ho cc ngn giao thc nhng trong s chng ch c mt s kin trc c nhiu c tnh ha hn nh DoS (Data over SONET/SDH), Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) v Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) ngoi kin trc IP trn ATM/SDH/WDM...........................1 Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ngy nay i mt vi cc nh sn xut chuyn mch quang l pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin hot ng v hot ng lin mng ca lp quang m c l y cng l vn cn chun ho cp bch nht hin nay. Cc t chc v din n quc t OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum), IETF v ITU u ang n lc gp rt thit lp nn cc phng php xc nh vic iu khin v kt ni gia mng WDM v IP...................1 Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, em xin chn thnh cm n s gip , ch bo nhit tnh ca cc thy c ti Khoa in T Vin Thng- Trng i Hc Cng Ngh, nht l thy gio PGS.TS Nguyn Kim Giao- ngi trc tip hng dn em........................................................1 CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V IP.................................................................................................2 1.1 Gii thiu chung ..............................................................................................................2 1.2 IPv4...........................................................................................................................................2 1.3 u im ca IPv6 so vi IPv4...................................................................................................4 1.4 S dng IPv4 hay IPv6..............................................................................................................6 1.5 IPv6 cho IP/WDM.....................................................................................................................7
CHNG 2: CNG NGH IP TRN MNG QUANG...........................................................................................8

2.1 Cc th h mng WDM.............................................................................................................8 2.2 Nghin cu cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang.........................................................9 2.2.1 Xu hng tch hp WDM.......................................................................................................9 Nhu cu truyn ti IP qua mng ngy cng tng. Trong khi IP c xem nh l cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng ngh WDM cung cp kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Hn na, kh nng cu hnh mm do ca cc b OXC cho php xy dng mng linh hot hn, nh cc ng quang (lightpath) c th lp theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin cc lightpath ny, tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton cho php thit lp cc lightpath nhanh v cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh cung cp thit b.................................................................................9

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 c nhiu phng php cung cp dch v gi IP trn mng WDM c ngh: IP/ATM/SDH over WDM, IP/SDH over WDM, v.v.v. Tuy nhin vic qun l mng theo cc phng php trn gp khng t kh khn. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s phc tp trong qun l chnh l s phn lp theo truyn thng ca giao thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng c rt nhiu lp c lp, do c nhiu chc nng chng cho nhau cc lp v thng xuyn c s mu thun ln nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l mng mt cch trit l s lp giao thc...............................................................................9 Hn na, khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v WDM tng ln th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp trung gian to nn mng Internet quang tht s hiu qu v mm do. Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cung cung cp mt s chc nng c gi tr nh lu lng (Traffic Engineering) v khi phc. Nhng chc nng ny cn c gi li trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc xung lp quang.. 10 T ngi ta mi ngh n cng ngh IP over WDM. y l mt cng ngh mi tuy rng cn nhiu vn cha gii quyt nhng vi li ch ca n, th trng rng ln v tng lai sng sa, cc t chc vin thng quc t ang trin khai cng tc nghin cu cng ngh ny. IP over WDM cung cp kh nng truyn dn trc tip gi s liu IP trn knh quang, gim s lp chc nng gia cc lp mng, gim b phn trung tm d tha ti cc lp SDH/SONET, ATM, gim thao tc thit b, dn n gim chi ph bo dng v qun l. Do khng phi qua lp SDH v ATM nn gi s liu c hiu sut truyn dn cao nht, ng ngha vi chi ph thp nht. Ngoi ra cn c th phi hn vi c tnh lu lng khng i xng ca IP, tn dng bng tn nhm gim gi thnh khai thc. T gin tip gim chi ph cho thu bao. R rng y l mt kt cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt thch hp s dng cho cc mng ng trc..............10 ......................................................................................................................................................10 Hnh 2: Xu hng tch hp IP/WDM............................................................................................10 2.2.2 Gii thiu cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang......................................................10 Hin nay c nhiu gii php ang c nghin cu, pht trin, hoc l c trin khai trn cc mng ca cc nh khai thc trong nhng nm qua. Xu hng nghin cu tch hp IP quang ang din ra mnh m khng ch trong d n nghin cu pht trin ca nhng trung tm nghin cu khoa hc ln m n cn lan rng trong cc phng th nghim Lab ca cc trng i hc. Theo thng k ca EURESCOM (European Institute for Research and Strategic Studies in Telecommunication) trong d n hin nay trn th gii c khong hn 13 gii php lin quan n vn truyn ti IP trn mng quang...........................................................................................11 Khi i vo tm hiu v nghin cu cho thy 2 xu hng kh thi, mt l khai thc u im ca cng ngh hin c trn mng, thm tnh nng thch ng vi vic mng lu lng IP vi kch thc gi thay i. Xu hng kia l nghin cu ra cc giao thc mi ph hp vi c tn lu lng IP. iu ny c th hin r khi ta gn cc gii php trn vo m hnh phn lp mng. 11 Hnh 3: Cc m hnh phn lp mng............................................................................................11 Trong lp thch ng ATM (ALL 5) s ng vai tr cung cp dch v v chc nng nh tuyn lp 3..............................................................................................................................................11 2.2.3 Thch ng IP trn WDM.......................................................................................................13 2.2.3.1 IP/ATM/SDH cho truyn dn WDM..................................................................................13 ......................................................................................................................................................14 2.2.3.2 IP/ATM trc tip trn WDM.............................................................................................15

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2.2.3.3 IP/PDH/SDH cho truyn dn WDM..................................................................................16 2.2.3.4 Cc giao thc h tr truyn dn SONET/SDH trn WDM................................................16 2.2.3.4.1Phng thc ng khung HDLC (POS)..........................................................................16
Hnh 6: nh dng khung HDLC (POS).......................................................................................................19

2.2.3.4.2 MAPOS (Multiple-access protocol overl SONET).........................................................19 2.2.3.4.3 Phng thc ng khung LAP (Link Accsess Procedure-SDH).....................................20 2.2.3.4.4 Phng thc ng khung GFP (Generic Framing Procedure-GFP).............................21 2.2.3.4.5 Kt chui o (Virtual Concatenation-VCAT).................................................................23 2.2.3.4.6 LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme).....................................................................24 2.2.3.5 IP/Gigabit Ethernet cho WDM..........................................................................................25 2.2.3.6 IP/SDL trc tip trn WDM..............................................................................................27 2.2.4 Nghin cu cc giao thc mi..............................................................................................28 2.2.4.1 RPR/SRP (Resilient Packet Ring/Spacial Reuse Protocol)[1]..........................................28 2.2.4.2 DTM (Dynamic Transfer Mode)........................................................................................31 2.2.4.3 S dng MPLS h tr chc nng nh tuyn IP (IP-MPLS)[6].........................................32 2.2.5 Chuyn mch knh quang WDM..........................................................................................36 2.2.5.1 K thut WDM..................................................................................................................36 2.2.5.2 Chuyn mch knh quang: nh tuyn bc sng............................................................36 2.2.6 Chuyn mch gi quang.[2].................................................................................................38 2.2.6.1Cc k thut chuyn mch gi quang.................................................................................39
Vn cn gii quyt trong k thut m quang..........................................................................................39 Chuyn mch chm quang............................................................................................................................40 Chuyn mch nhn quang.............................................................................................................................41

2.2.4.2.2 nh tuyn lch..............................................................................................................45 2.2.7 Kt lun...............................................................................................................................45 2.3 Phng thc iu khin trong mng truyn ti tch hp IP over WDM..................................46 2.3.1 Qu trnh pht trin mt iu khin.....................................................................................47 2.3.2 G-MPLS[11]........................................................................................................................48 2.3.2.1 Gii thiu..........................................................................................................................48 2.3.2.2 Hot ng v nn tng ca MPLS.....................................................................................49 2.3.2.3 Qu trnh pht trin MPLS n GMPLS...........................................................................50
Khc bit gia MPLS v GMPLS......................................................................................................................51

2.3.2.4 B giao thc G-MPLS.......................................................................................................51 2.3.2.5 Mc tiu v cc chc nng mt iu khin GMPLS..........................................................53 2.3.2.6 Kin trc cc thnh phn ca mt iu khin GMPLS......................................................54 2.3.2.6.1 Yu cu ca mt iu khin ...........................................................................................54 2.3.2.6.2 Mng thng tin s liu h tr mt iu khin GMPLS...................................................55
Cc yu cu mt iu khin GMPLS i vi DCN.......................................................................................55 Tch ring mt iu khin v mt truyn ti ...............................................................................................56

2.3.2.7 Bo hiu trong GMPLS.....................................................................................................57 2.3.2.7.1 Cc chc nng c bn....................................................................................................57

To LSP........................................................................................................................................................58 Xo LSP.......................................................................................................................................................58 Thay i LSP................................................................................................................................................59

2.3.2.7.2 H tr phc hi..............................................................................................................59 2.3.2.7.3 H tr x l loi tr.......................................................................................................59 2.3.2.7.4 Phi hp bo hiu..........................................................................................................60

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2.3.2.8 Cc li ch ca G-MPLS...................................................................................................61 2.3.2.9 Cc vn cn tn ti ca GMPLS..................................................................................61 2.3.3 Mng chuyn mch quang t ng (ASON)[9]....................................................................63 2.3.3.1 Khi nim..........................................................................................................................63 2.3.3.2 M hnh ASON..................................................................................................................63
Cc yu cu chung ca ASON...........................................................................................................................65

2.3.3.3 Cc chc nng ca ASON ...............................................................................................66 2.3.3.3.1 Chc nng mng li ASON............................................................................................66 2.3.3.3.2 Chc nng bin ca ASON.............................................................................................67
M hnh ng bin mng............................................................................................................................67 Chc nng lin quan n dch v lp khch .................................................................................................68 Chc nng lin quan n truyn ti quang li............................................................................................69 Chc nng lin quan n giao din vt l: ...................................................................................................70

2.3.3.4 Cc m hnh dch v cho kin trc ASON.........................................................................71 2.3.3.4.1 M hnh dch v xp chng............................................................................................71 2.3.3.4.2 M hnh dch v ng cp..............................................................................................72 Kt lun.........................................................................................................................................73

Ch vit tt
AAL ADM APS ARP ATM BGP CAC CBR CIDR CLP CoS CRC DPT DTM DVMRP DWDM DXC EGP FCS FDDI FDL FEC FEC GbE HDLC ATM Adaptation Layer Add-Drop Multiplexer Automatic Protection Switching Address Resolution Protocol Asynchronous Transfer Mode Border Gateway Protocol Call Admission Control Constant Bit Rate Classless Inter-Domain Routing Cell Loss Priority Class of Services Cyclic Redundancy Check Dynamic Packet Transport Dynamic Transfer Mode Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol Density Wavelength Division Multiplexing Digital Cross-Connect Exterior Gateway Protocol Frame Check Sequence Fiber Distributed Data Interface Fibre Delay Line Lp thch ng ATM B xen r Chuyn mch bo v t ng Giao thc phn chia a ch Phng thc truyn tin khng ng b Giao thc cng bin iu khin nhn cuc gi Tc bit khng i nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp u tin mt t bo Lp dch v Kim tra d tha theo chu k Truyn ti gi ng Ch truyn ti ng Giao thc nh tuyn vecto khong cch Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng mt cao Kt ni cho knh Giao thc cng ngoi Chui kim tra khung Giao din s phn b theo cp quang Tr ng cp quang

Forward Equivalence Class (in MPLS)Lp pht chuyn tng ng Forward Error Correction (in error correction) Gigabit Ethernet High-level Data Link Control Sa li trc Ethernet tc Gigabit iu khin tuyn d liu s mc cao

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ID IEEE IGP IP IPng IPS IPv4 IPv6 ISDN ISO ISP ITU L2 L3 LAN LAPS LCP LDP LF LIB LLC LOF LOP LOS LSP LSR MAC

Identity Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Interior Gateway Protocol Internet Protocol IP next generation Intelligent Protection Switching IP version 4 IP version 6 (=IPng) Integrated Services Digital Network

M nhn dng Vin o to cc k s in v in t Giao thc cng trong Giao thc Internet IP k tip Chuyn mch bo v thng minh Giao thc Internet phin bn 4 Giao thc Internet phin bn 6 Mng s a truy nhp

International Standards Organisation T chc tiu chun quc t Internet Service Provider International Telecommunication Union Layer 2 Layer 3 Local Area Network LAN Adapter Protocol Support Program Link Control Protocol Label Distribution Protocol Link Failure Label Information Base Logical Link Control Loss of Frame Loss Of Packet Loss Of Signal Lable Switched Path Lable Switch Router Medium Access Control Nh cung cp dch v Internet Hip hi vin thng quc t Lp 2 Lp 3 Mng cc b H tr giao thc p ng LAN Giao thc iu khin ng Giao thc phn phi nhn S c tuyn C s thng tin nhn iu khin ng logic Mt khung Mt gi Mt tn hiu ng chuyn mch nhn nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn iu khin truy nhp

vii

MAPOS MBGP MP S MPLS MPOA NGN OADM OAM OBS OC OCH OCHP OE ODL OEO OEXC OL OLA OLC OLS OMS OMSP ON OEO OOO OP OPS

Multiple Access Protocol Over SONET Multicast Border Gateway Protocol Multi Protocol Lambda Switching Multi Protocol Label Switching Multi Protocol Over ATM Next Generation Network Optical Add Drop Multiplexer Operation, Administration and Maintenance Optical burst switching Optical Carrier Optical Channel Optical Channel Protection Opto-electronic conversion Optical Delay Line Optical- Electronical- Optical Opto-Electric Cross-Connect Optical Label Optical Line Amplifier Optical Label Channel Optical Label Switching Optical Multiplex Section

Giao thc a truy nhp qua SONET Giao thc cng bin qung b Chyn mch Lamda a giao thc Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc a giao thc theo ATM Mng th h mi B ghp xen r quang Khai thc, Qun tr v Bo dng Chuyn mch cm quang Sng mang quang Knh quang Bo v knh quang Chuyn i quang-in Tr ng quang Quang-in-Quang Kt ni cho quang-in Nhn quang B khuch i ng quang Knh nhn quang Chuyn mch nhn quang Ghp vng quang

Optical Multiplex Section Protection Bo v ghp vng quang Optical Network Optical-Electrical-Optical Optical-Optical-Optical Optical Packet Optical Packet Switching Mng quang Quang-in-Quang Quang-Quang-Quang Gi quang Chuyn mch gi quang

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OS OSC OSI OSPF OTDM OTN PDH POL POS PPP QoS QoSig RSVP SDH SDL SDLC SLA SNAP SONET STM SVC TCA TCP TDM TOS VC VC VCI

Operating System Optical Supervisory Channel Open System Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Optical Time Division Multiplexing Optical Transport Network Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy Packet Over Lightwave Packet Over SONET/SDH Point-to-Point Protocol Quality of Service quality of signal Resource ReSerVation Protocol Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Simple Data Link Synchronous Data Link Control Service Level Agreement Sub Network Access Point Synchronous Optical Network Synchronous Transport Module Switched Virtual Channels Traffic Conditioning Agreement Transmission Control Protocol Time Division Multiplexing Type Of Service Virtual Connection (in ATM) Virtual Container (in SDH) Virtual Channel Identifier

H thng khai thc Knh gim st quang Lin kt ni h thng m Thut ton tm ng ngn nht Ghp quang theo thi gian Mng truyn ti quang Phn cp s cn ng b Chuyn mch gi qua bc sng Gi qua SONET/SDH Giao thc im im Cht lng dch v Cht lng tn hiu Giao thc d tr ti nguyn Truyn dn ng b ng d liu n gin iu khin tuyn d liu ng b S tha thun mc dch v im truy nhp mng con Mng quang ng b Ch truyn ti ng b Knh chuyn mch o S tha thun iu kin lu lng Giao thc iu khin truyn ti Ghp knh theo thigian Kiu dch v Kt ni o (trong ATM) Gi o (trong SDH) B nhn dng knh o

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VP WAN WC WDM

Virtual Path Wide Area Network Wavelength conversion Wavelength Division Multiplexing

ng o Mng din rng Chuyn i bc sng Ghp knh theo bc sng

Li m u
Giao thc Internet (IP) tr thnh giao thc chun ph bin cho cc dch v mng mi, do lu lng IP khng ngng tng nhanh v dn thay th cc loi giao thc khc. Hng nm, lu lng s tng hn lu lng thoi gp 2 4 ln. n nm 2010, lu lng s t n gp hng chc ln lu lng thoi. Kin trc mng IP ngy nay c xy dng theo ngn mng xp chng nhng cng ngh nh ATM, SDH v WDM. Do c nhiu lp lin quan nn c trng ca kin trc ny l d tha tnh nng; v chi ph lin quan n vn hnh khai thc cao. Hn na, kin trc ny trc y s dng cung cp ch tiu m bo cho dch v thoi v thu knh, khng c thit k ph hp cho mng s liu. Do n khng tht s thch hp i vi cc ng dng hot ng da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi v c bit l nhng ng dng c ngun gc IP. Mt s nh cung cp v t chc tiu chun ang xut nhng gii php mi khai thc IP trn kin trc mng n gin, lp WDM l ni cung cp bng tn truyn dn v cng ln. Nhng gii php ny c gng gim ti a tnh nng d tha, gim mo u giao thc, n gin ho cng vic qun l v qua truyn ti IP trn lp WDM (lp mng quang) cng hiu qu cng tt. Hin nay c nhiu kin trc mng c nhn din v trin khai trong thc t. Tt c chng u lin quan n vic n gin ho cc ngn giao thc nhng trong s chng ch c mt s kin trc c nhiu c tnh ha hn nh DoS (Data over SONET/SDH), Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) v Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) ngoi kin trc IP trn ATM/SDH/WDM. Mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ngy nay i mt vi cc nh sn xut chuyn mch quang l pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu cho iu khin hot ng v hot ng lin mng ca lp quang m c l y cng l vn cn chun ho cp bch nht hin nay. Cc t chc v din n quc t OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum), IETF v ITU u ang n lc gp rt thit lp nn cc phng php xc nh vic iu khin v kt ni gia mng WDM v IP. Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, em xin chn thnh cm n s gip , ch bo nhit tnh ca cc thy c ti Khoa in T Vin ThngTrng i Hc Cng Ngh, nht l thy gio PGS.TS Nguyn Kim Giaongi trc tip hng dn em.

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V IP

1.1 Gii thiu chung
Nh chng ta bit Internet l mt mng my tnh ton cu, do hng nghn mng my tnh t khp mi ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp, cc mng my tnh d nh, d to khi ni vo Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a ch i vi mng vin thng li n gin hn nhiu. i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, khch hng cc vng khc nhau hon ton c th c cng s in thoi, phn bit vi nhau bng m vng, m tnh hay m quc t. i vi mng Internet , do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay mt my ch u c mt a ch internet duy nht m khng c php trng vi bt k ai. Do vy m a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn. Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau cn phi c cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt T chc ca Internet gi l Trung tm thng tin mng Internet - Network Information Center (NIC) ch tr phn phi, NIC ch phn a ch mng (Net ID) cn a ch my ch trn mng do cc T chc qun l Internet ca tng quc gia mt t phn phi. (Trong thc t c th nh tuyn (routing ) trn mng Internet ngoi a ch IP cn cn n tn ring ca cc my ch (Host) - Domain Name).

1.2 IPv4
a ch IPv4 gm 32 bit, chia thnh bn octet, mi octet l mt byte. a ch IP c chia thnh nm lp A, B, C, D v E. Gi s Net_ID v Host_ID ln lt l nh danh mng v trm. a ch IP c biu din di dng <Net_ID><Host_ID>. Vi IPv4 chng ta c 232 (4,3 t) a ch. K t khi chnh thc c a vo s dng v c nh ngha trong kin ngh RFC791 nm 1981 n nay, Ipv4 chng minh c kh nng d trin

khai, d phi hp v hot ng v to ra s pht trin bng n ca cc mng my tnh. Tuy nhin n thi im hin ti vi s pht trin cng ngh hin nay, hu nh tt c tt c cc thit b in t trong tng lai s tch hp dch v IP, hn na s tng vt t cc ng dng v cng ngh cng nh cc thit b di ng khc lm cho khng gian a ch Ipv4 ngy cng cht hp v bc l nhiu im yu ca Ipv4:
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Thiu a ch IP do s tng qu nhanh ca cc host trn mng Internet dn n tnh trng thiu a ch IP trm trng gn cho cc node. Trong nhng nm 1990, CIDR c xy dng da trn khi nim mt n a ch (address mask). CIDR tm khc phc c nhng vn nu trn. Kha cnh t chc mang tnh th bc ca CIDR ci tin kh nng m rng ca Ipv4. Mc d c thm nhiu cng c khc ra i nh k thut subnetting (1985), k thut VLSM (1987) v CIDR (1993), cc k thut trn khng cu vi IPv4 ra khi mt vn n gin: khng c a ch cho cc nhu cu tng lai. Do , mt vi gii php tm thi, chng hn dng RFC1918 trong dng mt phn khng gian a ch lm cc a ch dnh ring v NAT l mt cng c cho php hng ngn host truy cp vo Internet ch mt vi IP hp l tn dng tt hn khng gian a ch ca IPv4. Qu nhiu cc routing entry (bn ghi nh tuyn) trn cc backbone router : Vi tnh hnh hin ti, do khng c s phn cp a ch IPv4 nn s lng cc routing entry tr nn rt ln, ln ti 110.000 bn ghi. Vic ny lm chm qu trnh x l ca router, lm gim tc mng. An ninh ca mng : vi IPv4, c nhiu gii php khc phc nhc im nh IPSec, DES, 3DES nhng cc gii php ny u phi ci t thm v c nhiu phng thc khc nhau vi mi loi sn phm ch khng c h tr mc bn thn ca giao thc. Nhu cu v cc ng dng thi gian thc hay vn m bo cht lng dch v QoS : Cc thch thc mi t vic ny sinh cc dch v vin thng, cc yu cu truyn thi gian thc cho cc dch v multimedia, video, m

thanh qua mng, s pht trin ca thng mi in t t ra vic m bo QoS cho cc ng dng QoS trong IPv4 cng c xc nh trong trng TOS v phn nhn dng ti trng ca gi tin IP. Tuy nhin trng TOS ny c tnh t tnh nng.

1.3 u im ca IPv6 so vi IPv4

Do cc vn t ra trn nn mt phin bn ca giao thc mi c gii thiu. Xut pht im ca IPv6 c tn gi l Ipng (Internet Protocol Next Generation). Sau , IPng c gn vi phin bn 6 v ly tn chnh thc l IPv6. Quan im chnh khi thit k tng bc thay th IPv4, khng to ra s bin i qu ln vi cc tng trn v di.
-

M rng ca khng gian a ch : a ch ca IPv6 bao gm 128bit so vi 32bit ca a ch IPv4. Vi phm vi ca a ch IPv6, vic cung cp a ch tr nn thoi mi hn rt nhiu. V mt l thuyt, 128bit a ch c kh nng cung cp 2128 a ch, nhiu hn a ch IPv4 khong 8 t t t ln. S a ch ny s p ng c s bng n ca cc thit b IP trong tng lai. Ngoi ra IPv6 cn cung cp phng thc mi t ng cu hnh a ch v xy dng mt php kim tra tnh duy nht ca a ch IP. Kt cu a ch nh tuyn c phn cp hiu qu: a ch IPv6 c thit kt to ra c s nh tuyn phn cp, hiu qu v c kh nng tp hp li da trn s phn cp thnh nhiu mc ca cc nh cung cp dch v (ISP). Nh vy cc bng nh tuyn trn cc router backbone s gn nh hn nhiu. Dng header mi: Phn Header ca IPv6 c gim xung ti mc ti thiu bng vic chuyn tt c cc trng ph thuc hoc khng cn thit xung phn header cn li nm ngay sau phn header ca IPv6. Vic t chc hp l phn header ny lm tng hiu qu x l ti cc router trung gian. IPv6 header v IPv4 header l khng tng thch vi nhau, do cc node phi c ci t 2 phin bn IP mi c th x l c cc header khc nhau ny.

T ng cu hnh a ch: Tng t nh IPv4, IPv6 cng cung cp kh nng cu hnh a ch t ng DHCP, ngoi ra cn a thm kh nng t ng cu hnh a ch khi khng c DHCP Server. Trong mt mng, cc host c th t ng cu hnh a ch ca n bng cch s dng IPv6 Prefix nhn c t router (gi l a ch link-local). Hn na trong mt mng m khng c router th host cung c th cu hnh a ch link-local lin lc vi cc host khc. Bo mt: H tr IPSec c h tr ngay bn thn ca IPv6. Yu cu bt buc ny nh l mt tiu chun cho an ninh mng, ng thi m rng kh nng lm vic c vi nhau ca cc loi sn phm. Cht lng dch v tt hn (QoS): Phn header ca IPv6 c a thm vo mt s trng mi. trng nhn lung (flow label) IPv6 header c dng nh nhn cho cc lung d liu. T cc Router c th c nhng x l khc nhau vi cc gi tin thc cc lung d liuk khc nhau. Do trng Flow label nm trong IPv6 header nn QoS vn c m bo khi phn ti trng c m ho bi IPSec. Kh nng m rng tt: IPv6 c kh nng m rng tt bng vic s dng header m rng ngay sau phn IPv6 header. iu ny cho php thm vo cc chc nng mng mi. Khng ging nh IPv4, phn la chn a ch c 40 byte th vi IPv6, phn m rng ch b hn ch bi kch thc ca gi tin IPv6.

C 3 loi a ch IPv6. l Unicast, Anycast v Multicast a ch Unicast xc nh mt giao din n. a ch Anycast xc nh mt tp cc giao din sao cho mt Packet gi n mt a ch Anycast s c pht ti mt thnh vin ca n. a ch Multicast xc nh mt nhm cc giao din, sao cho mt Packet gi n mt a ch Multicast s c pht ti tt c mi giao din ca nhm. Khng c a ch Broadcast trong IPv6, n c thay th bng a ch Multicast. 5

Mt c tnh mi ca IPv6 so vi IPv4 l kh nng h tr QoS ti lp mng. Tuy nhin, iu ny c thc hin gin tip qua nhn lung v ch th u tin, v khng c s m bo no v QoS t u n cui cng nh khng thc hin chc nng dnh trc ti nguyn mng. D sao khi cc tnh nng ca IPv6 c s dng vi cc giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn mng nh RSVP cht lng dch v t u n cui c m bo. c tnh bo mt ca IPv6 h tr cho tnh hp php v b mt c nhn. Chng cng cung cp chc nng c bn cho vic tnh cc dch v v lu lng tng lai theo cc ph. Nhm ci thin vn nh tuyn, nh dng mo u (c s) ca IPv6 s c c nh; iu ny cho php gim thi gian x l phn mm do phn cng thc hin nhanh hn nn nh tuyn cng s nhanh hn. Nhiu thay i ch yu tp trung phn phn tch s liu. Trong IPv6, phn tch s liu c thc hin ti pha ngun v khc vi IPv4, b nh tuyn c dung lng kch thc gi gii hn. Kt hp vi nhng thay i ny b nh tuyn IPv6 phi h tr ti thiu 576 byte so vi 68 byte ca b nh tuyn IPv4. Tt c thng tin v phn tch c chuyn t mo u IP ti phn mo u m rng nhm n gin ha giao thc v nng tc x l s liu IP trong b nh tuyn. Kim tra li mc IP khng c thc hin trong IPv6 gim khi lng x l v ci thin nh tuyn. Kim tra li tiu tn nhiu thi gian, mt nhiu bit mo u v d tha khi c lp nh tuyn v lp truyn ti u c chc nng kim tra tin cy.

1.4 S dng IPv4 hay IPv6.

n by gi chng ta c th khng nh rng IPv6 cha th thay th IPv4 ngay c. Hai phin bn IP ny s cng tn ti trong nhiu nm na. V nguyn l, c th thc thi IPv6 bng cch nng cp phn mm thit b IPv4 hin thi v a ra mt giai on chuyn i gim thiu chi ph mua sm thit b mi v bo v vn u t qu kh. Tuy nhin, c mt iu cha chc chn l liu tt c cc nh khai thc Internet s chuyn sang cng ngh IPv6 hay khng? iu ny ph thuc rt ln vo li ch m nh khai thc thu c khi chuyn sang n. Hin ti, vy quanh cc nh khai thc vn l cc b nh tuyn IPv4 v phn ln lu lng trn mng thch ng cho IPv4, y khng ch l mt yu t lm hn ch s thay

i. Mt c tnh khc li cun cc nh khai thc c c s h tng pht trin nhanh l c tnh cm v chy (Plug and Play), n lm cho mng IPv6 d dng trong vic cu hnh v bo dng hn so vi mng IPv4. d dng khi chuyn sang IPv6 th cc ng dng ca IPv4 v IPv6 phi c kh nng lin kt v phi hp hot ng vi nhau (v d cc nh sn xut Internet Browser cn phn phi cho cc Client kh nng thng tin vi c IPv4 v IPv6). Mt iu quan trng v tin quyt cho vic phi hp hat ng l IPv6 cn hot ng theo kiu Host ngn kp: mt cho ngn giao thc IPv4 v mt cho ngn giao thc IPv6. Nh vy, chng ta c th thy rng trc mt s xut hin IPv6 ch lm cho s la chn thm kh khn (cng ging nh li ch ca vic nh tuyn hiu qu cn ty thuc vo liu cc nh khai khc c s dng IPv6 khng). V lu di, s nghi ngi v phc tp v hiu qu ca IPv6 so vi IPv4 s c loi b v n nay cc ng dng IP ang c thu np nhng im mnh ca IPv6 chng hn nh QoS.

1.5 IPv6 cho IP/WDM

Vn chnh ca chng ta l phi xc nh xem nhng g cn cho mng v nhng g nn loi b lm cho truyn ti IP trn mng WDM hiu qu hn. Trong bi cnh hin nay, IPv6 l phin bn hp l nht hin thc ha iu ny, mng ti u hn. Mo u nh v hiu qu cao, khng c chc nng kim tra li trong giao thc l u im ca vic s dng IPv6. iu ny c ngha l yu cu c bn i vi h tng WDM l phn phi dung lng truyn ti tin cy, l mt trong nhng im gi tr nht ca n. Trong bt k trng hp no, s thch ng mi gia IP v WDM cn c pht trin. Lp thch ng ny phi c kh nng dnh trc ti nguyn. Kch bn ny xem cc b nh tuyn IPv4 c thch ng bin ca mng WDM, iu ny ng ngha vi vic to ra mt qu trnh chuyn i dn dn ti bin gii gia cc thnh phn mng. S dng IPv6 trong phn li ca mng WDM s em li hiu qu, kh nng m rng ln hn so vi IPv4.

CHNG 2: CNG NGH IP TRN MNG QUANG

2.1 Cc th h mng WDM.
Th h WDM u tin c s dng trong mng WAN. Cu hnh mng WAN WDM c ci t nhn cng hoc c nh. ng truyn WDM cung cp cc kt ni im ni im vi tc thp. K thut chnh trong WDM th h u tin l thit k v pht trin Laser WDM, cc k thut khuch i quang, cc giao thc truy nhp v nh tuyn tnh. Cc thit b xen, r bc sng quang WADM cng c s dng trong mng MAN. Cc thit b u ni cho quang DXC c s dng kt ni cc vng Ring WADM. Cc kt ni ny c th l bng thng rng hoc bng thng hp. ng dng ca cc h thng WDM th h u tin l cc trung k chuyn mch cho tn hiu thoi, cc ng truyn E1, T1. Th h WDM th hai c kh nng thit lp cc kt ni t u cui n u cui trn lp quang bng cch s dng WSXC. Cc ng quang ny c cu trc (topology) o trn topology vt l ca cp si quang. Cu hnh cc bc sng o ny c ci t mm do hn theo yu cu s dng. K thut chnh WDM th h th hai l xen, r bc sng quang, cc thit b u ni cho, b bin i bc sng quang ti cc b u ni cho, nh tuyn ng v phn b bc sng quang, cc giao din kt ni vi cc mng khc. Th h WDM th ba pht trin theo hng mng chuyn mch gi quang khng c kt ni. Trong mng ny, cc nhn hoc mo u quang c gn km vi s liu, c truyn cng vi ti v c x l ti cc b chuyn mch WDM quang. Cn c vo t s ca thi gian x l gi tin mo u v thi gian x l ton b gi tin, cc b chuyn mch quang WDM c th chia thnh hai loi: Chuyn mch nhn (OLS) hoc chuyn mch nhm (OBS). Mt s v d thit b WDM th h ba l: B nh tuyn (Router) quang chuyn mch nhn, Router quang Gigabit, Chuyn mch quang nhanh. Kh nng kt hp vi nhau trong vn hnh gia mng WDM v mng IP l vn trng tm trong mng WDM th h ba. Kt hp nh tuyn v phn b bc sng trn c s chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS) c coi l chuyn

mch nhn a giao thc tng qut (Generalized MPLS) th hin nhiu u im vt tri. Nhiu k thut phn mm quan trng nh qun l bng thng, t li cu hnh, khi phc, h tr cht lng dch v cng c thc hin.

Hnh 1 : Mng WDM qua cc th h

2.2 Nghin cu cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang

2.2.1 Xu hng tch hp WDM Nhu cu truyn ti IP qua mng ngy cng tng. Trong khi IP c xem nh l cng ngh lp mng ph bin th cng ngh WDM cung cp kh nng dung lng truyn dn ln. Hn na, kh nng cu hnh mm do ca cc b OXC cho php xy dng mng linh hot hn, nh cc ng quang (lightpath) c th lp theo nhu cu. Mt trong nhng thch thc quan trng l vn iu khin cc lightpath ny, tc l pht trin cc c ch v thut ton cho php thit lp cc lightpath nhanh v cung cp kh nng khi phc khi c s c, trong khi vn m bo c tnh tng tc gia cc nh cung cp thit b. c nhiu phng php cung cp dch v gi IP trn mng WDM c ngh: IP/ATM/SDH over WDM, IP/SDH over WDM, v.v.v. Tuy nhin vic qun l mng theo cc phng php trn gp khng t kh khn. Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s phc tp trong qun l chnh l s phn lp theo truyn thng ca giao thc mng. Cc mng truyn thng c rt nhiu lp c lp, do 9

c nhiu chc nng chng cho nhau cc lp v thng xuyn c s mu thun ln nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng gii php gim chi ph xy dng v qun l mng mt cch trit l s lp giao thc. Hn na, khi dung lng v kh nng kt ni mng trong c cng ngh IP v WDM tng ln th cng cn thit ti u mng IP v b qua tt c cc cng ngh lp trung gian to nn mng Internet quang tht s hiu qu v mm do. Tuy nhin, cc lp trung gian cung cung cp mt s chc nng c gi tr nh lu lng (Traffic Engineering) v khi phc. Nhng chc nng ny cn c gi li trong mng IP/WDM bng cch a chng ln lp IP hoc xung lp quang. T ngi ta mi ngh n cng ngh IP over WDM. y l mt cng ngh mi tuy rng cn nhiu vn cha gii quyt nhng vi li ch ca n, th trng rng ln v tng lai sng sa, cc t chc vin thng quc t ang trin khai cng tc nghin cu cng ngh ny. IP over WDM cung cp kh nng truyn dn trc tip gi s liu IP trn knh quang, gim s lp chc nng gia cc lp mng, gim b phn trung tm d tha ti cc lp SDH/SONET, ATM, gim thao tc thit b, dn n gim chi ph bo dng v qun l. Do khng phi qua lp SDH v ATM nn gi s liu c hiu sut truyn dn cao nht, ng ngha vi chi ph thp nht. Ngoi ra cn c th phi hn vi c tnh lu lng khng i xng ca IP, tn dng bng tn nhm gim gi thnh khai thc. T gin tip gim chi ph cho thu bao. R rng y l mt kt cu mng trc tip nht, n gin nht, kinh t nht, rt thch hp s dng cho cc mng ng trc.

Hnh 2: Xu hng tch hp IP/WDM

2.2.2 Gii thiu cc gii php truyn ti IP trn mng quang 10

Hin nay c nhiu gii php ang c nghin cu, pht trin, hoc l c trin khai trn cc mng ca cc nh khai thc trong nhng nm qua. Xu hng nghin cu tch hp IP quang ang din ra mnh m khng ch trong d n nghin cu pht trin ca nhng trung tm nghin cu khoa hc ln m n cn lan rng trong cc phng th nghim Lab ca cc trng i hc. Theo thng k ca EURESCOM (European Institute for Research and Strategic Studies in Telecommunication) trong d n hin nay trn th gii c khong hn 13 gii php lin quan n vn truyn ti IP trn mng quang. Khi i vo tm hiu v nghin cu cho thy 2 xu hng kh thi, mt l khai thc u im ca cng ngh hin c trn mng, thm tnh nng thch ng vi vic mng lu lng IP vi kch thc gi thay i. Xu hng kia l nghin cu ra cc giao thc mi ph hp vi c tn lu lng IP. iu ny c th hin r khi ta gn cc gii php trn vo m hnh phn lp mng.
L p d ch v/nh tuy n
IP ATM IP IP IP ATM IP ATM

ATM

RSP

Ethernet

MAPOS

SDH (VCnc)/LAPS

DTM

L p truy ti n
Cell Based SDH Ethernet SDH GbE SDH POS SDL SDH SDH frame

DTM frame based

L p mng quang

WDM

WDM

WDM

WDM

WDM

ATM

RPR

Ethernet

SDH

DTM

Hnh 3: Cc m hnh phn lp mng

Trong lp thch ng ATM (ALL 5) s ng vai tr cung cp dch v v chc nng nh tuyn lp 3. Chc nng Lp 2 c xy dng da trn cc cng ngh hin trng thnh nh SDH, ATM, Ethernet, DTM v WDM. Mt s giao thc nh MPOA/LAPS, RSP, POS, SDL c pht trin trong lp mng ny thc hin bao gi IP (Encapsulation) trong cc nh dng khung cho truyn dn trn cc bc sng quang. Mt iu d nhn thy l cc giao thc ny u c xy dng quanh cc cng ngh trng thnh k trn. Chng ta hon ton c th l gii c

11

iu ny: cc d n nghin cu phn ln chu nh hng bi ngun ti chnh t cc nh khai thc mng, sn xut thit b, nh th n s ch gii quyt nhng vn ang tn ti ca h. Chnh v vy cc nghin cu v giao thc truyn ti cng ch tp trung vo nhng cng ngh ny m thi. Lp 1- giao din vt l, s l cc t bo ATM (theo giao din STM-1 hoc STM-4), khung truyn dn SDH, Ethernet, DTM v Digital Wrapper (G.907). Cc bc sng quang ng vai tr tuyn kt ni im - im gia cc nt trong mng. i khi ngi ta xem cc bc sng ny to thnh lp quang ng vai tr. Lp 0, ngha l n thun tu ch l tuyn vt l cung cp kt ni gia cc thnh phn trong mng truyn ti. Cn nh thm rng l khi xut hin chuyn mch gi quang (OPS), cng ngh ny c kh nng hot ng t Lp 1 n lp 3 trong m hnh OSI, th gi IP s c sp xp trc tip trong gi quang m khng cn qua lp trung gian. Tuy nhin phi cn rt nhiu thi gian na th cng ngh chuyn mch gi quang mi c th thng mi rng ri trn th trng. C th nu cc phng php trn bng cc tn gi sau: IP/ATM/SDH/WDM IP/ATM/SDH(frame)/WDM IP/ATM/WDM IP/SDH/WDM IP/SDH(khung)/WDM IP/Ethernet/SDH/WDM IP/Ethernet/SDH(khung)/WDM IP/GbE/WDM IP/RPR/SDH(khung)/WDM IP/MAPOS /SDH(khung)/WDM IP/GFP/SDH/WDM IP/DTM/WDM

12

 IP/DTM/SDH(khung)/WDM IP/LAPS/SDH(khung)/WDM IP-MPLS/SDH(khung)/WDM IP-MPLS/quang (Digital Wrapper -G.907) IP-GMPLS/quang Cn bit rng nguyn l hot ng ca khung SDH (k thut ghp knh SDH) c th ng dng trong cc thit b c lp hoc c tch hp trong thit b khc m c chung phn iu khin vi cng ngh khc. l l do ngi ta phn thnh hai gii php s dng khung SDH trong thit b c lp v thit b tch hp (SDH (khung)), ph hp theo hai m hnh xp chng v ng cp ang c ng dng trong mng ngy nay.

2.2.3 Thch ng IP trn WDM

2.2.3.1 IP/ATM/SDH cho truyn dn WDM Bng 1: Ngn giao thc s dng tch hp cho IP/ATM/SDH
IP

c ng thnh cc gi kch thc 250 n 65535 byte. thnh khi d liu giao thc (PDU) ATM.

LLC/SNAP iu khin tuyn logic thm 8 byte mo u vo gi IP to AAL5

ATM

Lp thch ng ATM5 thm 8 byte mo u (trng di v 4 byte CRC) cng vi trng nhi (0 n 47 byte) to thnh mt PDU AAL5 c kch thc bng mt s nguyn ln ti trng ATM 48 byte Chia PDU AAL5 thnh cc ti trng 48 byte v thm 5 byte mo u to thnh cc t bo ATM 53 byte. t cc t bo ATM vo ti trng VC-4 hoc VC-4 kt chui SDH. Thm mo u on SDH (81 byte gm c con tr AU) v 9 byte mo u tuyn VC4 vo vng ti trng VC4 2340 byte. Trng hp kt chui cc VC4 mt VC4-Xc

SDH

Truyn ti IP qua ATM c thc hin di nhiu giao thc IP/ATM c in, LAN m phng, a giao thc qua ATM,... y ta tp trung ch yu vo

13

giao thc c in c chun ho v hon thin. truyn ti trong cc tuyn WDM, phn ln cc nh dng truyn dn chun s dng khung SDH. Ngn giao thc cho gii php ny c trnh by tm lc trong bng trn. - Kch thc gi sau lp ATM AAL5_PDU = IPSIZE + SNAP_HD + AAL5_OH = IPSIZE + 16. Cells/Packet = AAL5_PDU / 48. ATM_PSIZE = (Cells/Packet)*53 = 53*roundup [(IPSIZE + 16)/48]
IP router STM16c/ATM interface

OADM e.g. 32 WDM

OADM

OADM
STM1/ATM interface STM16c interfaces
IP router ATM switch

OADM
IP router

STM16c/ATM interface

Hnh 4: Biu din kin trc mng kh thi s dng IP/ATM/SDH over WDM. Theo cch ny, cc gi IP c phn tch trong cc t bo ATM v c gn vo cc Kt ni o (VC) qua Card ng truyn SDH/ATM trong b nh tuyn IP. Tip n cc t bo ATM c ng trong khung SDH v c gi ti chuyn mch ATM hoc trc tip ti b Transponder WDM truyn ti qua lp mng quang (biu din n gin nh trong Hnh 4 cho ring OADM). Hin ti, mt cch thc hin m bo QoS cho dch v IP l cung cp mt bng tn c nh gia cc cp thit b nh tuyn IP cho tng khch hng (qun l QoS Lp 2). ATM cung cp tnh nng thc hin iu ny vi tnh ht bng tn thay i nh cc Knh o c nh (PVC) qua h thng qun l ATM hoc thit lp Knh chuyn mch o (SVC) linh hot, tt c nm trong Lung o (VP). Hoc cng c th s dng phng php ghp knh thng k cho php ngi s dng c th truy nhp bng tn ph trong mt khong thi gian ngn. iu ny m bo 14

bng tn tu v c nh t 1 Mbit/s n vi trm Mbit/s cho cc khch hng khc nhau. Ngoi ra, vi tnh ht mn ca bng tn c th cho php cc b nh tuyn IP kt ni logic dng mng nhn (Mesh) mt cch d dng, do tr c gim thiu gia cc b nh tuyn trung gian. Mt li im khc ca vic s dng giao thc ATM l kh nng thc hin cc hp ng lu lng khc nhau vi nhiu mc cht lng dch v tu theo ng dng yu cu. i vi lu lng IP (thc cht l phi kt ni), mng ATM s ch yu s dng hp ng lu lng UBR (tc bit khng xc nh). Tuy nhin, nu cc ng dng IP no yu cu mc QoS ring, c bit vi cc ng dng thi gian thc cn s dng Nng lc chuyn giao (ATC) khc nh Tc bit khng i (CBR) hoc VBR-rt. Tuy nhin khi sp xp cc gi IP c di bin thin vo cc t bo ATM c di c nh chng ta phi cn n phn mo u ph (do gi mt gi IP c th cn n nhiu t bo ATM), v y c gi l thu t bo. S khc bit v kch thc cng to ra yu cu lp y khong trng trong cc t bo m c phn mo u ph. Mt gii php ngn chn yu cu trn l sp xp cc gi trc tip lin k nhau, nhng iu ny cng ng ngha vi vic tng ri ro mt hai gi lin nhau khi t bo b mt. IP/ATM cng c th c s dng trong MPLS. Trong trng hp ny, PVC khng c thit lp t h thng qun l ATM m linh hot t giao thc MPLS. i vi MPLS da trn ATM, nhn c th c lu trong VCI ATM. 2.2.3.2 IP/ATM trc tip trn WDM Mt gii php khc l truyn ti trc tip bo ATM bao gi IP trn knh WDM. Kch bn ny ging nh kch bn trn theo quan im kin trc. S khc bit y l cc t bo ATM khng c ng trong cc khung SDH m chng c gi trc tip qua mi trng vt l bng s dng t bo ATM to trn lp vt l. T bo to trn lp vt l l mt k thut tng i mi i vi truyn ti ATM. T bo da trn c ch vt l c pht trin ring cho giao thc ATM; k thut ny khng h tr cho bt k giao thc no ngoi nhng giao thc thit k cho ATM. Mt s u im ca vic s dng t bo da trn giao din SDH nh trnh by trn: K thut truyn dn n gin i vi t bo ATM cng nh cc t bo c gi trc tip trn mi trng vt l sau khi trn. 15

 Mo u lp vt l t hn (khong 16 ln so vi SDH) ATM l khng ng b nn khng i hi c ch nh thi nghim ngt vi mng. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca gii php ny l phn mo u (thu t bo) cng ln tng t nh i vi truyn ti SDH; cng ngh ny khng c cc nh cng nghip pht trin rng ri, v k thut truyn dn ny ch c th mang ring cc t bo ATM. T bo ATM da trn cc lp vt l c nh ngha trong mt s t chc tiu chun, 155 Mbit/s v 622 Mbit/s ca ITU, v hin ti th Din n ATM hon thnh ch tiu cho tc 622 Mbit/s v 2488 Mbit/s. 2.2.3.3 IP/PDH/SDH cho truyn dn WDM Truyn ti IP qua mi trng PDH c th thc hin da trn giao thc PPP v khung HDLC lp 2. Hin nay, ITU cng chun ho gii php ng gi IP trong khung PDH qua giao thc LAPS (X.85/Y.1321). Lp vt l bao gm cc bc sng WDM v si quang. tng ci thin chc nng mng (bo v v khi phc mng) cho PDH th cc khung ca n sau s c ng trong cc khung SDH trc khi truyn trn bc sng quang. Ngy nay, do s bng n lu lng s liu nn gii hn tc v phng php ghp knh ca PDH lm cho n khng th tn ti trong mng truyn ti mi. V s dng PDH s lm gim hiu qu khai thc ca mng truyn ti quang. Gii php kt ni ny ch cn hin din trong nhng mng s liu m dung lng kt ni rt thp. 2.2.3.4 Cc giao thc h tr truyn dn SONET/SDH trn WDM 2.2.3.4.1Phng thc ng khung HDLC (POS) Mng truyn ti gi IP c ng trong khung SDH truyn trn mi trng WDM c biu din trong Hnh 5. Cc khung SDH c dng to nn khung bao gi IP n gin cho truyn dn WDM bng b Transponder (thch ng bc sng) hoc truyn ti lu lng IP trong khung SDH qua mng truyn ti SDH cng vi lu lng khc sau mi s dng cc tuyn WDM.

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Gii php ny tn dng u im ca SDH bo v lu lng IP chng li s c t cp nh chc nng chuyn mch t ng (APS). iu ny cng c th thc hin trong lp mng quang da trn WDM.
IP router

SDH ADM

IP router

ghp knh WDM OLA

transponder STM 16

Hnh 5. V d v mng IP/SDH/WDM Card ng truyn trong b nh tuyn IP thc hin to khung PPP/HDLC. Tn hiu quang phi ph hp vi truyn dn qua mi trng si quang trong phn t mng SDH hoc b Transponder WDM. C mt s kiu giao din IP/SDH khc: VC4 hoc ng kt chui VC4 cung cp bng tn tng hp, khng c bt c s phn chia no gia cc dch v IP hin din trong lung gi. Giao din knh ho, y u ra quang STM-16 c th cha 16 VC4 ring r vi dch v phn bit cho tng VC4. VC4 khc nhau cng c th c nh tuyn qua mng SDH ti cc b nh tuyn ch khc nhau. Bng 2. Cc giao thc s dng cho IP/SDH IP Gi s liu c di cc i 65535 byte

17

PPP

HDLC

SDH

ng khung gi theo PPP (RFC 1661). Thm trng giao thc 1 hoc 2 byte v thc hin nhi theo tu la. PPP cng cung cp giao thc thit lp tuyn nhng khng phi l quyt nh trong IP/SDH. To khung (RFC 1662). Thm 1 byte c ch th im bt u ca khung, hn 2 byte cho mo u v 2 byte kim tra khung (FCS) to ra khung c di ti 1500 byte. Cng vi PPP, HDLC to thnh 7 hoc 8 byte mo u thm vo gi IP. t cc khung HDLC trong ti VC4 hoc VC4 kt chui (RFC 1619). Thm mo u on SDH (81 byte gm c con tr AU) v 9 VC4 byte Mo u lung vo 2340 byte ti VC4 SDH. i vi VC4 kt chui, ti V4-Xc c di X*2340. Cc khung c php vt ngang qua ranh gii ca cc VC4. Ging nh ATM, a thc 1+x43 c s dng cho trn tn hiu gim thiu ri ro ngi s dng truy nhp vi mc ch xu m c th gy mt ng b mng.

Phin bn IP/WDM c xem xt y s dng giao thc PPP v khung HDLC. Phin bn ny cng c bit di tn gi khc POS hoc Gi trn SONET. PPP l mt phng php chun ng gi cc gi IP v cc kiu gi khc cho truyn dn qua nhiu mi trng t ng in thoi tng t ti SDH, v cng bao gm chc nng thit lp v gii phng cc tuyn (LCP). HDLC l phin bn chun ho ca SDLC theo ISO, giao thc ny c IBM pht trin trong nhng nm 1970. Khung HDLC cha dy c phn nh ranh gii im u v im cui ca khung cng mt trng kim tra CRC kim sot li.
nh dng khung HDLC (POS)

POS_PSIZE = IPSIZE + POS_OH = IPSIZE + 7 (CRC 16). POS_PSIZE = IPSIZE + POS_OH = IPSIZE + 9 (CRC 32).

18

Hnh 6: nh dng khung HDLC (POS) 2.2.3.4.2 MAPOS (Multiple-access protocol overl SONET) Giao thc MAPOS l giao thc lp tuyn s liu h tr IP trn SDH. Giao thc MAPOS cng c gi vi mt tn khc l Packet Over Lightwave (POL). y l mt giao thc chuyn mch gi phi kt ni da trn vic m rng khung POS (PPP-HDLC) c NTT pht trin. Trc y MAPOS c pht trin vi mc ch m rng dung lng tc cao SONET cho LAN nhng hin nay s hin din ca Gigabit Ethernet dng lm ngi ta lng qun n. Hin ti cng c mt s chuyn mch MAPOS c th nghim Nht bn (Tokyo). Trong hnh Hnh biu din khung MAPOS th h 1 v 2. Giao thc MAPOS /POL c xem nh s m rng thnh phn khung HDLC. Cc trng c truyn trong MAPOS l: Dy c, s dng cho ng b khung. a ch, cha a ch ch HDLC (8 bit trong phin bn 1 v 16 trong phin bn 2) iu khin, l trng iu khin c gi tr 0x03, thut ng chuyn mn trong HDLC ngha l khung Thng tin khng nh s vi bit Poll/Final c thit lp bng 0. Giao thc, xc nh giao thc cho vic bao gi s liu trong trng thng tin ca n. Thng tin, cha gi s liu ti a 64 Kbyte. Dy kim tra khung, c tnh trn khp cc bit mo u, giao thc, v trng tin
C 0x7E a ch ch 8 bit iu khin 0x03 Giao thc (16bit) Giao thc Trng thng tin (0-65280 bytes) FCS (16/32bit)

a ch ch

Trng thng tin

FCS

19

0x7E

16 bit

(16bit)

(0-65280 bytes)

(16/32bit)

Hnh 7: khung MAPOS Phin bn 1 v Phin bn 2 Vic thc hin giao thc MAPOS trong b nh tuyn IP chun vi cc giao din POS c thc hin trong khong thi gian ngn. Ch c hai chc nng mi (Giao thc chuyn mch nt - NSP v Giao thc phn chia a chARP) c thm vo giao thc MAPOS . 2.2.3.4.3 Phng thc ng khung LAP (Link Accsess Procedure-SDH) Giao thc truy nhp tuyn-SDH (LAPS) l mt giao thc tuyn s liu c thit k cho mc ch IP/SDH v Ethernet/SDH c ITU-T chun ho ln lt trong khuyn ngh X.85, X.86. LAPS hot ng nh khung HDLC bao gm dch v lin kt s liu v ch tiu giao thc thc hin vic sp xp gi IP vo ti SDH. IP/SDH s dng LAPS nh mt s kt hp kin trc thng tin s liu giao thc IP (hoc cc giao thc khc) vi mng SDH. Lp vt l, lp tuyn s liu v lp mng hoc cc giao thc khc c hin din tun t gm SDH, LAPS v IP hoc PPP. Mi lin h ny c biu din nh ngn giao thc/lp cho IP trn STM-n. Hnh di m t IP/SDH nh ngn giao thc/lp.
TCP/UDP Giao thc Internet IP LAPS VC bc thp VC bc cao o n gh knh p o n l p o n n/quang i G.703/G.957

G.707/Y.1322

Hnh 8: Ngn giao thc/lp cho IP trn STM-n s dng LAPS X.85 (Ngn TCP/UDP/IP c thay bng Ethernet i vi X.86) nh dng khung ca LAPS bao gm: Trng c: ch im bt u v kt thc khung (t m c nh 01111110)

20

 Trng a ch: lin ngay sau trng c c gn gi tr c nh biu th trng c lin trc l c m (nu trng c m khng c trng a ch lin sau th c xem l c ng v cng c lm vai tr c m ca khung k tip). Trng iu khin v SAPI: Trng iu khin c gi tr hexa 0x03 v lnh thng tin khng nh s vi gi tr Poll/Final l 0. SAPI ch ra im ti dch v tuyn s liu cung cp cho giao thc lp 3. Trng thng tin: cha thng tin s liu c di ti a 1600 byte. Dy kim tra khung (FCS-32): m bo tnh nguyn dng ca thng tin truyn ti LAPS_PSIZE = IPSIZE + LAPS_OH = IPSIZE + 9
C 0x7e a ch 0x04 iu khin 0x03 Giao thc SAPI Thng tin Thng tin LAPS, gi IP Nhi 32bit C 0x7e

Hnh 9: nh dng khung LAPS theo X.85

2.2.3.4.4 Phng thc ng khung GFP (Generic Framing Procedure-GFP) Th tc lp khung tng qut (GFP) c ANSI tho lun u tin trong T1X1.5; v hin nay c ITU-T chun ho trong khuyn ngh G.704.1. GFP l mt th tc lp khung to nn ti c di thay i theo byte t cc tn hiu client mc cao hn cho vic sp xp tn hiu trong lung ng b. GFP l mt thut ng chung cho hai hng xp chng: lp pha di lin quan n dch v truyn ti s dng GFP; v lp pha trn lin quan n sp xp cc dch v cung cp bi GFP. lp pha di, GFP cho php s dng bt c kiu cng ngh truyn ti no, mc d hin ch chun ho cho SONET/SDH v OTN (Digital Wrapper, G.709). Ti lp pha trn, GFP h tr nhiu kiu gi khc nhau nh IP, khung Ethernet, v khung HDLC nh PPP.

21

Ethernet

IP/PPP

Cc d ng t hi khc n u

GFP-Ki l p client xc (Ti ph thuc) u nh GFP-Ki chung (Ti lp) u c Lung SDH VC-n Lung b byte ng khc Lung ODUk OTN

Hnh 10: Mi quan h GFP vi tn hiu client v lung truyn ti GFP c hai phng php sp xp thch ng cc tn hiu client vo trong ti SONET/SDH: GFP sp xp theo khung (GFP-F) v GFP trong sut (GFP-T). GFP-F: s dng c ch tm hiu chnh li mo u phn tch khung GFP ni tip (ging nh c ch s dng trong ATM) trong dng tn hiu ghp knh cho truyn dn. Do di ti GFP thay i nn c ch ny i hi khung tn hiu client c m ton b li xc nh di trc khi sp xp vo khung GFP. GFP-T: mt s lng c tnh tn hiu client c nh c sp xp trc tip vo khung GFP c di xc nh trc (sp xp theo m khi cho truyn ti trong khung GFP, hin ch mi nh ngha cho m 8B/10B trong chun G.704.1 ITU-T). Cu trc khung GFP (hnh 11), n bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau: Mo u li Phn ti tin Trng kim tra khung (CFS)

22

Th t truyn byte

PLI u chnh u ti trng u m rng (ty chn) 4 byte 4 byte cHEC (CRC-16) PTI PFI kiu EXI UPI PLI: ch th kch c PDU cHEC: kim tra li u chnh PTI: ch th kiu ti trng 000: s liu khch hng 100: qun l khch hng PFI: ch th FCS ti trng 1: c FCS 0: khng FCS kiu EXI: ch th u m rng 0000: Null 0001: Chui 0010: V UPI: ch th ti trng ngi s dng tHEC: HEC trng kiu EXI: ch th u m rng eHEC: HEC m rng Ti trng: cha khung PDU pFCS: FCS ti trng

tHEC (CRC-16) 0-60 byte EXI eHEC (CRC-16)

TI TRNG Tng kim tra (ty chn)

n byte TI TRNG 0-4 byte pFCS (CRC-32)

Th t truyn bit

Hnh 11: Cu trc khung GFP 2.2.3.4.5 Kt chui o (Virtual Concatenation-VCAT) Kt chui o l mt c ch cung cp kh nng khai thc ti SONET/SDH hiu qu v mm do. C ch ny ph v gii hn do s phn cp tn hiu truyn dn ng b SONET/SDH c thit k cho ti PDH (tc knh c phn thnh tng cp th STM-1, STM-4,...). T o ng ni xu chui cc ti trong SONET/SDH cung cp bng tn mm do ph hp vi kch thc s liu. tng ny c thc hin trong gii php PoS , tuy nhin mi n mi ch dng li mc kt chui ti mc lung bc cao to thnh tuyn c dung lng ph hp vi giao din ca cc b nh tuyn.

23

VC-2 (2M)

VC-3 (50M) D v ch TDM (600M)

VC-2 (2M)

VC-2 (2M)

VC-3 (50M)
VC-2 (2M)

STM-16 (2,5G) D ch v s li u (IP) (1,8G)

VC-4-12v (1,8G)

Hnh 12. V d kt chui o trong h thng SDH Cc ti kt chui trong mng c x l nh nhng ti ring bit v c lp. Do nh khai thc mng truyn ti c th t do thc hin chc nng kt chui m khng s nh hng n h thng ang s dng hin ti. Hn na, h thng qun l phn t mng (EMS)/H thng qun l mng (NMS) ngy nay c th cung cp d dng chc nng ny. 2.2.3.4.6 LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) Nh trnh by trn, kt chui ti c thc hin to nn nhng ti c dung lng khc nhau. Mc d mt s lng ti kt chui c th c xc nh trc cho phn ln ng dng nhng thc t chng ta cng cn phn pht ng mt s ti cho mt vi ng dng c th. LACS c thit k thc hin chc nng trn. LCAS l mt giao thc bo hiu thc hin trao i bn tin gia hai im kt cui VC xc nh s lng ti kt chui. ng vi yu cu ca ngi s dng, s lng ti kt chui c th tng/gim ph hp vi kch thc lu lng trao i. c tnh ny rt hu dng vi nh khai thc thch ng bng tn gia cc b nh tuyn thay i theo thi gian, theo ma... C ch hot ng ca LCAS da trn vic trao i gi iu khin gia b pht v b thu. Mi gi iu khin s m t trng thi ca tuyn trong gi iu khin k tip. Nhng thay i ny c truyn i ti pha thu b thu c th chuyn ti cu hnh mi ngay khi nhn c n. Gi iu khin gm mt lot cc

24

trng dnh cho nhng chc nng nh trc v cha thng tin truyn t b pht n b thu cng nh thng tin t b thu n b pht. Hng i: Trng ch th a khung (MFI) Trng ch th dy (SQ) Trng iu khin (CTRL) Bit nhn dng nhm (GID) Hng v Trng trng thi thnh vin (MST) Bit chp thun ti dy s (RS-Ack) 2.2.3.5 IP/Gigabit Ethernet cho WDM Hin nay, Ethernet chim ti 85% trong trong s nhng ng dng mng LAN. Chun Gigabit Ethernet c th s dng m rng dung lng LAN tin ti MAN v thm ch c n c WAN nh cc Card ng truyn Gigabit trong cc b nh tuyn IP; nhng Card ny c gi thnh r hn 5 ln so vi Card ng truyn cng dung lng s dng cng ngh SDH. Nh , Gigabit Ethernet tr nn hp dn trong mi trng Metro truyn ti lu lng IP qua cc mch vng WDM hoc thm ch cho c cc tuyn WDM c ly di. Hn th na, cc cng Ethernet 10 Gbit/s s c chun ho trong tng lai gn. Hnh 13 biu din v d mng IP da trn giao din Gigabit Ethernet. Cc Card ng truyn Gigabit Ethernet hoc chuyn mch Ethernet Lp 2 nhanh c s dng cho cc b nh tuyn IP trong mng. Mng Ethernet tc bit thp (v d 10Base-T hoc 100Base-T) s dng kiu truyn hon ton song cng, y bng tn truyn dn hiu dng c chia s gia tt c ngi s dng v gia hai hng truyn dn. kim sot s truy nhp vo bng tn chia s c th s dng cng ngh CSMA-CD. iu ny s lm gii hn kch thc vt l ca mng v thi gian chuyn tip khng c vt qu khe thi gian c di khung nh nht (chng hn 512 bit i vi 10Base-T v 100Base-T). Nu tc bit l 1Gb/s m s dng di khung nh nht 512 bit th mng Ethernet ch t chng 10m v th di khung ti thiu trong trng hp

25

ny c nh ngha bng 4096 bit cho Gigabit Ethernet. iu ny hin lm gii hn kch thc mng trong phm vi 100m. Tuy nhin, kiu hon ton song cng vn hp dn trong mi trng Gigabit Ethernet. Khi Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-X) s dng kiu song cng n tr thnh mt phng php to khung v bao gi n gin v tnh nng CSMA-CD khng cn c s dng. Chuyn mch Ethernet cng c s dng m rng topo mng thay th cho cc tuyn im - im. nh tuyn IP
OADM

Giao din Gigabit Ethernet

OADM

V d: WDM 32

OADM

OADM

Giao din Gigabit Ethernet

GbE

Giao din Gigabit Ethernet

GbE

nh tuyn IP

Chuyn mch Gigabit Ethernet

Giao din Gigabit Ethernet

Hnh 13: Truyn ti IP trn vng ring WDM bng khung Gigabit Ethernet Cu trc khung Gigabit Ethernet biu din trong Hnh . di ti cc i ca Gigabit Ethernet l 1500 byte nhng c th m rng ti 9000 byte (Khung Jumbo) trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, kch thc ti ln hn s kh tng hp vi cc chun Ethernet trc y v hin ti cng cha c chun no cho vn ny.

26

Phn trng Phn mo u Phn nh ranh gii bt u a ch ch a ch ngun di khung Trng iu khin tuyn logic + ti tin ( di ti a 1500 byte) Dy kim tra khung Tng s mo u

12
7 1 6 6 2 . . 4 38

Hnh 14. Khung Gigabit Ethernet Khung Ethernet c m ho trong sng mang quang s dng m 8B/10B. Trong 8B/10B mi byte m ho s dng 10 bit nhm m bo mt chuyn tip ph hp trong tnh hiu khi phc ng h. Do thng lng u ra 1Gb/s th tc ng truyn l 1,25Gb/s. Vic m ho cng phi m bo chu k trng c lp y k hiu c mt chuyn tip ph hp gia trng thi 0 v 1 khi cc gi khng c pht i nhm m bo kh nng khi phc ng h. Gigabit Ethernet cung cp mt s CoS nh nh ngha trong tiu chun IEEE 802.1Q v 802.1p. Nhng tiu chun ny d dng cung cp CoS qua Ethernet bng cch gn thm Th cho cc gi cng ch th u tin hoc cp dch v mong mun cho gi. Nhng Th ny cho php to nhng ng dng lin quan n kh nng u tin ca gi cho cc phn t trong mng. RSVP hoc DiffServ cng c h tr bng cch sp xp trong 802.1p lp dch v. 2.2.3.6 IP/SDL trc tip trn WDM Tuyn s liu n gin (SDL) l mt phng php lp khung c Lucent xut. So vi HDLC, khung SDL khng c c phn ranh gii thay v n s dng trng di gi ti im bt u khung. iu ny rt thun li tc bit cao khi thc hin ng b (rt kh thc hin i vi dy c). nh dng SDL c th a vo trong ti SDH cho truyn dn WDM hoc thit b SDH. nh dng ny cng c th c m ho trc tip trn cc sng mang quang: SDL nh r tnh nng ti thiu thc hin iu ny. SDL s dng 4 byte mo u gm di gi nh biu din trong Hnh 15. Gi c th di ti 65535 byte. Cc m kim tra li ph (CRC-16 hoc CRC-32) c th tu la s dng cho gi v n c th b thay th sau mi gi. Tt c cc bit tr

27

mo u c trn theo b trn x48. Cc b trn ca phn pht v thu c duy tr ng b qua cc gi c bit truyn khng thng xuyn.

Hnh 15. Cu trc mo u SDL SDL khng c bt k byte thm no dnh cho cc giao thc chuyn mch bo v (ging nh byte K1 v K2 ca SDH). S dng cc CRC ti tu la cn cho php gim st t l li bit.

2.2.4 Nghin cu cc giao thc mi

2.2.4.1 RPR/SRP (Resilient Packet Ring/Spacial Reuse Protocol)[1] Giao thc mng vng gi t phc hi RPR c IEEE tiu chun ho vo thng 7 nm 2004. RPR l mt giao thc truyn s liu mi trn mng vng gi din th (MAN) v mng vng din rng (WAN). Nhm cng tc 802.17 c xut RPR tiu chun c cc c im ch yu: -Cung cp 255 trm trn mt mng vng. -Mng vng ti u c chu vi cc i l 2000km. -Cung cp truyn n hng, a hng v qung b. -a dng dch v. - Tng rng bng tn hu dng vt xa cc cng ngh hin ti. -Topo t ng v trm c kh nng cm phch l chy. -Truyn khung cht lng cao:

Phc hi dch v nh hn 50 ms

Khng cho php mt gi trong MAC. C th bo v khi c s c ti nhiu hn mt im. C cc chc nng iu hnh, qun l v bo dng (OAM). Cng ngh ny s dng cc b nh tuyn IP trong cu hnh Ring kp (hnh 16):

28

Hnh 16: M hnh ca RPR/SRP M hnh lp RPR v mi lin quan ti m hnh tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI) c minh ho ti hnh 17.

Hnh 17: Mi lin quan gia m hnh RPR v m hnh tham kho OSI Phn lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC), phn lp tuyn s liu MAC v cc phn lp trung gian c quy nh trong m hnh ny nh l giao din dch v MAC v giao din dch v vt l PHY do cc phn lp cung cp. Trong RPR s dng mt giao thc mi, l: SRP (Giao thc s dng li khng gian). Mc ch chnh ca n l ti u vic s dng bng tn. Chuyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) l cng ngh truyn dn c pht trin nh cc h thng Cisco a vo s dng giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi trng

29

(MAC) lp 2 mi, c gi l giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP). SRP c kh nng pht trin mng vng gi IP quang. Hnh 18 l cu trc mng vng kp truyn gi trn si quang c kh nng ti s dng khng gian

Hnh 18: Cu trc mng vng kp truyn gi trn si quang c kh nng ti s dng khng gian SRP c IETF xut. SRP thc cht l giao thc MAC lp 2 dnh cho LAN, MAN v WAN. Cc giao din chuyn ti gi linh hot c s dng kt ni giao din khch hng MAC vi thit b SDH hoc vi cc h thng DWDM hoc cc si d tr, bi v SRP cung cp giao din SDH tiu chun. Cc mng vng DPT si quang kp c hng truyn ngc nhau. C si bn trong v si bn ngoi u c s dng truyn cc gi s liu v cc gi iu khin. C mt vi loi gi iu khin, th d nh gi pht hin topo, gi chuyn mch bo v v gi iu khin s dng rng bng tn. Cc gi iu khin ca mng vng ny c truyn trn mng vng kia. SRP s dng c ch tc b ch. Trong SRP, cc gi s liu ch c truyn gia ngun v ch, to ra kh nng trao i lu lng ng thi trn cc phn khc ca mng vng. V vy c gi l kh nng ti s dng khng gian nhm s dng c hiu qu rng bng tn. Trm S3 trao i s liu 1,5 Gbit/s vi trm S4. Ti thi im , cc trm S2 v S5 c th trao i s liu vi nhau ln ti 1 Gbit/s. Mt khc, cc trm S0 v S1 c th s dng ht 2,5 Gbit/s trn phn bn tri ca mng vng. Nh vy s lng tng ca s liu c trao i trong mng vng ny l 5 Gbit/s. 30

2.2.4.2 DTM (Dynamic Transfer Mode) Phng thc truyn ti gi ng b ng (TDM) l mt k thut dng khai thc hiu qu dung lng truyn dn, h tr lu lng bng rng thi gian thc v lu lng multicast. N khc phc c cc nhc im ca chuyn mch knh truyn thng trong khi li ni bt kh nng: cung cp bng thng linh hot v p ng dch v cht lng phn bit. DTM l n lc kt hp nhng u im ca c ch chuyn giao s liu ng b v cn ng b. V c bn n hot ng ging nh c ch ghp knh theo thi gian truyn thng (TDM) ngha l m bo mt lng bng tn xc nh gia cc host v phn bng tn ln dnh cho chuyn giao s liu linh ng. Ngoi ra, c ch DTM c im chung nh c ch chuyn giao khng ng b (nh ATM) cho php ti phn b bng tn gia cc host. iu ny ngha l mng c th thch ng vi nhng thay i v lu lng v phn chia bng tn gia cc host theo nhu cu. Cc host ni vo mng DTM thng tin vi nhau qua cc knh (mch). Mt knh DTM l mt ti nguyn linh ng c th thit lp bng tn t 512 kbit/s theo bc lng t 512 kbit/s cho n bng tn cc i. Cc knh ny hin din trn mi trng vt l nh c ch ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM). Tng dung lng c chia thnh cc khung 125 s v tip tc chia nh thnh khe thi gian 64 bit. Nhng cu trc khung ny to cho n kh nng tng hp vi SDH/SONET. Mt s kiu dnh trc khe thi gian tng ng vi QoS khc nhau theo yu cu ca client, v d nh tr khng i, bng tn ti thiu v n lc ti a. lin kt gia cc tuyn DTM khc nhau cn phi s dng chuyn mch DTM. Chuyn mch trong DTM l kiu ng b, ngha l tr chuyn mch i vi mi knh l nh nhau. Cc knh DTM c bn cht qung b, ngha l bt k knh no ti bt k thi im no cng c th dng cho kt ni gia mt ngi gi v nhiu ngi nhn. Do trn mng c th c nhiu nhm qung b ng thi. DTM ph hp cho cng ngh mng ng trc bi v n c thng lng bit rt ln. DTM c xem nh mt gii php thay th cho ATM/SDH bi v phm vi hot ng ca n t Lp 1 ti lp 3 v c c giao thc bo hiu ln chuyn mch. DTM c th hot ng c lp hoc qua cc ng SDH/SONET, mc d s xp chng ny khng c g u im hn DTM thun tu. IP/DTM (IPOD) mang nhiu u im ca SDH v ATM bi v k thut n gin v kh nng hot ng ca nhiu knh trn mt giao din. Cc lung IP

31

c th sp xp trn cc knh DTM. Tuy nhin, DTM khng hiu qu bng IP do n s dng cc knh c dung lng ti thiu l 512 kbit/s. DTM dung lng x l WDM. y gi thit l mt bc sng WDM s mang mt knh DTM m ch c th thc hin khi DTM h tr phng thc truyn dn ny. Nhc im ca DTM l s lng nh cung cp qu t (hin c 3 nh cung cp thit b Dynarc, Net Insight v Ericsson) tt c u Thu in. Ngoi ra nhng gii php ca chng cng khng tng hp vi nhau. 2.2.4.3 S dng MPLS h tr chc nng nh tuyn IP (IP-MPLS)[6] MPLS l c ch truyn ti d liu dng chuyn gi (packet-switched). Trong m hnh OSI, MPLS c th xem nh nm gia lp 2 v lp 3 V vy MPLS c th c xem nh l giao thc thuc lp 2.5. MPLS c thit k thng nht cc loi dch v chuyn ti d liu cho c mng chuyn gi v chuyn mch, h tr c IP, ATM, SONET, EthernetDo s dng MPLS s tit kim c chi ph rt nhiu . MPLS hot ng da vo mt header c chn gia 2 header ca lp 2 v lp 3 trong m hnh OSI gi l label stack. Mt layer stack gm cc thnh phn sau : 20 bit xc nh nhn (label) 3 bit xc nh u tin cht lng dich v (QoS)

1 bit bottom xc nh header ny c phi l header cui (trc header IP) hay cha, trong trng hp s dng nhiu stack khi truyn qua nhiu mng.

8 bit xc nh thi gian sng ca gi tin MPLS ( TTL)

32

Hnh 19: nh dng MPLS

Nhn xc nh gi tin thuc loi ng dng no, t xc nh mc u tin ca gi khi c truyn qua mng . xy dng mt mng MPLS, cc thit b c bn nht cn s dng l LER ( Label Edge Router ) v LSR (Label Switch Router ) u vo, Label Edge Router s kim tra gi tin c a ti v quyt nh c nh nhn gi tin hat khng. Vic nh nhn s da vo mt c s d liu c bit c lu trong LER. Sau , mt header MPLS s c chn vo. Gi d liu c chuyn i.

Hnh 20: LER gn nhn cho gi

33

Gi d liu truyn i s ln lt i qua cc LSR,cc LSR s khng thm vo hay bt i nhn no, n ch thay i cc nhn v chuyn gi tin n LSR tip theo, cc LSR xc nh vic i nhn hay LSR tip theo da vo mt bn d liu trong router. Nu d liu khng cha nhn no, n s hot ng nh mt router bnh thng

Hnh 21: Hot ng ca LSR Do vy, cc ng dn s c thit lp gia cc LER v LSR. Nhng ng dn ny c gi l Label switch paths (LSPs). Cc ng dn ny c cc c tnh khc nhau m da vo , ta c th xc nh c mc ti cao nht trong mng, xc sut cc gi tin b hng

Hnh 22: M hnh th hin LSPs 34

 u ra, LER s tch header MPLS ra v gi d liu s c truyn i mt cch bnh thng . Ngoi ra MPLS cho php xc nh ch u tin cho d liu, thut ng mng l FEC (Forward Equivalence Class ). Thc cht, vic xc nh mc u tin cho d liu l rt quan trng. Do c nhng d liu quan trng cn cht lng mng cao hn. MPLS cho php chn mc u tin cung cp cht lng mng hp l cho cc loi d liu ny . Vic xc nh mc u tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh giao thc truyn, cng dch v Sau , da vo mc FEC ca gi thng tin c nh nhn m cc loi ng truyn khc nhau c th c thc hin. MPLS trong vai tr cng ngh ng trc phi c cung cp dch v thch hp cho lu lng mng bao gm bo v lu lng mang trn LSP. Chuyn mch bo v MPLS lin quan n kh nng lp MPLS khi phc nhanh chng v hon ton lu lng trc nhng thay i trng thi ca lp MPLS. Thi gian bo v lp MPLS phi so snh c vi thi gian bo v ca lp SDH. Cn phi ti nh tuyn lp MPLS do: Ti nh tuyn trong lp IP l rt chm, n c tnh theo giy. Trong mt s phn mng lp SDH v quang thng b gii hn trong topo ring v khng gm bo v mesh.C ch bo v ca lp mng quang v SDH c th khng hiu qu bo v cho hot ng lp cao hn. iu ny c ngha l khi cung cp chc nng bo v tuyn th chng khng d cung cp bo v lung MPLS. MPLS cung cp c tnh ht bng tn nh cho bo v v cho php thc hin s phn bit gia cc kiu lu lng c bo v. Chuyn mch bo v cn c thit k sao cho cung cp mm do cho nh khai thc mng h c nhng gii php khc khi quyt nh kiu bo v g cho LSP MPLS. Cc kh nng c bn ca MPLS c lit k sau y: H tr lin kt im-im v multicast. Phn cp nh tuyn, hp nht VC v tng cng kh nng m rng. nh tuyn hin. 35

 H tr nhiu giao thc lp mng v giao thc lp lin kt ng thi. Cung cp kh nng iu khin lu lng v QoS. H tr truy nhp my ch v VPN.

Cc u im ca MPLS: Kh nng tch hp cc chc nng nh tuyn, nh a ch, iu khin v.v... trong MPLS trnh c s phc tp trong NHRP, MPoA, IPoA Kh nng m rng n gin. Tng cht lng mng, c th trin khai cc chc nng nh tuyn m cc cng ngh trc khng th thc hin c nh nh tuyn hin (explicit routing), iu khin lp v.v.. Tch hp gia IP v ATM cho php tn dng ton b cc thit b hin ti trn mng. Tch bit n v iu khin vi n v chuyn mch cho php MPLS h tr ng thi MPLS v B-ISDN. Vic b sung cc chc nng mi sau khi trin khai mng MPLS ch cn thay i phn mm iu khin. Cc nhc im ca MPLS: H tr ng thi nhiu giao thc s gp phi nhng vn phc tp trong kt ni. Kh h tr QoS xuyn sut.

Hp nht VC cn phi c nghin cu su hn gii quyt vn chn gi tin khi trung nhn (interleave).

2.2.5 Chuyn mch knh quang WDM

2.2.5.1 K thut WDM Nguyn tc hot ng ca chuyn mch knh quang da trn nguyn l ghp knh WDM, ngha l s dng cc ngun bc sng c iu khin v b ghp knh bc sng sp xp nhiu knh trong ph quang. im hp dn nht ca chuyn mch knh WDM l s dng lng bng tn rt ln trong ph si quang. 2.2.5.2 Chuyn mch knh quang: nh tuyn bc sng 36

H thng chuyn mch knh truyn thng s dng trong mng li quang phi cn n bin i quang in. Tng knh c s ring r c to ra v nh tuyn trong min in. Thit b quang s dng chuyn i v xp nhng knh ny vo trong ph quang. B bin i quang in s dng cng ngh t tin v tiu tn nhiu nng lng. Hn na cng ngh ny tng i chm so vi gii php ton quang bi v mt thi gian x l tn hiu in. Hin nay cng ngh ny cha gii quyt c dch v s chuyn mch s liu vi tc bit 10 Gbit/s. Gii php thay th cho chuyn mch in l thc hin x l tn hiu trong min quang s dng cng ngh nh tuyn bc sng lin quan n chuyn mch knh WDM. Chuyn mch knh WDM gm cc b tch/ghp knh lin kt vi nhau qua ma trn chuyn mch quang.

S i quang

S i quang

C vo ng u

Khung chuy n m ch n i
S i quang S i quang

B thu OE Xen knh

B pht EO R knh

Hnh 23: Chuyn mch in s dng trong min quang Cc b tch/ghp c trch nhim phn tch v kt hp cc knh bc sng sao cho tng knh ring l tuyn u vo c nh tuyn ti tuyn u ra mong mun. K thut ny c u im trong vic ti s dng cc bc sng v c kh nng chuyn mch v ti cu hnh cc lung quang. Chuyn mch knh WDM cng cho php lu lng bc sng tm thi chuyn qua hay xen/r ti cc nt trung gian m khng qua bin i in.

37

C ra ng u

S i quang

S i quang

C u ra ng

Hnh 24: H thng nh tuyn bc sng s dng ma trn chuyn mch quang

Trong mng chuyn mch knh WDM, lung quang trong si c gn cho nhng bc sng khc nhau. Nu hai tp hp lu lng n c cng bc sng th khng th chia s lung quang sn c cho tuyn u ra do thiu bc sng, mng c th x l theo 3 cch: a ra s u tin cho mt trong hai khi lu lng v thm thi gian trong hng i, ni cch khc cn n b nh trong nt chuyn mch Pht chuyn mt trong hai khi lu lng ti nt trung gian ( c bc sng cho s dng) Bin i mt trong nhng bc sng xung t thnh bc sng khc m cha s dng. Hai qu trnh u ch c th c thc hin min in v s dng b m tiu th ngun v thi gian. Gii php th ba d thc hin v khng cn bt c qu trnh bin i quang/in no.

2.2.6 Chuyn mch gi quang.[2]

Chuyn mch gi quang (OPS-Optical Packet Switching) c khng nh tnh kinh t s dng bng tn rt hiu qu v kh nng h tr cc dch v khc nhau. Khi cng ngh chuyn mch quang ci thin, chng ta c th thc hin

38

Khung chuy m ch quang n

S i quang S i quang

C vo ng u

mng chuyn mch quang da trn gi, khi cc gi c chuyn mch v nh tuyn c lp qua mng trong min quang m khng cn bin i sang in ti mi nt. Nh vy chuyn mch gi quang cho php mt mc cao hn vic ghp knh thng k trn cc lin kt si quang v iu khin chm lu lng tt hn chuyn mch knh. Kh nng ng dng vo mng Vin thng Vit nam nm trong xu hng pht trin mng truyn ti tin ti mng ton quang, chuyn mch quang s tin ti chuyn mch gi quang hon ton c th thc hin c trong tng lai khi m cng ngh pht trin cho php thc hin cc k thut x l tn hiu quang. 2.2.6.1Cc k thut chuyn mch gi quang. Gii php chuyn mch quang ha hn nht l chuyn mch chm quang v chuyn mch nhn quang. Vn mu cht ca nhng k thut ny nm gii php m v x l s liu quang. Hin gii php v cng ngh gii quyt vn ny cha hon thin. Mo u gi x l min in nhm iu khin hot ng chuyn mch.
PL H C ng vo u PL K hung chuyn m ch PL C ng ra u

K hi khin iu

Hnh 25: M hnh chung cho chuyn mch gi quang Vn cn gii quyt trong k thut m quang tng c bn cho vic thc hin m quang l s dng Dy tr quang (ODL) hoc mt s dng m cc b lu mt vi gi chen ln cho n khi cng u ra trng thi sn sng. B m ODL nhn chung s dng mt dy cc si tr quang c di khc nhau v chuyn mch quang. Phn trc s hot ng nh b m quang thi gian ngn trong khi phn sau s dng iu khin v nh tuyn cc gi quang qua ng tng ng. Mi vng quang tr gi theo thi gian xc nh. B m gi vt ca s gi trong b m. Cc gi ti c ghi v nh

39

tuyn ti di kh dng. Thit k kiu b m ny rt n gin. Tuy nhin, thi gian nh ny l rt ngn do n phi lu cc gi chen ln ch trong mt thi gian gii hn tng ng vi thi gian truyn sng dc theo di si tr. Dung lng nh ph thuc vo di vt l trong ng tr v bi kch c ca nt chuyn mch quang. Kiu b m ny thng ln v khng c kh nng m rng. B m vng si quang l gii php mm do m rng s nh ny bng cch quay vng gi trong vng si cho n khi xut hin khe thi gian m. Vn c hu ca phng php ny l tn hiu phi c khuch i trong sut nhng ln quay vng . iu ny va lm tng pht x t pht v cng sut tiu th (do s dng b khuch i). Chuyn mch chm quang Chm quang bao gm mt s lng gi thay i c kt hp vi nhau nh mt nhn ph hoc gi iu khin. Trong chuyn mch chm quang, ti gi c gi theo tuyn sau mt lng tr bit ca mo u. tng ny cho php nt chuyn mch quang k tip mt lng thi gian x l mo u vo thc thi quyt nh chuyn mch trc khi ti s liu ti. Theo cch ny, cc gi c th i t li vo ti li ra qua cc lung trong mng chuyn mch quang.

Hnh 26: Kin trc chuyn mch chm quang Kin trc ca chuyn mch chm quang c trnh by trong Hnh 2Error: Reference source not found6. Cc knh bc sng iu khin c c tch 40

xung/thm vo sau b tch/ghp WDM. X l gi hoc nhn iu khin v iu khin chuyn mch c thc hin trong min in. Qu trnh bin i O/E v ngc c s dng y. Vic trao i nhn cho php thit lp lung chuyn mch nhn trn mng (chuyn mch chm kt ni nh hng). Phn ln cc giao thc chuyn mch chm quang khng cn n ti cc nt trung gian. Chuyn mch nhn quang Chuyn mch nhn quang l mt trng hp c bit ca chuyn mch chm quang. Trong chuyn mch nhn quang, ton b gi (mo u v ti) c chuyn mch theo mt lung. Ti s c chuyn n b m chuyn mch quang (ODL) gii phng thi gian cho x l mo u v thc thi quyt nh chuyn mch. Ti c lu b m trong mt thi gian c nh (tr thi gian) thc hin x l mo u. Gi tr tr thi gian l ring cho mi nt chuyn mch trung gian v c bn cht c lp vi lung gi chuyn qua. Chuyn mch gi quang: Chuyn mch knh l mt phng php thng tin s dng thit lp cho thng tin gia 2 im. S liu c truyn trn cng mt tuyn v thng tin truyn i trong thi gian thc. Khc vi chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi thc hin truyn cc gi s liu c lp. Mi gi i t mt cng ti mt cng khc theo mt ng no . Cc gi khng th gi ti nt k tip khi cha thc hin thnh cng ti nt trc . Mi nt cn c cc b m tm thi lu cc gi. Mi nt trong chuyn mch gi yu cu mt h thng qun l thng bo iu kin truyn thng tin ti nt ln cn trong trng hp s liu truyn b li. Hnh 27 l mt v d ca nt chuyn mch gi quang c bn. Mt nt bao gm mt chuyn mch quang c kh nng cu hnh da trn gi. Khi chuyn mch ti cu hnh da trn thng tin tiu ca mt gi. Tiu gi c x l bng in n hoc c th mang trong bng cng gi hoc trn mt knh iu khin ring. Phi mt mt thi gian tiu v chuyn mch thit lp, cc gi c th b tr bng cch truyn qua ng tr si quang. Kin trc chuyn mch gi quang : V nguyn tc chuyn mch gi ton quang t chc da trn gi tiu v iu khin c thc hin trong min quang, tuy nhin phi trong nhiu nm na mi thc hin c. Trong thi im hin nay chuyn mch gi quang s dng 41

iu khin in t x l tiu gi l thc t hn. Trong chuyn mch gi quang tiu hoc nhn c c v so snh vi mt bng nh tuyn. Ti s liu sau s c nh tuyn ti cng ra tng ng vi mt nhn mi (trao i nhn). iu quan trng l ti tin c truyn trong sut qua chuyn mch.

Hnh 27: Kin trc mt chuyn mch gi quang Phn ti v phn mo u gi s c truyn trn cng knh bc sng. Chuyn mch gi s gm nhng khi chc nng sau: Giao din u vo quang: thc hin cn chnh gi quang ti. Li chuyn mch bc sng v khng gian quang: gm cc b m quang (FDL) gii quyt vn chen ln gi. Giao din u ra quang: thc hin vic chn v ghi li mo u quang nu yu cu 3R. B x l phn mo u in: thc hin bin i quang/in, iu khin ng b (cn chnh gi ti bng cch kim sot tr), iu khin chuyn mch/m v ghi li mo u. Giao din xen/r in: thc hin bin i O/E (hoc E/O) v gi gi quang ti li chuyn mch (hoc giao din s liu) nt ngun (hoc nt ch).

42

 Mc tiu xy dng mng quang ngy nay l b sung kh nng thit lp ng lp truyn ti quang da trn cc b ni cho quang OXC (Optical Cross Connect) vi mt kin trc v qun l v i khin ph hp. Trong tng lai gn mng OTN s c kh nng h tr s lng ln dung lng ln ti 40 Gbit/s. M hnh ny c minh ho trn hnh sau:

Hnh 28: Mng truyn ti quang Hnh 28 biu th cu trc OTN bao gm cc OXC c ni vi nhau di dng mesh, mi si s dng rt nhiu bc sng (hng trm bc sng) , cc OXC c kh nng kt ni hang nghn knh bc sng. Nh vy OTN s cung cp lung quang ti client nh l cc b nh tuyn IP, cc phn t mng SONET/SDH v chuyn mch ATM. Trn hnh v ny ch ra lin kt gia 2 b nh tuyn IP. Thm vo mt lp iu khin chuyn mch cn thit lp tuyn trn mng v n tng tc vi b iu khin OXC khi to chuyn mch trong OXC. Mt knh bo hiu gia cc nt m bo rng mi OXC bit c trng thi ti nguyn mng, cc tuyn kh dng. Vic thit lp mng truyn ti quang ng s cho php cung cp nhanh cc tuyn dung lng cao, do vy trong tng lai bc pht trin cng ngh cho php cung cp s lng ln cc knh quang. Nu c nh vy trong tng lai ch cn chuyn mch knh quang l tho mn nhu cu bng tn. Tuy nhin khng phi l nh vy do l do sau, v d trong mng OTN ch cn a ra tnh cht ht ti mc bc sng v nu ngun lu lng l chm, dung lng knh c s dng c th 43

s xy ra xung t trn phm vi mng. Trong tng lai OXC c pht trin cho mng OTN c th h tr cho lp chuyn mch gi quang. Hnh 28 m t mng quang bao gm OXC v chuyn mch gi quang OPS.

Hnh 29: Chuyn mch gi quang ti nt li v nt bin Trn hnh 29 chuyn mch gi quang s dng trong nt li, cc gi c chuyn qua mng ti chuyn mch nt li tuyn c la chn v tiu c trao i. Bng cch ny OPS s ti u c ti nguyn mng v ti u c tng dung lng mng nh vy s lm gim kch c ca OXC. To cc nt chuyn mch bin c giao din vi c mng truyn ti OTN v IP. Nhng vn m chuyn mch quang ang gp phi: Gii hn k thut chnh hin ang gp phi ca nhng k thut ny l s phn gii chen ln gia cc gi v thiu b m quang. S phn gii chen ln l c ch cn thit gii quyt s xung t in hnh khi nhiu gi hin din trn cng bc sng c truyn t cc cng u vo khc nhau v n cng mt cng u ra ti cng mt thi im. y l vn chung ca chuyn mch gi v c bit di tn gi nghn ngoi. Vn ny c gii quyt bng cch m ton b gi chen ln loi tr gi c nh tuyn ti cng u ra. Mt gii php hiu qu l gi ton b gi ti ch ca chng vi khong thi gian c th nhn bit. Phn gii chen ln ton quang c nng lc thc thi tc cao nn p ng c cc yu cu thng lng ln ca mng quang. Gii php ny c

44

xem l mt gii php mnh gii quyt vn ngn ngoi vi lng nh b nh quang gm nh tuyn lch v iu chnh bc sng. 2.2.4.2.2 nh tuyn lch Phng php ny ph hp vi chuyn mch quang s dng mt lng nh b nh quang. Khi c xung t, trc tin gi s c nh tuyn ti cng u ra chnh xc nu khng c, n s nh tuyn n bt k cng u ra kh dng no. K thut ny p dng trong trng hp mng c th cung cp ng nh tuyn thay th gi vn c th n ch khi c sai hng ng nh tuyn mt hoc nhiu nt chuyn mch. Mc d phng php ny khng i hi thc hin m gi song cc gi i lch s tri qua cc tuyn di hn do tr c th ln hn mc cho php. Bn cnh , n cng lm tng kh nng nghn mng v tr tn hiu ph. 2.2.7 Kt lun truyn ti IP trn mng quang cn phi thc hin cc chc nng mi lp ng theo m hnh OSI. Cc gi IP Lp 3 s c bao trong cc khung Lp 2, cc khung Lp 2 sau s c truyn dn khng li qua cc tuyn truyn dn quang Lp 1. Mc d c rt nhiu gii php thc hin vic truyn gi IP trn mng quang nhng hu nh u xoay quanh vic thch ng nhng cng ngh c lm ch nh ATM, SDH v Ethernet m nhim chc nng Lp 2 v 1. S dng ngn giao thc ATM (IP/ATM): IP/ATM qua SONET/SDH: s dng ALL5/ATM bao gi IP v sau sp xp vo ti SONET/SDH trc khi truyn trn bc sng quang. IP/ATM trc tip trn WDM: s dng ALL5/ATM bao gi IP v truyn trc tip trn bc sng quang da trn t bo. Thch ng cc giao thc sp xp gi IP vo ti SONET/SDH (DoS): S dng giao thc LAPS bao gi IP trc khi sp xp vo ti SONET/SDH truyn trn cc bc sng quang, S dng giao thc MAPOS bao gi IP trc khi sp xp vo ti SONET/SDH truyn trn bc sng quang, S dng giao thc GFP bao gi IP trc khi sp xp vo ti SONET/SDH truyn trn cc bc sng quang,

45

 S dng giao thc POS bao gi IP trc khi sp xp vo ti SONET/SDH truyn trn bc sng quang. S dng khung Ethernet bao gi IP, thch ng giao tip vt l ph hp vi mi trng cp si quang (PHY). Cc gii php mi c thit k gii quyt vn phc tp khi s dng nhng cng ngh c (ATM, SDH) cho chc nng Lp 2 (chuyn mch). Chng u c c tnh n gin trong kin trc nhng li cha c lm ch: S dng khung DTM bao gi IP v truyn trc tip trn si quang hoc qua khung SONET/SDH. S dng cng ngh RPR, cc gi IP c bao trong khung IEEE 802 nh giao thc sp xp SRP. MPLS l mt trong nhng cng ngh c ch nhiu nht hin nay. Bn thn MPLS khng phi l giao thc to khung Lp 2, n h tr nng lc nh tuyn cho cc b nh tuyn IP thng qua vic gn nhn. Nh cng ngh ny em li kh nng thit k lu lng mm do v h tr QoS/CoS cho lu lng IP. H tr MPLS c xem nh mt trong nhng tiu ch nh gi kin trc mng truyn ti IP hin nay. Vic loi b cc lp mng trung gian trong kin trc mng truyn ti IP gn lin vi s pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch quang. S m rng chc nng ca chuyn mch quang ti lp cao hn s to ra mt kin trc mng v cng n gin, v cng l mc tiu hng n trong tng lai; kin trc mng ch gm hai lp: IP/quang. Hin nay cc sn phm chuyn mch bc sng quang c thng mi ho (OXC). Chuyn mch chm quang (OBS), chuyn mch gi quang (OPS) v chuyn mch nhn quang (OLS) ang trong giai on nghin cu pht trin. Vn v cng ngh ang l ro cn chnh trong lnh vc ny.

2.3 Phng thc iu khin trong mng truyn ti tch hp IP over WDM
Tch hp IP quang s i hi nhng thay i trong lnh vc bo hiu v iu khin. S khc bit ng k v bng tn ca gi IP, gi quang, knh TDM, bc sng quang v si quang cho thy im yu ca cc giao thc v ang c s dng (ch c thit k ti u cho chuyn mch knh hoc gi). Vi nhng giao thc nh vy ti nguyn mng s khng c khai thc hiu qu. 46

mt kha cnh khc, hin c rt nhiu cc nh cung cp thit b s dng nhng giao thc c quyn, do s ny sinh nhng vn tng thch gia cc h thng thit b. Phn ny s nghin cu v nhng gii php bo hiu v iu khin hin ang c quan tm i vi mng IP quang. Qua s lm r hai khi nim v GMPLS v ASON lin quan trc tip n kin trc mng IP/quang v xem xt kh nng ng dng cng nh vn tiu chun ho ca chng. 2.3.1 Qu trnh pht trin mt iu khin Cc mng theo phng thc chuyn mch knh nh TDM v ng thu ring thng c tr thp, thng ging tr t v t l li thp. Do QoS thng rt cao nhng vic cung cp bng tn cho cc dch v phi c thc hin trc nn thiu tnh linh ng. Mng chuyn mch gi (nh ATM, FR, Ethernet v IP) linh hot hn. V d, vic ghp knh theo thng k cho php phn b bng tn cho cc dch v linh ng hn. Tuy nhin, ti mi nt trung gian, mi gi thnh phn ca mt bn tin u c x l, tr ca mi gi ti mi nt l khc nhau nn tr ln v gy nn thng gin tr rng hn, t l li v QoS thp hn hoc khng th on trc c. C nhiu cch ci thin QoS ca cc k thut chuyn mch gi m vn gi li cc u im ca chng. Chng hn vo u thp k 90 pht trin k thut ATM, cho php mng truyn c lu lng thoi, video v s liu. ATM dng cc gi c kch thc nh nhau v nh nn ci thin c hiu qu truyn dn, duy tr QoS mc cao. Bo hiu cho ATM l m rng ca cc giao thc bo hiu nh Q.931 cho ISDN v SS7 cho bo hiu knh chung. Trong khi , mng IP c trin khai rng ri h tr cc ng dng theo phng thc gi. IP l giao thc lp 3, x l v nh tuyn cc gi to cc dch v datagram, phi kt ni. cc IP Router hot ng theo kiu hop-by-hop. Nhn thy tnh hp dn ca phng thc iu khin thit k lu lng v n gin ho cc khi nim nh tuyn gi nh chuyn mch nhn, IETF pht trin k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS vo nm 1996. MPLS s dng giao thc thit lp ng RSVP v giao thc phn phi nhn to cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP gia im vo v ra ca mng, gn nhn cho cc gi. MPLS c thit k thit lp cc ng chuyn mch nhn trong cc mng dch v gi (IP, ATM, FR) trn nn mng quang. S pht trin rm r ca si 47

quang v WDM cho thy mt c ch tng t c th c s dng thit lp cc lung quang di lp con WDM. Cc thit k mng s liu ban u c kh nng tn dng cc giao thc bo hiu do ITU chun ho (Q.931, Q.2931) v ca ATM Forum (PNNI). Bc u tin trong qu trnh ny l vo nm 1998 pht trin MPS. Mc ch ca n l xc nh tp cc giao thc da trn MPLS iu khin cc thit b WDM nhm cung cp cc lung quang chuyn mch bc sng trong mng quang. Hnh di m t qu trnh pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu v nh tuyn cng nh mi quan h gia chng.
Kiu mng
L3 (Packet) IP L2 (data Link) ATM
L1(Physical) TDM/ISDN SONET/SDH DWDM Q.931/ SS7 MPS OSRP GMP LS ASON

Giao thc bo hiu v nh tuyn

MPLS PNNI (Q.29 31)

Nm

1980s

1996

1998

1998

2000

2001

Hnh 30. Qu trnh pht trin cc giao thc bo hiu, nh tuyn iu r rng l c ch iu khin cn phi bao gm c qu trnh hi phc v kh nng cung cp khng ch cho lp WDM m cho c lp SONET/TDM v lp si quang pha di. Do , vo khong nm 2000, IETF m rng MPS thnh GMPLS. Qu trnh m rng ny mang n mt s ci tin nh: m rng nhn cho c cc khe TDM, truyn hai chiu, tng cng kh nng bo hiu, kt hp cc kh nng nh tuyn (khm ph topo mng v topo dch v). Nm 2000 ban Vin thng ca ITU v ANSI T1X1 cng bt u nghin cu v mng quang chuyn mch t ng ASON, l mt b phn ca mng truyn ti chuyn mch t ng ASTN.

2.3.2 G-MPLS[11]
2.3.2.1 Gii thiu Vi s bng n nhu cu lu lng trong nhng nm gn y, mng quang c xem l gii php hu hiu p ng nhu cu. Cc h thng SDH, WDM v cc thit b u ni cho OXC cng pht trin mnh m nhm tng dung lng v 48

phm vi mng. Mng iu khin quang c thit k nhm n gin ho, tng tnh p ng v mm do trong vic cung cp cc phng tin trong mng quang. MPLS tr thnh m hnh nh tuyn mi cho mng IP. G-MPLS l s m rng ca MPLS nhm hng ti mng iu khin quang cho mng quang. IETF v OIF pht trin tiu chun G-MPLS m bo s phi hp gia cc lp mng khc nhau. Hin ti lp truyn ti (lp quang) v lp s liu (in hnh l Lp 2 v/hoc IP) tch hn nhau v hot ng c lp nhau. GMPLS tp hp cc tiu chun vi mt giao thc bo hiu chung cho php phi hp hot ng, trao i thng tin gia lp truyn ti v lp s liu. N m rng kh nng nh tuyn lp s liu n mng quang. G-MPLS c th cho php mng truyn ti v mng s liu hot ng nh mt mng ng nht. GMPLS c pht trin trong n lc nhm lm n gin ho v b bt m hnh mng bn lp hin ti. GMPLS loi b cc chc nng chng cho gia cc lp bng cch thu hp cc lp mng. N khng phi l mt giao thc n hay tp khng i cc giao thc, m l phng thc kt hp nhiu k thut trn cng mt kin trc n v qun l chng vi mt tp n cc giao thc qun l. Nhiu cng ty hin ang trin khai mng GMPLS n gin vic qun l mng v to ra mt mt iu khin tp trung. iu ny cho php to ra nhiu dch v hn cho khch hng trong khi gi thnh hot ng li thp. GMPLS cng ha hn s mang li cht lng dch v tt hn v thit k lu lng trn internet, mt xu hng hin ti v cng l mc tiu chnh ca bt c nh cung cp dch v no. 2.3.2.2 Hot ng v nn tng ca MPLS MPLS m rng b giao thc IP nhm ci thin qu trnh pht chuyn ca cc Router. i vi cc Router, khi nhn c mt gi tin phi qua qu trnh phn tch a ch v tm kim tuyn kh phc tp xc nh trm k tip bng cch kim tra a ch ch trong header ca gi. MPLS n gin th tc ny bng cch da vo mt nhn n gin khi pht chuyn. MPLS cn c kh nng t cc lu lng IP trn cc ng xc nh trc qua mng. Bng cch ny MPLS to ra s bo m v bng tn v cc c tnh dch v khc cho mi ng dng c th ca User (ngi s dng). Vi mi dch v c th, mt bng lp pht chuyn tng ng (FEC) biu din mt nhm cc dng lu lng c cng yu cu v 49

x l lu lng c to ra. Mt nhn c bit sau c dng gn cho mt FEC. Ti li vo mng MPLS, cc gi IP n c c kim tra v gn mt nhn bi router nhn bin mng (LER). Cc gi c gn nhn sau c pht chuyn dc theo mt LSP v ti y cc Router chuyn mch nhn (LSR) da vo trng nhn trong gi a ra quyt nh chuyn mch. LSR khng cn kim tra tiu IP ca gi tm trm k tip. N n gin ch b nhn hin ti v a vo mt nhn mi cho trm k tip. C s thng tin nhn to ra cc nhn mi ( chn vo gi) v mt giao din ra (da vo nhn vo trn giao din vo). Bo hiu thit lp LSP x l lu lng c thc hin nh s dng giao thc phn phi nhn trn mi nt MPLS. C mt s giao thc phn phi nhn khc nhau trong hai giao thc ph bin nht l RSVP- x l lu lng (RSVPTE) v CR-LDR. RSVP-TE l phin bn m rng ca RSVP phn phi cc nhn v to kh nng x l lu lng. CD-LDP c thit k ring cho mc ch ny. MPLS gm c cc m rng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi tuyn IP hin ti, cc m rng MPLS i vi OSPF v IS-IS cho php cc nt khng ch trao i cc thng tin v topo mng m nhng thng tin v ti nguyn v thm ch v chnh sch cng c trao i. Thut ton nh tuyn da trn cc rng buc s dng cc thng tin ny tnh ton cc ng ti u cho cc LSP v cho php thc hin cc quyt nh v qu trnh x l lu lng phc tp mt cch t ng khi chn tuyn qua mng. 2.3.2.3 Qu trnh pht trin MPLS n GMPLS IETF m rng b giao thc MPLS c kh nng h tr c cc thit b chuyn mch theo thi gian, bc sng v khng gian qua G-MPLS. iu ny cho php mng da trn G-MPLS xc nh v cung cp ng ti u da trn cc yu cu lu lng ca user (ngi s dng). Mt s cu trc G-MPLS c ch ra nh bng sau:

Bng 3. Mt s cu trc ca G-MPLS 50

Min Chuyn mch Gi, cell

Loi lu lng

Lc pht chuyn Nhn nh phn ghp thm vo header, kt ni knh o (VCC) Khe thi gian trong chu k lp li Lambda Quang, ng

Thit b in hnh

Thut ng

IP, ATM

IP Router, ATM switch H thng kt ni cho s DCS, ADM DWDM OXC

Kh nng chuyn mch gi (PSC) Kh nng TDM Kh nng chuyn mch Lambda (LSC) Kh nng Chuyn mch si (FSC)

Thi gian Bc sng Khng gian vt l

TDM/SONET Trong sut Trong sut

Khc bit gia MPLS v GMPLS G-MPLS c m rng t MPLS, tuy nhin trong khi MPLS hot ng trong mng s liu th G-MPLS c ng dng trong mng iu khin, thc hin qun l kt ni cho mng s liu gm c chuyn mch gi, chuyn mch knh (nh TDM, chuyn mch bc sng v chuyn mch si). Mt im khc na gia MPLS v G-MPLS l MPLS yu cu lung chuyn mch nhn (LSP) thit lp gia cc b nh tuyn bin, trong khi GMPLS m rng khi nim LSP, LSP trong G-MPLS c th thit lp gia bt k kiu b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn nh nhau no bin mng. Chng hn, c th thit lp LSP gia cc b ghp knh ADM SDH to nn TDM LSP hoc c th thit lp gia hai h thng chuyn mch to nn LSC LSP hoc gia cc h thng ni cho chuyn mch si to nn FSC LSP. 2.3.2.4 B giao thc G-MPLS S pht trin MPLS thnh G-MPLS m rng giao thc bo hiu (RSVPTE, CR-LDP) v giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE). Cc m rng ny gm cc c tnh mng quang v TDM/SONET. Giao thc qun l tuyn l mt giao thc mi qun l v bo dng mt iu khin v mt s liu gia hai nt ln cn. LMP l giao thc da trn IP bao gm c cc m rng i vi RSVP-TE v CR-LDP. 51

Bng sau tm tt cc giao thc v cc m rng ca G-MPLS: Bng 4. Cc giao thc v cc m rng ca GMPLS Giao thc nh tuyn dng cho vic khm ph mt cch t ng v topo mng, hin th cc ti nguyn kh dng. Mt nh OSPF- s tng cng chmh gm: tuyn TE, - Cho bit loi bo v tuyn (1+1, 1:1, khng bo v). IS-IS- Nhn v thng bo cc lin kt khng c a ch IP-ID TE link. - Giao din ID vo, ra. - Khm ph tuyn khc nhau cho d phng. Giao thc bo hiu dng cho qu trnh thit lp cc LSP mang lu lng. Cc tng cng chnh gm: - Trao i nhn, bao gm c cc mng khng phi chuyn RSVP- mch gi. Bo hiu TE - Thit lp cc LSP 2 hng. CR- Bo hiu thit lp ng d phng. LDP - Thc y vic gn nhn thng qua cc nhn c xut. - H tr chuyn mch bng tn- tp cc bc sng gn nhau c chuyn mch vi nhau. Qun l knh iu khin: c thit lp bi cc tham s tuyn v m bo s an ton cho c tuyn. Kim tra vic kt ni tuyn: m bo kt ni vt l tuyn Qun l LMP gia cc nt ln cn, s dng mt PING - nh bn tin kim tuyn tra. Lin h cc c tnh tuyn: Xc nh cc c tnh tuyn ca cc nt gn k C lp li: C lp cc li n hoc li kp trong min quang Trong ngn xp, giao thc nh tuyn IS-IS-TE tng t vi OSPF-TE nhng thay v dng IP, giao thc mng phi kt ni (CLNP) s dng mang cc thng tin IS-IS-TE. Hnh 31 m t ngn xp b giao thc G-MPLS:

RSVP-TE

LMP
UDP

CR-LDP OSPF-TE

BGP TCP

IP
PPP/Lp thch ng
SONET Chuyn mch bc sng Chuyn tip khung

MAC/GE

52

ATM

Si Quang

Hnh 31. Ngn xp giao thc G-MPLS 2.3.2.5 Mc tiu v cc chc nng mt iu khin GMPLS Mt iu khin GMPLS trc ht gii quyt vn qun l kt ni, bao gm c cc dch v kt ni theo kiu gi v knh, cc kha cnh ca qu trnh qun l tnh ton, qun l thc hin, an ton v qun l chnh sch. Mt iu khin GMPLS c bn l mt mt iu khin kt ni phn tn da trn IP. iu ny khng loi tr vic s dng GMPLS kt hp vi cc gii php khc nh h thng mng qun l tp trung. Sau y xem xt mt s chc nng mc cao v cc yu cu dch v ca GMPLS. T ng hot ng: Mt iu khin bao gm cc chc nng qun l phn tn v cc giao din cn thit cho qu trnh qun l kt ni t ng trong mng. Mt trong cc mc tiu c bn ca mt iu khin l cc hot ng t ng. Mt iu khin phn tn GMPLS c th cung cp cc kh nng iu khin mng tng cng v gim cc hot ng phc tp, tn nhiu thi gian khng cn thit. ng thi n cng thun tin cho vic phi hp hot ng v kt hp gia mng vi cc k thut mt s liu khc. Ti u vic la chn ng: Vic la chn cc tuyn trong mng iu khin bi GMPLS c th c ti u ho m bo tnh hiu qu, s dng ti nguyn mng hiu qu v cc thc hin tho mn yu cu khc. Phc hi nhanh cc ng s liu: Vic phc hi ny c th c thc hin nh la chn tuyn trc lc xy ra s c (offline) hoc c tnh ton ng ngay thi im c s c (online). Vic tnh ton online v c ch phc hi phn tn s mang li thi gian hi phc nhanh hn so vi 53

phng php hin ti ca NMS tp trung. Khi cc s c mng xy ra ng thi th vn hi phc s tr nn phc tp. m bo cc yu cu v hi phc s liu, mt iu khin DCN phi c thit k tin cy. X l cnh bo: Cc cnh bo lin quan n mt iu khin do chnh cc thc th qun l phi c thng bo cho mt iu khin. Vic x l cnh bo ph thuc vo mt qun l. c trng hn, GMPLS da trn mt iu khin phn tn bao quanh cc mng truyn ti a lp cn p ng c cc yu cu sau: Tnh kh m: Qu trnh thc hin ca mt iu khin khng nn ph thuc nhiu vo kch thc mng dng GMPLS (chng hn s nt, s lin kt vt l, ...). Mt iu khin cn duy tr thc hin n nh cng nhiu cng tt so vi kch thc mng. Tnh mm do: Mt iu khin phi c mm do v mt chc nng v cung cp cc iu kin hot ng v cu hnh. 2.3.2.6 Kin trc cc thnh phn ca mt iu khin GMPLS 2.3.2.6.1 Yu cu ca mt iu khin Mt iu khin v mt s liu hot ng m bo tin cy l vn sng cn i vi mng quang. Mt iu khin phi c thit k sao cho khi xy ra cc s c th cc kt ni cng khng b nh hng. V ngay c khi cc kt ni b hng trong trng hp mt s liu c s c th mt iu khin cng phi c kh nng nh tuyn li. Nhn chung mt iu khin GMPLS cn: C kh nng p ng cho tt c cc mng chuyn mch gi v mng chuyn mch knh nh IP, ATM, OTN, SONET/SDH. linh hot thch nghi vi cc kch bn mng khc nhau (cc m hnh kinh doanh ca cc nh cung cp dch v). Mc tiu ny t c bng cch chia mt iu khin thnh cc thnh phn chc nng khc nhau. Mi thnh phn c th yu cu nhiu cng c cho cc kch bn mng khc nhau. Mi cng c cn c kh nng cu hnh v m rng. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp thit b v cc nh cung cp dch v quyt nh sp xp logic cc thnh phn ny, v cng cho php nh cung cp dch v thc hin cc chnh sch cng nh vn an ton mng.

54

V mt chc nng, mt iu khin GMPLS c th chia thnh cc thnh phn nh: Khm ph ti nguyn ln cn v qun l kt ni, nh tuyn, bo hiu. Mt iu khin GMPLS cn mt mng trao i s liu to cc bn tin iu khin. N c cc giao din cho mt qun l v phn t mng nh b iu khin h thng, c cu chuyn mch. 2.3.2.6.2 Mng thng tin s liu h tr mt iu khin GMPLS Mt iu khin GMPLS bao gm cc b iu khin phn tn trao i v phi hp vi nhau nhm hon tt cc hot ng kt ni. Mng thng tin s liu (DCN) cn thit trao i cc bn tin iu khin gia cc b iu khin. i vi mng IP truyn thng, khng c mt iu khin ring v iu khin v lu lng s liu User dng chung mt mng. i vi cc mng mch, cn mt mng s liu c lp v mt chuyn mch knh in hnh khng x l lu lng User trong mt truyn ti ca n. mt iu khin GMPLS c kh nng p ng cc mng mch, khi nim DCN phi c gii thiu. DCN h tr mt iu khin GMPLS c th s dng cc loi mi trng vt l: Lu lng iu khin c th c truyn qua mt knh thng tin trong s cc lin kt mch mang s liu gia cc LSR. Chng hn mi trng c th l cc byte tiu SONET/SDH hoc OTN. Lu lng iu khin c th c truyn qua knh thng tin ring, chia s cng lin kt vt l vi cc knh s liu. Chng hn, mi trng c th l bc sng ring, mt STS-1 hoc mt DS-1. Lu lng iu khin c th truyn qua mt lin kt thng tin ring gia cc LSR, ring bit so vi cc lin kt mang s liu. Chng hn mi trng c th l mt LAN ring bit hoc mt lin kt im-im. Cc yu cu mt iu khin GMPLS i vi DCN Cc hot ng ca mt iu khin GMPLS ph thuc nhiu vo DCN khi trao i cc bn tin iu khin. Do , DCN phi p ng cc yu cu sau: DCN h tr mt iu khin GMPLS cng phi h tr IP. DCN phi cung cp thng tin (trc tip hoc gin tip) gia bt k hai LSR no cn trao i lu lng iu khin.

55

 DCN phi an ton: Yu cu ny xut pht t hai kha cnh nh tuyn v bo hiu. Thc t, thng tin nh tuyn c trao i qua mt iu khin l c trng ca nh cung cp dch v. Nh cung cp dch v khng mun tit l cc thng tin trong mng ra ngoi bin mng ca h, thm ch cho chnh cc khch hng ca h. Trong khi , mng mt iu khin phi ngn chn tt c tn cng ca cc dch v kt ni. DCN phi tin cy v cung cp kh nng chu ng li. DCN l h thng truyn ti cho cc bn tin mt iu khin GMPLS. Nu DCN li, khng bn tin GMPLS no c trao i gia cc b iu khin GMPLS. tin cy ca DCN phi c m bo ngay c khi mng truyn ti dch v c cc li nng xy ra. DCN phi h tr chc nng u tin pht chuyn bn tin. Qu trnh thc hin tng th ca mt iu khin GMPLS ph thuc nhiu vo vic truyn ti cc bn tin iu khin ca chng. Cc hot ng nhy cm vi thi gian nh chuyn mch bo v cn m bo QoS mc c bn. Hn na, vic truyn cc bn tin cn c m bo hoc khi phc nhanh chng ngay c khi mng c s c. DCN cn c kh nng m rng, nng cp: thc hin ca DCN khng nn ph thuc vo kch c mng v mt iu khin h tr mng c th c m rng khi trin khai mng mi. Vic phi hp hot ng DCN mt iu khin l bc u tin hng n tch hp mt iu khin. Nhu cu cn c mt kin trc DCN mt iu khin chung v ngn xp giao thc mt iu khin ca cc mng khc nhau c th thng tin vi nhau. Tch ring mt iu khin v mt truyn ti Mt iu khin GMPLS khng nn c bt c gi nh no v loi mi trng vt l s dng cho DCN ca n, m cn hm rng mt iu khin GMPLS v mt truyn ti ca n cn phi tch nhau ra, t nht cng v mt logic. iu ny nh hng n thit k mt iu khin GMPLS mt s kha cnh: DCN mt iu khin c th c mt topo vt l khc so vi mng truyn ti ca n. 56

 Vic khm ph ti nguyn ln cn mt iu khin c th cn phi ph thuc cc c ch khc vi vic khm ph ln cn da trn DCN. Giao din iu khin v truyn ti c th c tch ring nhau. Do , hai mt iu khin gn nhau khng yu cu phi c mt knh iu khin trc tip min l chng trao i c vi nhau qua DCN. iu ny hm rng vic nh tuyn cc bn tin mt iu khin trong DCN mt iu khin c tch v mt logic so vi nh tuyn cc LSP trong mt truyn ti. Kh nng hot ng ca mt iu khin v mt truyn ti cn duy tr c lp nhau. iu ny yu cu tch bit gia cc thng bo v cc m trng thi cho mt iu khin v mt truyn ti. Trong trng hp s c mt iu khin (chng hn li knh thng tin hoc li thc th iu khin), cc hot ng kt ni LSP mch mi c th khng c chp nhn nhng cc kt ni tn ti s khng b hng. Cc bn tin bo hiu khng nht thit truyn dc theo ng s liu. V th mt s khi nim c bn trong MPLS cn nh ngha li trong mt phm vi ln hn. C bo hiu da trn IP v cc giao thc nh tuyn cn phi c tng cng ph hp vi s thay i ny. 2.3.2.7 Bo hiu trong GMPLS Bo hiu l mt trong cc chc nng quan trng ca mt iu khin GMPLS. Cc chc nng c bn bao gm: To LSP, loi b LSP, thay i LSP, thng bo li LSP, x l li LSP, khi phc LSP. to ra giao thc bo hiu mt iu khin GMPLS hiu qu v tin cy, cn tun th mt s nguyn tc c bn.

2.3.2.7.1 Cc chc nng c bn Mt iu khin GMPLS gi s h tr cc mng IP v mng truyn ti. GMPLS cn tha hng nhng giao thc bo hiu ca MPLS, chng hn nh to LSP, xo LSP,... Ngoi ra, giao thc bo hiu GMPLS cn mt s yu cu khc.

57

V mng truyn ti mang lng bng tn khng l v h tr nhiu ng dng, mt s c v mng nh t cp s gy ra hu qu rt nghim trng. Vic pht hin li v khi phc LSP nhanh tr thnh yu cu c bn i vi mng truyn ti. Tm li, bo hiu mt iu khin GMPLS cn h tr: To LSP Xo LSP Thay i LSP Khi phc LSP X l loi b LSP To LSP Hot ng to LSP bt u khi nt GMPLS u vo nhn mt yu cu LSP. Nt ny thng thc hin cc qu trnh cp php chnh gm iu khin tip nhn v kim tra ti nguyn. Nu cp php c xc nhn, nt GMPLS vo cn chn mt ng cho LSP vi cc thng tin c th v bt u qu trnh. Mt bn tin to LSP s chuyn t nt vo v di chuyn dc theo ng c chn. Trong mng truyn ti, mt bn tin xc nhn c yu cu t nt ra n nt vo. i vi LSP hai hng, bn tin bt tay ba hng s cung cp trong giao thc bo hiu thc hin c hai pha ca qu trnh thit lp LSP. Trong khi to LSP, ti nguyn c th c cp pht trc hoc sau khi ton b ng c ng k trc. Xo LSP Khi LSP khng cn na hoc LSP m mng loi b, ti nguyn do cc LSP ny s hu cn c gii phng. Mt bn tin yu cu xo c to ra trong giao thc bo hiu. Hot ng xo c th bt u t mt nt GMPLS bt k, bo hiu xo cn c thit k sao cho x l c ba trng hp. Trong mng truyn ti, LSP c xo tng phn s gy phc tp. Trong khi xo LSP, mt nt GMPLS li dc theo LSP s dn n khng hon thnh c vic xo LSP. Mt bn tin xc nhn xo do nt xut xo yu cu m bo hon tt th tc xo. Trong hot ng xo, c th xut hin cc tnh trng chy ua gia bn tin yu cu xo v vic cp pht li ti nguyn. Da vo tnh trng ny, cc cnh bo c th xut hin ti cc nt dc theo LSP. h tr mt mi trng nh vy, cn mt c ch cho php hoc khng cc cnh bo kt hp vi LSP trc cp pht li ti nguyn. 58

C hai gii php trnh tnh trng ny: Cc nt dc theo ng s thng bo c cu LSP, gn nh tn hiu ASP SONET. Cc nt dc theo ng s c khai bo nh mt phn trong bn tin xo. Sau khi xc nhn, chng s cp pht li ti nguyn. Thay i LSP Mt LSP c th yu cu c thay i cc c tnh ca n, chng hn nh bng tn. Yu cu c bn ca vic thay i LSP c gi l thay i trc khi khng p ng c (made - before break). Giao thc bo hiu cn c thit k h tr chc nng ny. Mt gii php thc hin c c th bao hm vic chia s ti nguyn gia LSP c v LSP mi. 2.3.2.7.2 H tr phc hi Phc hi nhanh cc s c mng l mt kha cnh rt quan trng ca mng truyn ti hin ti v tng lai. Cc nh cung cp mng truyn ti yu cu kh nng phc hi nhanh m bo tin cy v tnh sn sng cho cc kt ni ca khch hng. Vic chn chnh sch phc hi cn c s cn bng gia vic s dng ti nguyn mng v thi gian gin on dch v. Cc s phc hi khc nhau hot ng vi s cn bng khc nhau gia cc yu cu dung lng d v thi gian ngt dch v. Lc phc hi GMPLS cn bao gm t nht l bo v tuyn, bo v ng ring, khi phc ng dng chung, nh tuyn li ng. 2.3.2.7.3 H tr x l loi tr Cc mc khc nhau ca vic loi tr c th xut hin trong mng GMPLS c mt s liu v mt iu khin. Mt s loi tr cn xem xt trong thit k bo hiu GMPLS gm: Nt vo, nt trung gian, nt ra c th t chi vic to LSP. Nu ti nguyn c cp pht trc khi xc nhn LSP, vic t chi to thnh LSP c th phi cp pht li nhng ti nguyn ny. Mt nt pht hin s c ca th tc phc hi, vic loi tr ny s dn n phc hi tuyn LSP. Nu mt qu trnh phc hi LSP li, v cc l do nh mt iu khin GMPLS dc theo ng hi phc c s c hoc thiu ti nguyn dc theo ng hi phc. iu ny c th dn n cp pht li cc ti nguyn 59

c cp pht tng phn cho LSP hi phc ny ngay nhng ti nguyn ny c dng cho vic khi to v khi phc cc LSP khc. Mt qu trnh xo LSP b li do li mt iu khin dc theo ng LSP. 2.3.2.7.4 Phi hp bo hiu Tt c cc bn tin bo hiu khng tn ti c lp. Nhng chc nng v hot ng cn c phi hp vi nhau. Nu khng mt bn tin bo hiu c th lm cho mt bn tin bo hiu khc khng c x l ng. Bo hiu GMPLS cn phn bit gia thit lp ng hot ng v thit lp ng phc hi. Bo hiu MPLS c th thit lp 2 LSP tch ring lin kt/nt cng lc cho mi yu cu. Lu lng s liu c th c chia vo cc LSP hoc chuyn vo mt ng. Mt ng khc c s dng ch khi ng u tin b li. iu ny c tnh kh thi v LSP th hai khng chim bng tn nu khng c s liu pht trong ng ny. Trong mng truyn ti, vn li khc. s dng hiu qu bng tn, ng hi phc c th cn c thit lp sau khi ng dch v b li. ng hi phc c tnh ton trc hoc ngay lc . Mt im khc na gia thit lp ng hot ng v ng phc hi l vn tr thi gian. C th l thit lp ng hi phc yu cu tr thi gian lu hn. GMPLS cn c kh nng h tr c cc LSP n hng v LSP hai hng. Cc mng vin thng truyn thng in hnh l hai hng. Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy lu lng s liu trn Internet l khng i xng. Cc LSP n hng cho lu lng s liu l hp l hn. Mc d cc dch v dng c LSP n hng v a hng hin nay cha xc nh, giao thc bo hiu GMPLS cn phi chun b h tr c cc ng dng trong cng mt cu trc. iu ny to ra s tranh ginh nhau gia LSP n hng v LSP hai hng cng nh gia cc LSP hai hng t hai hng khc nhau. Hot ng xo LSP v qu trnh hi phc nhanh LSP c th phi hp tt vi nhau. Mt iu khin GMPLS l mt h thng phn tn. Hot ng ca mt nt s khng lm cho nt khc kh hiu. Mt iu khin GMPLS c th xy ra s c. Sau khi khi phc, giao thc bo hiu s thit k mt s c ch ng b cc c s thng tin qun l LSP v cc ti nguyn lin kt vi ti nguyn ln cn ca chng. Trong thi gian mt iu khin b li, LSP c th b xo b v ti nguyn lin kt c cp nht. Hai gii php thc hin c th l:

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 S dng bn tin thm vn ln cn ng b ho c s thng tin ca n. S dng bn tin lm mi LSP ng b c s thng tin ca n. 2.3.2.8 Cc li ch ca G-MPLS G-MPLS mang li nhiu li ch ni bt, th hin c th trong cc vn sau: Thit k lu lng qua lp Tch hp vic khi phc v bo v Cung cp dch v nhanh chng Tng li nhun Cho php thc hin cc qu trnh linh hot, t ng v c tnh mm do cao trong mi trng mng quang tnh. Cc tiu chun m: G-MPLS c th hot ng trong mi trng a nh cung cp thit b, a lp v a nh khai thc. Cc mng ng nht: Cc mng quang v mng s liu c th c gim st, qun l, bo dng nh mt mng n s dng mt h thng qun l n. X l cc s c v bo dng: Nh cung cp dch v nhanh chng c lp v x l cc s c v mng nh cc cnh bo t ng ca h thng qun l cng nh cc s c gia mng truyn ti v mng s liu. 2.3.2.9 Cc vn cn tn ti ca GMPLS Bn cnh nhng u im vt tri ca GMPLS mang li so vi cc phng thc iu khin hin ti, n cng bc l mt s vn cn dc b sung nh: An ton: nh tuyn IP truyn thng kim tra ni dng header ca gi nhn c xc nh trm k tip. Bc ny tuy mt thi gian nhng cho php thit lp c cc firewall, v cc thng tin cn thit trong tiu gi nh a ch ch, a ch ngun l khng i trong c qu trnh. Ngc li, cc nhn MPLS/GMPLS c s dng thc y qu trnh pht chuyn v ch c gi tr trong ni b, chng hn nhn c hiu v s dng ch trong cc thit b GMPLS. Nhng nhn ny khng th c dng iu khin truy nhp hoc cho mc ch bo mt mng. Ch mt cch thit lp bo

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mt trong mng GMPLS l bt buc bo mt truy nhp trong thi gian thit lp kt ni, nh cc mng hng kt ni khc. Vn phi hp hot ng: S thnh cng ca GMPLS ph thuc vo kh nng thng tin vi nhiu c s h tng mng hin ti nh ATM, FR. Phi hp hot ng vi mng ATM v FR s cho php truyn ti cc thng tin mt s liu v iu khin c trao i gia hai mng ging nhau (v d hai mng ATM) thng qua mt mng khc (v d GMPLS). Vic thc hin chc nng phi hp hot ng gia nhng mng ny gp mt s vn : Phi hp mt iu khin l rt phc tp v mi mng s dng mt tp cc giao thc khc nhau (v d nh tuyn, giao din mng n mng ring (PNNI) trong mng ATM so vi giao din OSPF-TE trong mng GMPLS). Chuyn mch GMPLS c th da trn gi, TDM, bc sng, si, bng tn. iu ny to ra mt vi kt hp trong vic phi hp mt s liu gia mng GMPLS v mng ATM hoc mng FR. Mt s din n cng nghip hin ang thc hin mt s vn c th v phi hp hot ng gia cc mng (v d MPLS Forum, ATM Forum, ...). Cc gii php thc t phi gip nh qun l mng qun l c mng MPLS v mng truyn thng. Nhng gii php ny hin ti vn cha c xc nh. S cn bng mng: Khi cc ti nguyn mi c g b hoc thm vo mng GMPLS, tp cc thng tin iu khin c trao i ln hn i vi mng IP truyn thng.GMPLS s dng m hnh thit k lu lng bao gm gii thiu mt s tham s lu lng, kt hp vi cc lin kt s liu, nh tuyn da trn cc rng buc thc hin, LSP,...Vn ny tuy cha c kim nghim tuy nhin v mt l thuyt mng MPLS/GMPLS s cn thi gian tng quan ln hn so vi mt mng IP truyn thng khi mng b s c. H thng qun l mng: Tham s quan trng nht trong vic qun l mt mng IP truyn thng, v d mng Internet l a ch n. Ngc li, h thng qun l mng GMPLS cn lu vt ca hng nghn (thm ch hng triu) LSP cho trng thi hot ng ca chng, cc ng nh tuyn, thit

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k lu lng,... iu ny dn n h thng qun l mng GMPLS phc tp hn so vi mng Internet truyn thng. 2.3.3 Mng chuyn mch quang t ng (ASON)[9] 2.3.3.1 Khi nim ASON c Study Group 15 ca ITU-T, ban tiu chun v vin thng ca ITU-T pht trin. ASON l mt kin trc xc nh cc thnh phn trong mt iu khin quang v cc tng tc gia cc thnh phn ny. N cng xc nh nhng tng tc s xut hin gia cc thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau, t yu cu cc giao thc chun. Cng nh hu ht cc d n khc ca ITU, ASON c pht trin theo kiu t trn xung di top-down, bt u bng danh sch cc yu cu, tip n l kin trc lp cao ri n kin trc cc thnh phn n. ASON c xut nh mt bc tin ca qu trnh qun l kt ni mng quang. N c th cung cp: M rng dch v mi mt cch nhanh chng. Kh nng h tr SLA ln hn p ng mt cch nhanh chng i vi lu lng v cc s c mng ng. H tr cc kin trc mng bt k Cho php iu khin bng thng bi ngi s dng hoc bi lp trn (chng hn lp IP). C th c s dng cng vi kt ni o, ng trong SDH. 2.3.3.2 M hnh ASON ASON l m hnh tham chiu nn khng th c thc hin mt cch trc tip. Kin trc ASON c trnh by nh hnh 26.

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ASON gm 3 mt tch bit trong mng: Mt truyn ti quang: Cung cp cc chc nng cn thit cho vic truyn ti cc tn hiu lp khch, to ra kh nng kt ni cho cc thng tin c th ca cc knh quang. Mt iu khin ASON: Cung cp cc chc nng cn thit cho vic thit lp cc kt ni end - to- end cho cc tn hiu lp khch vi cc c tnh do khch hng yu cu trong giai on thit lp. Mt qun l mng: Thc hin chc nng qun l lin quan n mt truyn ti v mt iu khin. Bn cnh , ASON cng bao gm cc giao din sau: Giao din ngi s dng-mng UNI: ASON UNI hot ng gia lp client quang v mng, mang bo hiu gia user v mng bo hiu ASON. ASON UNI cho php client ASON thc hin mt s chc nng: Khi to kt ni Xo kt ni Thay i (sa kt ni) Thm vn trng thi 64

 Mt s chc nng c th c cu hnh t ng hoc bng tay ti giao din ny nh: ng k client, phn gii a ch, khm ph dch v v nt ln cn. Giao din trong nt ti nt (I-NNI): I-NNI nh ngha giao din gia cc phn t mng bo hiu nh OCC trong mng quang, mang cc bn tin bo hiu gia cc b iu khin kt ni quang ASON v gii hn vic s dng trong mt min n (nh khai thc hoc mng con). Hai nhim v ca INNI l nh tuyn v bo hiu. Giao din ngoi nt ti nt E-NNI: E-NNI nh ngha giao tip gia cc mng iu khin ASON trong cc vng qun l khc nhau, mang thng tin bo hiu gia cc vng ASON tch bit. So vi I-NNI, E-NNI c mt s khc bit nh: Khng cha cc thng tin v topo mng Khng bao gm vic iu khin ti nguyn y. Giao din iu khin kt ni ASON CCI: CCI nh ngha giao din gia cc phn t bo hiu ASON (OCC) v phn t mng truyn ti. Giao din qun l mng ASON: NNI-A/T: Giao din qun l mng gia TMN v mt iu khin hoc mt truyn ti. Cc yu cu chung ca ASON Trong bt c trng hp no th mng iu khin cng phi c thit k c tin cy cao, c kh nng m rng v hiu qu. Hn th na, n phi cho php nh cung cp iu khin tt hn thit lp knh mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. V c bn mng iu khin ny cn thc hin: Phc v cho nhiu cng ngh mng truyn ti (nh SDH, OTN, PXC) linh hot thch ng nhiu kch bn mng khc nhau. Mng iu khin ASON c mt s thnh phn chung nh khm ph ti nguyn, tch thng tin trng thi, thnh phn qun l lung v la chn lung. Cc modul chc nng bao gm: Khm ph ti nguyn Kt thng tin trng thi La chn lung 65

 Qun l lung. 2.3.3.3 Cc chc nng ca ASON ASON c xy dng da trn m hnh xp chng, do c th cung cp nhiu dch v Och khc nhau cho cc lp dch v khch nh dch v Och c nh, dch v Och chuyn mch t ng,... 2.3.3.3.1 Chc nng mng li ASON Chc nng mng li ASON ch yu lin quan n chuyn mch cc knh quang (cha cc bc sng) trong mng. Cc chc nng ny ch yu c h tr bi qu trnh bo hiu gia cc nt mng qua giao din NNI. Cc chc nng ny bao gm: Khm ph topo mng (hoc khm ph ti nguyn): Nh c chc nng ny m cc giao thc nh tuyn c thng tin v cu hnh mng (v ti nguyn mng) cho vic tnh ton tuyn. C th bao gm vic nhn bit cc yu t mng c kt ni vi nhau v mt vt l nh th no. Thng tin ny c trao i qua NNI v c lu trong c s d liu ca mi phn t mng. nh tuyn quang: Cho php tm mt ng quang t nt ngun ti nt ch vi mt s rng buc c th. Do vy phi c cc thng tin v cu hnh mng v cc rng buc yu cu. Bo hiu: gm tp cc chc nng lin quan n mng bo hiu (hoc cc knh iu khin) cho php trao i cc bn tin bo hiu v qun l qua cc giao din gia cc NE, gia NMS v NE hoc gia ASON v lp khch. Bo v/khi phc end-to-end: nhm khi phc kt ni quang end-to-end do s c gy ra, gm tch li, hu b ng, nh tuyn quang, chc nng thit lp ng s dng thc hin vic bo v v khi phc end-to-end mt cch t ng. Cp pht t ng cc knh quang (Och): Chc nng ny cho php cung cp cc knh Och end-to-end mt cch t ng, gm: Knh do NMS hoc client yu cu qua UNI Tnh ton tuyn

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 Thit lp knh quang: ginh trc ti nguyn, cu hnh cc u ni cho. Qun l cc nt v lin kt: Qun l nt nhm qun l mt s c tnh ca nt nh trng thi cng, kh nng chuyn mch. Qun l lin kt bao gm qun l cc c tnh nh trng thi lin kt, kh nng lin kt. Thng tin cn thit cho vic qun l c lu trong c s thng tin qun l ni b. Chnh sch: y l cc chc nng cho php qun l da trn cc chnh sch trin khai trong mt s lnh vc khc nhau nh QoS, bo mt, qun l dch v v s dng ti nguyn mng. Chc nng ny cn cho vic x l v iu khin qu trnh truyn thng tin qua cc giao din (UNI, NNI) v mt s hot ng pha khch hng. CAC (Connection Admission Control): CAC c th thc hin ti mng li. 2.3.3.3.2 Chc nng bin ca ASON M hnh ng bin mng Cc nt bin mng khng ch l im vo, ra ca cc dng lu lng m cn l im kt cui ca cc ng quang (hoc knh quang). Lu lng lp khch xut pht t cc thit b bin nh b nh tuyn IP, chuyn mch ATM, kt ni cho SDH, thit b Frame Relay v c a n nt bin mng (nt bin vo). Lu lng gia cc nt li c mang bi cc knh quang (hoc cc ng quang ni gia nt bin vo n nt ra) v kt cui ti mt nt bin. H thng qun l mng NMS a ra cch x l cc dng lu lng lp khch ti nt bin.
NMS

Hnh 33. S ng bin mngSLA Cc thit b bin phn pht cc dng lu lng lp khch vi cc yu cu EN v QoS khc nhau trong khi li mng cung cp cc dch v ng quang. Cc EN ATM dng lu lng c cng cc c tnh vi mt trong cc dch v truyn ti c Dch v Och pht chuyn mt cch trc tip trong khi nhng dng lu lng khng c dch v EN vo SDH EN truyn ti tng thch s b loi. Khi c tnh lu lng ch tng thch tng phn vi dch v truyn ti, chng c chia ra thnh tng nhm. Vn cn quan tm EN
IP FR

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 y l lm sao tng thch mt dng lu lng lp khch vi mt dng dch v li. Thc t nhng hot ng ny cn phi tun th theo SLA. Phm vi xem xt ti cc nt bin mng c th gm: Chc nng lin quan n dch v khch: Cc thit b bin user c ni n cc nt bin mng s a ra cc yu cu dch v vi cc mc QoS khc nhau. Nu c cc dch v truyn ti ph hp vi yu cu dch v lp khch, yu cu ny cn c thch ng vi cc dch v truyn ti sn c da trn SLA vi mc QoS khc nhau. Chc nng lin quan n mng li: Mt s chc nng lin quan n cc ng quang end-to-end cn phi thc hin ti cc nt bin. V d, nt bin vo khi to hu ht cc chc nng cho vic thit lp (hoc hu b) mt ng end-to-end (hoc Och) gia nt vo v nt ra. N cng cung cp cho cc nt li cc thng tin cn thit thit lp (hoc hu b) ng. Chc nng lin quan n giao din vt l: Qu trnh thch ng cn iu khin bng tn v cu trc gia thit b bin user v nt bin ca ASON. Cc cng vo/ra ca thit b bin user phi c kt ni n cc cng tch/xen ca cc nt bin vi bng tn v cu trc thch hp. Khi bng tn tn hiu lp khch khng tng thch vi bng tn ca tt c cc cng, vic nhm lu lng c thc hin tr khi bng tn tn hiu khch vt qu bng tn cc i sn c ti cc cng tch/xen. Chc nng lin quan n dch v lp khch Cc thit b bin c th cung cp nhiu kiu lu lng vi cc yu cu v QoS khc nhau, trong khi cc dch v ng quang li do li mng cung cp. Do vn l lm sao tng thch lu lng lp khch vi dch v li mng v tun theo SLA (tho thun mc dch v). Chc nng lin quan n dch v lp khch: Cc thit b user c ni n cc nt bin phn phi cc yu cu v dch v QoS khc nhau. Cc yu cu ny phi ph hp vi SLA v mng li phi c dch v tng ng p ng. Vic thch ng ny bao gm c v QoS/CoS v s dng ti nguyn mng.

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 kim tra tnh thch ng v QoS/CoS cn thc hin mt s chc nng nh: kim tra cc tham s QoS/CoS, phn loi QoS/CoS, c nh QoS/CoS v xem xt s tng thch v QoS/CoS. S dng ti nguyn: s dng ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu qu, cc lu lng yu cu QoS nh nhau phi c nhm li v nh tuyn qua mt ng chung. Mi lp dng lu lng c cng cc c tnh c sp xp vo mt lp cc dch v truyn ti. Chc nng nhm dch v: Mt s dng lu lng ca cng loi dch v c th c truyn qua cng mt ng hoc cng mt lin kt (Och, gia hai nt ln cn). Nhng dch v nh vy c nhm ti nt vo ca mng. Chc nng nhm CoS (v/hoc QoS): Mt s dng lu lng c cng CoS/QoS c th c truyn qua cng mt lin kt. Chc nng ly thng tin v trng thi ti nguyn mng theo thi gian: gm cc chc nng cn thit thu thp thng tin v cc ti nguyn kh dng ti tng thi im. Chc nng tng thch dch v li: Mi nhm dch v hoc nhm CoS/QoS c kim tra tm dch v li ph hp vi chng. iu ny c thc hin nh to ra mt bng cc dch v v cc dch v truyn ti thch ng li. Chc nng sp xp: L cc chc nng cn thit sp xp cc dng CoS/QoS c nhm vo cc dch v truyn ti tng ng. Chc nng yu cu dch v truyn ti: Gm mt s chc nng cho php user yu cu cc ti nguyn mng. Ni dung ca yu cu c CAC thay i trc khi kch hot kt ni. Ngoi ra, cn mt s chc nng khc nh: Chc nng iu khin cng nhn kt ni Chc nng u tin kt ni Chc nng gim st QoS Chc nng thu thp cc thng tin lin quan phc v cho vic tnh cc. Chc nng lin quan n truyn ti quang li

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Nt bin l im cui ca cc ng quang (hoc knh quang) ca ASON nn c cc chc nng lin quan n thit lp v hu b cc dch v truyn ti quang do nt bin khi to. Chng hn khi h thng qun l mng NMS (hoc khch hng thng qua giao din UNI) yu cu cung cp mt ng quang end-toend (hoc Och) qua mng li, nt vo s khi to th tc ny. Chc nng thit lp ng quang end-to-end: Chc nng cung cp ng quang: l cc chc nng cn thit khi to qu trnh cung cp t ng cc ng quang end-to-end t nt vo n nt ra. Chc nng thit lp ng: Chc nng ny khi to th tc thit lp ng ti nt vo theo cc yu cu ca NMS hoc ca client. Chc nng khm ph ti nguyn Chc nng khm ph topo mng. Chc nng tnh ton ng: Chc nng ny thc hin ti nt vo ca mng, xc nh ng i tt nht da trn thng tin do c s d liu cung cp. Chc nng i vi cc ng thit lp: Chc nng bo v ng c kch hot ti nt vo Chc nng hi phc nh c ch nh tuyn li. Chc nng thu thp thng tin trng thi ng theo thi gian. Chc nng thay i cc tham s ng. Chc nng hu b ng. Cc chc nng x l lu lng: Chc nng ti u ho vic s dng ti nguyn mng: gm tp cc chc nng ti u ho vic s dng ti nguyn v c khi to ti nt vo. Mt trong s chng l chc nng cn bng ti ca cc ng end-to-end sau khi c nhm. Chc nng lin quan n giao din vt l: Cc lp khch nh IP, SDH, ATM, FR c th s dng cc giao din khc nhau kt ni ti nt bin ca ASON. Bng tn v cu trc ca cc giao din lp khch ny c th khc vi cc giao din ca cc nt bin. Do chc nng nhm bng tn v thch ng cu trc l rt cn thit ti cc nt bin. iu ny c lp vi vic ti u ho qu trnh s dng ti nguyn mng. Cc chc nng nhm bng tn: 70

 Bng tn in hnh ca Och l 2.5 Gb/s (hoc 10 Gb/s). Mt s OXC thng mi xy dng chc nng nhm vi bng tn t 155Mbps n 2.5 Gbps tu theo cc card giao din. Nu lu lng c nhm ti nt bin, chc nng nhm cng c yu cu tai cc nt li (im-im). Chc nng phn chia lu lng thnh mt s ng ti nt vo v tng hp ti nt ra. Chc nng ghp/tch kng SDH. Chc nng nhm nhiu dng lu lng ca cng mt FEC. Khng thc hin nhm i vi thit b c giao din vi tc nh giao din ca nt bin. Chc nng thch ng cu trc: Cc OXC hoc OADM in hnh s dng cc cng giao din SONET/SDH. Thit b bin ca user phi c cc giao din SONET/SDH hoc c cc b thch ng SONET/SDH. Hu ht cc IP router, u ni cho SDH, chuyn mch ATM cng nh chuyn mch GbE u c cc giao din c cu trc theo kiu SONET/SDH. Chc nng thch ng cu trc: s dng cho cc nt trong sut tn hiu m khng c thch ng cu trc. 2.3.3.4 Cc m hnh dch v cho kin trc ASON S bng n bng tn trong cc mng mang nh s dng DWDM dn n yu cu hot ho v iu khin dch v nhanh chng, tin cy. Qu trnh cung cp cc kt ni bng nhn cng ca cc mng hin ti mt nhiu thi gian v thiu thuyt phc. Mng quang vi qu trnh cung cp t ng s vt qua nhng hn ch ca mng hin ti. Cc tip cn cho kin trc ca mt h thng s dng mng quang c th chia thnh m hnh kin trc xp chng v m hnh ng cp. 2.3.3.4.1 M hnh dch v xp chng M hnh ny cn c gi l m hnh khch-ch. Cc thit b khch l cc router nm trn bin mng. Cc router c ni n cc cc thit b mng truyn ti (OXC/OADM) trn mng quang thng qua cc ng quang. Cc Router bin 71

trao i thng tin n cc phn t mng truyn ti (TNE) thng qua giao din user-mng (UNI). Cc thit b khch khng nhn thy cu trc bn trong ca mng quang ngoi tr cc nt quang m chng kt ni n. Nh s dng UNI, cc router a ra cc yu cu bng tn i vi cc TNE. TNE phn hi li thng tin v trng thi ng c c thit lp hay khng. Giao thc bo hiu h tr cho qu trnh tng tc vi TNE thng qua LDP hoc RSVP-TE da trn cc knh iu khin gm:

Hnh 28. M hnh dch v xp chng Thit lp cc ng quang Loi b cc ng quang Thay i ng quang Trng thi ng quang i vi mi yu cu thit lp ng quang, nh tuyn c thc hin bn trong mng quang v thit b khch ch c lin lc cho vic thit lp tuyn. Thng tin duy nht m thit b ngun a ra l a ch thit b ch v lng bng tn m n yu cu. Thit b bin ca mng nh tuyn n thit b mng gn vi a ch ch c xc nh trong yu cu v mt ng c thit lp. 2.3.3.4.2 M hnh dch v ng cp

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Hnh 29. M hnh dch v ng cp M hnh ny cn c gi l m hnh tch hp dch v, v mt chc nng c th xem nh tng t vi m hnh xp chng ngoi tr y cc thit b khch c th nhn thy cu trc topo bn trong ca mng quang. Router bin c th quyt nh cc ng i thng qua cc gi trn cc cng ra n cc TNE. Router cng c th c chc nng u ni cho bin. Khng c s phn bit gia router v mng quang khi quan tm n mt iu khin. Vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia mng quang v client s dng giao thc IGP ging nh OSPF vi cc m rng v thit k lu lng ph hp. Cc thng bo v trng thi tuyn OSPF t cc phn t mng quang bao gm thng tin v loi lin kt, cc lin kt thnh phn.

Kt lun Bo hiu v iu khin/qun l l mt phn khng th tch ri khi xy dng mng truyn ti. iu ny cn c bit hn na khi s dng mng quang truyn ti lu lng IP vi c tnh lu lng thay i. GMPLS l mt cng ngh c thit k cho mc ch iu khin mng quang truyn ti lu lng IP. Nng lc GMPLS th hin phn cp i tng qun l v iu khin: nng lc chuyn mch gi (PSC), nng lc chuyn mch knh (TDM), nng lc chuyn mch bc sng quang (WSC) v nng lc chuyn mch si quang (FSC). Nhng chc nng ny cho php thit lp linh hot kt ni

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ph hp theo nhng yu cu bin ng ca lu lng IP. GMPLS l sn phm ca t chc IETF, bao gm tp hp giao thc thc hin hot ng qun l v iu khin mng quang. Khc vi GMPLS, Mng chuyn mch quang t ng (ASON), mt sn phm ca ITU-T, l mt m hnh tham chiu cho vic xy dng mng chuyn mch quang phc v vic truyn ti lu lng s liu. ASON xc nh mi quan h gia cc h thng chuyn mch quang (OXC) vi cc thit b Lp 3 (cc b nh tuyn IP) qua giao din O-UNI v gia cc h thng chuyn mch quang vi nhau qua giao din O-NNI. GMPLS/ASON c xem l cng ngh iu khin tr ct trin khai m hnh IP/quang. S thnh cng ca m hnh ny gn lin vi nng lc qun l/iu khin ca cng ngh GMPLS/ASON. Trong nhng nm ti chng ta s thy s pht trin vng chc ca cng ngh ny do cc hot ng chun ho v ang c y mnh trong nhng nm qua. Cc sn phm thng mi xut hin t gia nm 2002, hot ng trn nhng giao thc c quyn ca nh cung cp. Theo d bo th nm 2008 s c xem l mc nh du s hin din bng n ca cng ngh ny trn mng ca nh khai thc, v chng ta s ch n thi im kim chng d bo ny. M hnh ASON/GMPLS c th s chim lnh th trng mng ng trc trong giai on 2005-2008. Cng ngh ny s c trin khai cc mng ng trc ln sau s c y dn ra bin mng.

Kt lun
Cc vn trnh by trong lun vn cp n tng quan cng ngh IP, cc phng php truyn ti IP qua mng quang. T thy c rng truyn ti IP trn mng quang cn phi thc hin cc chc nng mi lp tng ng theo m hnh OSI. Mc d c rt nhiu gii php thc hin vic truyn gi IP trn mng quang nhng hu nh u xoay quanh vic thch ng nhng cng ngh lm ch nh ATM, SDH v Ethernet. Cc gii php mi c thit k gii quyt vn phc tp khi s dng nhng cng ngh c (ATM, SDH) cho chc

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nng lp Lp 2 (chuyn mch). Chng u c c tnh n n trong kin trc nhng li cha c lm ch: - S dng khung DTM bao gi IP v truyn trc tip trn si quang hoc qua khung SONET/SDH. - S dng cng ngh RPR, cc gi IP c bao trong khung IEEE 802 nh giao thc sp xp SRP. MPLS l mt trong nhng cng ngh c ch nhiu nht hin nay. Nh cng ngh ny em li kh nng thit k lu lng mm do v h tr QoS /CoS cho lu lng IP. H tr MPLS c xem nh mt trong nhng tiu ch nh gi kin trc mng truyn ti IP hin nay. Bn cnh , bo hiu v iu khin/qun l l mt phn khng th tch ri khi xy dng mng truyn ti. iu ny cn c bit hn na khi s dng mng quang truyn ti lu lng IP vi c tnh lu lng thay i. GMPLS l mt cng ngh c thit k cho mc ch iu khin mng quang truyn ti lu lng IP. GMPLS/ASON c xem l cng ngh iu khin tr ct trin khai m hnh IP/quang. S thnh cng ca m hnh ny gn lin vi nng lc qun l/iu khin ca cng ngh GMPLS/ASON. Trong mng chuyn mch quang t ng (ASON), mt sn phm ca ITU-T, l mt m hnh tham chiu cho vic xy dng mng chuyn mch quang phc v vic truyn ti lu lng s liu. Mc d ht sc c gng tm hiu v nghin cu cc vn lin quan n cc phng php truyn ti IP trn mng quang, nhng do thi gian c hn v trnh cn hn ch nn lun vn cha cp chi tit n cc vn lin quan, cng nh khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn c nhng kin ch bo, ng gp ca thy c v bn b lun vn ny c hon thin tt hn.

Ti liu tham kho

Ting vit: [1] TS. Cao Phn, THs Cao Hng Sn, Ghp knh tn hiu s [2] THs. Nguyn B Hng, Chuyn mch gi quang v kh nng ng dng trong mng vin thng Vit Nam. [3] KS. Nguyn Hong Hi, Nghin cu cng ngh DTM v kh nng trin khai trn mng vin thng ca VNPT, M s: 103-2002-TCT-RDP-VT-41

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[5] TS. Trn Hng Qun, THs. inh Vn Dng, Nghin cu xu th pht trin ca cng ngh IP, ATM v khuyn ngh ng dng trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, M s: 218-2000-TCT-RD-VP-40 [6] KS. Mnh Quyt, Nghin cu cng ngh chuyn mch a giao thc MPLS v xut cc kin nghi p dng cng ngh MPLS trong mng th h sau (NGN) ca Tng cng ty, M s: 005-2001-TCT-RDP-VT-01 Ting Anh: [7] EURESCOM Project P918 Integration of IP over Optical Networks, Deliverable 1,2,3. [8] EURESCOm Project P709 Planning of Full Optical Network [9] Hans-Martin Foisel, Deutsche Telekom, ASON/GMPLS Inter-Domain Interfaces, Integration of Control and Data Plane Functions [10]PPP over SONET/SDH, Internet draft, http://ftp.ietf.org/internetdrafts/draft-ietf-pppext-pppoversonet-update-02.txt [11] http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/gmpls/topic04.html

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