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BI TP TNG HP

Hm s v cc bi ton lin quan



Bi 1. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x = c th ( ) C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Gi ( ) d l ng thng i qua im ( ) 0; 1 M v c h s gc bng m. Tm gi tr ca m
( ) d ct ( ) C ti ba im phn bit.
Bi 2. Cho hm s
3
2 y x mx = + +
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 3 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m th hm s cho ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht.
Bi 3. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x


a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) H ca hm s;
b) Chng minh rng vi mi 0 m , ng thng ( ) ( ) : 3 d y m x = lun ct ( ) H ti hai im phn
bit trong c t nht mt im c honh ln hn 2.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
4 2
3 1
2 2
y x x = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm trn trc tung im M m t k c hai tip tuyn vi ( ) C , ng thi hai tip tuyn
vung gc nhau v i xng vi nhau qua trc tung.
Bi 5. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 2 1 6 1 1 y x m x m m x = + + + + c th ( )
m
C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 0 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ( )
m
C c im cc i v im cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng
( ) : 2 d y x = + .
Bi 6. Cho hm s
3 2
2 y x x =
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
( )
3
2
1 x x x x m + = c nghim.
Bi 7. Cho hm s
3
3 1 y x x = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) ( ) : 1 3 d y m x = + + ct ( ) C ti ba im phn bit ( ) 1;3 M ,
, N P sao cho tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti N v P vung gc vi nhau.
Bi 8. Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) H ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) : 3 d y mx = + ct ( ) H ti hai im M, N sao cho tam gic
OMN vung gc ti O. (O l gc ta )
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
1/20
Bi 9. Cho hm s
1
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) : 2 d y x m = + ct ( ) C ti hai im phn bit M, N sao cho
tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti M, N song song vi nhau.
Bi 10. Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm trn ( ) C hai im i xng nhau qua im ( ) 2;18 I .
Bi 11. Cho hm s ( )
4 2
4 1 2 1 y x m x m = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 2 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m hm s c ba cc tr.
Bi 12. Cho hm s
3 1
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) ( ) : 1 2 y m x x = + + ct ( ) C ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
cho tam gic AOB c din tch bng
3
2
(vdt).
Bi 13.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s
3 2
4 4 1 y x x x = + + + ;
b) Tm trn th ( ) G ca hm s
4 2
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + + nhng im c khong cch n ng
thng ( ) : 2 1 d y x = l ngn nht.
Bi 14. Cho hm s
3 2
18 2 y x x mx m = + c th l ( )
m
C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 1 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit trong c ng hai im c
honh dng, mt im c honh m.
Bi 15. Cho hm s
( )
4 2 2
2 2 1 y x m x m = + c th l ( )
m
C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 1 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ( )
m
C tip xc vi trc honh.
Bi 16. Cho hm s
3 2
3 9 1 y x mx x = + c th l ( )
m
C , m l tham s.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 2 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) : 3 10 d y x m = + ct ( )
m
C ti ba im phn bit.
Bi 17. Cho hm s
2 4
1
x
y
x

=
+
.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm trn ( ) C hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng ( ) d i qua hai im ( ) 3; 0 M v
( ) 1; 1 N .
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
2/20
Hng dn v li gii

Bi 1. Cho hm s
3 2
2 3 1 y x x = c th ( ) C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Gi ( ) d l ng thng i qua im ( ) 0; 1 M v c h s gc bng m. Tm gi tr ca m
( ) d ct ( ) C ti ba im phn bit.
- - - - - - -
Ch :
- S giao im ca hai th cc hm s ( ) y f x = v ( ) y g x = bng s nghim (phn bit)
ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = .
- Xt phng trnh : ( ) ( )
2
0
0 x x ax bx c + + = (1)

( ) ( )
0
2
: 0 2
x x
p x ax bx c
=


= + + =


Phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc
0
x

( )
0
0, 0
0
a
p x
>

.

Li gii cu b):
ng thng ( ) d i qua im ( ) 0; 1 M v c h s gc bng mc phng trnh:
( ) 1 0 1 y m x y mx + = =
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ( ) d vi ( ) C :
3 2
2 3 1 1 x x mx = , (1)

( )
2
2 3 0 x x x m =

( )
2
0
2 3 0 2
x
x x m
=


t ( )
2
2 3 f x x x m = .
iu kin ( ) d ct ( ) C ti ba im phn bit l phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit
phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0

( )
0
0 0 f
>

9
9 8 0
8
0
0
m m
m
m

> + >



.
Vy cc gi tr ca m tha yu cu bi ton l ( )
9
; 0 0;
8
m
| |
+
|
\
.
Bi 2. Cho hm s
3
2 y x mx = + +
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 3 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m th hm s cho ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht.
- - - - - - -
Ch :
1). th hm s (bc 3)
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit hm s
c 2 cc tr (cc i v cc tiu) ng thi hai im cc tr ca th nm v hai pha ca
trc honh ( tc l
C? CT
. 0 y y < );
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
3/20
1a). th hm s (bc 3)
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + ct trc honh ti 1 im duy nht hm s
lun ng (hoc nghch) bin trn tp xc nh (tc l y c 0 ) hoc hm s c hai cc tr
v hai im cc tr ca th nm v cng pha so vi trc honh (tc l
C? CT
. 0 y y > );
2). iu kin hm s (bc 3)
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + c hai im cc tr l tn ti hai gi tr
ca x sao cho y i du mi ln x chy qua hai gi tr phng trnh 0 y = c hai
nghim phn bit;
3). S giao im ca th hm s
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + vi trc honh bng s nghim
phng trnh
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + + = .

Li gii cu b):
Li gii 1:
Xt hm s
3
2 y x mx = + + xc nh v lin tc trn , c
2
3 y x m = + .
2
0
3
m
y x = = .
Nu 0 m th 0 y vi mi x nn hm s ng bin trn . Do trng hp ny th
hm s ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht.
Nu 0 m < th 0
3
m
y x = = . Trng hp ny hm s t cc i ti
1
3
m
x = v t
cc tiu ti
2
3
m
x = .
Ta c
( )
3 2
1 2 1 2
2 3 2 . 2
3 3 3 3
x mx x x m mx y x y mx + + = + + + = + + .
Suy ra:
C? 1 CT 2
2 2
2 ; 2
3 3
y mx y mx
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ \
.
iu kin th hm s ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht l hai im cc tr nm v cng pha
so vi trc honh
C? CT
0
. 0
m
y y
<


>
1 2
0
2 2
2 . 2 0
3 3
m
mx mx
<

| | | |
+ + >
| |

\ \

( )
2
1 2 1 2
0
4 4
4 0
9 3
m
m x x m x x
<


+ + + >

(*)
p dng nh l Viet cho tam thc
2
3 y x m = + vi hai nghim
1 2
; x x ta c:
1 2 1 2
0;
3
m
x x x x + = =
Ta c
3
0
(*)
4
4 0
27
m
m
<


+ >

3
0
3 0
27
m
m
m
<
< <

>

.
Tm li, cc gi tr ca m cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l:
0
3
3 0
m
m
m

>

< <

.
Nhn xt: Trong li gii trn ta khng cn dng bi
2
3 y x m = + khuyt h s b v d nhn
thy
2
0
3
m
y x = = nn ta c th da vo v phi bin lun nghim v du ca y .

Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
4/20
Li gii 2:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th ( ) C vi trc honh l:
3
2 0 x mx + + = , (1)

3
2 x mx + = (2)
Nhn thy, vi 0 x = phng trnh (2) tr thnh: 2 0m = , khng tha mn vi mi m.
Do
3
2
(2)
x
m
x
+
= (3)
Xt hm s ( )
3
2
2 2 x
f x x
x x
+
= = trn { } \ 0 D = , ta c:
( )
( )
3
2 2
2 1
2
2
x
f x x
x x

= + = ; ( )
3
0 1 0 1 f x x x = = = .
Bng bin thin: x 0 1 +
( ) f x + || + 0
+

3

( ) f x

iu kin th ( ) C ct trc honh ti mt im duy nht l phng trnh (1) c 1 nghim duy
nht phng trnh (3) c 1 nghim duy nht th hm s ( ) y f x = ct trc honh ti mt
im duy nht 3 m > (da vo bng bin thin).
Kt lun: Gi tr cn tm ca m tha yu cu bi ton l 3 m > .
Nhn xt:
Da vo bng bin thin trn ta thy:
- th ( ) C ct trc honh ti hai im phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phng trnh (3) c
2 nghim th hm s ( ) y f x = ct trc honh ti 2 im 3 m = (da vo bng bin
thin);
- th ( ) C ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit
phng trnh (3) c 3 nghim phn bit th hm s ( ) y f x = ct trc honh ti 3 im
phn bit 3 m < (da vo bng bin thin)
Trong li gii trn ta bin i phng trnh cho v dng ( ) ( ) f x g m = . Ri da vo bng
bin thin (hay th) ca hm s ( ) y f x = xt s tng giao ca ng thng ( ) y g m = vi
th hm s ( ) y f x = .
Cch gii ny c th p dng cho tt c cc loi phng trnh khc.
- So vi Li gii 1 th Cch gii ny ngn gn v d lp lun, trnh by hn.
Nu phng trnh (1) c th phn tch c v dng tch nh Bi 1 th ta cn gii c nh cch
gii Bi 1.

Bi 3. Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x


a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) H ca hm s;
b) Chng minh rng vi mi 0 m , ng thng ( ) ( ) : 3 d y m x = lun ct ( ) H ti hai im phn
bit trong c t nht mt im c honh ln hn 2.
Ch :
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
5/20
- ng thng : d y mx n = + ct th ( ) :
ax b
C y
cx d
+
=
+
khi v ch khi phng trnh sau c
nghim:
ax b
mx n
cx d
+
= +
+
(1)
Ta c (1)
( )( )
d
x
c
ax b cx d mx n


+ = + +

( )
2
. 0 (2)
d
x
c
mc x nc md a x nd b


+ + + =


t ( ) ( )
2
. f x mc x nc md a x nd b = + + + .
d ct ( ) C ti 2 im phn bit (1) c 2 nghim phn bit (2) c 2 nghim phn bit
khc
d
c

( )
0, 0
0
mc
d
f
c
>

.
Li gii cu b);
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ng thng d v th (H):
( )
2
3
1
x
m x
x

(1)
( )( )
1
3 1 2
x
m x x x


( )
2
1
4 1 3 2 0 (2)
x
mx m x m


+ + + =


t ( ) ( )
2
4 1 3 2 f x mx m x m = + + + .
Vi 0 m , (2) l phng trnh bc 2 c ( ) ( )
2
2
4 1 4 3 2 4 1 0, m m m m m = + + = + > . (a)
Mt khc ( ) ( ) 1 4 1 3 2 1 0, f m m m m = + + + = . (b)
Hai nghim ca (1) v (2) l:
2 2
1
4 1 4 1 1 4 1
2 ;
2 2
m m m
x
m m
+ + +
= = +
2 2
2
4 1 4 1 1 4 1
2 ;
2 2
m m m
x
m m
+ + + + +
= = +
Ta c
2
1 4 1 0, m m + < .
Do , khi 0 m > ta c
1 2
2 x x < < , v khi 0 m < ta c
2 1
2 x x < < . (c)
Tm li, vi mi 0 m v (a), (b), (c) suy ra phng trnh (2) lun c 2 nghim phn bit tha
1 x v c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2. Do (1) lun c 2 nghim phn bit trong c t nht
mt nghim ln hn 2. Suy ra d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit trong c t nht mt im c honh
ln hn 2.
Bi 4. Cho hm s
4 2
3 1
2 2
y x x = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm trn trc tung im M m t k c hai tip tuyn vi ( ) C , ng thi hai tip tuyn
vung gc nhau v i xng vi nhau qua trc tung.
Li gii cu b);
Hai ng tip tuyn vung gc nhau v i xng vi nhau qua trc tung chng ln lt song
song vi hai ng thng ; y x y x = = , tc l hai tip tuyn c h s gc bng 1 v 1 .
Xt tip tuyn vi th c h s gc bng 1 v gi s tip im c ta ( )
0 0
; x y .
Ta c ( )
0
1 y x =
3
0 0
4 3 1 x x = ( ) ( )
2
0 0
2 1 1 0 x x + =
0
0
1
1
2
x
x
=

.
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
6/20
Ti
0
1 x = ta c
0
0 y = v phng trnh tip tuyn:
1
: 1 d y x = .
Ti
0
1
2
x = ta c
0
3
16
y = v phng trnh tip tuyn:
2
1 3
:
2 16
d y x = + + hay
2
11
:
16
d y x = + .
Xt tip tuyn vi th c h s gc bng 1 v gi s tip im c ta ( )
0 0
; x y .
Ta c ( )
0
1 y x =
3
0 0
4 3 1 x x = ( ) ( )
2
0 0
2 1 1 0 x x + =
0
0
1
1
2
x
x
=

.
Ti
0
1 x = ta c
0
0 y = v phng trnh tip tuyn:
1
: 1 d y x

= .
Ti
0
1
2
x = ta c
0
3
16
y = v phng trnh tip tuyn:
2
1 3
:
2 16
d y x
| |

= +
|
\
hay
2
11
:
16
d y x = + .
Nhn thy hai tip tuyn
1
: 1 d y x = v
1
: 1 d y x

= ct nhau ti im ( )
1
0; 1 M thuc trc
tung; hai tip tuyn
2
11
:
16
d y x = + v
2
11
:
16
d y x = + ct nhau ti im
2
11
0;
16
M
| |
|
\
thuc trc tung.
Kt lun: C hai im cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l ( )
1
0; 1 M v
2
11
0;
16
M
| |
|
\
.
Nhn xt:
Hai ng thng ct nhau v i xng nhau qua trc tung trc tung l ng phn gic ca gc
(nhn hoc gc t) to bi hai ng thng .

Bi 5. Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 2 1 6 1 1 y x m x m m x = + + + + c th ( )
m
C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 0 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ( )
m
C c im cc i v im cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng
( ) : 2 d y x = + .
Ch :
i vi hm s (bc 3)
3 2
y ax bx cx d = + + + .
Gi s chia y cho y c dng: ( ). y a x b y mx n = + + + .
Khi hm s t cc tr ti
1 2
, x x ta c ( ) ( )
1 2
0 y x y x = = suy ra gi tr cc cc tr bng:
1 1
y mx n = + v
2 2
y mx n = + .
Tc l ta cc im cc tr ( )
1 1
; x y , ( )
2 2
; x y tha mn phng trnh y mx n = + .
Do , phng trnh ng thng i qua 2 im cc tr l : d y mx n = + .
Hai im cc i v cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng d d l ng trung trc ca
on ni hai im cc tr
d d
I d

. ( im I l trung im ca hai cc tr).


Li gii cu b):
Tp xc nh: .
( ) ( )
2
6 6 2 1 6 1 y x m x m m = + + +
iu kin hm s c hai im cc tr l tn ti hai gi tr ca x sao cho y i du mi ln x
chy qua hai gi tr phng trnh 0 y = c hai nghim phn bit
( ) ( )
2
9 2 1 36 1 0 m m m = + + > 0 1 0 m + > m . (1)
Chia y cho y ta c: ( )
3 2
1
2 2 1 . 2 3 1
6
y x m y x m m m = + + + + . (*)
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
7/20
Gi ta cc im cc tr l ( )
1 1
; x y , ( )
2 2
; x y , ta c ( ) ( )
1 2
0 y x y x = = . Thay vo (*) ta c:
3 2
1 1
2 3 1 y x m m m = + + + + ;
3 2
2 2
2 3 1 y x m m m = + + + + .
Suy ra to 2 im cc tr tha mn phng trnh
3 2
2 3 1 y x m m m = + + + + . T ta c phng
trnh ng thng d i qua 2 im cc tr l
3 2
: 2 3 1 d y x m m m = + + + + .
Ta trung im I ca 2 im cc tr:
1 2 1 2
;
2 2
x x y y
I
+ + | |
|
\

Vi
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
6 6 2 1 6 1 0 y x m x m m = + + + = , theo nh l Viet suy ra
1 2
2 1 x x m + = + ; ( ) ( )
3 2
1 2 1 2
2 2 3 1 y y x x m m m + = + + + + +
3 2
4 6 1 m m = + + .
Nn ta c
3 2
2 1 4 6 1
;
2 2
m m m
I
| | + + +
|
\
.
iu kin th hm s c 2 im cc tr i xng nhau qua ng thng : 2 d y x = + l ng
thng d l ng trung trc ca on thng ni 2 im cc tr
d d
I d

{I d
(v hai ng thng , d d c h s gc ln lt bng 1 v 1 nn chng lun vung gc nhau)

3 2
4 6 1 2 1
2
2 2
m m m + + +
= +
3 2
2 3 2 0 m m m + =
( )( )
2
1 2 2 0 m m m + + =
1
1 17
4
m
m
=

. (2)
Kt lun: T (1) v (2) ta c ba gi tr ca m cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l
1 m = ,
1 17
4
m

= .
Nhn xt:
Li gii trn l li gii tng qut cho bi ton dng ny, gm cc bc sau:
1. Tm iu kin hm s c hai cc tr.
2. Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua 2 im cc tr; tnh ta trung im ca on ni 2
im cc tr theo m.
3. Gii iu kin 2 im cc tr i xng nhau qua ng thng d l d l ng trung trc ca
on ni 2 im cc tr dd v d i qua I (trung im ca im 2 cc tr)
4. Ly giao nghim bc 3 v bc 1 kt lun.
Bi ton c th gii theo cc khc khi bit c nghim ca y . Cc em t lm nh !

Bi 6. Cho hm s
3 2
2 y x x =
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh
( )
3
2
1 x x x x m + = c nghim.
Li gii cu b):
Xt phng trnh
( )
3
2
1 x x x x m + = (1)
iu kin xc nh:
0
0 1
1 0
x
x
x

.
t 1 t x x = + , [ ] 0;1 x . Ta c
2
2 2 2
1
1 2
2
t
t x x x x

= + = .
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
8/20
Xt hm s ( ) 1 f x x x = + trn on [ ] 0;1 , ta c: ( )
2
1 1 1 1
2 1
2
x x
f x
x x
x x
| |
= =
|

\

( )
1
0 1 0 1
2
f x x x x x x = = = = .
So snh cc gi tr: ( ) ( )
1
0 1 1; 2
2
f f f
| |
= = =
|
\
, ta c
[ ]
( ) ( )
0;1
min 0 1 f x f = = v
[ ]
( )
0;1
1
max 2
2
f x f
| |
= =
|
\
.
T suy ra: ( ) 1 2 t f x = , vi mi [ ] 0;1 x .
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
2
3
1
2
t
t m

=
3 2
2 2 1 t t m = (2)
Xt hm s ( )
3 2
2 g t t t = vi 1; 2 t
(


, ta c
( )
2
6 2 g t t t = ( ) 2 3 1 0 t t = > ,vi mi 1; 2 t
(


nn hm s ng bin trn on 1; 2
(

.
So snh ( )
( )
1 1; 2 4 2 2 g g = = ta c ( )
1; 2
max 4 2 2 g t
(

= v ( )
1; 2
min 1 g t
(

= .
T suy ra: ( )
3 2
1 2 4 2 2 g t t t = , vi mi 1; 2 t
(


.
iu kin phng trnh (1) c nghim [ ] 0;1 x l phng trnh (2) c nghim 1; 2 t
(



1 2 1 4 2 2 m
1
1 2 2
2
m .
Nhn xt:
1. Cc em hc sinh c th lp bng bin thin ca cc hm s ( ) ( ) , f x g t suy ra gi tr ln
nht, nh nht ca chng. T suy ra khong gi tr ca ( ) t f x = v ( ) g t .
2. Cng c th da vo th hm s cu a) vi 1; 2 x
(


tm iu kin phng trnh
(2) c nghim ng thng : 2 1 d y m = ct th (C) trn on 1; 2
(

.
3. Mt iu rt quan trng l sau khi t n ph 1 t x x = + , cc em cn phi tm khong xc
nh ca n ph (bng cch n gin nht l kho st hm s).

Bi 7. Cho hm s
3
3 1 y x x = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) ( ) : 1 3 d y m x = + + ct ( ) C ti ba im phn bit ( ) 1;3 M ,
, N P sao cho tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti N v P vung gc vi nhau.
Ch :
Khi gp bi ton tng giao gia hai th ta thng thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Lp phng trnh honh giao im ca 2 th cho; rt gn phng trnh (bin i v
phng trnh tch nu c th);
2. Tm iu kin phng trnh c s nghim bng s giao im yu cu;
3. Gii yu cu tip theo lin quan n cc giao im (thng l honh ). Bc ny thng
dng nh l Viet biu th quan h gia honh cc giao im vi tham s, kt hp gi
thit bi ton tm gi tr tham s.
4. Ly giao nghim ca tham s bc 2 v bc 3 v kt lun.
Li gii cu b):
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
9/20
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ng thng ( ) ( ) : 1 3 d y m x = + + vi th (C) hm s
3
3 1 y x x = + l: ( )
3
3 1 1 3 x x m x + = + + (1)
( )
3
3 2 0 x m x m + =
( ) ( )
2
1 2 0 x x x m + =

2
1
2 0 (2)
x
x x m
=


t ( )
2
2 f x x x m = .
iu kin ng thng d ct th ( ) C ti 3 im phn bit l phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim
phn bit phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
( )
0
1 0 f
>

( ) 1 4 2 0
0
m
m
+ + >

9
4
0
m
m

>

.
Vi
9
0
4
m < , gi s d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit M, N, P ln lt c honh
1 2
1, , x x .
Trong
1 2
, x x l nghim ca ( ) f x . Ta c
1 2
1 x x + = ,
1 2
2 x x m = .
H s gc ca tip tuyn vi (C) ti N v P ln lt bng:
2
1 1
3 3 k x = v
2
2 2
3 3 k x = .
iu kin tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti N v P vung gc vi nhau l
1 2
. 1 k k =
( )( )
2 2
1 2
3 3 3 3 1 x x =
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
9 1 1 x x x x
(
+ + =


( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
9 2 1 1 x x x x x x
(
+ + + =


( ) ( )
2
9
0
4
9 2 1 2 2 1 1
m
m m

<


(
+ + + =

( ) ( )
2
9
0
4
1
2 2 2 0
9
m
m m

<

+ + + =


9
0
4
2 2
2 1
3
m
m

<

+ =

9
0
4
2 2
1
3
m
m

<

2 2
1
3
m = .
Kt lun: Cc gi tr ca m cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l
2 2
1
3
m = .
Bi 8. Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) H ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) : 3 d y mx = + ct ( ) H ti hai im M, N sao cho tam gic
OMN vung gc ti O. (O l gc ta )
Nhn xt:
Bi ton (cu b) thuc loi tng giao gia 2 th nn ta s gii theo cc bc nh Bi 7.
Li gii cu b):
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ( ) : 3 d y mx = + v th (H) l
2 1
3
1
x
mx
x
+
+ =

(1)
( )( )
1
3 1 2 1
x
mx x x


+ = +

( )
2
1
1 4 0 (2)
x
mx m x


+ =


Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
10/20
t ( ) ( )
2
1 4 f x mx m x = + .
iu kin d ct (H) ti 2 im phn bit l phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit phng
trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
( )
0
0
1 0
m
f

>

( )
2
0
1 16 0
1 4 0
m
m m
m m

+ >

2
0
14 1 0
m
m m


+ + >

( ) ( )
0
; 7 4 3 7 4 3;
m
m


+ +


(*)
Vi m tha iu kin (*), gi s d ct (H) ti cc im c ta ( )
1 1
; M x y , ( )
2 2
; N x y trong
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh (2).
Ta c
1 2
1 m
x x
m

+ = ,
1 2
4
x x
m

= v
1 1 2 2
3; 3 y mx y mx = + = + (do , M N d ).
iu kin tam gic OMN vung gc ti O l . 0 OM ON OM ON =


1 2 1 2
0 x x y y + = ( )( )
1 2 1 2
3 3 0 x x mx mx + + + =
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 3 9 0 m x x m x x + + + + = ( )
4 1
1 . 3 . 9 0
m
m m
m m

+ + + =
2
0
3 2 4 0
m
m m


+ =

1 13
3
m

= (**).
i chiu (**) vi h iu kin (*) ta c
1 13
3
m
+
= .
Vy c duy nht mt gi tr ca m cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l
1 13
3
m
+
= .
Bi 9. Cho hm s
1
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) : 2 d y x m = + ct ( ) C ti hai im phn bit M, N sao cho
tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti M, N song song vi nhau.
Li gii cu b):
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ( ) : 2 d y x m = + vi th (C) l
1
2
1
x
x m
x
+
+ =

(1)
( )( )
1
2 1 1
x
x m x x


+ = +

( )
2
1
2 3 1 0 (2)
x
x m x m


+ =

.
t ( ) ( )
2
2 3 1 f x x m x m = + .
iu kin d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit l phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit phng
trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
( )
0
1 0 f
>

( ) ( )
2
3 8 1 0
2 3 1 0
m m
m m

+ + >

( )
2
1 16 0
0 2 0
m
m

+ + >

m . (*)
Gi s d ct (C) ti 2 im M, N ln lt c honh
1 2
, x x (vi
1 2
x x l nghim ca (2)).
Ta c
1 2
3
2
m
x x

+ = ,
1 2
1
2
m
x x
+
=
v h s gc ca tip tuyn vi (C) ti M, N ln lt bng
( )
1 2
1
2
1
k
x

,
( )
2 2
2
2
1
k
x

.
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
11/20
iu kin tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti M, N song song vi nhau l
1 2
k k =
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 x x

=


( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
x x
x x
x x
=
=

= +

1 2
1 2
2
x x
x x
=


+ =


Vi
1 2
x x = ta c M, N trng nhau nn khng tha mn yu cu bi ton.
Vi
1 2
2 x x + = ta c
3
2 1
2
m
m

= = .
Kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c 1 m = l gi tr cn tm tha yu cu bi ton.

Bi 10. Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm trn ( ) C hai im i xng nhau qua im ( ) 2;18 I .
Li gii cu b):
Xt im ( )
0 0
; M x y ty thuc (C) , gi ( ) ; N x y l im i xng ca M qua ( ) 2;18 I .
Khi ta c
0 0
0 0
4 4
36 36
x x x x
y y y y
+ = =


+ = =

, suy ra ta ca ( )
0 0
4 ;36 N x y .
iu kin trn ( ) C hai im i xng nhau qua im ( ) 2;18 I l tn ti
0
x hai im
( )
0 0
; M x y v ( )
0 0
4 ;36 N x y cng thuc th (C).
( ) ( )
3
0 0 0
3
0 0 0
3 2
36 4 3 4 2
y x x
y x x
= +


= +

( ) ( ) ( )
3
0 0 0
3
3
0 0 0 0
3 2
36 3 2 4 3 4 2
y x x
x x x x
= +


+ = +



3
0 0 0
2
3 2
12 48 36 0
y x x
x x
= +


+ =

{ }
3
0 0 0
3 2
1;3
y x x
x
= +

0
0
1
2
x
y
=

hoc
0
0
3
34
x
y
=

.
Vy c mt cp im trn (C) i xng nhau qua im ( ) 2;18 I l: ( ) 1; 2 M v ( ) 3;34 N .
Nhn xt:
trn ta c 2 cp nghim, tuy nhin vi
0
0
1
2
x
y
=

, ta c ( ) 1; 2 M v ( ) 3;34 N ; cn vi
0
0
3
34
x
y
=


ta c ( ) 3;34 M v ( ) 1; 2 N . Nh vy, 2 cp im ny hon ton trng nhau, ch khc tn. Do
trn (C) ch c 1 cp im i xng nhau qua ( ) 2;18 I .
Bi 11. Cho hm s ( )
4 2
4 1 2 1 y x m x m = + .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 2 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m hm s c ba cc tr.
Li gii cu b):
Tp xc nh: .
( ) ( )
3 2
4 8 1 4 2 2 y x m x x x m = = + ;
2
0
0
2 2
x
y
x m
=
=

=


iu kin hm s c 3 cc tr l tn ti 3 gi tr ca x ng thi y i du khi x chy qua cc
gi tr 0 y = c ba nghim phn bit 2 2 0 m > 1 m > .
Kt lun: Tp hp gi tr ca m cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l ( ) 1; m +
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
12/20
Bi 12. Cho hm s
3 1
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) ( ) : 1 2 d y m x x = + + ct ( ) C ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
cho tam gic AOB c din tch bng
3
2
(vdt).
Li gii cu b):
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ( ) : 1 2 d y m x x = + + vi th (C) l
( )
3 1
1 2
1
x
m x x
x
+
+ + =

(1)
( ) ( )
1
1 2 1 3 1
x
m x x x x


+ + = + (

( )
2
1
1 6 1 0 (2)
x
m x x m


+ + =

.
t ( ) ( )
2
1 6 1 f x m x x m = + + .
iu kin d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit l phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit phng
trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
( )
1 0
0
1 0
m
f
+

>

( )( )
1
9 1 1 0
1 6 1 0
m
m m
m m

+ >

+ +

2
1
8 0
0 2 0
m
m
m

+ >

1 m .
Vi 1 m gi s d ct (C) ti 2 im A, B ln lt c ta ( )
1 1
; x y v ( )
2 2
; x y (vi
1 2
x x l
nghim ca phng trnh (2)). Ta c
1 2
6
1
x x
m
+ =
+
,
1 2
1
1
m
x x
m

=
+
.
Chiu cao h t nh O ca tam gic OAB bng khong cch t ( ) 0; 0 O n ng thng
( ) : 1 2 0 d m x y m + + = v bng: ( )
( )
O
2
2
,
1 1
m
h d O d
m

= =
+ +
.
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 2; 1 2 y m x x y m x x = + + = + + ; ( )( )
1 2 1 2
1 y y m x x = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 AB x x y y x x m x x = + = + + ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
1 1 m x x
(
= + +


( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 4 AB m x x x x
( (
= + + +

.
Din tch tam gic OAB bng:
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
OAB O 1 2 1 2
2
2
1 1
. . . 1 1 4
2 2
1 1
m
S h AB m x x x x
m

( (
= = + + +

+ +

( )
2
OAB 1 2 1 2
1
. 2 . 4
2
S m x x x x = +
( )
( )
2
4 1
1 36
2 .
2 1
1
m
m
m
m

=
+
+
.
d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic AOB c din tch bng
3
2

OAB
3
2
S =
( )
( )
2
4 1
36
2 . 3
1
1
m
m
m
m

=
+
+
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2 . 36 4 1 9 1
m
m m m


(
= +



4 3 2
1
4 16 39 146 119 0
m
m m m m


+ + =

( ) ( )( )
2
1
1 2 7 2 17 0
m
m m m m


+ + =

1
7
2
m
m
=

=

.
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
13/20
Kt lun: C 2 gi tr ca m tha yu cu bi ton l 1 m = v
7
2
m = .
Nhn xt:
Bc th 3 ca li gii trn kh di v phc tp, nhng cc em cn ch mt s iu sau y:
1. Vic khai trin ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
AB x x y y = + s phc tp nu ta khng tnh
1 2
y y theo
1 2
x x .
Do lm gn biu thc ny, ta nn thay ta ca A, B vo phng trnh ca ng thng d.
Sau rt gn v a v tch: ( )( )
1 2 1 2
1 y y m x x = + .
2. Ch phn tch: ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
4 x x x x x x = + s dng kt qu nh l Viet.
3. gii c phng trnh
4 3 2
4 16 39 146 119 0 m m m m + + = , cc em c th a v phng
trnh dng tch bng cch dng my tnh cm tay tm nghim sau chia a thc (theo cng
thc Horne) a v phng trnh tch.
Nhp vo my tnh phng trnh:
4 3 2
4 16 39 146 119 0 X X X X + + = , sau bm Shift Calc
(lnh SOLVE).
Nhp 0 X = d tm nghim gn s 0, ta c nghim 1 X = .
By gi chia theo cng thc Horne, ta c:

4
( )
4
X 16
( )
3
X 39
( )
2
X 146
( )
X
119
1
( ) 1 X
4
( )
3
X
12
( )
2
X
27
( ) X
119 0

Suy ra: ( )( )
4 3 2 3 2
4 16 39 146 119 1 4 12 27 119 X X X X X X X X + + = + .
Gii phng trnh
3 2
4 12 27 119 0 X X X + = bng my tnh cm tay ta c nghim duy nht
7
3, 5
2
X = = . ( ) 3, 5 0 X =
Tip tc chia
3 2
4 12 27 119 X X X + cho 3, 5 X , ta c:

4
( )
3
X 12
( )
2
X 27
( )
X
119
3,5
( ) 3, 5 X
4
( )
2
X
2
( ) X
34

0
Suy ra ( )( )
3 2 2
4 12 27 119 3, 5 4 2 34 X X X X X X + = + + ( )( )
2
2 7 2 17 X X X = + + .
Tm li: ( ) ( )( )
4 3 2 2
4 16 39 146 119 1 2 7 2 17 X X X X X X X X + + = + + .

Bi 13.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s
3 2
4 4 1 y x x x = + + + ;
b) Tm trn th ( ) G ca hm s
4 2
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + + nhng im c khong cch n ng
thng ( ) : 2 1 y x = l ngn nht.
Li gii cu b):
Xt im ty ( )
0 0
; M x y thuc th (G) ca hm s
4 2
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + + , ta c:
4 2
0 0 0 0
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + + .
Khong cch t im M n ng thng ( ) : 2 1 0 x y = bng:
( )
( )
( )
4 2
0 0 0 0
2
2
2 2 3 2 1 1
,
2 1
x x x x
l d M
+ +
= =
+
4 2
0 0
2 3 2
5
x x +
= .
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
14/20
Ta c
2
4 2 2
0 0 0
3 7 7
2 3 2 2
4 8 8
x x x
| |
+ = +
|
\
. Suy ra
7
8 5
l .
o gi tr nh nht ca l bng
7
min
8 5
l = t c
2
0 0
3 3
0
4 2
x x = = .
Vi
0
3
2
x = ta c
4 2
0 0 0 0
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + +
1
3
8
= ;
vi
0
3
2
x = ta c
4 2
0 0 0 0
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + +
1
3
8
= .
Kt lun: C hai im thuc th (G) tha yu cu bi ton l:
3 1
; 3
2 8
M
| |

|
|
\
v
3 1
; 3
2 8
N
| |

|
|
\
.
Nhn xt:
- Cc em hc sinh c th tm gi tr nh nht ca
4 2
0 0
2 3 2
5
x x
l
+
= bng cch kho st s bin
thin ca hm s ( )
4 2
2 3 2 f x x x = + .
- Bng cch t
2
0 t x = , ta c hm s ( )
2
2 3 2 g t t t = + . Ta c ( ) ( )
0
min min
x t
f x g t

=

.
Vic xt s bin thin ca hm s ( ) g t vi 0 t khng kh (cc em hc sinh t lm).

Bi 14. Cho hm s
3 2
18 2 y x x mx m = + c th l ( )
m
C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 1 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit trong c ng hai im c
honh dng, mt im c honh m.
Li gii cu b):
Phng trnh honh giao im ca ( )
m
C vi trc honh:
3 2
18 2 0 x x mx m + = (1)
( )
3 2
2 9 1 m x x x = + (2)
Nhn thy, vi
1
9
x = th (2) tr thnh
8
0
729
m = khng tha mn vi mi m .
Do (2)
3 2
2
9 1
x x
m
x
+
=

(3)
S nghim ca (1) bng s nghim ca (3) bng s giao im ca th hm s ( )
3 2
9 1
x x
y f x
x
+
= =


vi ng thng : 2 d y m = .
Xt hm s ( ) y f x = vi
1
9
x .
Ta c ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 9 6 1
2 3 1
9 1 9 1
x x x
x x
f x
x x
+

= =

vi mi
1
9
x ;
( )
0
0
1
3
x
f x
x
=
=
=

.
Bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) y f x = .
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
15/20

Bng bin thin:
x 0
1
9

1
3
(1) +
( ) f x + 0 || 0
+


1
27


0 (0)
( ) f x


Da vo bng bin thin ta thy ( )
m
C ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit (1) v (3) c 3
nghim phn bit ng thng : 2 d y m = ct th hm s ( ) y f x = ti 3 im phn bit
2 0 m < 0 m < .
Vi 0 m < , da vo bng bin thin ta thy ng thng : 2 d y m = lun ct th hm s
( ) y f x = ti 3 im phn bit trong c ng 2 im c honh dng, 1 im c honh m,
do (1) v (3) c 3 nghim phn bit trong c ng 2 nghim dng (1 nghim thuc khong
1
0;
9
| |
|
\
, 1 nghim thuc khong ( ) 1; + ) v 1 nghim m.
Kt lun: Tp hp gi tr ca m tha yu cu bi ton l ( ) ; 0 m .
Nhn xt:
C th gii bi ny theo cc bc sau:
B1. Tm iu kin ca m hm s cho c 2 cc tr nm khc pha so vi trc honh.
B2. S dng nh l Viet v nghim ca phng trnh bc 3 (chng ta khng c hc) khai
thc yu cu cn li (c 2 nghim dng, 1 nghim m).
nh l pht biu nh sau:
Nu phng trnh
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + + = ( ) 0 a c 3 nghim
1 2 3
, , x x x th ta c:
1 2 3
b
x x x
a
+ + = ,
1 2 2 3 3 1
c
x x x x x x
a
+ + = ,
1 2 3
d
x x x
a
= .
Vi 0 m < phng trnh (1) ni trn c 3 nghim phn bit trong c 2 nghim dng, mt
nghim m. Khng mt tng qut, gi s cc nghim ca (1) l
1 2 3
, , x x x vi
1 2 3
x x x < < .
Yu cu bi ton c tha mn
1 2 3
0 x x x < < < . (a)
p dng nh l trn cho phng trnh (1) ta c:
1 2 3
1 x x x + + = (b),
1 2 2 3 3 1
18 x x x x x x m + + = (c),
1 2 3
2 x x x m = (d).
T (a) v (d) suy ra 2 0 0 m m < < .
B3. Kt lun.
Tuy nhin cch gii trnh by tt hn, ta ch s dng bng bin thin tm trc tip m.

Bi 15. Cho hm s
( )
4 2 2
2 2 1 y x m x m = + c th l ( )
m
C .
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 1 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ( )
m
C tip xc vi trc honh.
Li gii cu b):
Hm s xc nh vi mi x .
( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
4 4 2 1 4 2 1 y x m x x x m = = +
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ( )
m
C ti im ( )
0
; 0 M x l
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0 0
: 4 2 1 . d y x x m x x = +
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
16/20
( )
m
C tip xc vi trc honh tn ti
0
x sao cho im ( ) ( )
0
; 0
m
M x C v tip tuyn vi
( )
m
C ti M l trc honh (ng thng 0 y = ).
( )
4 2 2
0 0
0 2 2 1 x m x m
d Ox

= +

( )
( ) ( )
4 2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0 0
0 2 2 1
4 2 1 . 0,
x m x m
x x m x x x

= +


+ =



( )
( ) ( )
4 2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
0 2 2 1
4 2 1 . 4 2 1 0, (*)
x m x m
x x m x x x m x

= +


+ + =



( )
( )
( )
4 2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2 2
0 0
0 2 2 1
4 2 1 0
4 2 1 0
x m x m
x x m
x x m

= +

+ =

+ =

( )
4 2 2
0 0
0
2 2
0
0 2 2 1
0
2 1
x m x m
x
x m

= +

=

(**)
( )
4 2 2
0 0
0
0 2 2 1
0
x m x m
x

= +

hoc
( )
4 2 2
0 0
2 2
0
0 2 2 1
2 1
x m x m
x m

= +


0
0
0
m
x
=

hoc
( ) ( )( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
0
2
0 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 0
m m m m
x m
m

= +


0
0
0
m
x
=

hoc
4 2
2 2
0
2
0 4 4 1
2 1
2 1 0
m m m
x m
m
= + +

(1)
Ta c
4 2
0 4 4 1 m m m = + + ( ) ( )
3 2
1 4 4 1 0 m m m + =
3 2
1
4 4 1 0
m
m m
=


+ =

. (2)
Vi
2
2 2
2 1 0 ; ;
2 2
m m D
| ( |
= +
| (
|
\
.
Xt hm s ( )
3 2
4 4 1 y f m m m = = + trn D, ta c: ( )
2
12 8 f m m m = +
( )
0
0
2
3
m
f m
m
=
=
=

, c 2 gi tr ny khng thuc D.
Bng bin thin ca hm s ( ) f m :
x
2
2

2
3
0
2
2
+
( ) f m + | + 0 0 + | +
+

1 2 +

( ) f m


1 2




T bng bin thin ta suy ra vi mi m D th
( )
( )
1 2 0
1 2 0
f m
f m

<

+ >

.
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
17/20
Do phng trnh ( )
3 2
4 4 1 0 f m m m = + = v nghim trn D. (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra h (**) c hai nghim
0
0
0
x
m
=

v
0
1
1
x
m
=

.
Kt lun: Vy c hai gi tr ca m tha yu cu bi ton l 0 m = v 1 m = .
Nhn xt:
- Trong li gii trn, chng ta khng dng n iu kin tip xc ca 2 th cng khng dng iu kin
nghim kp (bi chn) ca phng trnh gii quyt bi ton.
Li gii trn rt t nhin khi nu ra c 2 iu kin (gch chn di y):
( )
m
C tip xc vi trc honh tn ti
0
x sao cho im ( ) ( )
0
; 0
m
M x C v trc honh (ng
thng 0 y = ) l tip tuyn vi ( )
m
C ti M .
( ) ( )
0
; 0
m
M x C
d Ox

(I)
Bi im ( )
0
; 0 M x lun thuc trc honh vi mi
0
x .
- Vic gii h (I) gii quyt theo cch trn mc d hi di dng, phc tp nhng cho chng ta c
c nhng k nng khi s dng hm s vo vic xt nghim ca phng trnh.
- Cc em hc sinh c th dng iu kin tip xc ca 2 th hoc iu kin nghim kp gii li bi
ton trn. Sau i chiu v rt kinh nghim.

Bi 16. Cho hm s
3 2
3 9 1 y x mx x = + c th l ( )
m
C , m l tham s.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s khi 2 m = ;
b) Tm gi tr ca m ng thng ( ) : 3 10 d y x m = + ct ( )
m
C ti ba im phn bit.
Nhn xt:
Bi ny cc em c th gii theo cc cch nh gii Bi 1, Bi 2 v Bi 7 (phn u).

Bi 17. Cho hm s
2 4
1
x
y
x

=
+
.
a) Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) C ca hm s;
b) Tm trn ( ) C hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng ( ) d i qua hai im ( ) 3; 0 M v
( ) 1; 1 N .
Nhn xt:
Ta cn nu c cc iu kin tm 2 im thuc 1 th v i xng nhau qua 1 ng
thng.
Cc hng c th tip cn:
H1. Xt 2 im ( ) ; M x y v ( ) ; N x y thuc (C) sau tm iu kin M v N i xng nhau
qua ng thng d.
H2. Ly im ( ) ; M x y thuc (C), tm im i xng N ca M qua d.
Cho ( ) N C ta s gii c gi tr ca , x y cn tm.
H3. S dng iu kin (cn v ) 2 im i xng nhau qua d l: 2 im phi nm
trn ng thng d vung gc vi d ng thi 2 im cch u d.
Hai im ny thuc (C) chng l giao im ca d v (C).
Sau y l li gii theo hng 3.
Li gii cu b):
Phng trnh ng thng ( ) d i qua hai im ( ) 3; 0 M v ( ) 1; 1 N l:
1 3
:
2 2
d y x = .
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
18/20
Xt im ( ) 2 3; A a a ty thuc d ( ) a . ng thng d i qua A v vung gc vi d c h s
gc bng 2 nn c phng trnh: ( ) : 2 2 3 d y x a a = + + + : 2 5 6 d y x a = + + .
iu kin tn ti cp im trn (C) i xng nhau qua d l d ct (C) ti hai im phn bit P,
Q ng thi P, Q cch u d ( trung im ca PQ thuc d hoc trng vi A). (*)
Phng trnh honh giao im ca d v (C) l:
2 4
2 5 6
1
x
x a
x

+ + =
+
(1)
( )( )
1
2 5 6 1 2 4
x
x a x x


+ + + =

( )
2
1
2 5 6 5 10 0 (2)
x
x a x a


+ + + + =


t ( ) ( )
2
2 5 6 5 10 f x x a x a = + + + + .
iu kin d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit l (1) c 2 nghim phn bit (2) c hai nghim phn
bit khc 1
( )
0
1 0 f
>


( ) ( )
( )
2
5 6 8 5 10 0
2 5 6 5 10 0
a a
a a

+ + >


+ + +

2
25 20 44 0
0 6 0
a a
a
+ >

2 4 3 2 4 3
; ;
5 5
a D
| | | |
+
= +
| |
| |
\ \

Vi a D , gi ta cc giao im ca d v (C) l ( )
1 1
; M x y , ( )
2 2
; N x y , trong
1 2
, x x l cc
nghim ca (2). Ta c
1 2
5 6
2
a
x x

+ = ,
1 2
5 10
2
a
x x
+
= .
Do , M N d nn ta c
1 1 2 2
2 5 6, 2 5 6 y x a y x a = + + = + + ( )
1 2 2 2
2 10 12 y y x x a + = + + + .
Suy ra ta trung im ca on MN l
1 2 1 2
;
2 2
x x y y
I
+ + | |
|
\

hay
5 6 5 6
; 5 6
4 2
a a
I a
| |
+ +
|
\
5 6 5 6
;
4 2
a a
I
+ | |

|
\
.
iu kin 2 im N, N i xng nhau qua ng thng d l : 2 3 0 I d x y + + =
5 6 5 6
2. 3 0
4 2
a D
a a

+
+ + =

5 6 4
a D
a


+ =

2
2
a D
a
a

=

.
Vi 2 a = , phng trnh (2) tr thnh
2
2 4 0 x x = c hai nghim
1
0 x = v
2
2 x = .
Vy cp im cn tm tha yu cu bi ton l ( ) ( ) 0; 4 , 2; 0 M N
Li gii 2: (gii theo Hng 2)
Xt im ( )
2 6
1;
a
A a C
a
| |

|
\
ty , 0 a .
ng thng d i qua A v vung gc vi d c h s gc bng 2 nn c phng trnh:
( )
2 6
: 2 1
a
d y x a
a

= + +
2 6
: 2 2 2
a
d y x a
a

= + + .
Ta giao im I ca d v d l nghim ca h:
2 6
2 2 2
3
2 2
a
y x a
a
x
y

= + +

.
Gii h ta c nghim
2 2
4 11 12 4 4 12
;
5 10
a a a a
x y
a a
| | + + +
= =
|
\
chnh l ta ca I.
Gio vin Cao Long Mt s bi ton lin quan n hm s
19/20
Gi ( ) ; A x y l im i xng ca A qua I, ta c:
2
2
4 11 12
1 2.
5
2 6 4 4 12
5
a a
x a
a
a a a
y
a a
+
+ =

+ +

+ =

2
2
3 17 24
5
4 14 18
5
a a
x
a
a a
y
a
+
=

l ta ca A.
iu kin tn ti cp im trn (C) i xng nhau qua ng thng d l ( ) , A A C v A A .
2
2
2
2
3 17 24
1 (*1)
5
3 17 24
2. 4
4 14 18
5
3 17 24 5
1
5
a a
a
a
a a
a a
a
a a a
a
+

+
+

2
2 2
2
2 12 24
0
5
4 14 18 2 18 16
5 4 8
a a
a
a a a a
a a a
+


+ +

+

( )( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
0
6 12 0
4 14 18 4 8 5 2 18 16 0
a
a a
a a a a a a a

+ + + + =


2
4 3 2
0
6 12 0
4 8 132 264 144 0
a
a a
a a a a

+ + =

( )( ) ( )
2
2
0
6 12 0
4 1 3 6 12 0 (*2)
a
a a
a a a a

+ =

1
3
a
a
=

.
Vi 1 a = ta c ( ) ( ) 0; 4 , 2; 0 A A ; vi 3 a = ta c ( ) ( ) 2; 0 , 0; 4 A A .
Vy c mt cp im trn th (C) i xng nhau qua d l ( ) ( ) 0; 4 , 2; 0 A A .
Nhn xt:
- tng gii ca cch 2 t nhin hn tuy nhin vic tnh ton rt phc tp v cng knh. V iu
quan trng l nu ta khng nu iu kin (*1) A v A khng trng nhau th lc phng trnh
(*2) c n 4 nghim phn bit dn n kt qu sai.
- tng gii ca cch 1 mc d gm nhiu yu cu (iu kin) tuy nhin cc bc gii v tnh
ton n gin, gn hn v khng vp iu kin bi ton c nghim ngoi lai.
- Vic so snh tng v phc tp ca mi cch gii dnh cho cc em hc sinh.



TB: Trong tp bi vit ny trnh by t m li gii ca 17 bi ton ph ca bi ton kho st hm s nhm mc ch:
- gip cc em hc sinh c mt bi gii hon chnh so snh, i chiu v rt kinh nghim sau khi t lm cc bi
tp ny;
- gii theo mt s cch khc nhau cc em nm c ci hay, ci p v tnh u vit ca tng cch gii sau
vn dng linh hot vo cc bi ton tng t.
Mc d s lng bi tp khng nhiu nhng cng mong rng tp bi vit nh ny cng gip c cc em hc sinh
c mt s kinh nghim trong vic t n tp v lm bi thi tt hn.
Chc cc em n tp v t kt qu thi tt.

Hu, ngy 25/08/2011

Gio vin: CAO LONG.
Trng THPT ng Trn Cn, thnh ph Hu, tnh Tha Thin Hu.
in thoi: 0123 601 22 20.
Email: longdocao@yahoo.com.vn
Weblog: http://caolong.wordpress.com ; http://dcl2012.blogspot.com

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