Bo bo (moina) - thc n thch hp cho c bt

VNRD: bo bo c nhiu tn gi tu theo vng nh trng nc, b , hng trn v rn nc. Hi nh, khi i vt bo bo cho c n ti thy c hai loi, mt loi to, mu hng nht (rn nc) v mt loi nh hn, mu hng m (trng nc). Nhng con c bn ngoi tim ngy nay thuc loi th hai nhng d loi no th vn c gi mt cch nm na l "bo bo". Tra thng tin trn mng th chng l nhng loi thuc cc chi gip xc Daphnia (rn nc), Moina v Bosmina (trng nc). Mi chi li bao gm my chc loi khc nhau. Khng r nhng loi hin din trong mi trng nc ngt Vit Nam l nhng loi no. Bo bo l thc n thch hp cho c bt. Si Gn v c l cc thnh ph ln khc cng vy, bo bo c sn xut v by bn quanh nm trong cc tim c cnh nn khng cn phi m nui ti nh. Tuy nhin, nhng vng khng c bn bo bo th ngi chi c cn phi t nui bo bo mt khi mun lai to c cnh. Bi dch di y hng dn cch nui bo bo i tr vi khi lng ln nhng c l cng l gi cn thit cho nhng ai mun nui bo bo ti nh.

Bo bo (moina) - thc n thch hp cho c bt

Cc tc gi R.W. Rottmann, J. Scott Graves, Craig Watson v Roy P.E. Yanong - ngun http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FA024

Gii thiu
Daphnia l loi gip xc nc ngt nh gi l "rn nc". Tn ny khng nhng m ch n kch thc b nh m cn chuyn ng git cc ca chng trong nc. Cc chi rn nc (Daphnia) v bo bo (Moina) c quan h h hng gn vi nhau. Chng xut hin khp ni trn th gii v thng c gi di tn chung l daphnia (VNRD: nhng ta, t "bo bo" thng dng hn "rn nc"). Cu to c th ca bo bo gm u v thn (hnh 1). Ru l phng tin di chuyn chnh. i mt ln nm di lp da hai bn u. Mt trong nhng c im chnh l c th chng c bao ph bi mt khung xng. Chng t lt lp v ny mt cch nh k. Ti p ni trng v u trng pht trin nm trn lng ca con ci. rn nc ti ny ng kn nhng bo bo n li m.

Hnh 1. Bo bo trng thnh.

C s khc bit ng k v kch thc gia cc chi. Bo bo c kch thc ti a ch bng mt na rn nc. Bo bo trng thnh (700-1,000 m) c kch thc gn gp i u trng artemia (500 m) v gn gp 2-3 ln kch thc ca trng bnh xe trng thnh (rotifer). Tuy nhin, bo bo mi n (nh hn 400 m) gn bng hay hi ln hn trng bnh xe trng thnh v nh hn u trng artemia. Hn na, artemia cht kh nhanh trong nc ngt. Kt qu, bo bo l thc n l tng dnh cho c con mi n. C bt ca mt s loi c nc ngt c th n bo bo ngay t khi mi n. Tuy nhin, cn bit rng bo bo rt kh phn tch theo kch thc. Th nghim lc bo bo bng li nhuyn kch thc 500 m ti UF/IFAS Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory cho kt qu vi s lng khng ng k. Trong chn nui, cn lu n khi lng bo bo tiu th v chng ln rt nhanh, c bt khng n ni. Nu nhng con bo bo ln ny tp trung vi mt cao, chuyn ng git cc ca chng c th gy hong s cng nh tn thng cho c bt. Singapore, loi Moina micrura nui trong ao h bn ch yu bng phn g hay phn heo, c s dng lm thc n chnh cho c bt ca cc loi c cnh nhit i, t l c sng bnh qun ln n 95-99% kch thc 20 cm. Khng may, c rt t thng tin v phng php nui bo bo i tr v nu c th ch l nhng bn nh my hay xut bn hn ch.

Yu cu ho hc v vt l
Bo bo xut hin vi mt cao cc ao, h, vng nc, dng chy chm v m ly ni c nhiu cht hu c. Chng c bit tp trung nhng vng nc m ni c y iu kin chng pht trin. Bo bo hon ton thch nghi vi ngun nc km cht lng. Chng c th sng ni nng -xy ho tan t 0 cho n bo ho. Bo bo c bit thch nghi vi s bin i ca nng -xy v thng sinh si vi s lng ln trong mi trng nc nhim cng rnh. Bo bo c cho l c vai tr quan trng trong vic x l cc h cha nc thi. Chng c th sng st trong mi trng ngho -xy nh kh nng tng hp hemoglobin. S hnh thnh hemoglobin da trn mc -xy ho tan trong nc. Hemoglobin c l cng pht sinh bi nhit cao v mt bo bo. Bo bo chu ng c tm nhit rt cao v d dng vt qua bin i nhit trong ngy t 5-31 C, nhit ti u vi chng l 24-31 C. Kh nng chu ng tt ca bo

bo l im thun li i vi cc trang tri kinh doanh c min Nam nc M v vic m nui lm thc n cho c cnh ti nh.

Thc n
Bo bo n cc loi vi khun, men bia, vi to v mn b hu c (thi ra). Vi khun v nm men c gi tr dinh dng cao. S lng bo bo pht trin nhanh nht khi lng vi khun, men bia v vi to di do. Bo bo l mt trong nhng sinh vt ph du c th tiu th to xanh Microcystis aeruginosa. C b hu c ng ln thc vt u cung cp nng lng cho s tng trng ca bo bo. Cht lng ca mn b hu c ph thuc vo ngun gc v tui ca chng.

Vng i
Bo bo c th sinh sn theo cch v tnh v hu tnh. Thng thng, bo bo gm ton con ci sinh sn theo cch v tnh. iu kin ti u, bo bo ci t 4-7 ngy tui bt u sinh sn vi s lng t 4-22 con. Mi la cch nhau t 1.5 n 2 ngy, mi con ci t 2-6 ln trong i. iu kin mi trng bt li, con c xut hin v sinh sn hu tnh bt u, to ra trng tim sinh tng t nh trng artemia. iu kin chuyn i t sinh sn v tnh sang hu tnh bo bo l vic ct gim ngun thc n, ko theo nhiu trng c to ra. Nh vy, vic cung cp y thc n l cn thit v n kch thch bo bo sinh sn theo cch v tnh, nh c rt t s lng trng tim sinh c to ra. Mt cao rn nc c th lm s sinh sn st gim mt cch ng k nhng iu ny khng xy ra bo bo. S lng trng sinh ra rn nc Dapnia magna st gim mnh khi mt t 95-115 c th trng thnh trn 25-30 lt. Mt nui thch hp rn nc c ghi nhn l 500 con/lt. Tuy nhin, mt nui thch hp bo bo l 5000 con/lt v do chng thch hp trong chn nui thm canh. So snh s sinh sn trong cc h nui Daphnia magna v Moina macrocopa bn bng men bia v ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 cho thy lng thu hoch bo bo (106-110 g/m3) ln gp 3-4 ln so vi thu hoch rn nc (25-40 g/m3). Khi lng thu hoch hng ngy bo bo vi thc n vi to nui bng phn hu c t 375 g/m3.

Gi tr dinh dng
Gi tr dinh dng ca bo bo ph thuc vo tui v loi thc n m chng c nui. D vy, lng protein bo bo chim 50% khi lng kh. Bo bo trng thnh cha nhiu cht bo hn bo bo non. Lng cht bo chim 20-27% khi lng kh bo bo ci trng thnh v 4-6% bo bo non.

Quy trnh nui

Nguyn tc sn xut bo bo da trn chui by nui lin tip. Tm li, by nui mi c to ra hng ngy trong cc bn cha ring bit theo quy trnh di. Khi tt c nm men, vi khun v to c tiu th ht, thng t 5-10 ngy sau khi m, bo bo

c thu hoch v by khc c m tip. Nguyn tc ny c bit thch hp khi c mt s lng nht nh bo bo c thu hoch mi ngy bi v vic sn xut hng ngy c iu khin tt hn nhiu. Mt nhm bn nui cng thch hp duy tr s ng nht v rt t kh nng bo bo c i th cnh tranh (chng hn nh sinh vt n bo, trng bnh xe, gip xc copepod) hay nhng k sn mi (nh thu tc, b go, u trng b bp cy hay c ning, u trng chun chun hay con xin cm). Bn nui bn lin tc c th duy tr n 2 thng hay hn bng vic thu hoch hng ngy, thay nc, cho n thng xuyn v duy tr tc tng trng. Sau , bn nui s khng sinh si nhanh chng khi bn thc n. Khi chng khng cn pht trin tt na, nn thu hoch ton b bo bo v bt u nui by mi. Bo bo c th c sn xut bng cch nui kt hp vi thc n ca chng hay nui ring r. Nui kt hp n gin hn nhng nui ring r li cho kt qu tt hn. Khi nui ring r, bn nui vi to c t sao cho n chy vo bn bo bo (hnh 2). Sn xut t nhng bn ring bit c im bt li l cn nhiu khng gian nui vi to. Tuy nhin cng c im thun li l t c kh nng ly nhim bnh, iu khin tt hn v thu hoch c nhiu bo bo hn. Ghi ch: d p dng cch nui dng no cng lun phi duy tr hng lot h nui bo bo phng trng hp chng b cht.

Hnh 2. Sp xp hng lot bn nui bo bo v thc n ca chng.

Bn nui
Bn nui trung bnh c th tch khong 38 lt. Tuy nhin, th tch ny ch cung

cp cho nhu cu ca mt ngi nui c bnh thng. nui vi mc ch thng mi th phi s dng bn cha, h nhn to (bng xi mng, kim loi, plastic hay si thy tinh) v h t. Ngoi ra, bt c vt dng no cng c th c tn dng nh bn tm c, bn ra chn, ngn t lnh v chu nha. ng s dng loi bn kim loi ngoi tr chng c lm bng loi thp khng r. Trong nhng bn cha ln, su ca nc khng nn vt qu 90 cm, t 40 n 50 cm l l tng. Mc nc nng gip cc sinh vt ph du quang hp v nng xy ha tan c tt hn. Bn nui bo bo nn ni c nh sng khuych tn v bng rm. Mi trng c cy ci v mi che bng vi bt (gim 50-80% cng chiu sng) l l tng. Bn nui cn c che ma to n nh v chn li phng nga cc loi cn trng n tht. Bn nui khng cn phi gi qu sch nhng mt s th nh to si v u trng ca cc loi cn trng n tht (lng qung, chun chun, b...) c th lm gim sn lng bo bo. Bn nui cn c st trng trc bng cch phi kh hay ty bng dung dch acid nh HCl c nng 30%.

Nc
Bo bo rt nhy cm vi cc cht ha hc v kim loi (nh ng, km l nhng cht thng xut hin trong nc my), bt git, cht ty v nhng cht c hi khc trong ngun nc. Phi m bo bn nc khng b nhim nhng cht c trn. Nn xc kh nc my trong t nht hai ngy chlor bay hi, hay b cht trung ha chlor nh sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) nu mun rt ngn thi gian. Ngun nc t nhin l l tng. Nc ma cng rt tt nui bo bo nu c hng t vng khng b nhim khng kh. Nc qua x l lc cng c th dng c. Nhit l tng nui bo bo l t 24 n 31 C. Chng ch c th chu ng c nhit cao hn 32 C trong mt thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin, nhit thp khin chng sinh sn chm li.

Xc kh
Xc kh gip cung cp xy ha tan cho bo bo, trn u thc n v gia tng lng sinh vt ph du, dn n kt qu l gia tng s lng trng, s lng bo bo ci mang trng v mt bo bo. Duy tr mt dng chy nh trong bn cng gip gia tng s sinh sn. H c dung tch 1.5 m3 ch cn duy tr t 1 n 2 ng xc kh. Nn trnh iu chnh bt kh tht yu v u xc c th b kt lm bo bo ngp th ni ln mt nc v c th cht.

Thc n
Di y l danh sch v t l mt s loi thc n dnh cho bo bo. Hy cho chng n nhiu loi thc n khc nhau tm xem u l loi thch hp nht cho bo bo ca bn. T l thc n y ch tham kho v bn cn iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin nui

dng ca mnh. Lng thc n c tnh ton trn th tch nui l 379 lt. Lng thc n s tng thm t 50 -100% sau khong 5 ngy nui: Men lm bt bnh m: 8.5-14.2 g. Men v phn ha hc: 8.5-14.2 g men v 14.2 g ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) Men, cm v c linh lng (alfalfa): 8.5 g men, 42.5 g cm go hay la mch v 42.5 g c. Men, cm v phn b hay bn: 8.5 g men, 42.5 g cm go hay la mch v 142 g phn b hay bn. Men, ht bng v phn b hay bn: 8.5 g men, 42.5 g ht bng hay la mch v 142 g phn b hay bn. Phn b hay phn nga kh hay bn: 567 g phn kh hay bn. Phn g hay heo kh: 170 g phn kh. Men v bt to spirulina: 6 g bt bnh v 3 g bt to. Cho bo bo n hn hp ny trong hai ngy trc khi thu hoch. Ch : trn nc m vo men v bt to v khong 30 pht. Khuy u v vo bn nui bo bo qua li lc nhuyn. Li s lc ht cn b. Phn hu c thng tt hn phn ha hc v cung cp vi khun, nm, b hu c v sinh vt ph du l nhng thc n ca bo bo. C rt nhiu th c th lm thc n cho bo bo vi kt qu l chng sinh si rt nhanh. Phn ha hc cng c th dng lm thc n nhng tt nht nn dng cho h t hn l bn v h nhn to. Phn ti tt hn v chng cha nhiu cht hu c v vi khun. Tuy nhin, chung gia sc cn c chng mui phn khng cha lng qung lm nh hng n n bo bo. Mc d khng tuyt i cn thit nhng phn nn cho kh trc khi s dng. Loi phn b v bn kh bn ngoi th trng c th c s dng nui bo bo. Mc d phn gia sc thng c s dng nui bo bo, cc loi thc n khc nh men, c linh lng (alfalfa) v cm tuy khng tt bng nhng cng dng c. Bt lm bnh, cm v c linh lng kh c bn cc ca hng thc phm. Nhng cht hu c th nh phn gia sc, bn, cm v du thc vt thng c ng trong ti li. Khn, vi lc, bao nylon hay bt loi si dt no u c th c s dng tuy nhin ti nylon v si tng hp khng b mc nh vi v khn. Vi bn lc nh, v nylon s dng rt ph hp, r tin v thun tin. S dng ti loi b cn khi thu hoch bo bo v cho php iu khin vic cho n tt hn.

Cho qu nhiu thc n c th lm nc mau d. D nui bng loi bn no th cng nn cho n nhiu ln, mi ln mt t ri tng dn mt khi bn c kinh nghim. Nu nm men xut hin trong bn cha v nc qu mu m, bao cha cht hu c nn c ly ra. Nu nm men pht trin qu mnh, nn x bn cha v lm li t u. pH qu cao (ln hn 9.5) do ru pht trin mnh v s gia tng nng cht c ammonia (khng phn ly) c th hn ch s pht trin ca bo bo. pH ca bn nui nn iu chnh mc t 7-8 bng dm n (acetic acid).

m nui
S dng con ging thun m. Trnh s dng con ging yu hoc thoi ho, con ging trng tim sinh hay con ging c ln loi sn mi. T l gy ging khong 100 con bo bo/ 25 lt. Mc d trn l thuyt chng ta c th ch cn bt u bng mt con bo bo ci nhng hy lun s dng mt s lng y pht trin n bo bo mt cch nhanh chng. Nu m t hn, n bo bo s pht trin chm hn do vy s lng thc n lc u phi gim xung trnh lm nhim nc. Nu m nhiu hn th c th thu hoch sm hn v gim nguy c nhim bnh. Bo bo bt u c m sau khi bn c bn phn khong 24 gi hay lu hn. Nhng nu bn bng men bia th c th m bo bo sau vi gi sc kh nu cht lng nc v nhit ph hp bi v bo bo c th ngay lp tc n cc t bo men. Mt t vi to hin din trong nc v bao t ca bo bo ging l chng pht trin bng pht.

Theo di
Theo di bn nui hng ngy xc nh tnh trng sc kho ca bo bo: Xc nh sc kho ca bo bo bng cch khuy bn nui, mc mt mung ln (15 ml) nc bn ri em quan st di knh lp t 8X n 10X hay knh m. Bo bo mu xanh hay -nu vi bng cng trn v chuyn ng linh hot l du hiu ca by nui kho mnh. Bo bo mu nht nht vi bng rng hay bo bo trng l du hiu ca mi trng km cht lng hay thiu thc n. Xc nh mt ca bo bo bng cch nh cn 70 vo mt mung tr nc bn (3-5 ml) git v ri m s lng bo bo trn a th nghim bng knh lp hay knh m. Mt thu hoch cha t 45-47 con trong mt mung tr. Bng kinh nghim, mt bo bo c th c xc nh thng qua quan st m khng cn phi m. Mt thc n trong nc khi quan st qua ly thu tinh nn hi xanh hay nu nht nh nc tr. Nc trong l du hiu ca s thiu thc n. Bn nui nn c bn thm t 50-100% lng thc n ban u nu trong sut ln hn 30-40 cm. iu ny c th xc nh bng mt a nha trng hay vin kim loi ng knh 10 cm, gn vo mt u gy. trong sut l chiu su m a cn c nhn thy khi nhng trong nc. Nu pht hin nhng loi sn mi (nh thu tc, b go, u trng b bp cy hay c

ning, u trng chun chun hay con xin cm) th cn x bn nui, lm sch v tiu dit chng khi lm nh hng n v nui sau.

Thu hoch
Thu hoch bng cch dng vt li nhuyn vt nhng "m my" bo bo ni trn mt nc. Cng c th thu hoch bng cch x hay ht nc qua li lc kch thc t 50150 m. Tt my xc kh v thc n lng xung trc khi thu hoch. Vi bn nui bn lin tc, khng nn thu hoch qu 20-25% bo bo mi ngy tr khi bt u nui la khc. Nu thu hoch bng cch x nc bn th cn phi thay nc trc khi thu hoch. Thu hoch mi ln mt t v th bo bo vo bn nc sch gi chng sng st. Cht cn di y bn cn c quy ln hng ngy cng vi lc thu hoch thc n ni ln v ngn cn vi khun ym kh pht trin.

B sung
Cc loi bo bo khc nhau v kch thc, sinh sn v iu kin sng ti u. Cn iu chnh ch nui dng ty theo loi v dng bo bo nht nh. Gia tng din tch b mt c th thu c nhng kt qu tch cc trong sn xut bo bo. Vi rn nc, khi din tch tng ln gp 4 ln nh t nhng tm nha th khi lng thu hoch cng nhiu gp 4 ln. Khng r l nh cht lng nc c ci thin khi vi khun phn hu ni-t bm trn cc b mt, hay s thay i phn b ca rn nc hay ch dinh dng c ci thin. Khng nht thit phi sn xut bo bo da trn nhu cu tiu th ca c bt. Lng bo bo thu c c th tr nhiu ngy trong bn nc sch t trong t lnh. Chng s tnh li khi nhit m ln. Cht lng dinh dng ca bo bo tr lnh c th khng tt bi v chng b nhn i mt thi gian, v vy bo bo nn c nui bng vi to hay men bia trc khi em cho c n. Bo bo c th c tr lu di bng cch tr lnh trong nc mui nng thp (nng 7 ppt, 1.0046) hay tr kh. C hai phng php u lm bo bo cht v vy cn phi xc kh lin tc gi chng l lng trong nc c bt c th n. Bo bo ng lnh v bo bo kh khng b dng bng bo bo ti v c con cng khng chung thc n ny lm. Tuy nhin, thnh phn dinh dng ca bo bo ng lnh v kh cng khng b thay i nhiu, nhng cht dinh dng khng tan qu nhanh vo nc. Hu ht nhng enzyme hot ng b phn hu trong vng 10 pht sau khi b bo bo vo nc. Sau mt gi, tt c nhng acid amin t do v acid amin kt hp u b phn hu. thay i ni dung bi: vnreddevil, ngy 17-11-2009 lc 08:49 AM

CCH NG GY SINH KHI Moina( Cladocera )!!! Chu MJ vo Blog cua con nhe!!!
ng ngy: 22:59 26-11-2010 Th mc: Tng hp Con Cho Ch!!! Con tht hnh phc khi c Ch quan tm n con!!! n gin gy sinh khi nhm ng vt thy sinh(VTS) ny lm Ch ! Nhng khong thi gian ngn nht th ch c th thu mu ngoi t nhin em v, cn nu Ch t cy v gy sinh khi nhm VTS ny t nht l mt tun th mi xut hin MOINA ( cn gi l Trng Nc thuc nhm Cladocera). Mi trng trong b c cnh th kh cy lm v trong qu trnh x l nc khi a vo b c l Ch s dng EDTA lng cc vt cht l lng + my lc na nn mi trng nc rt trong v cng c ngha l mi trng rt ngho dinh dng, cn nhm VTS ny th sng trong mi trng giu dinh dng. Nhng Ch an tm v trong b sinh thi nh b tp ca Ch th lu tc nc lun chuyn cng chm thi, my ht v thi oxy cng nh nn cng dinh dng cho nhm ny sng v khng b my lc ht vo, iu kin nh vy th mt ca chng thp thi ch khng th gy sinh khi ln c. c bit Ch khng th cy trc tip trong b c cnh c v s gy nhim nc trong b m Ch phi cy gin tip ri sau mi chuyn vo b. Ni th phc tp Ch h!! Nhng cy v cng d : Ch ly xng c hoc tht sau khi n d ch b vo ci thao nha hay g cng c cng thm ch ly mt cc t snh di ao hay sng cng c sau Ch nc vo ngp yn ngoi tri khong 1 tun th thy chng xut hin, chng c sc t mu , nhn chng l nh l nh rt nhiu, Ch ly vt c mc li nh mn Ch vt chng ra ra li bng nc sch nhiu ln cho vo b mt va phi thi Ch nh!! ( xng c hay tht lm cho mi trng nc giu dinh dng) S hin din ca chng gip n nh mi trng, nhm ny n lc chng c th kim hm s pht trin ca to v chng gp phn cho nc trong hn v chng n lc cc vt cht l lng trong nc, cng l ngun thc n t nhin cho tp!!! Chc Ch thnh cng!!!!! Ngun trch dn (0) Michel Nguyn

04:54 29-11-2010 Cho chu! By gi ch mi c dp gh thm v c bi vit ca chu!Hay lm v ch hiu r cch m gy sinhkhi nhm ng vt thy sinh ny.V thi gian qua ch c lp t mt b c a 360 litres.V b mi nn cha th th c a v nui c v cha t nht l 3 tun c nhm ng vt thy sinh xut hin trong b cho nc n nh mi th c c.Nhng nay th n nh ri v th n c Da v b. Cm n chu vi bi vit rt c th v d hiu. Tun mi nim vui v HP chu nha! Bin php k thut gp phn nng cao t l sng khi ng c nh gi: 0 ngi nh gi bi bo ny. Ngi vit: lhha98, ngy 4/21/2011, trong mc "KHOA HC - K THUT" Xem: bi bo ny c c 30 ln Tm tt: Theo kt qu nghin cu v hin trng k thut ng c tra ging 2 huyn Ph Tn, Chu Ph v th x Tn Chu - tnh An Giang (*) th c tra bt sau khi ng n 30 ngy ch t t l sng l 18,2%, ng n 60 ngy th t l sng l 13,1%. Kt qu ny cho thy, c tra bt c t l hao ht rt cao trong giai on 30 ngy sau khi th ging vo ao ng.

Bin php k thut gp phn nng cao t l sng khi ng c

Theo kt qu nghin cu v hin trng k thut ng c tra ging 2 huyn Ph Tn, Chu Ph v th x Tn Chu - tnh An Giang (*) th c tra bt sau khi ng n 30 ngy ch t t l sng l 18,2%, ng n 60 ngy th t l sng l 13,1%. Kt qu ny cho thy, c tra bt c t l hao ht rt cao trong giai on 30 ngy sau khi th ging vo ao ng. C nhiu nguyn nhn nh hng n t l sng ca c bt nh: C bt km cht lng; vn chuyn v th c bt khng ng theo yu cu k thut; c con b tiu dit bi cc loi ch hi (c d, nng nc ...) hoc do thiu ngun thc n t nhin cho c ..v..v... Trong cc nguyn nhn trn, cht lng c bt l yu t u vo quan trng nht nh hng n nng sut v cht lng ca n c ging trong qu trnh ng. Tuy nhin, vic thiu ngun thc n t nhin cng l mt nguyn nhn c nh hng rt ln n t l sng ca c. Khi ni v vai tr ca thc n t nhin, tin s Phm Minh Thnh v tin s Nguyn Vn Kim- khoa Thy sn, trng i hc Cn Th- c chung li nhn xt: " C bt sau khi tiu ht non hong, thc n duy nht c c a thch l ng vt phiu sinh. S thiu ht thc n t nhin l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho c c t l sng st thp c mi trng t nhin v nhn to" (**). khc phc vic thiu ngun thc n t nhin trong ao ng nui c ging, ngi nui c th d dng thc hin gy nui thc n t nhin trong ao ng trc khi th c. Thc n t nhin bao gm to v cc loi ng vt c kch thc rt nh b (cn gi l ng vt phiu sinh hay ng vt ph du) sng trong mi trng nc. Mt trong nhng

loi ng vt ph du l ngun thc n t nhin quan trng v thch hp cho c bt l Trng nc (hay cn gi l Moina).

Hnh v Trng nc ( Moina) nhn qua knh hin vi. Trng nc l thc n quan trng cho c bt v trong c th ca trng nc c cha mt s loi acid amin v cc loi men tiu ha (cn gi l Enzyme) nh: Proteinases, Peptidases, Amylases. Cc loi men tiu ha ny c tc dng h tr rt tt cho hot ng tiu ha ca c bt. Mt s loi acid amin c trong c th ca trng nc l nhng acid amin rt cn cho s sinh trng ca c bt nhng c th c khng th t tng hp c. Trng nc cn c cho l thc n thch hp cho c bt v chng c kch thc c th ph hp vi c ming ca hu ht cc loi c bt nn c bt d dng bt mi sau khi s dng ht non hong tch tr bn trong c th. Theo kt qu kho st thc t v hin trng k thut ng c tra ging (*), c 23,8% s h ng c tra khng gy nui thc n t nhin trong ao trc khi th c bt m ch s dng trng nc vt t nhin lm thc n cho c. Trng nc vt ngoi t nhin c th c cha nhiu mm bnh v cc loi ch hi cho c nh: B go, bp cy ... nn nu v tnh a chng cng vi trng nc vo ao th chng s gy bnh v st hi rt nhiu c bt v c hng v y l nguyn nhn nh hng n t l sng ca c. Trong thc t, cng c nhng h ng c tra mua trng nc cht v tr lnh s dng dn trong qu trnh ng c. Nu s dng trng nc cht lm thc n cho c th thnh phn dinh dng ca trng nc c th b suy gim, ng thi trng nc cht s khng cn l ngun thc n hp dn i vi c bt. Mt khc, nu c khng s dng kp thi th lng trng nc ny s b phn hy v c th gy nhim mi trng nc. Do , ch ng gy nui thc n t nhin trong ao ng l mt bin php k thut nhm hn ch t l hao ht, gp phn nng cao t l sng trong qu trnh ng c. K thut gy nui thc n t nhin trong ao ng trc khi th c c thc hin nh sau: Tt cn ao, vt bn, bn vi (10-15 kg/100m2) v dit ht c tp, rn, cua, ch, nng nc ... trong ao. Nn phi kh y ao t 1-2 ngy (nu vng t c phn th khng nn phi v c th lm x phn y ao). Sau , cp nc vo ao vi mc nc su khong

0,5 mt (phi bt li u ng cp nc ngn cc loi ch hi vo ao). trng nc pht trin nhanh trong ao ng, cc h ng c th pha nc cp vi nc 1 ao ang ng nui c khc vi t l khong 5-10% th tch ln cp nc u tin ny. Ao ly nc pha vi ngun nc cp phi c ngun nc khng b nhim (khng qu d) v c ang ng nui phi khng b bnh. K tip, s dng bt u nnh v bt c vi liu lng mi loi: 300 gam/100 m2 pha vo nc tt u ao. Sau 3-5 ngy, dng ly thy tinh ly nc vi im trong ao, nu thy c nhng con vt nh li ti v em xem di knh hin vi c hnh dng nh hnh v ca Moina trn th trng nc pht trin. Cp nc thm vo ao su n 0,8 mt v c th tin hnh th c bt. Hoc c th tin hnh gy ging trng nc trc khi th c bt khong 3-4 ngy trong nhng dng c cha nc c th tch nh t 20-100 lt nc hoc trong nhng ao t nh vi mc nc trong cc dng c gy ging ny t 0,4- 0,5 mt. Ch khng nn s dng cc dng c bng kim loi b r v trng nc s khng pht trin trong mi trng c cha ha cht hoc kim loi. Ngun nc gy nui trng nc phi s dng nc ao ang ng nui c v c nui trong ao ly nc ny phi khng b bnh. Vt liu gy ging c th theo cng thc: 200 gam phn chung (tru, b) phi kh v 1 kg t bn y ao (bn nn bm nh, phi kh) pha long trn 10 lt nc ao ca dng c gy ging. Dng c gy ging nn t trong bng rm hoc c mi che bng vi bt gim cng chiu sng v cn phi che ma nhm hn ch s thay i nhit t ngt. Sau khong 3-4 ngy, nu ly mu nc gy ging kim tra di knh hin vi thy c trng nc hoc thy c nhng con nh li ti mu ni trn mt nc vo sng sm th dng vt li mn vt trng nc, ra qua nc sch v a vo ao ng c sau khi cp nc ln u vo ao ng gy ging nhm gip trng nc pht trin kp thi lm thc n cho c. Thng thng sau khi th c bt, cc h ng s dng bt sa hoc bt u nnh, bt c... pha vi nc tt u ao ng nhm mc ch chnh l cung cp dinh dng gip cho to pht trin. Trng nc s s dng to lm thc n sinh trng v sinh sn. Quan st ao ng, nu thy trng nc tp trung thnh nhng qung nh m my, c mu , di chuyn khng theo mt hnh dng nht nh trn mt nc vo sng sm th c th trng nc pht trin vi mt s nhiu, nn vt b bt hoc thy nc c mu xanh m th phi thay nc mi ngy mt t hn ch s pht trin qu mc ca trng nc trong ao. Nu trng nc pht trin qu nhiu trong ao ng c th lm cho ao b thiu oxy v m v c th gy nh hng xu n sc khe ca c con. Tm li, trng nc sng l mt trong nhng thnh phn loi ca ngun thc n t nhin trong ao ng, c gi tr dinh dng cao hn cc loi thc n nhn to (nh lng trng, bt sa, bt u nnh, bt c), c tc dng gip c bt pht trin tt, t b hao ht do thiu ht dinh dng trong giai on t c bt n khong 15 ngy tui. Do , gy nui thc n t nhin l bin php k thut cn thit gp phn nng cao t l sng trong qu trnh ng nui c ging. Ch thch: Bi vit c tham kho cc ti liu:

(*) Lun vn tt nghip cao hc nm 2010 ca Trang Trng Nhn ti trng i hc Nha Trang. (**) Theo ti liu C s khoa hc v k thut sn xut c ging ca TS. Phm Minh Thnh - TS. Nguyn Vn Kim (2009), Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
Trang Trng Nhn - Trm KN th x Tn Chu - tnh An Giang

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Tiu bi vit: thm 1 trang ni v bobo trn ch cho cc bn nui dng xl Bo bo (Moina sp.) v trn ch (Tubifex tubifex) l hai trong s cc loi thc n ti sng ph bin nht trong ng nui c cnh ni ring v cc loi thy sn khc ni chung. Bi vit cung cp thng tin v vai tr, gi tr dinh dng, cch thc khai thc, bo qun v cho n cc loi thc n trn 1. Bo bo (Moina) Bo bo hay cn gi l trng nc hay b , l gip xc ru ngnh phn b ch yu trong cc thy vc nc ngt, c kh hu m p. Chng thng tp trung thnh m dy c mu cc ao, h, m ly, vng nc ni c nhiu cht hu c. C th bo bo c hnh bu dc hoc gn trn, c bao bc bi mt lp v gip trong sut v chng t lt lp v ny mt cch nh k theo iu kin mi trng sng. Kch thc ca bo bo mi n khong 0,4 mm, bo bo trng thnh khong 0,7 1,6 mm nn bo bo c xem l thc n l tng dnh cho c con mi n. Bo bo sng tng y ca thy vc nhng hot ng sng ca chng tun theo chu k ngy v m. Khi tri gn sng, hm lng oxy nn y ca thy vc thp chng tp trung ln tng mt, ni c hm lng oxy phong ph hn. Khi mt tri ln cao, nhit tng v hm lng oxy tng y tng ln th chng s ln xung tng y. Do , mun vt bo bo chng ta dng vt c li mn (c th s dng vt li bng vi) v vt vo lc 7 n 8 gi sng l thch hp nht. Theo Rottmann (2003), Moina tuy l loi gip xc c kch thc nh nhng trong c th chng li cha nhiu enzyme tiu ho nh Proteinases, Peptidases, Amylases, hm lng HUFA (Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid) l nhng acid amine thit yu m c th c, tm khng t tng hp c. Khi c tiu th, Moina s cung cp nhiu men tiu ho rt c li cho hot ng ca c th tm, c. Gi tr dinh dng ph thuc vo tui v thc n m chng tiu th. Lng protein Moina chim 50%

khi lng kh, lng cht bo chim 20 27% khi lng kh Moina trng thnh v 4 6% Moina non. Trc khi cho c n bo bo, ta nn ra sch bng cch cho chng vo thau nc ri vt nhng con cn sng ang bi trn cho n, nhng con chm l nhng con cht th nn b i. bo qun bo bo ta cho chng vo chu, thau ring mi ngy thay nc 1 ln th c th gi c 3 4 ngy. Hoc tr lnh trong nc mui nng thp (7ppt) hay tr kh. Ngoi ra, chng ta c th cho bo bo vo ti nilon ri a vo ngn t lnh bo qun, khi s dng phi ch cho tan v nhit bng nhit phng mi cho c n. Thnh phn dinh dng ca bo bo ng lnh v kh khng b thay i nhiu sau qu trnh bo qun. 2. Trn ch Trn ch hay cn gi l giun l ng vt y thuc nhm giun t t (Oligochaeta), sng ni c dng chy, nhiu cht hu c d bn. Thn c hnh ng, mu , di 1,5 3 cm, ng knh 0,1 0,3 mm, chng sng bng cch vi mt phn di y bn v phn ln c th hng thng ln v un ln nh gn sng. Ch cn mt du hiu nguy him nh chng s rt vo y bn, sau li th ra ly t oxy trong nc bn. Theo Phm Vn Trang (1983) th thnh phn dinh dng ca trn ch c phn tch theo phn trm khi lng ti (trong 1 gam) l: m 8,62%, bo 2%, vt cht kh 13,46%, nng lng 0,5 0,7 Kcal. Nu tnh theo phn trm trng lng kh th c gi tr dinh dng rt cao: proteins 56,67%, glucid 10%, lipid 5%, tro 9,17%. V trn ch sng mi trng y bn d bn nn trc khi cho c n ta cn phi lm sch bng cch x l trong dung dch mui long 0,1%. Tuy nhin, cch lm ny s khng hiu qu nu s lng trn qu ln. Hn na, do chng t thnh m nn kh tch ra khi cht bn. Trn ch c th c lm sch bng cch gi trong iu kin nc chy nh lin tc. Khi cho c n ty thuc vo c tnh ca c, c th cho xung y b hoc tt u trn mt nc. Thc n l trn ch nu d s khng lm d mi trng nui, chng s tp trung thnh m trn nn y v tip tc lm thc n cho c. Trn ch vn cn sng ngay c khi nhit nc cn 21,50C (Davies, 1964) nn n l thc n l tng cho c vo ma ng. bo qun trn ch ta c th gi trong iu kin nc chy nh lin tc hoc cho vo mt vt cha bng phng, khng trn dy qu 1 cm, cho mt t nc vo cho ngang vi b dy ca trn, ni mt, ngy thay nc 2 ln