N TAP CHUONG SO PHUC - LOP 12:

Chuong s phuc thuc chuong trinh Toan Giai tich lop 12 co ni dung moi, kho di voi hoc sinh chun bi thi
Tt nghip THPT va thi Dai hoc, Cao dng. Bai vit nay giup cac em nm tinh h thng cua phn dng di
s cua s phc , dng lung gic cua s phc va cac bai toan ap dung.

1. DANG DAI SO :




























1. %Jnh phn thc v phn ao cua mt biu thc phc :

Tinh toan nhu tinh trong tp s thuc, chi co i
2
thay boi -1 va chia thi nhn tu va mu cho s phuc lin
hop cua mu.
Vi du : Tim phn thuc va phn ao cua s phuc
3
2
(3 2 )(2 5 )
(3 )
(4 3 )

+ +
= +
+

HD : Tinh lin hop cua 25i la 2-5i ri nhn voi 32i, duoc 16-11i
Khai trin binh phuong cua 43i, duoc 724i
Nhn tu va mu voi 7-24i, duoc (-152-461i)/25
Khai trin (3i)
3
, duoc 1826i
Thuc hin phep tru, kt qua cui cung la : Re(z) -602/25 , Im(z) -696/25

. %Km tp hp dim trong m}t phng phc biu din s phc thoa diu kin cho truc :

z xyi thi dim biu din la M(x;y). Lp h thuc lin h x va y : F(x,y)0 ri kt lun F(x,y)0 la
phuong trinh cua duong nao. O phn nay cn nho phuong trinh duong tron d hoc o lop 10.
z a bi (a, b la s thuc)
4 phep toan , - , x , z la cn bc 2 cua w ~ z
2
w
z la cn bc n cua w ~ z
n
w

s phuc lin hop :
z ( , - , x , ) z` z ( , - , x , ) z`
z z ~ z la s thuc
z - z ~ z la s ao
z . z ,z,
2

Mdun cua s phuc:
,z (x , ) z`, ,z, (x , ) ,z`,
,z z`, ,z, ,z`,
z . z ,z,
2
, ,z, , z ,

Giai phuong trinh bc hai n phuc
Giai phuong trinh bc cao n phuc
Biu din s phuc trn mt phng
phuc boi toa d dim hay vecto
Chung minh dng thuc
Chung minh bt dng thuc

Tinh phn thuc,
phn ao cua biu
thuc phuc
Tim tp hop
dim biu
din s phuc
Giai phuong trinh
Giai h phuong trinh
Thay ngay z boi xyi hay bin di diu kin ri moi thay con tuy thuc vao diu kin. Thuong thi
diu kin co lin quan dn mdun.
Vi du 1: Tim tp hop cac dim M biu din s phuc z thoa ,z, 4/,z,
HD : Nu thay ngay z xyi thi h thuc F(x,y) rt ri. Bin di chut xiu thi ra ngay: ,z, 4/,z, ~
,z,
2
4 ~ x
2
y
2
4 : tp hop cua M la duong tron C(O,2)
Vi du 2 : Tim tp hop cac dim biu din s phuc w (zi)(2i) trong do z la s phuc thoa ,z - 2, 3.
HD : Goi z a bi d co diu kin ,z - 2, 3. ~ (a-2)
2
b
2
9. (*)
Goi w x yi ri tinh a. b theo x, y :
2 ( 1)
2( 1)
, -
, -
= + |
,
= + +
|
~
2 1
2 2
, -
, -
= + |
,
+ =
|
~
(2 ) / 5
(2 5) / 5
,
-
= + |
,
=
|

Thay vao (*) duoc (2xy-10)
2
(2x-y-5)
2
225 la phuong trinh cua duong tron.

. Chng minh dng thc :

a) Chung minh: ,zz`,
2
- ,z-z`,
2
4Re(z.z`)
HD : Dt z abi , z` a`b`i ri thay vao hai v thi thy bng nhau ngay:
VT ,aa`(bb`)i,
2
- ,a-a`(b-b`)i,
2
(aa`)
2
(bb`)
2
- (a-a`)
2
- (b-b`)
2

VP 4(aa`bb`)
b) Chung minh rng nu ,z, ,z`, ,z``, 1 thi ,zz`z``, ,zz`z`z``z``z,
HD : Cach chung minh nay vn dung nhiu tinh cht cua s phuc lin hop, mdun s phuc.
,z.z`.z``, ,z,.,z`,.,z``, 1. Suy ra . '. '' 1 = . Chu y thm tich cua s phuc trn va lin hop cua no thi bng
1 (binh phuong mdun).
, ' '' , , ' '' , . , . '. '' , , . . '. '' '. '. . '' ''. ''. . ' , + + = + + = + +
, '. '' ''. . ' , , '. '' ''. . ' , , '. '' ''. . ' , = + + = + + = + + (dpcm)
. iai phuong trKnh vi n phc :

Phuong trinh bc hai, du la h s thuc hay h s phuc ta du phai tinh bit thuc b
2
4ac ri tinh
mt cn bc hai cua la0 ri ap dung cng thuc tinh nghim. Tuy nhin co nhung truong hop ta co th
tinh tt.
Vi du : Giai phuong trinh z
2
4z 5 0 ta bin di thanh (z 2)
2
-1 i
2
d co hai phuong trinh con:
z 2 i ~ z 2 i va z 2 -i ~ z 2 i
Phuong trinh bc ba co khi ta doan nghim ri chuyn thanh phuong trinh tich.
Vi du : Giai phuong trinh z
3
iz
2
2z 2i 0 ta doan duoc mt nghim la i nn dung so d Hoocne
chuyn thanh phuong trinh tich : (z i)(z
2
2) 0 d tim tip hai nghim phuc thoa z
2
-2 2i
2
.
Mt s phuong trinh bc cao 'mi cho ta tim nghim d tach ra thanh phuong trinh tich.
Vi du :Chung minh rng phuong trinh z
4
- 4z
3
14z
2
- 36z 45 0 co 2 nghin thun ao. Tim tt ca
nghim cua phuong trinh
HD : Goi 2 nghim ao la ai va bi thi khi thay vao phuong trinh, so sanh phn thuc va phn ao, duoc h
gm 4 phuong trinh theo 2 n a, b phai co nghim. Giai h, qua tht co nghim. Voi a, b tim ra la 3i va -
3i ta dung so d Hoocne bin thanh phuong trinh tich d tim 2 nghim con lai (z-3i)(z3i)(z
2
-4z5) 0.

. Chng minh bt dng thc :
Nn nho rng khng co khai nim lon, nho di voi s phuc nn bt dng thuc cn chung minh du la
bt dng thuc cua mdun (ban cht la s thuc khng m). Do do ta chung minh nhu bt dng thuc voi s
thuc d hoc. Tuy nhin ta cn phai phai bit cach 'di sang s thuc : z x yi thi ,z,
2
x
2
y
2
.
Gioi thiu bt dng thuc co ban ,z z`, ,z, ,z`, co th chung minh d dang tu phep dung dim biu
din s phuc hay chung minh bt dng thuc s khi dt z xyi va z` x`y`i
Ap dung d chung minh ,z, ,z`, ,zz`, ,z-z`, :

' ' ' '
, , , , , , , ,
2 2 2 2

+ +
= + + va
' ' ' '
, ' , , , , , , ,
2 2 2 2

+ +
= + +
Cng v thi duoc bt dng thuc cn chung minh.


2. DANG LUONG GIAC


























1. %Jnh ton:
Vi du 1 : Chung minh
30
1
3

+ +

+ ' '
la s ao
HD:
30
30
30
15 15 15
2(cos sin )
1 1 1 30 30 1
4 4
(cos sin ) (cos sin )
2 12 12 2 12 12 2 3
2(cos sin )
6 6

6 6
6 6 6 6
6 6
+
+

+ +
= = + = + =


+
' '

+
' '

Vi du 2 : Chunh minh ; *
3
3
# 3 + V
HD: Dt z cosx isinx thi (cos sin ) (cos sin )
3
3
3 3 3 3 + = + + 2cosnx la s thuc (dpcm)
. iai phuong trKnh bc cao:

Nu giai phuong trinh z
n
's phuc don gian bng cach dt z x yi thi h phuong trinh theo x, y la h
co bc n giai rt phuc tap. Nu chuyn 's phuc don gian thanh dang luong giac thi nghim phai tim la n
cn bc n cua s phuc da7ng lu8o85ng giac do.

Vi du : Giai phuong trinh z
6
(i - 1)z
3
- i 0
HD: Nhn nhanh z 1 la 1 nghim nn chuyn v phuong trinh tich (z
3
- 1)(z
3
i) 0 ~ z
3
1 hay z
3
-i
nn phuong trinh co 3 nghim la 3 cn cn bc 3 cua 1 va 3 cn cn bc 3 cua -i .
z r(cos i sin)
Phep nhn:
z
1
.z
2
r
1
. r
2
|cos(
1

2
) isin(
1

2
)
Phep ly thua:
z
n
r
n
(cosn isinn)
Phep chia:
z
1/
z
2
(r
1/
r
2)
|cos(
1
-
2
) isin(
1
-

2
)
Phep khai cn bc n:
2 2
|cos( ) sin( )|
3

7
3 3 3 3
6 6
= + + +
2 2
; cos ;sin
, -
, -
7 , -
7 7

= +
= + = =

-Chuyn dang s phuc
-Tinh nhanh phep nhn, chia,
ly ly thua, khai cn s phuc
dang dai s khi di sang dang
luong giac
Giai phuong trinh bc cao Chung minh mt s
dng thuc luong giac
1 cosk26 i sink26nn 3 cn bc 3 cua 1 la cos(k26/3) i sin(k26/3) voi k ln luot bng 0, 1, 2.
-i cos(-6/2) isin(-6/2) nn 3 cn bc 3 cua -i la cos(-6/6 k26/3) i sin(-6/6 k26/3) voi k ln luot
bng 0, 1, 2.
. Chng minh mt s dng thc c lin h dn lung gic:

Thuong thi co kt hop: khai trin nhi thuc Niuton o 1 v, v kia dung cng thuc Moa-vro.
Vi du 1 : Chung minh
2 4 6
2
1 ... 2
3
3
3 3 3 3
+ + + = khi n la bi s cua 8
HD: n 8m
*
0
(1 )
3
3
3

=
+ =

(1)
*
4 4
2
(1 ) | 2 cos sin 2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) 2 2
4 4
3
3
3 2 2
2 2
6 6
6 6
+
+ = + = + = =

' '
(2)
So sanh phn thuc cua (1) voi s thuc o (2) duoc dng thuc phai chung minh
Vi du 2 : Tinh cos6a, sin6a theo cosa, sina.
HD: *
6
6 6
6
0
(cos sin ) cos .( sin )

, , , ,

=
+ =

(1)
* (cosaisina)
6
cos6a isin6a (2)
So sanh phn thuc va phn ao cua (1) va (2) ta duoc 2 dng thuc :
0 6 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 6
6 6 6 6
cos 6 cos cos .sin cos .sin sin , , , , , , , = +
1 5 3 3 3 5 5
6 6 6
sin6 cos .sin cos .sin cos .sin , , , , , , , = +
V Ngoc Buu Chanh