L thuyt Thng tin

BI 11 M KHI TUYN TNH

11.1 Gii thiu 11.2 Cc khi nim v nguyn l hot ng 11.3 Vn pht hin sai v sa sai 11.4 Mt s gii hn

11.1 Gii thiu

M khi tuyn tnh l mt lp m c dng rt ph bin trong vic chng nhiu. Loi m ny c xy dng da trn cc kt qu ca i s tuyn tnh. y chng ta cng ch nghin cu v m nh phn. nh ngha Mt m khi c chiu di n gm 2k t m c gi l m tuyn tnh C(n, k) nu v ch nu 2k t m hnh thnh mt khng gian vect con k chiu ca khng gian vect n chiu gm tt c cc vect n thnh phn trn trng GF(2). Trng GF(2) (Galois Field (2)) l trng nh phn ng thi php cng l php cng modul 2 (k hiu l ), cn php nhn l php v (AND). C th 00=0 01=1 10=0 11=0 0.0=0 0.1=0 1.0=0 1.1=1 M tuyn tnh C(n, k) c mc ch m ho nhng khi tin (hay thng bo) k bit thnh nhng t m n bit. Hay ni cch khc trong n bit ca t m c cha k bit thng tin. Cc phn tip theo sau s trnh by cch biu din m, cch m ho cc thng bo thnh t m, cch gii m t t m thnh thng bo, cch pht hin sai v sa sai. Qui c n gin sau ny chng ta s vit du + thay cho du v du + s c hiu theo ng cnh.

11.2 Cc khi nim v nguyn l hot ng

Cch biu din m Ma trn sinh M tuyn tnh C(n, k) l mt khng gian con k chiu ca mt khng gian vect n thnh phn. Do vy c th tm c k t m c lp tuyn tnh trong C chng hn (g0, g1, ..., gk1) sao cho mi t m trong C l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca k t m ny: v = a0g0 + a1g1 + ... + ak1gk1 vi ai {0, 1} vi mi i = 0, 1, ..., k1. t k t m c lp tuyn tnh ny thnh nhng hng chng ta c c mt ma trn cp k n nh sau
g 0 g 00 g g 10 1 = Gk n = M M g k 1 g ( k 1)0 g ( k 1)1 L g ( k 1)(n 1) g 01 g11 M L L g 0( n 1) g1( n 1) M

Vi gi = (gi0, gi1, , gi(n1)), vi i = 0, 1, , k1. Cch m ho Nu u = (a0, a1, , ak1) l thng tin cn c m ho th t m v tng ng vi u c ta bng cch ly u nhn vi G. Ngi son H Vn Qun - Khoa CNTT - H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM 58

L thuyt Thng tin

g0 g v = u G = (a0, a1, , ak1) 1 M g k 1

hay v = a0g0 + a1g1 + + ak1gk1 V cc t m tng ng vi cc thng bo c sinh ra bi G theo cch nh trn nn G c gi l ma trn sinh (generating matrix) ca b m.
V d 11.1

Cho ma trn sinh ca mt m tuyn tnh (7, 4) sau

g 0 1 1 g 1 0 1 G4 7 = = g 2 0 1 g 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

Nu u = (1101) l thng tin cn m ho th t m tng ng s l v = 1.g0 + 1.g1 + 0.g2 + 1.g3 = (1100101) Ch 1. Bt k k t m c lp tuyn tnh no cng c th c dng lm ma trn sinh cho b m. Hay ni cch khc cc ma trn sinh khc nhau c th biu din cng mt b m tuyn tnh (hay cn gi l khng gian m) nh nhau, hay ngc li mt b m tuyn tnh c th c nhiu ma trn sinh khc nhau biu din. 2. Tng ng vi mi ma trn sinh chng ta c mt php m ho. C ngha l ng vi hai ma trn sinh khc nhau chng ta c hai php m ho khc nhau. V vy vi cng mt b m tuyn tnh vic chn ma trn sinh no l rt quan trng v n quyt nh vic nh x thng bo no thnh t m no. Cch gii m y chng ta s trnh by cch gii m t t m v thng tin ban u. Ly ma trn sinh nh trong V d 11.1. Chng ta gi thng bo l u = (a0, a1, a2, a3) v t m tng ng l v = (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6). Chng ta c h phng trnh sau lin h gia u v v. v=uG Suy ra (1) b0 = a0 + a1 + a3 (2) b1 = a0 + a2 (3) b2 = a1 + a3 (4) b3 = a0 + a1 (5) b4 = a1 (6) b5 = a2 (7) b6 = a2 + a3 gii cc ai theo cc bj chng ta ch cn chn bn phng trnh n gin nht gii. Chng hn chng ta chn cc phng trnh (4), (5), (6), (7) chng ta s gii c a0 = b3 + b4 a1 = b4 a2 = b5 a3 = b5 + b6 Ngi son H Vn Qun - Khoa CNTT - H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM 59

L thuyt Thng tin H phng trnh trn c gi l h phng trnh gii m. D nhin ng vi cc ma trn sinh khc nhau cho d biu din cng mt b m chng ta s c cc h phng trnh gii m khc nhau. M tuyn tnh h thng, ma trn sinh h thng Mt m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c gi l m tuyn tnh h thng nu mi t m c mt trong hai dng sau Dng 1: T m bao gm phn thng tin k bit i trc v phn cn li (gm n k bit) i sau (phn ny cn c gi l phn d tha hay phn kim tra). k bit thng tin n k bit kim tra Dng 2: Ngc ca dng 1, t m bao gm phn kim tra i trc v phn thng tin i sau. n k bit kim tra k bit thng tin T iu kin v dng t m ca m tuyn tnh h thng, chng ta cn xc nh dng ca ma trn sinh tng ng. i vi m tuyn tnh h thng dng 1, p ng iu kin ca n ma trn sinh phi c dng nh sau:
1 0 L 0 P P01 P0( n k 1) L 00 P P ( n k 1) L 0 1 L 0 P 10 11 1 Gk n = M M M M M M 0 0 L 1 P( k 1)0 P( k 1)1 L P( k 1)(n k 1) 4 4 4 3 14243 1444444 24444444 k k k (n k )

trong k ct u ca ma trn to thnh mt ma trn n v cn n k ct sau tu vi Pij = 0 hoc 1. Vi dng ny chng ta thy khi thng bo u c m ho thnh t m v bng cng thc v = u G th k bit thng bo ca u s tr thnh k bit u ca t m v p ng yu cu ca m tuyn tnh h thng. Ma trn c dng trn ca m tuyn tnh h thng c gi l ma trn sinh h thng v c th biu din n gin nh sau: Gkn = [Ikk | Pk(nk)] trong Ikk l ma trn n v kch thc k k. Tng t i vi m tuyn tnh h thng c dng 2 th ma trn sinh h thng phi c dng Gkn = [Pk(nk) | Ikk] Qui c Nu khng c pht biu g khc th khi dng m tuyn tnh h thng chng ta s dng m tuyn tnh h thng dng 1.
V d 11.2

Ma trn sinh h thng cho m tuyn tnh h thng tng ng vi m tuyn tnh trong V d 11.1 l
1 0 Ght = 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Nu u = (1101) l thng tin cn m ho th t m tng ng s l v = u Ght = (1101000). Tng t nu u = (0110) th v = 0110100.

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L thuyt Thng tin M tuyn tnh h thng c li im l gip cho vic gii m t t m thnh thng bo nhanh chng bng cch ly k bit u hay k bit cui ca t m tu theo m thuc dng 1 hay 2 m khng phi gii h phng trnh nh i vi ma trn sinh bnh thng. Chng hn i vi m trong V d 11.2 nu chng ta nhn c t m v = (0101110) th d dng xc nh c thng bo tng ng l u = 0101. Ch , t mt ma trn sinh kch thc k n chng ta c th dng cc php bin i s cp trn hng (nhn mt hng vi mt h s khc 0, thay mt hng bng cch cng hng vi mt hng khc) chng ta c th bin i thnh mt ma trn c k ct to thnh mt ma trn n v.
V d 11.3

Cho ma trn sinh sau

g 0 1 g 1 1 G4 7 = = g 2 0 g 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

Bng cch thc hin cc php bin i hng nh bn di

g 0 + g1 + g 2 + g 3 1 0 g2 ' = G 4 7 = 1 g1 + g 2 g3 1

chng ta c trong ma trn mi G c cc ct 1, ct 4, ct 6 v ct 3 to thnh mt ma trn n v (cc ct c nh s t tri sang phi v bt u bng 1).

11.3 Vn pht hin sai v sa sai

nh l 10.2 cho chng ta thy kh nng pht hin sai v sa sai ca mt b m. y chng ta ch trnh by cch pht hin sai v sa sai cho nhng b m tho iu kin pht hin sai v sa sai nh trong nh l 10.2. Tc l khong cch Hamming d ca b m v s bit sai t tho nh l 10.2. T nh l 10.2 chng ta rt ra nguyn l pht hin sai rt n gin nh sau: Kim tra xem t hp nhn c phi l t m hay khng, nu khng th t hp nhn l sai. Vic kim tra ny c th c thc hin bng cch so trng t hp nhn c vi cc t m. Nh vy vic kim tra ny s tn mt s bc bng vi s lng cc t m. Tng t i vi vic sa sai chng ta c nguyn l sau: Kim tra xem t hp nhn c khong cch Hamming gn vi t m no nht, nu gn vi t m no nht th t m chnh l t m ng c pht i. Nguyn l ny c gi l nguyn l khong cch Hamming ti thiu. Vic kim tra ny tn mt s bc bng vi s lng cc t m. Tuy nhin i vi m tuyn tnh, da vo cc tnh cht ca m chng ta s c cch pht hin sai v sa sai hiu qu hn. Cc phn tip theo s trnh by ln lt v vn ny, nhng trc ht chng ta s trnh by mt s kin thc ton hc cn thit cho vic chng minh mt s kt qu trong loi m ny. Khng gian b trc giao Cho S l mt khng gian con k chiu ca khng gian n chiu V, Sd l tp tt c cc vect trong V sao cho u S, v Sd, th u v = 0 (php nhn y l php nhn v hng ca hai vect) th Sd l mt khng gian con ca V v c s chiu l n k. Sd c gi l khng gian b trc giao ca S v ngc li.

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L thuyt Thng tin Da trn kt qu ny chng ta suy ra rng vi ma trn G bt k kch thc k n vi k hng c lp tuyn tnh lun tn ti ma trn H kch thc (n k) n vi (n k) hng c lp tuyn tnh sao cho G HT = 0, trong HT l ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn H. Hay ni cch khc cc vect hng ca H u trc giao vi cc vect hng ca G. Cch pht hin sai ng dng kt qu trn vo vn pht hin sai, chng ta thy rng Nu v l mt t m c sinh ra t ma trn sinh G c ma trn trc giao tng ng l H th do v l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect hng ca G nn v HT = 0 T V ngc li nu v H = 0 th v phi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect hng ca G do v l mt t m. Syndrome vect sa sai (corrector) v HT thng c gi l syndrome hay vect sa sai ca v v k hiu l s(v). Vy chng ta c v l t m khi v ch khi s(v) = 0 Vi tnh cht ny chng ta thy H c th c s dng kim tra mt t hp c phi l t m khng hay ni cch khc H c th c dng pht hin sai. V l do ny m ma trn H cn c gi l ma trn kim tra. Ma trn kim tra Ma trn kim tra ca mt b m c ma trn sinh Gkn l ma trn H c kch thc (n k) n sao cho G HT = 0
V d 11.4

Tm ma trn kim tra tng ng vi ma trn sinh trong V d 11.1.

1 1 G= 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

Chng ta thy ma trn kim tra cn tm phi c kch thc 3 7. Gi h = (a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) l mt hng bt k ca H. V h trc giao vi mi vect hng ca G nn chng ta c h bn phng trnh sau tng ng vi bn hng ca G: a0 + a1 + a3 = 0 a0 + a2 + a3 + a4 = 0 a1 + a5 + a6 = 0 a0 + a2 + a6 = 0 Vn l by gi chng ta lm sao tm c 3 vect hng c lp tuyn tnh l nghim ca h phng trnh trn. Ch , h phng trnh trn c th cho php chng ta gii bn bin theo ba bin cn li. Chng hn chng ta gii a3, a4, a5, a6 theo a0, a1, a2 nh sau: a3 = a0 + a1 a4 = a1 + a2 a5 = a0 + a1 + a2 a6 = a0 + a2 Ch cc php cng, +, y chnh l php cng, , trong GF(2) nh qui c v trong GF(2) php tr hon ton ging php +.

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L thuyt Thng tin By gi chng ta cho (a0, a1, a2) ln lt cc gi tr (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1) th chng ta s xc nh c (a3, a4, a5, a6) ln lt nh sau (1, 0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 1). Vy chng ta c ma trn H nh sau:
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 H 3 7 = 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Ch Cc ma trn kim tra khc nhau ca cng mt b m u c kh nng kim tra nh nhau tc l u c th gip chng ta pht hin mt t hp c phi l t m hay khng. i vi ma trn sinh h thng th vic xc nh ma trn kim tra d hn nhiu, da trn b sau: B Nu ma trn sinh h thng ca mt m tuyn tnh h thng c dng Gkn = [Ikk | Pk(nk)] th H(nk)n = [Pk(nk)T | I(nk)(nk)] l mt ma trn kim tra ca m. Tng t nu ma trn sinh c dng Gkn = [Pk(nk) | Ikk] th ma trn kim tra c dng H(nk)n = [I(nk)(nk) | Pk(nk)T] trong I(nk)(nk) l ma trn n v kch thc (nk) (nk), cn Pk(nk)T l ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn Pk(nk). Chng minh Xt ma trn sinh h thng c dng 1
1 0 L 0 P P01 P0( n k 1) L 00 P P ( n k 1) L 0 1 L 0 P 10 11 1 Gkn = [Ikk | Pk(nk)] = M M M M M M 0 0 L 1 P( k 1)0 P( k 1)1 L P( k 1)(n k 1) 4 4 4 3 14243 1444444 24444444 kk k (n k )

Xt ma trn H sau
P L P P( k 1)0 1 0 L 0 00 10 L P P( k 1)1 0 1 L 0 P01 11 H(nk)n = [Pk(nk)T | I(nk)(nk)] = M M M M M M P0( n k 1) P ( n k 1) L P( k 1)(n k 1) 0 0 L 1 1 4 3 4 4 14444444 244444444 14243 (n k ) (n k ) (n k ) k

G HT = 0 chng minh iu ny ta chng minh gi hj = 0 i = 0, , k1, j = 0, , nk1 trong gi = (gi0, , gi(n1)) l hng i ca G cn hj = (hj0, , hj(n1)) l hng j ca ma trn H. Tht vy ta c Ngi son H Vn Qun - Khoa CNTT - H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM 63

Ta chng minh

L thuyt Thng tin gi hj =

n 1 s=0

g is h js =

k 1 s=0

g is h js +

n k 1 s=k

g is h js = h ji + g i(k + j ) = Pij + Pij = 0

Chng minh tng t cho dng cn li ca G. Kh nng chng nhiu tng ng Chng ta bit rng kh nng pht hin sai v sa sai ca mt m tuyn tnh ph thuc vo khong cch Hamming ca b m. V vy chng ta nh ngha rng Hai m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c gi l c kh nng chng nhiu tng ng nu chng c cng khong cch Hamming. T y chng ta dn n b sau B Nu hon v hai ct ca mt ma trn sinh s to ra mt b m mi c kh nng chng nhiu tng ng vi b m c. Ni cch khc vic hon v hai ct ca ma trn sinh khng lm thay i kh nng chng nhiu. p dng iu ny nn ngi ta thng dng php hon v ny cng vi cc php bin i s cp trn hng to ra nhng ma trn sinh hiu qu hn trong vic m ho v gii m nhng kh nng chng nhiu vn khng thay i. Cch tnh khong cch Hamming ca b m Chng ta bit khong cch Hamming ca hai t m bng trng s ca tng hai t m . M do i vi m tuyn tnh tng hai t m l mt t m nn t y chng ta suy ra khong cch Hamming ca hai t m bng trng s ca mt t m no . Khi qut ln chng ta c b sau: B Khong cch Hamming ca mt m tuyn tnh bng trng s nh nht khc 0 ca b m. V vy tnh khong cch Hamming ca mt m tuyn tnh chng ta s tm t m no khc khng m c trng s nh nht. Ngoi ra tnh khong cch Hamming ca mt m tuyn tnh chng ta cn c mt cch c pht biu thng qua b sau: B Gi H l ma trn kim tra ca mt m tuyn tnh, nu mt t m c trng s d th tn ti d ct ca H c tng bng 0. H qu Nu trong ma trn kim tra H ca mt m tuyn tnh s ct ph thuc tuyn tnh nh nht l d th khong cch Hamming ca b m bng d.
V d 11.5

Xt ma trn H trong V d 11.4

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 H 3 7 = 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Chng ta thy s ct ph thuc tuyn tnh ca H l 3, c th l cc ct s 3, 4 v 6 (ch s c tnh bt u t 1). V vy b m tng ng c khong cch Hamming d = 3, do m c th pht hin sai 2 bit v sa sai c 1 bit. Cch sa sai

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L thuyt Thng tin Trc ht chng ta s nh ngha khi nim vect li (error pattern vector) v khi nim tp gii m (decoding set) hay i lc cn gi l tp coset l nhng khi nim lm nn tng cho vic sa sai. Vect li L vect biu din cc v tr li gia t m truyn v t hp nhn, mi v tr li c biu din bng bit 1, cn cc v tr cn li s c gi tr 0. Nu t m c truyn i l w, vect li l e v vect nhn l v th chng ta c: v=w+e e=v+w V d nu t m w = 1011011, vect li l e = 0010100 c ngha l sai v tr s 3 v 5 (tnh t tri, bt u bng 1) th vect nhn s l v = w + e = 1001111. Ngc li nu t m w = 0110010 cn vec t nhn l v = 0010011 th vect li l e = w + v = 0100001 c ngha l c sai xy ra cc v tr s 2 v s 7. Chng ta thy trng s ca vect li biu din khong cch Hamming gia t m pht v t hp nhn. Khi nim trn gi cho chng ta mt iu nh sau, nu vect nhn l v th chng ta c th tnh c vect li tng ng vi mi t m bng cch cng v vi ln lt cc t m v ri da vo nguyn l khong cch Hamming ti thiu chng ta thy rng vect li no c trng s nh nht th t m tng ng chnh l t m c pht i. Chng ta s hnh thc ho iu ny bng khi nim sau: Tp gii m Coset Cho S l mt khng gian con cc t m ca khng gian V, coset ca mt phn t z V i vi S c k hiu l z + S v c nh ngha nh sau z + S = {z + w: w S} B Tp coset z + S c cc tnh cht sau. (1) z z + S. L do ny v t m 0...0 S nn z = z + 0...0 S. (2) Nu z S th z + S = S. L do ny l v tng ca hai t m l mt t m. Hn na z + wi z + wj vi wi wj nn khng c hai phn t no ca z + S ging nhau. (3) Nu v z + S th v + S = z + S. Tht vy v v = z + wi vi mt wi no S. V vy v + S = z + wi + S. M wi + S = S nn v + S = z + S. (4) Nu v z + S th v + S v z + S ri nhau. Tht vy nu v + S v z + S khng ri nhau. Suy ra tn ti u v + S v u z + S. M u v + S suy ra u + S = v + S. Tng t u z + S suy ra u + S = z + S. V vy v + S = z + S m v v + S suy ra v z + S. iu ny mu thun. V vy v + S v z + S phi ri nhau. Ch mi coset c s phn t ng bng s phn t ca tp S v tt c cc phn t z + w (w S) l khc nhau. V vy, vi b trn chng ta suy ra s cc coset ca V bng s phn t ca V chia cho s phn t ca S. C th vi V l mt khng gian 2n vect, cn S c 2k vect th s tp coset s l 2nk. Vi cc khi nim trn chng ta a ra s gii m theo nguyn l khong cch Hamming ti thiu nh sau. (1) Vi mi vect nhn v chng ta s c mt tp coset tng ng l v + S. (2) Trong tp ny chn phn t c trng s nh nht, chng hn l z. Phn t ny thng c gi l coset leader. (3) Thng bo t m c truyn chnh l w = v + z. R rng coset leader chnh l vect li m b gii m theo nguyn l khong cch ti thiu gn cho v. Ch rng tt c cc thnh vin ca tp coset v + S c cng tp coset nh v Ngi son H Vn Qun - Khoa CNTT - H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM 65

L thuyt Thng tin (theo tnh cht 3). Nh vy, tt c cc thnh vin ca mt tp coset c cng vect li chnh l coset leader ca tp. V vy nu chng ta nhn bit c mt vect nhn thuc tp coset no th cng n vi coset leader ca tp s c t m ng c pht i tng ng. l l do ti sao tp coset cn c gi l tp gii m. Vn by gi l lm sao xc nh mt cch nhanh nht mt vect nhn tng ng vi vect li no hay chnh l vi coset leader no. May mn thay c mt cch rt d thc hin iu ny, ci m c pht biu thng qua b sau B Cc phn t ca mt tp coset c cng mt syndrome nh nhau. Cc tp coset khc nhau c cc syndrome khc nhau. Chng minh Tht vy chng ta c vi wi S th s(v + wi) = (v + wi) HT = (v HT) + (wi HT) = (v HT) + 0 = (v HT) = s(v) V vy cc phn t ca tp coset v + S c cng syndrome nh nhau v d nhin c cng syndrome ca coset leader ca tp. Mt khc nu u v + S. Gi s s(u) = s(v), suy ra u HT = v HT T y suy ra (u + v) HT = 0 Suy ra u + v = wi vi wi l mt t m no . iu ny suy ra u = v + wi c ngha l u v + S (mu thun). iu ny hon tt chng minh ca chng ta. Vy mi coset c t trng bng mt syndrome hay mt vect sa sai duy nht. Cc vect sa sai ny c kch thc l n k. Vy c mt s tng ng mt mt gia 2nk tp coset vi 2nk vect c chiu di l n k. ng dng iu ny chng ta thy bn nhn s ch cn gi mt bng bao gm 2nk dy c chiu di n k, mi dy tng ng vi mt vect li chnh l coset leader ca cc tp coset. Vi mi vect nhn v, b gii m s tnh s(v) = v HT ri tm trong bng xc nh vect li e tng ng vi s(v). Cui cng b gii m s thng bo t m ng c pht i l w = v + e. t e = (a1, a2, ..., an), v gi cc ct ca H ln lt bng h1, h2, ..., hn th chng ta c s(e) = e HT =
i =1

ai hi = ai hi
ai 0

C ngha l s(e) bng tng nhng ct nhng v tr tng ng vi nhng v tr bng 1 ca e. Chng hn nu v tr li sai trong khi truyn l 3 th syndrome ca vect nhn tng ng s bng ct s 3 ca ma trn kim tra H. Chi tit hn chng ta xem v d sau y.
V d 11.6

Xt mt m tuyn tnh C(7, 4) c ma trn sinh h thng nh sau

1 0 G4 7 = 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

T y chng ta c mt ma trn kim tra ca b m trn nh sau:

0 1 1 1 1 0 0 H 3 7 = 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

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L thuyt Thng tin B m trn c khong cch Hamming d = 3. V vy c th pht hin sai 2 bit v sa sai c 1 bit. Gi s ng truyn sai ti a 1 bit. V vect nhn l v = 1010110, hy tm t m ng c pht i. gii bi ny chng ta tnh
0 s(v) = v H = h1 + h3 + h5 + h6 = 1 1
T

trong hi l ct th i ca H (tnh t tri v bt u bng 1). Chng ta thy s(v) h1 nn suy ra li sai v tr s 1, v vy t m ng c pht i l w = v + e = 1010110 + 1000000 = 0010110 T tng ny gi cho chng ta mt loi m cho php pht hin sai 1 bit nhanh nht. M ny c tn gi l m tuyn tnh Hamming. M tuyn tnh Hamming M tuyn tnh Hamming l m c ma trn H c tnh cht gi tr ca ct hi bng i (i = 1, 2, ... V d ma trn sau biu din m tuyn tnh Hamming C(7, 4).
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 H 3 7 = 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

B Cc m tuyn tnh Hamming u c khong cch Hamming d = 3. V vy c th pht hin sai 2 bit v sa sai 1 bit. Chng minh D thy vi cch nh ngha ca ma trn H, chng ta thy s ct ph thuc tuyn tnh t nht ca H l 3 (chng hn 3 ct u). V vy m Hamming c d = 3. M tuyn tnh Hamming cho php chng ta sa sai mt bit mt cch n gin nh sau. (1) Tnh syndrome s(v) ca vect nhn (2) i chui nh phn tng ng ra gi tr thp phn, kt qu i s l v tr li sai xy ra. (3) Sa sai v tr li sai tng ng. Chng hn ly m tuyn tnh Hamming C(7, 4) nh trn nu s(v) = 101 th v tr li sai l 5 (v 1012 i ra thp phn bng 5). Mt bi ton cn li t ra y i vi m tuyn tnh Hamming l, xc nh ma trn sinh G thc hin vic m ho v gii m. lm iu ny ngi ta thng ly k trong n v tr cha cc bit thng tin, cc bit cn li s lm cc bit kim tra. Chi tit hn chng ta xem v d sau y.
V d 11.7

Xt m tuyn tnh Hamming C(7, 4) c cc bit thng tin nm cc v tr 3, 5, 6, 7. Hy xc nh ma trn sinh G ca b m. Gi w = (a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7) l mt t m. Chng ta c h phng trnh sau c dn ra t cng thc w HT = 0. a4 + a5 + a6 + a7 = 0 a2 + a3 + a6 + a7 = 0 a1 + a3 + a5 + a7 = 0 T y chng ta suy ra cng thc tnh cc bit kim tra a1, a2, a4 theo cc bit thng bo a3, a5, a6, a7 nh sau Ngi son H Vn Qun - Khoa CNTT - H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM 67

L thuyt Thng tin a1 = a3 + a5 + a7 a2 = a3 + a6 + a7 a4 = a5 + a6 + a7 Cng thc ny cho php chng ta m ho c thng bo u thnh t m w. Chng hn nu a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 b1 b2 b3 b4 u = 1 0 1 0 th w = 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Bin i cng thc trn thnh dng w = u G cho php chng ta tm G c d dng: a1 = b1 + b2 + b4 a2 = b1 + b3 + b4 a3 = b1 a4 = b2 + b3 + b4 a5 = b2 a6 = b3 a7 = b4 T y chng ta suy ra c ma trn sinh G nh sau:
1 1 G4 7 = 0 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

11.4 Mt s gii hn
Gii hn trn Hamming v s lng t m nh l 11.1 Nu b m {w1, , wM} gm cc t m nh phn chiu di n c th sa sai cc li sai t bit, th s lng t m M phi tho bt ng thc sau:
M 2n
i=0

(i )

Chng minh i vi mi t m wi nh ngha mt tp Ai bao gm tt c cc dy vj c khong cch Hamming so vi wi nh hn hay bng t. Tng s dy trong Ai c cho bng
t n n n 1+ n + ( ) + L+ ( ) = ( ) 2 t i i=0

c th sa sai c cc li sai t bit th cc tp A1, A2, , AM phi ri nhau. M tng s phn t ca tt c cc tp Ai phi nh hn hoc bng tng s dy c chiu di n. V vy
t n M ( ) 2n i i=0

T y suy ra iu phi chng minh. Gii hn di v s lng bit kim tra nh l 11.2

Ngi son H Vn Qun - Khoa CNTT - H Bch Khoa Tp.HCM

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L thuyt Thng tin Nu mt m tuyn tnh C(n, k) c th sa sai cc li sai t bit, th s bit kim tra r = n k phi tho bt ng thc sau:
2
r i=0

(i )
t n n ( ) vect li v vy c ( ) vect sa i i i=0 i=0 t

Chng minh i vi mi vect li e chng ta c mt syndrome (hay vect sa sai) tng ng. Vy sa sai tt c cc li sai t bit th chng ta c

sai. M tng s vect sa sai l bng 2nk = 2r. Tht vy v cc vect thuc cng mt tp coset th c cng mt vect sa sai. Do s lng vect sa sai bng vi s lng tp coset tc bng 2nk. V vy chng ta phi c
2r
i=0

(i )

iu ny hon tt chng minh. Ch nh l ny ch l iu kin cn ch khng . Chng hn vi n = 10, t = 2 chng ta suy ra t nh l trn rng r 6 l cn thit. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th kim tra li rng sa c cc li sai 2 bit th phi c t nht r = 7. Ch gii hn di v s lng bit kim tra i vi m tuyn tnh ging vi gii hn trn v s lng t m trong nh l 11.1. Tht vy i vi m tuyn tnh C(n, k) theo nh l 11.1 chng ta c M = 2k
2n
i=0

(i )

. T y suy ra 2r = 2nk

i=0

(i ) .

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