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1. Khi t chay hidrocacbon thi cacbon tao ra CO2 v hidro tao ra H2O.Tng khi
lng C va H trong CO2 va H2O phai bng khi lng cua hidrocacbon.
m hidrocacbon = mC(trong CO2) + m H(H2O) = nCO2.12 + nH2O.2
Thi du1: t chay hoan toan m gam hn hp gm CH4, C3H6 va C4H10 thu c
17,6g CO2 va 10,8g H2O. m co gia tri la:
A) 2g B) 4g PC) 6g D) 8g.
m = nCO2.12 + nH2O.2 = 0,4.12 + 0,6.2 = 6 g
2. Khi t chay ankan thu c nCO2 < nH2O va s mol ankan chay bng hiu s
cua s mol H2O va s mol CO2.
nAnkan = nH2O nCO2
CnH2n+2 + nCO2 + (n + 1) H2O
C th hiu nh sau : ly h s ca H2O h s ca CO2 = n+1 n = 1 =nAnkan
Hoc Gi x l s mol ankan => nCO2 = nx , nH2O = (n+1)x
Thy nH2O nCO2 = x =nAnkan
CT ankan = CnH2n+2 => n = nCO2/nankan = nCO2/(nH2O nCO2)
Hoc khi 2 ankan th = nCO2/(nH2O nCO2)
Thi du 2: t chay hoan toan 0,15 mol hn hp 2 ankan thu c 9,45g H2O. Cho
san phm chay vao dung dich Ca(OH)2 d thi khi lng kt tua thu c la:
4.Da vao phan ng cng cua anken vi Br2 (hoc H2) co ti l mol 1: 1., Ankin
t l 1:2
Thi du7: Cho hn hp 2 anken i qua binh ng nc Br2 thy lam mt mau va
u dung dich cha 8g Br2. Tng s mol 2 anken la:
A. 0,1 PB. 0,05 C. 0,025 D. 0,005
nanken = nBr2 = 0,05 mol
5.t chay ankin: nCO2 > nH2O va nankin (chay) = nCO2 nH2O
Gii thch:
CnH2n 2 + (3n 1)/2 O2 => nCO2 + n-1 H2O
Gi x l s mol ankin => nCO2 = nx mol , nH2O = (n-1)x mol
Ta thy nCO2 nH2O = nx (n-1)x = x = nankin
=> CnH2n-2 th n = nCO2 / nankin = nCO2/(nCO2-nH2O)
Khi t chy 2 ankin th :
= nCO2 / nankin = nCO2/(nCO2 nH2O)
Thi du 8: t chay hoan toan V lit (ktc) mt ankin th khi thu c CO2 va H2O
co tng khi lng 25,2g. Nu cho san phm chay i qua dd Ca(OH)2 d thu c
45g kt tua.
a. V co gia tri la:
A. 6,72 lit B. 2,24 lit C. 4,48 lit PB. 3,36 lit
b. Cng thc phn t cua ankin la:
A. C2H2 PB. C3H4 C. C4H6 D. C5H8
a) nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,45 mol => mCO2 = 19,8 g
=> nH2O = (25,2 19, /18 = 0,3 mol
=> nankin = nCO2 nH2O = 0,15 mol => V = 3,36 lt
b. p dng CT = nCO2/(nCO2 nH2O) = 0,45 / (0,45 0,3) = 3 =>C3H4
Thi du 9: t chay hoan toan V lit (ktc) 1 ankin thu c 10,8g H2O. Nu cho tt
ca san phm chay hp thu ht vao binh ng nc vi trong thi khi lng binh
tng 50,4g.
a) V co gia tri la:
A. 3,36 lit B. 2,24 lit PC. 6,72 lit D. 4,48 lit
b) Tm CT ankin:
A.C2H2 PB.C3H4 C.C4H6 D.C5H10
a)V H2O v CO2 u b kim hp th => m tng = mCO2 + mH2O
nH2O = 0,6 mol , nCO2 = (50,4 10, /44 = 0,9 mol
nankin = nCO2 nH2O = 0,3 mol => V = 0,3.22,4 = 6,72 lt
b) p dng CT : n =nCO2 / nankin = 0,9/0,3 = 3 =>C3H4
7. Sau khi hidro hoa hoan toan hidrocacbon khng no ri t chay thi thu c
s mol H2O nhiu hn so vi khi t luc cha hidro hoa. S mol H2O tri hn
chinh bng s mol H2 a tham gia phan ng hidro hoa.
Nh Anken + H2 t l 1: 1 (do anken c lin kt i)
Ankin + H2 t l 1: 2 (do ankin c lin kt ba)
Nu xc tc l Ni nung nng .
nH2O(khi hidro ha ri t chy) = nH2O(khi t chy) +nH2 (tham gia
hidro ha)
Thi du11: t chay hoan toan 0,1 mol ankin thu c 0,2 mol H2O. Nu hidro hoa
hon toan 0,1 mol ankin nay ri t chay thi s mol H2O thu c la:
+ S nguyn t C:
+ S nguyn t C trung binh: ;
Trong o: n1, n2 la s nguyn t C cua cht 1, cht 2
a, b la s mol cua cht 1, cht 2
CT trn ly t phn ng t chy hidrocacbon
Trng hp c bit : Khi s nguyn t C trung binh bng trung binh cng cua 2
s nguyn t C thi 2 cht co s mol bng nhau.
VD : = 1,5 ; 2,5 ; 3,5 th mol n1 = mol n2
Tng t c 1 s trng hp khc : = . , 67 ; hoc .... , 33
= ,2 ; = , 8 . Ch .... l mt s bt k nh 1 ; 2 ; 3;4
Thay vo trn th tm c t l mol ca 2 cht.
VD = 1,67 th n1 = 1 , n2 = 2
13. Da trn phan ng t chay anehit no, n chc cho s mol CO2 = s mol
H2O. Anehit ru cung cho s mol CO2 bng s mol CO2 khi t anehit con
s mol H2O cua ru thi nhiu hn. S mol H2O tri hn bng s mol H2 a
cng vao andehit.(Phn ny ging phn 7)
nH2O(Khi t chy ru) = nH2O(hoc n CO2 khi t chy andehit) + nH2
(khi phn ng vi andehit)
VD8: t chay hn hp 2 anehit no, n chc thu c 0,4 mol CO2. Hidro hoa
hoan toan 2 anehit nay cn 0,2 mol H2 thu c hn hp 2 ru no, n chc.
t chay hoan toan hn hp 2 ru thi s mol H2O thu c la:
A. 0,4 mol PB. 0,6mol C. 0,8 mol D. 0,3 mol
Suy lun: p dng CT trn nH2O = nCO2 + nH2 = 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 mol
LBTKL.
VD11: un hn hp 5 ru no n chc vi H2SO4 , 1400C thi s ete thu c la:
A. 10 B. 12 PC. 15 D. 17
A. 4,84 lit PB. 4,48 lit C. 2,24 lit D. 2,42 lit E. Kt qua khac.
Suy lun: Goi cng thc trung binh cua 2 axit la:
Ptpu: 2 + Na2CO3 2 + CO2 + H2O
Theo pt: 2 mol 2 mol 1 mol
m = 2.(23 - 11) = 44g
Theo bai: Khi lng tng: 28,96 20,15 = 8,81g.
S mol CO2 = Th tich CO2: V = 0,2.22,4 = 4,48 lit
VD14: Cho 10g hn hp 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau trong day ng ng tac
dung va u vi Na kim loai tao ra 14,4g cht rn va V lit khi H2 (ktc). V co gia
tri la:
A. 1,12 lit PB. 2,24 lit C. 3,36 lit D. 4,48 lit
Suy lun:2 R-OH +2Na => 2RONa + H2
PT 2mol 2mol 1mol
m Tng = 22.2 = 44g
Theo u bi khi lng tng = 14,4 10 = 4,4 g
nH2 = 4,4 /44 = 0,1 mol => V = 2,24 lt
m = 0,015(44 + 18)=0,93 g
%O
CTCT
55,17%
(CHO)n
53,33%
(CH2O)n
50%
CH4O
43,24%
(C3H6O2)n
37,21%
(C2H3O)n
34,78%
C2H6O