Vi - Tnh ton tng trong t

I. Tng quan v la chn phng php tnh tng

trong t
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php a ra tnh ton tng trong t c cc thanh neo nh:
- Phng php Sachipana (Nht bn);
- Phng php n hi c xt n ma st gia t v tng
chn (Quy phm thit k mng cng trnh xy dng ca
Nht bn);
- Phng php c xt n nh hng ca lc trc thanh chng
cc tng thanh chng theo tin trin ca vic o t;
- Phng php S gia;
- Phng php phn t hu hn ( trn nn n hi, PTHH trn
bn mng n hi, PTHH c xt quan h ca t vi tng
chn);
- Phng php B.N.Gimoskin cho php tnh ton c xt n
lin kt mt pha ca kt cu vi nn;
- Phng php ca Blium-Lomeier xem p lc t pha trc tng
l phn b u, cng cng ca n phn b pha di
thun li v n gin trong vic xc nh p lc ln tng chn ta dng phng php Sachipana gn ng ca Nht
Bn, vi phng php ny tnh Lc trc thanh chng v Mmen
thn tng khng bin i theo qu trnh o t.
Mt s gi nh a ra tnh ton nh sau:
+ Trong t c tnh dnh, thn tng c xem l n hi di
v hn.
+ Phn lc chng hng ngang ca t bn di mt o chia
lm hai vng: Vng do t ti p lc t b ng c cao l;
Vng n hi c quan h ng thng vi bin dng ca thn tng.
+ Sau khi khi lp t chng th xem chng nh bt ng.
+ Sau khi lp t tng chng di th xem tr s lc trc ca
tng chng trn khng thay i, cn thn tng t di ln vn
duy tr v tr nh c.
Phng php gii gn ng ch dng hai phng trnh cn
bng tnh:
Y = 0
MA = 0
1

Y = -

k 1

1
1
1
N k v.x m W x m2 + .hok2 + .hok x m ( .h0 k .x m ) x m = 0
2
2
2

Vi = -
Suy ra:
Nk = .h0.xm + .h0k /2 - W.xm /2 v.xm 2

k 1

N - .h0k.xm/2 +
i

.xm2/2 (1)
k 1

M A = N i (hik + xm ) + N k (hkk + xm ) +
1

h
1
1
1
v.x m2 + W .x m3 .h02k ( 0 k + x m )
2
6
2
3

x2
x l
.h0 k .x m . + ( .h0 k .x m ). m = 0
2 2
3

(2)

Thay (1) vo (2) ta c:

(W - )xm3/3 ( .h0k/2 v/2 W.hkk/2 + x.hkk/2- .h0k/3) xm2 - ( .h0k v .h0k/2).hkk.xm

k 1

k 1

[ N i .hik hkk . N i

+ .h0k2(hkk

h0k/3)/2] = 0 (2a)
Vi: - p lc tnh ch ng tc dng ln trn mi mt di
tng (theo chiu cao tng).
- p lc tnh ca t tc dng ln trn mi mt di theo
chiu cao tng.
w - p lc nc.
wx + v tr s p lc t pha b ng
xm chiu su tng trong t ti thiu trong tng giai
on o t.
Tng c cm vo cc lp t nh sau:
- Lp t lp: c chiu dy 1,2 m
- Lp St do cng: c chiu dy 4,6 m v = 18,2 kN/m3, c
= 19, = 13o
-

Lp St pha do mm: c chiu dy 3,4 m v

= 17,5

kN/m3, c = 5, = 11o
-

Lp St pha do chy: c chiu dy 3,6 m v

= 18,5

kN/m3, c=10, = 16o

-

Lp Ct pha do: c chiu dy 6,7 m v = 19,2 kN/m3, c =

25, = 18o

Lp Ct bi cht va: c = 19 kN/m3, = 30o

II. Xc nh s tnh ca tng trong t:

S tnh ton tng trong t c th hin t qu trnh
thi cng sau:
2

- o t n su - 3,4 m (k t mt t) th ta t
mt t cy chng th nht (tng qut th cy chng
y c th l neo, sn tng hm btng ct thp hoc
h cc thanh chng bng thp hnh).
- o t n su - 7m th t tip t cy chng
th hai.
- o t n su -10,6m th t tip t cy
chng th ba.
- V tip tc o t n su y i 13m kt
thc qu trnh o t.
-1.00
t l p

h n g c h n g 1

-2.20

st d o c n g

-6.80
MNN

h n g c h n g 2

-7.5

st pha d o mm

-10.20
h n g c h n g 3
st pha d o c h y

-13.80

c t y i

c t pha d o

-20.50

c t bi c ht v a

Ta thy rng: thc t cng trnh trn mt t xung quanh

tng u c cht cc vt liu hoc ln tri xy dng, v c
th c cc phng tin nh i li ln trn mt t h mng
cng trnh, v th c cht mt phn ti trng phn b
u q, gi thit q = 1 T/m2 = 10 kN/m2.
Tng tng ko di lng tng chn n chiu cao h. T c
th xc nh cc tr s p lc t theo l thuyt p lc t
Raikine, cn c vo mc nc ngm tnh ton p lc nc, ly
1m theo chiu di thn tng tnh.
II.1. Tnh p lc ca t v nc ln tng:
II.1.1. Tnh p lc t ch ng tc dng ln tng:
3

- su Z = 1,2 m:
p 1cd, 21

= (q + .h) tan2(450 - 2 ) 2c.tan(450 - 2 )

= (10 + 17 x 1,2) tan2(450) = 30,2 (KN/m2).

- su z = 3,4 m:
13
0 13
3, 4
2
0
2
p cd
2 * 19 . tan 45 = 25,3KN / m
2 = p cd 1 + 18 , 2 * 2,2. tan 45
2
2

- su z = 5,8 m:
13
0 13
5,8
2
0
2
p cd
2 * 19 . tan 45 = 22 ,7 KN / m
3 = p cd 2 + 18 ,2 * 2,4. tan 45
2
2

- su z = 7,0 m:
11
0 11
7
2
0
2
pcd
2 * 5. tan 45 = 28,7 KN / m
4 = p cd 3 + 17 ,5 * 1,2. tan 45
2
2

- su z = 9,2 m:
11
0 11
9, 2
7
2
0
2
p cd
2 * 5. tan 45 = 46 ,62 KN / m
5 = p cd 4 + 17 ,5 * 2, 2. tan 45
2
2

- su z =10,6 m:
16
0 16
,6
9, 2
2
0
2
p 10
2 *10 . tan 45 = 46 ,26 KN / m
cd 6 = p cd 4 + 18 ,5 * 1,4. tan 45
2
2

- su z = 13,3 m:
0 16 0
16
,3
10 , 6
2
0
p 13
2 * 10 . tan
cd 7 = p cd 6 + 18 ,5 * 2,7. tan 45
45 2
2

= 59 ,55 KN / m

II.1.2. Tnh p lc nc ngm:

Trong qu trnh thi cng, phi lun m bo c mc nc ngm thp hn mt t o l 1m. Do s chnh p lc
nc s c tnh nh sau:
- Giai on 1: o n su - 3,4 m (so vi mt t)
th mc nc ngm t nhin ang su - 6,5m, m
bo iu kin thi cng t ra, do giai on ny, p
lc nc ngm hai bn tng l cn bng nhau.
- Giai on 2: o t n su 7m (so vi mt t),
h thp mc nc ngm bn trong lng tng xung 1m so
vi mt t thi cng, do chnh lch mc nc
su ny l h =1,5m . p lc nc c tnh nh sau:
p w = .h = 10 * 1,5 = 15 KN / m 2

- Giai on 3: o t n su 13,3 m (so vi mt

t), h thp mc nc ngm bn trong lng tng xung
1m so vi mt t thi cng, do chnh lch mc nc
su ny l h = 7,8m . p lc nc c tnh nh sau:
p w = .h = 10 * 7,8 = 78 KN / m 2

II.1.3. Tnh p lc t b ng
- su 7m.
PP = .x.tan2(450 +
= 17,5*x*tan2(450 +

) + 2c.tan(450 + 2 )
2
11 0
2

) + 2*5.tan(450 +

11 0
2

= 25,75.x + 12,131.
Vy c, w7 = 25,75 v v7 = 12,131
III. Xc nh su chn tng, lc dc thanh
chng v mmen thn tng.
Khi xc nh chiu su tng trong t ngoi vic tng
lm vic mt cch bnh thng cn ch n vic h su thm
ngn nc. Tr s phn cm su thm c ly nh sau:
Trong cht: 0,5 - 1m, trong bin cht v trong st
cht: 0,75 1,5m, trong st do v st do: 1,5 - 2m. Vi cng
trnh ny, o t n ct 13,3m (lp ct pha do) nn ta
chn cm thm l xm.
Giai on I. o t n su -3,4m (tnh t
mt t) v t hng thanh chng th nht.
Sau khi o t n su 3,4m (so vi mt t), ta
tin hnh t hng chng th nht. Gi N 1I l lc dc trong
thanh chng th nht. Ti thi im ny, p lc t ch ng
tc dng ln tng cn b, nn coi N 1I = 0 .
Mmen un thn tng ti su ny l:
I
M 1 = 67,5 KNm = 6,75Tm .
Tip tc o t th p lc t ch ng tng dn v
p lc t b ng gim dn, do xut hin lc nn trong
hng thanh chng ny.
Giai on II. o t n su -7m (tnh t
mt t) v t hng thanh chng th hai.
Ti giai on ny, gi lc dc trong hng chng th nht l
N 1II

S thanh chng k = 1, hok = 7m, hkk = h1k = 3,6m, Nk = N 1II

Dng cng thc (2a) tm xm:
5

1
3

- ( .h0k v

1
3

1
2

(W - )xm3 ( 2 .h0k
1
2

1
2

.h0k).hkk.xm

W.hkk + 2 x.hkk k 1

k 1

[ N i .hik hkk . N i

1
3

.h0k) xm2 1

+ 2 .h0k2(hkk

h0k)] = 0
, ,

Xc nh cc h s

7
2
Pa = p cd
4 + p w = 28,7 + 15 = 43,7 KN / m

Pa
h1

43 ,7
7

Pcd7 4
28 ,7
= 6,25 ; = h = 7 = 4,1 ; = - =
1

6,25 4,1 = 2,15

1
3

(25,75 4,1)xm3 ( 2 6,25*7

1
2

12,131

1
2

1
3

25,75*3,6 -

2,15*7) xm2 - (6,25*7 12,131-

1
2

.2,15*7).3,6.xm [ 2 6,25*72*(3,6 3

7)] = 0
7,22xm3 + 35,55*xm2 86,74xm 194 = 0
xm3 + 4,93xm2 12xm 26,87 = 0
Gii bng phng php th dn, ta c: xm 1 = 2,8 m
Dng cng thc (1) tm lc trc thanh chng th hai N 2II :
Nk = .h0k.xm +

1
2

.h0k2 -

1
2

W.xm2 v.xm -

k 1

N i

1
2

1
2

.h0k.xm +

.xm2 (1)
N 1II = 6,25*7*2,8 + 1 6,25*72 - 1 25,75*2,82 12,131*2,8

1
2

*2,15*7*2,8+
=>

2
1
2

4,1*2,82 = 135,7 kN = 13,57 tn

Mmen un thn tng to su 7m

l :

M 2II = 19 ,4Tm .
q =1 T/m2

- 1.00

II

N 1 = 13,57 t

II

M 1 =6,75 Tm
- 7.5

+Y

-Y
+X

Gi trlc dc ti hng neo 1

III

M 2 =19,4 Tm
-Y

+Y
+X

Biu mmen ca t ng Bart

6

Biu ni lc thanh chng v thn tng ti giai on thi

cng II
Giai on III. o t n su 10,6m (tnh
t mt t) v t hng chng th ba.
Vi k = 2; Nk = N 1II = 135,7 kN; hok = 10,6 m, h1k = 7,2 m;
hkk = h2k = 3,6 m; Nk = N 2III ; w; v; ; ; . Dng cng
thc (2a) tm xm:
1
3

(W - )xm3 ( 2 .h0k
- ( .h0k v

1
3

1
2

1
2

1
2

.h0k).hkk.xm

W.hkk + 2 x.hkk k 1

k 1

[ N i .hik hkk . N i

1
3

.h0k) xm2 1

+ 2 .h0k2(hkk

h0k)] = 0
1
3

(25,75- 4,1)xm3 ( 2 6,25*10,6

1
2

12,131 2 25,75*3,6-

1
3

2,15*10,6)xm2
- (6,25*10,6 12,131-

1
2

.2,15*10,6).3,6.xm

- [135,7*7,2 135,7*3,6 +

1
2

6,25*10,62*(3,6 3 10,6)] = 0

7,22xm3 + 26,89xm2 153,8xm 513,2 = 0

xm3 + 3,72xm2 21,3xm 71,1 = 0
Gii bng phng php th dn, ta c: xm 2 = 4,5 m
Dng cng thc (1) tm lc trc thanh chng N 2III :
Nk = .hok.xm +
+

1
2

1
2

.h0k2 -

1
2

W.xm2 v.xm -

k 1

N i

1
2

.h0k.xm

.xm2 (1)

III
=> N 2 = 6,25*10,6*4,5 +

1
2

6,25*10,62 -

1
2

25,75*4,52

12,131*4,5 - 135,7 18,85 tn

=>
M 3III = 30 ,4T .

1
2

*2,15*10,6*4,5 +

1
2

4,1*4,52 = 188,8 kN =

Mmen un thn tng ti su 10,6m l:

q =1 T/m2

- 1.00

II

N 1 = 13,57t

M 1 =6,75 Tm
- 7.5

III

N 2 = 18,8t

II

M 2 =19,4 Tm
III

M3 =30,4 Tm
+Y

-Y

-Y

+Y
+X

+X

Gi trlc dc ti cc hng neo

Biu mmen ca t ng Bart

Biu ni lc thanh chng v thn tng ti giai on thi cng

III
Giai on IV. o t n su 13,3m (tnh
t mt t) - kt thc qu trnh o t.
Vi k = 3; Nk = N 1II = 135,7 kN; Nk = N 2II = 188,8 kN; hok
= 13,3 m,
h1k = 9,9 m; h2k = 6,3m ; hkk = 2,7 m ; Nk = N 3III ; w; v; ;
;.
Dng cng thc (2a) tm xm:
1
3

1
2

(W - )xm3 ( 2 .h0k
- ( .h0k v

1
h0k)] = 0
3
1
3 (25,75-

1
2

1
2

W.hkk + 2 x.hkk k 1

k 1

1
3

.h0k) xm2 -

1
.h0k).hkk.xm [ N i .hik hkk . N i + 2 .h0k2(hkk

4,1)xm3 ( 2 6,25*13,3

1
2

12,131 2 25,75*2,7-

1
3

2,15*13,3)xm2
- (6,25*13,3 12,131-

1
2

.2,15*13,3)*2,7*xm

- [(135,7*9,9 + 188,8*6,3) (135,7 + 188,8)*2,7 +

+

1
2

6,25*13,32*(2,7 3 13,3)] = 0

7,22xm3 + 8,79xm2 153,1xm 701 = 0

xm3 + 1,22xm2 21,2xm 97,1 = 0
Gii bng phng php th dn, ta c: xm 2 = 5,64 m
Dng cng thc (1) tm lc trc thanh chng N 3IV :
8

Nk = .hok.xm +
+

1
2

1
2

1
2

.h0k 2

W.xm v.xm -

k 1

N i

1
2

.h0k.xm

.xm2 (1)
1
2

IV
=> N 2 = 6,25*13,3*5,64 +

6,25*13,32 -

1
2

25,75*5,642

12,131*5,64 - 135,7 -

1
2

*2,15*13,3*5,64 +

1
2

4,1*5,642 = 204,5 kN

= 20,45 tn
=> Mmen un thn tng ti su 13,3m l:
IV
M 4 = 50Tm .
q =1 T/m2

=>

- 1.00

II

N 1 = 13,57t

M 1 =6,75 Tm
- 7.5

III

N 2 = 18,8t

II

M 2 =19,4 Tm

Iv

N 3 = 20,45t

III

M3 =30,4 Tm
IV

M4 =50 Tm
+Y

-Y
+X

Gi trlc dc ti cc hng neo

-Y

+Y
+X

Biu mmen ca t ng Bart

Biu ni lc thanh chng v thn tng ti giai on thi cng

IV
Xt thy, nu x = 5,64m th chn tng Diaphramg s
nm trong lp Ct pha do, m lp ny l lp yu, c N = 21. Nn
ta phi ko di cho chn tng nm trong lp Ct bi cht va
(c N = 30) mt on l 2,5 m. Cc l do khc cho s la chn
ny l:
- Bn thn tng trong t khng chu ti trng ca cng
trnh, m ch chu trng lng bn thn v mt phn ti
trng t cc sn tng hm.
- Tng trong t khng c php ln, bi nu xy ra ln th
s ph v lin kt gia n vi sn tng hm di cng, iu
ny dn n nc ngm s thm thu vo hm
9

Vy tng di ca tng Diaphramg l: H = 22cm.

IV. Xc nh s b kch thc tit din tng
Diaphramg:
Cc kch thc s b ca tng nh sau:
- Chiu dy tng chn theo c s sau:
+ Theo yu cu chng thm.
+ T Mmen trong tng, ta tnh c chiu cao lm vic ca tng (h0) thng qua cng thc: h0 =

1
A

M
Rn .b

. Vi b chiu rng

ca di tng cn tnh ton. Trong bi ton ny, chn b = 0,8m

(theo chiu cao tng).
+ Cn c vo cng ngh v phng tin thi cng thc t. Thng thi cng cp tng bng gu ngom, c cc kch thc gu:
600, 800, 1000mm.
+ Chn theo kinh nghim.
V. Kim tra n nh kt cu chn gi:
Kim tra chng tri y h mng c xt ng thi c c v
theo cng thc sau:
KL =

2 .D.N q + c.N c
(*)
1.H + q

(Cng thc kin ngh ca nh nghin cu Ung Bnh Gim i hc ng T - Trung Quc c tham kho t cng thc xt kh
nng chu lc ca nn t ca Prandtl v Terzaghi).
Trong :
KL 1,2 1,3, do b qua tc dng chng tri ln ca cng
chu ct pha sau tng. Vi iu kin t nn ca cng
trnh nh nu trong phn I, ta chn KL = 1,3 (thin v an
ton).
D- chn su ca thn tng xc nh theo cng thc
chng lt (So snh vi tiu chun hng dn thc hnh v nn
mng - Tiu chun BS 8004:1986 ca Anh, Nh xut bn Xy
Dng 2002). Nh tnh ton trn, c D = 8,7m
q = 1T/m2: Siu ti t trn mt t.
1: Tr bnh qun trng lng t nhin ca cc lp t
pha ngoi h o (t mt t n y tng).
10

1,2 *18 +18 ,2 * 4,6 +17 ,5 * 3,4 +18 ,5 * 3,6 +19 ,2 * 6,7 +19 * 2,5
=18 ,5
1,2 + 4,6 +3,4 +3,6 + 6,7 + 2,5

(kN/m3).
2- Tr bnh qun trng lng t nhin ca cc lp t pha
trong h o (K t mt o n y tng).
2 =

19 ,2 * 6,2 +19 * 2,5

=19 ,15
6,2 + 2,5

(kN/m3).

Nc , Nq h s tnh ton kh nng chu lc gii hn ca t

(Xc nh theo Terzaghi). Ti y h o su 13,3m (thuc lp
ct pha do), c c = 25, = 180. Vy cc gi tr
xc nh nh sau:

Nq

v Nc c

3 tan

1 e 4 2
= 5,64
Nq =
2
o
cos 45 +

N c = ( N q 1)

1
= 14,27
tan

Thay vo cng thc (*) ta c:

KL =

19 ,15 * 8,7 * 5,64 + 25 *14 ,27

= 3,1
18 ,5 * 22 +10

> 1,3.

Vy h mng tho mn iu kin chng tri.

VI. Tnh ton ct thp chu lc cho tng:
- Xc nh ct thp chu lc:
Ct mt di tng Diaphramg c chiu rng 1m theo chiu
di tng, coi cc v tr neo nh cc gi ta. T , coi di nh
dm n gin lin tc gi ln cc gi ta l cc v tr b tr cc
hng chng.

11

 p lc
t

S t nh t o n t ng dia phr a mg
Cng thc tnh dm n gin, tnh vi gi tr m men ln
nht:
Chn b tng mc 300, c Rn = 130 kg/cm2.
Chn thp chu lc AII, c Ra = 2800KG/cm2.
+ M = 50 (T.m)
A=

M
50 x10 5
=
= 0,07
Rn bh02 130 x100 x74 2

= 0,5(1+
Fa =

M
Ra ..h0

1 2A

< Ao = 0.428.

) = 0,9636

50 .10 5
2800 .0,9636 .74

= 25 ,04 cm 2

Chn 32a200, c Fa = 40,2 cm2 , thp c b tr i xng.

Fa

= bh 100% = 0,54 %
o
-

Ct thp ngang chn theo cu to 20a300.

Pha trong lng thp c b tr cc thanh ngang 20 c

khong cch:
> ng knh ng Tremie.
A = 200mm.
10D chu lc.
1,5B Vi B l chiu dy tng
Vy chn khong cch cc thanh thp ngang A = 800mm.
- Ti v tr cao ca sn v v tr i mng, ta phi t
thm ct thp chu lc ct, c th:

12

Trong chiu cao 1m vng cao mc sn v 3,7m ti v

tr i mng, ta t xen k thm thp 20 vo gia hai thanh
32a200 .
- Trong vng ny, ct thp ngang c t dy hn,
20a200.
Hnh v b tr thp trong tng Diaphramg nh sau:

20 a200

32 a200

20 a300

20 a200

20 a200

20 a300

20 a200

32 a200

20 a800

- 4.2

20 a200

- 7.8

32 a200

-11.4

32 a200

13

d m s n tng hm

pa
n

el
t

ng

VII. Tnh chuyn v ca tng bng phn mm Sap

2000 _8.3.2:
1. S tnh ton:

c t c nh

c h ng t m

c t c nh
c t t m
c c kho a n nh i

ph n g n C h n g t n g d ia phr a mg

14

Kt qu ca chuyn v thn tng ti cao cc mc sn t

chng trnh Sap_2000. 8.3.2:
TABLE: Joint Displacements
Joint OutputCase CaseType
Text
Text
Text
13
DEAD
LinStatic
14
DEAD
LinStatic
16
DEAD
LinStatic
18
DEAD
LinStatic

U1
m
6.12E-03
5.86E-03
4.81E-03
3.10E-03

U2
m
1.30E-07
6.55E-08
-1.26E-06
-2.72E-06

U3
m
2.44E-04
2.54E-04
2.74E-04
1.35E-04

R1
Radians
-1.35E-07
-6.57E-08
-3.40E-07
-1.07E-07

R2
Radians
8.78E-05
1.75E-04
3.30E-04
8.42E-04

R3
Radians
-8.88E-10
-8.92E-09
5.55E-08
8.86E-08

Ta thy rng chuyn v ln nht ca tng l ti nh tng,

c tr s 6,12mm, tr s ny rt nh, nn phng n b tr h
thng chng tng nh vy l hp l.

15

Tng lm vic trong gii hn an ton v ng sut .

16