Quản lý tổng hợp vùng ven biển - ĐH Nha Trang, MCD

Ti liu Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c bin son trong khun kh chng trnh hp tc
v tng cng nng lc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin gia Trng i hc Nha Trang (NTU)
v Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD), theo Tha thun hp tc s
09-02/MCD. Ti liu c hon thnh vo nm 2011.
Nhm son ti liu:
Nguyn Lm Anh: i hc Nha Trang
Trn Vn Phc: i hc Nha Trang
Nguyn Trng Lng: i hc Nha Trang
Nhm chuyn gia t vn:
Marcel Marchand: Chuyn gia t vn quc t v qun l vng b, tp on t vn
DELTARES (H Lan)
Nguyn Minh Sn: Ph Vin trng, Vin Cng ngh Mi trng
Ha Chin Thng: Ph Gim c, Trung tm Quy hoch, iu tra, nh gi ti nguyn -
mi trng bin v hi o, Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam
V Minh Ct: Ch nhim Khoa K thut Bin, i hc Thy li H Ni
H Th Yn Thu: Ph Gim c, Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v Pht trin Cng
ng (MCD)
Nhm iu phi v h tr k thut hon thin ti liu:
Minh Hong: Trng phng Qun l Ti nguyn Vng b, MCD
V Th Tho: Chuyn vin phng Qun l Ti nguyn Vng b, MCD
L Nguyn Khi: Cn b ph trch vn phng i din MCD ti Khnh Ha
Ti liu ny c xy dng vi s h tr ti chnh ca Lin minh
Chu u (EU) v Oxfam Novib. Phn ni dung ca ti liu do MCD
v i hc Nha Trang ph trch. Trong mi trng hp, ti liu
ny khng phn nh quan im ca EU hay Oxfam Novib.
Nm 2011
QUAN LY TONG HP
VUNG VEN BIEN
QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
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LI TA
LI TA
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin l mt cch tip cn mi trong qun l ti nguyn ven bin
c gii thiu v bc u p dng c hiu qu Vit Nam.
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin (QLTHVVB) c xem nh mt h thng qun l ti nguyn v
mi trng theo cch tip cn tng hp, c trng bi qu trnh lp v thc hin k hoch c s
tham gia ca y cc bn lin quan, nhm gii quyt nhng vn qun l phc tp vng
ven bin. Cch tip cn ny khc phc c nhng khim khuyt trong qun l truyn thng n
ngnh v theo lnh th, nh vic gii quyt cc bt hp l trong s dng khng gian v ti nguyn
vng b gia cc ngnh, c quan v cng ng.
Xc nh c tm quan trng ca vic p dng QLTHVVB, chnh ph Vit Nam ban hnh Ngh
nh 25/2009/N-CP ngy 6/3/2009 v qun l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v mi trng bin v
hi o. y l mt vn bn php l nh du bc tin quan trng v th ch qun l ti nguyn
v bo v mi trng bin v hi o ca Vit Nam. Thm vo , quyt nh 158/Q-TTg ngy
09 thng 10 nm 2007 ca Th tng chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chng trnh Qun l tng
hp di ven bin vng Bc Trung B v Duyn hi Trung B n nm 2010 v nh hng n
nm 2020 khng nh nhu cu cn p dng cch tip cn ny trong qun l ti nguyn cc
a phng ven bin nc ta.
Bn cnh nh hng chnh sch ca c quan qun l nh nc, nhiu c quan o to v t chc
phi chnh ph cng ang c nhng n lc ng k trong vic thc y p dng cch tip cn trn.
in hnh l s hp tc gia Trng i hc Nha Trang, tnh Khnh Ha v Trung tm Bo tn Sinh
vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD), mt t chc phi chnh ph Vit Nam hot ng trong lnh
vc bo v ti nguyn ven bin v pht trin cng ng. MCD cng vi i hc Nha Trang t
chc bin son ti liu Qun l tng hp vng ven bin nhm h tr cng tc ging dy cho sinh
vin bc i hc - ngun nhn lc qun l ti nguyn ven bin ca t nc trong tng lai, ng
thi cng l ti liu tham kho cho cc nh qun l, nh nghin cu v nhng ngi quan tm ti
vn ny. Ti liu mang li nhng kin thc cp nht v QLTHVVB, cung cp nhng dn chng,
bi hc kinh nghim thc t trong vic p dng cch tip cn ny trn th gii v Vit Nam.
Ti liu l mt trong nhng cun sch tham kho c gi tr v QLTHVVB do chnh nhm tc gi
Vit Nam bin son, ng gp vo vic ph bin, nng cao nng lc p dng QLTHVVB ca t
nc trong hin ti v tng lai.
Vi ngha nh vy, ti trn trng gii thiu ti liu Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ny ti c
gi v cc bn ng nghip.
H Ni, thng 09 nm 2011
PGS.TSKH. Nguyn Vn C
Tng cc trng
Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam
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M U
Vng ven bin (coastal area) l vng chuyn tip gia bin v lc a, chu tc ng ca s tng
tc gia thu quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn v kh quyn, hnh thnh nn s a dng v ti
nguyn thin nhin, a dng sinh hc v giu khong sn. Theo Cicin-Sain (2002) vng ven bin
ch chim 20% b mt tri t nhng ng vai tr quan trng i vi cuc sng con ngi trn
hnh tinh chng ta. Khong 50% dn s th gii sinh sng trong phm vi 200 km vng ven bin
(UN 2002). Mt dn s trung bnh vng ven bin vo khong 80 ngi/km2, gp i mt
dn s trung bnh trn ton th gii (UNEP 2002). Trn 70% cc thnh ph ng dn nht th gii
(hn 8 triu dn) nm vng ven bin (IOC 1999).
Cc h sinh thi ven b ng gp 90% sn lng thy sn th gii, sn sinh ra 25% nng sut
sinh hc, v ng gp gn 80% trong tng s 13.200 loi c bin. Thc s cc h sinh thi ang
gnh trch nhim lm sch v bo v mi trng vng ven bin trc cc hot ng kinh t ca
con ngi. Do , vng ven bin l quan trng i vi cc quc gia c bin, tr thnh tin cho
s pht trin a ngnh, a mc tiu, trong c thu sn, du lch, hng hi, du kh...
Tuy nhin, vng ny li lun chu nhng sc p rt ln ca cc qu trnh t nhin v cc hot
ng ca con ngi, dn n lun bin ng, thng b suy thoi v nhim. S bng n dn
s, s m rng cc th v hnh thnh cc th mi ven bin; cc loi cht thi t nng nghip,
cng nghip v rc thi sinh hot; nhim do hot ng ca tu b, khai thc du kh; s khai
thc qu mc v khai thc hy dit ngun li thy sn; tn ph cc h sinh thi; bo t, lt li v
cc ri ro thin nhin cng vi s dng ca mc nc bin do hiu ng nh knh v ang xy
ra. ng thi, cc mu thun li ch trong vic s dng a ngnh, a mc tiu, gia pht trin
v bo tn, gia khai thc v bo v cc ti nguyn thin nhin vng ven bin xut hin v
ngy cng gia tng.
Mt iu d nhn thy rng mc d vng ven bin l vng a chc nng, phc v s pht trin a
ngnh, nhng cho n nay hot ng qun l n li ch yu theo cch tip cn n ngnh. Chnh
v th, khng nhng khng gii quyt c cc mu thun li ch trong pht trin m cn tip tc
lm gia tng v phc tp ho cc mu thun li ch . Cch qun l nh vy s khng m bo
tnh bn vng ca vng ven bin. Thc t ang i hi phi c phng thc qun l mi, vi mt
khun kh thng nht v ton din cho cc chnh sch, k hoch v hnh ng qun l, nhm p
ng hi ho cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi vi bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin trong mt mi
trng thn thin. chnh l c s dn n s ra i ca qun l tng hp vng ven bin,
c a vo trong vn liu khoa hc thuc chng 17, chng trnh ngh s 21 Hnh trang loi
ngi bc vo th k 21 ti Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) thng 6, 1992.
Vit Nam c phn lnh th trn t lin nm bn b Bin ng vi chiu di ng b bin trn
3.260 km, c vng bin rng trn 1 triu km2, trung bnh khong 100 km2 t lin c 1 km b bin
(cao gp 6 ln t l ny ca th gii), khng mt ni no trn t nc ta li cch xa bin hn 500
km. Ven b c khong 3.000 hn o ln, nh cc loi, ch yu nm Vnh Bc b. Vng ven
bin Vit Nam c dn c tp trung kh ng c, vi khong hn 25 triu ngi, bng gn 31%
dn s c nc v khong hn 13 triu lao ng (nm 2005). D tnh nm 20l0, dn s vng ven
bin khong gn 27 triu ngi, trong lao ng gn 18 triu ngi; nm 2020, dn s khong
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trn 30 triu ngi, trong , lao ng khong gn 19 triu ngi. V vy, vng ven bin gn b
mt thit v nh hng ln n s pht trin kinh t - x hi, m bo quc phng, an ninh, bo
v mi trng ca mi min t nc.
Ngy 23/6/1994, Quc hi nc ta ph chun Cng c ca Lin hip quc v Lut bin 1982
(UNCLOS). Vic qun l tng hp vng ven bin pht trin theo hng bn vng v ang
c cc cp chnh quyn quan tm. Quyt nh 158/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph
k ngy 9/10/2007 ph duyt chng trnh qun l tng hp di ven bin vng Bc Trung b v
duyn hi Trung b n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 vi mc tiu tng qut nhm
Tng cng nng lc qun l, bo v, s dng v khai thc ti nguyn, mi trng, phc v
pht trin bn vng cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng vng Bc Trung b v Duyn hi
Trung b thng qua p dng phng thc qun l tng hp vng ven bin. Ngy 6/3/2009, Chnh
ph cng ban hnh Ngh nh 25/2009/N-CP v qun l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v mi
trng bin, hi o vi 5 chng, 30 iu, lm c s cho cc hot ng qun l tng hp vng
ven bin Vit Nam. Trong thc t, qun l tng hp vng ven bin cng c trin khai mt
s a phng Vit Nam nhng nm qua, nh Qung Ninh, Nam nh, Tha Thin Hu, Qung
Nam, Nng, Khnh Ha v B Ra - Vng Tu, di hnh thc cc d n th im vi s gip
ca Cc Hi dng v Kh quyn Hoa K (NOAA), chnh ph H Lan, chng trnh Hp tc
qun l mi trng khu vc bin ng (PEMSEA) v t chc phi chnh ph Trung tm Bo tn
sinh vt bin v Pht trin cng ng (MCD), bc u t c nhng thnh cng nht nh
v cn nhn rng ra c nc. Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi phi c ngun nhn lc c o to bi
bn, nm vng kin thc v cc k nng thc hin chng trnh qun l tng hp vng ven bin.
Hin nay vic ging dy mn hc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin hoc cc kin thc lin quan
c thc hin mt s trng i hc nh H Khoa hc T nhin H Ni v thnh ph H Ch
Minh, H Thy li, H Hu, H Cn Th, H Nng. Trng i hc Nha Trang cng trin
khai ging dy mn hc ny cho sinh vin ngnh Qun l Mi trng v Ngun li thy sn, ngnh
Khai thc hng hi. Nm 2009, thng qua chng trnh hp tc v tng cng nng lc Qun l
tng hp vng ven bin gia Trng i hc Nha Trang (NTU) v Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin
v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD), ti liu Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c xy dng da trn
chun u ra (KAS) cho ngnh hc Qun l Mi trng v Ngun li thy sn ca Trng i hc
Nha Trang. Ni dung chnh ca ti liu gm cc kin thc c bn v tm quan trng ca vng ven
bin, cc qu trnh ang din ra di tc ng t nhin v con ngi, cc khi nim v pht trin
bn vng v qun l tng hp vng ven bin, quy trnh qun l tng hp vng ven bin vi cc
cng c h tr, cc vn qun l tng hp vng ven bin trn th gii v Vit Nam. Mc ch
xy dng ti liu nhm h tr cng tc ging dy mn hc Qun l tng hp vng ven bin cho
ging vin v sinh vin trong trng, ng thi cung cp thng tin tham kho cho cc nh qun l,
nh nghin cu v nhng ngi quan tm ti vn qun l vng ven bin.
Mc d rt n lc trong qu trnh bin son ti liu ny, song chc chn cn c nhng thiu st
v nhiu iu cha c nh mong mun. Do vy, chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp chn
thnh ca ng nghip, sinh vin, nh qun l, ni dung ti liu ny c iu chnh kp thi
v ph hp vi nhu cu thc tin hn.
Thay mt cho Ban bin son, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc chuyn gia do MCD gii
thiu, gm ng Nguyn Minh Sn - Ph Vin trng Vin Cng ngh Mi trng; ng Ha
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Chin Thng - Ph Gim c Trung tm Quy hoch, iu tra, nh gi ti nguyn - mi trng
bin v hi o Vit Nam, (Tng cc Bin v Hi o); ng Marcel Marchand - Tp on t vn
DELTARES (H Lan); b H Th Yn Thu - Ph Gim c Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin v
Pht trin Cng ng (MCD); ng V Minh Ct - Ch nhim Khoa K thut Bin, i hc Thy
li H Ni v c nhng t vn chuyn mn c th cho vic xy dng cc ni dung ca ti liu.
Chng ti rt bit n s gip ca tp th cn b gio vin v Ban Ch nhim Khoa Nui trng
Thy sn; Khoa Khai thc Hng hi; Khoa Kinh t; cc chuyn vin Phng Bin-Hi o, S Ti
nguyn Mi trng cc tnh Ph Yn, Bnh nh, Khnh Ha; cn b cc S Khoa hc Cng
ngh cc tnh Khnh Ha, Ninh Thun; Trung tm Quan trc Ti nguyn Mi trng Khnh Ha
c nhng ng gp qu bu ti liu ny c hon thin hn.
Chng ti cng xin chn thnh cm n Ban Gim hiu Trng i hc Nha Trang v Phng Khoa
hc Cng ngh & Hp tc Quc t quan tm v to iu kin chng ti hon thnh c
cun ti liu ny.
Nha Trang, thng 09 nm 2011
Thay mt nhm tc gi
Ths. Nguyn Lm Anh
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MC LC
MC LC
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PHN 1. C IM V CC VN CA VNG VEN BIN 9
1.1. Cc c im ca vng ven bin 9
1.1.1. Khi nim 9
1.1.2. Cc qu trnh ven bin 10
1.1.3. Ti nguyn vng ven bin 16
1.2. Chc nng ca vng ven bin 28
1.2.1. Cc hot ng kinh t x hi ti vng ven bin 28
1.2.2. Cnh tranh ti nguyn gia cc ngnh 34
1.3. Cc vn ca vng ven bin 38
1.3.1. nhim mi trng 38
1.3.2. Suy thoi ti nguyn 40
1.3.3. Thin tai 41
1.3.4. S c mi trng 41
1.3.5. Bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng 42
PHN 2. PHT TRIN BN VNG V QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN 46
2.1. Pht trin bn vng 46
2.1.1. Khi nim 47
2.1.2. Cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng 47
2.1.3. Mt s m hnh pht trin bn vng 48
2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 49
2.2.1. Qun l bin v hi o 50
2.2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 52
PHN 3. QUY TRNH QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN 57
3.1. Nhng c im ca mt k hoch Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 57
3.2. Chu trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin theo m hnh PEMSEA 57
3.2.1. Cn c xy dng v trin khai chng trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 57
3.2.2. Cc giai on chnh ca qu trnh xy dng v trin khai chng trnh
Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 58
3.2.3. Cc yu t cn thit cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh Qun l
tng hp vng ven bin 61
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MC LC
PHN 4. CC CNG C H TR QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN 62
4.1. Khi qut v cng c h tr Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 62
4.1.1. Cng c cung cp v qun l thng tin, d liu 62
4.1.2. Cng c phn tch v nh gi 66
4.2. Mt s cng c c trng 78
4.2.1. Xy dng h s vng ven bin 78
4.2.2. Xy dng h thng qun l thng tin tng hp 81
4.2.3. Truyn thng 84
PHN 5. QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN VIT NAM 89
5.1. Hin trng v nhu cu qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam 89
5.1.1. Tnh hnh chung 89
5.1.2. Hin trng qun l 89
5.1.3. Nhu cu Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam 97
5.2. Thc tin hot ng Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam 99
5.2.1. Xu hng p dng Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam 99
5.2.2. Mt s trng hp in hnh v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
ti Vit Nam 101
5.3. Mt s trng hp in hnh trn th gii 130
TI LIU THAM KHO 144
PHN 1. C IM V CC VN CA VNG VEN BIN
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PHN 1. C IM V CC VN
CA VNG VEN BIN
1.1. Cc c im ca vng ven bin
Phn ny trnh by cc quan im v phm vi vng ven bin trn th gii v trong
nc, cng nh cc qu trnh t nhin v cc ngun ti nguyn vng ven bin.
1.1.1. Khi nim
Hu ht cc ti liu hng dn Qun l tng hp vng ven bin c xut bn u cho rng vng
ven bin (hay cn gi l vng b) l vng giao hi ca bin v t lin. l ni cc qu trnh sinh
thi ph thuc vo s tng tc ln nhau kh phc tp gia t lin v bin.
Vng b l mt phn trong i b, c nhng c tnh tng t nh i b. Vng ny bao gm hai
phn: vng t ven bin (vng ven bin) v vng bin ven b (vng ven b). Phm vi ln nh ca
vng b tu thuc vo nhu cu v kh nng qun l (Nguyn Chu Hi, 2005).
C nhiu cch nh ngha v khu vc c th ny.
Theo IUCN (1986), vng b l vng m lc a v bin tng tc vi nhau, vi ranh gii v
t lin c xc nh bi gii hn cc nh hng ca bin n lc a v ranh gii v bin c
xc nh bi gii hn cc nh hng t lc a n bin.
Theo dn chng ca Kay v Alder (1999), B lut Qun l v Bo v vng b Queensland nm
1995 s dng mt s nh ngha nh sau:

Bi bin l vng t nm gia ngn nc cao v thp ca thu triu lc cao nht;

Vng b bao gm c khu vc bn trong v bn ngoi bi bin;

Qun l vng b gm bo v, bo tn, ti to, v pht trin cc h sinh thi ti vng b;

Ti nguyn vng b gm c ngun li t nhin v vn ho;

Vng bin ven b l vng bin tnh n gii hn ca thu triu cc i;

Vng t ngp nc ven b bao gm vng t ngp nc thu triu, ca sng, m ly, rng
ngp mn, h hoc dng nc nh ven b, bt k vic nc ti l mn, ngt hay l.

Vng ven bin l: (a) vng bin ven b; v (b) tt c khu vc thuc pha t lin ca vng
ven bin, m ti cc c im, qu trnh t nhin, sinh thi v cc hot ng con ngi
nh hng hoc c kh nng nh hng n bi bin hay cc ti nguyn vng ven b.
Ranh gii vng ven bin c xc nh trn c s thc t bao gm cc khu vc v cc hot
ng lin quan n vn qun l quan tm. Trong nhiu trng hp, ranh gii vng t v bin
thng gn vi cc im mc t nhin chng hn nh mc nc triu thp trung bnh hay mc
nc triu cao trung bnh, o, mi o...
Qua nghin cu nhiu ti liu v nhiu dn chng khoa hc lin quan n vng ven bin, c th
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thy: vng ven bin mi nc rt khc nhau, c xc nh trn nhng c s khc nhau. C
th, vng ven bin ca mt s quc gia v lnh th nh Hawaii, Singapore, c th hin
bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1: Mt s v d v ranh gii vng ven bin (Nguyn Mng, 2005)
Vit Nam, ngh nh 25 ca Chnh ph v Qun l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v
mi trng bin, hi o ban hnh ngy 6/3/2009 ch r: Vng ven bin l vng
chuyn tip gia lc a v bin, bao gm vng bin ven b v vng t ven bin c
xc nh theo ranh gii hnh chnh qun l.
Trong ti liu ny, thut ng vng ven bin s c dng v hiu theo nh ngha trn.
1.1.2. Cc qu trnh ven bin
a) Kh ng lc hc
Trong qu trnh kh ng lc hc, gi ng vai tr trc tip bt v vn chuyn cc ht ct. Nng
lng vn chuyn bn ct ph thuc vo tc gi v tng tc ca gi vi mt bin, mt t.
B mt v ma st b mt lm thay i bn cht ca dng kh v quyt nh tc gi gn lp mt.
Lp bin: L mt phn ca tng i lu b thay i bi qu trnh ti. Theo Stull (1988), lp bin l
mt phn ca tng i lu, trc tip chu nh hng ca b mt tri t chng li cc lc b mt.
S ti (nhit, m, ng lng) din ra do chuyn ng ri. Chuyn ng ri, gi bo tc ng trn
nn gi thng c th hnh dung nh l cc xoy kch c khc nhau, chng ln nhau. Phn ln
chuyn ng ri trong lp bin sinh ra do cc tc ng t mt t. V d s t nng mt t ca
mt tri to ra nhng lung kh nng bc ln to thnh cc xoy ln. Ma st dng kh thi qua mt
t l nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc ng sut trn b mt di dng cc chuyn ng ri. Cc vt
cn nh cy ci, cn ct lm chuyn hng lung gi v sinh ri ti khu vc ngay sau vt cn. Kh
nng vn chuyn vt cht trong chuyn ng ri thng ln hn trong cc chuyn ng khuch
tn phn t. Tn sut kh cao ca s xut hin ri gn mt t l mt trong nhng c im phn
bit lp bin vi phn cn li ca kh quyn.
Lp bin trong: Khi dng kh b thay i bi ma st mt, n cn mt qung ng thch nghi vi
b mt mi. Ti vng chuyn tip do ma st , hnh thnh lp bin trong. Trong lp bin trong,
Nc/ Bang Ranh gii trn t lin Ranh gii trn bin
Rhode Island 200 dm k t b bin Vng lnh hi (3 hi l)
Hawaii Tt c vng t lin, tr cc vng c
rng bo v
Vng nc ca bang
Brunei Tt c vng t lin v vng nc ven
b cch mc nc cao trung bnh 1km
T mc nc cao trung bnh n 200
m nc su
Singapore Ton b t lin Vng lnh hi v cc o xa b
Sri lanka 300 m t mc nc cao trung bnh 2 km t mc nc thp trung bnh
Malaysia Ranh gii huyn 20 km t b
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dng gi thch ng c vi b mt mi. Chiu cao ca lp bin trong tng dn t im c s
chuyn tip ma st b mt. Pha trn cao ny, lung gi vn thch nghi vi b mt trc khi c
s chuyn tip. vng t c a hnh phc tp, mt ct gi cha mt vi lp bin trong chng
ln nhau. Tc gi theo chiu thng ng s khc nhau khi gp a hnh ny v nu b qua nh
hng ca a hnh th s rt kh phn tch qui lut ca gi v dn n sai s ln do khng xem
xt n ma st b mt.
Mt ct gi: Gi trung bnh ng vai tr chnh trong s vn chuyn ngang (hay chuyn ng i
lu). Ma st lm tc gi trung bnh gim ng k gn mt t. Trn mt b mt ng nht,
v hn v iu kin bnh thng, mi quan h gia tc gi theo cao tun theo quy lut c
tn gi l Lut tng chn. V tc gi tng theo logarit ca cao, nn mi quan h ny cn
c gi phn b dng logarit.
Dng kh: Thng trn mt t, mt ct gi khng c dng chun logarit v s sai khc ny ph
thuc vo a hnh v nhm b mt. Khi dng kh i ngang qua cc cn ct, phn b tc gi
t ch n nh khi trn bi bin s b xo trn khi i qua cn ct. Cc thay i ca a hnh lm
tng tc gi trn nh v mt pha bin ca cc cn ct, lm gim tc di chn cn
ct, cng nh mt khut gi ca cn ct. S tng nhm v pha t lin do mt thc vt tng
cng lm gim tc gi. V vy, tc gi dc theo mt mt ct s rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo
mc tng hay gim ca n. S thay i ny c vai tr quan trng i vi vn chuyn trm tch
do gi. S tng hay gim tc gi cn ph thuc c vo hng gi. Nu gi vung gc vi cn
ct th tc ng ca a hnh ln dng kh t gi tr cc i, nu gi tc ng xin gc vi cn ct
th tc ng ca cn ct ln dng kh s b gim v v vy nh hng ca n n dng kh s nh
hn. Nhng cn ct cao c th lm cho dng kh b chuyn hng to ra gi gn chn cn ct
v song song vi n. Trng hp ny, vn chuyn ct vo pha t lin b gim ng k.
b) Thy ng lc hc
Cc qu trnh thu ng lc hc c th k n nh sng, thy triu, dao ng mc nc v dng
chy, v.v.
Dng chy: Dng chy l s chuyn ng c hng ca cc ht nc. Vn tc ca dng chy
ngang thng c biu din bng knot (knot = hi l/gi). i vi cc dng chy c vn tc nh
ngi ta s dng n v hi l/ngy. Trong cc nghin cu l thuyt ngi ta quy c dng n v
cm/s. Dng chy l vn ng lm vn chuyn cc khi nc v lm xo trn mnh cc lp nc
bin v i dng. Cn c vo cc lc gy nn dng chy, c th chia chng thnh 3 nhm chnh l:

Dng chy gradien l dng chy gy nn bi gradien ngang ca p sut thu tnh xut
hin khi mt bin nm nghing so vi mt ng th. Ty thuc vo nguyn nhn gy nn
nghing ca mt bin c th chia cc dng chy gradien thnh: dng chy dng rt (l
dng chy gy nn bi s dng v rt nc di tc dng ca gi); dng chy gradien
p lc (l dng chy gy nn bi thay i p sut kh quyn); dng chy b (l dng chy
gy nn bi s dng mc nc ven b v cc vng ca sng do nc sng chy ra) v
dng chy mt (l dng chy gy nn bi gradien ngang ca mt nc). Nu s
phn b khng u ca mt nc bin ch l do s phn b khng u ca nhit
nc v mui gy nn, th dng chy sinh ra c gi l dng chy nhit mui.
12

Dng chy gi v dng chy tri: Dng chy tri do tc ng ko theo ca gi gy
nn, cn dng chy gi th do tc ng ca nguyn nhn ni trn v nghing mt
bin to nn di tc dng trc tip ca gi v s phn b li mt do dng chy tri.
Dng triu l dng chy do lc to triu gy nn.
Sng to ra gi a phng v lng l hiu ng ca cc qu trnh nhiu lon trong bin. Lu l
sng khng lm di chuyn cc ht nc v ti su bng na bc sng th sng coi nh khng
c. Sng c nng lng rt ln, c tnh sng di vi bin 7 mt to ra nng lng khong
1 triu m lc trn 1 km b bin. y l mi e da cho mi trng v cc h sinh thi ven bin.
Sng c phn ra thnh hai loi l sng trng thi bin v sng lng. Sng trng thi bin c
hnh thnh bi trng gi cc b v thng kh dc vi di bc sng gp 10-20 ln cao
sng. Khi sng truyn cng xa khi ngun (ni to sng) th dc ca n s gim. Lc ,
sng tr nn thp v bc sng kh di (bc sng ln gp 30 - 500 ln cao sng) v c
gi l sng lng. Mt nhm sng khc gi l sng triu. Loi sng ny c to bi lc ht ca
mt trng v mt tri. Sng triu thuc loi sng c bc sng rt di c hnh thnh t i
dng v c th truyn vo vng bin nng khin mc nc bin dng v rt mt hoc hai ln
trong ngy (cn gi l thy triu). Mc triu khc nhau ng k cc ni khc nhau trn tri t.
Ti mt s ni, rt kh nhn ra dao ng ca thu triu v ln rt nh (v d nh a Trung Hi),
trong khi mt s ni khc gi tr ny c th ln ti 7-10m (v d Anchorage, Alaska). Nhm
sng ln nht cn gi l sng thn, c hinh thnh do ng t hoc a chn di y bin.
Nhng con sng ny kh di v cha mt nng lng rt ln. Sng thn rt nguy him v rt kh
nhn bit khi ngoi khi, nhng tin vo b vi cao rt ln, thi gian rt nhanh gy thit hi
rt ln cho vng ven bin.
Thy triu l s vn ng vn ng thng xuyn, c chu k ca cc khi nc v ng vai tr
ht sc quan trng i vi i sng, x hi, kinh t ca con ngi v i vi s sinh sn v pht
trin ca cc loi sinh vt; n lm a dng ha cc h sinh thi v a dng sinh hc vng ven bin.
Hnh 1.1. Cc dng chuyn ng chnh ca trm tch trong mt vung gc vi b (Kraus v
Horikwa, 1992)
13
Mc nc bin l mt b mt hnh ellipsoid bao quanh tri t, tng trng cho cao ca bin
v c dng ly mc v cao ca vt th trn tri t. y l mc nc trung bnh tng
i tnh trong ton nm ca mt vng bin, c xc nh theo qui nh trong tiu chun quc
gia ca mi nc v c cao qui c l 0 mt. Mc nc bin c ngha rt quan trng i
vi i b. Ngy nay, mi e da ln cho con ngi v cc loi sinh vt l mc nc bin ang
dng ln do hu qu ca hin tng m ln ton cu. Hi ngh lin chnh ph v bin i kh hu
do Lin Hp Quc t chc nm 2007 d bo ti nm 2100, mc nc i dng s dng ln
khong 18 n 59 centimet. Nhng nghin cu gn y hn v tc ng ca hin tng bng tan
Nam Cc v o bng cho thy mc tng c tnh s ln n t nht mt mt vo cui th
k ny. Nhng tc ng mnh trn din rng s c nhn ln do tc ng ca bo nhit i
cng vi vic tht thot cc khu rng t nhin nh hin tng cc rng c, cc h sinh thi
ven b b mt dn i.
Cc qu trnh ng lc hc v hnh thi vng ven b b chi phi bi hai hin tng chnh l
gi v thy triu. Gi trc tip vn chuyn ct cc bi ct kh v to sng, dng chy vo dao
ng mc nc, cn thy triu th to ra s ln xung tun hon ca mc nc v cc dng triu.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, vn chuyn bn ct v s thay i a hnh v hnh dng ng
b c sinh ra trc tip do nh hng ca gi v dng chy, mc d trong mt s trng hp
nht nh, khng th khng ni n nh hng ca gi.
Vn chuyn bn ct mnh nht xy ra vng gn b, ni sng b v khi truyn vo vng nc
nng. Khi sng v, nng lng sng b phn tn v to nn chuyn ng ri. Sng lm tng mc
nc trung bnh ti vng sng v gi l sng v b. Mt phn sng dn ln v rt xung theo
dc b. Khi sng dn ln, nc ngm vo bi ct v chy xung khi sng rt, mang theo bn ct.
Phn nh ca sng v to ra s vn chuyn nc vo b. Theo s liu o c, chuyn ng ca
nc vo b cn bng bi vn chuyn ra bin ca lp nc thp hn thng gi l dng ngc.
V bn cht, dng chy t b ra bin c th xem l dng do sng dn nc vo b gy nn. Khi
sng truyn vo b vi mt gc xin no , hin tng sng v s to ra dng chy dc b (cn
gi l dng ven b).
Vn tc qu o ca sng, dng chy v c bit l chuyn ng ri ca nc trong vng sng
v lm cho bn ct b bt ln khi y v l lng trong dng nc. Dng chy s mang bn ct
theo hng vung gc vi b bin. Dng ngc t b ra bin s mang cc ht bn ct l lng ra
xa hn. Mt qu trnh vn chuyn vo b khc xy ra lp st y do tnh khng i xng ca
chuyn ng qu o sng. Pha ngoi vng sng v, tnh khng i xng ca sng cng to nn
s vn chuyn bn ct vo b v trng lc c th l yu t cn tr qu trnh .
Vn chuyn dc b nhng vng gn b ch yu c thc hin bi dng chy do sng v gi
sinh ra. Vi cao khc nhau, sng b v nhng su khc nhau, sinh ra dng ven kh lin
tc v to ra phn b bn ct khc nhau trn hng vung gc vi b trong qu trnh vn chuyn
dc b. Dng triu kt hp vi chiu chuyn ng qu o do sng lm cho cc ht bn ct bt
ln khi y v sau vn chuyn dc theo b. Cn bng gia lng bn ct n v lng bn
ct ra khi mt ct no ph thuc vo su v hnh dng b bin. S mt cn bng ny (c
th do tc ng ca con ngi) l nguyn nhn dn n cc qu trnh thay i t nhin, chng hn
nh s hnh thnh cc cn ct ngm hay cc mi t nh ra bin. V d vic xy cc cng trnh
14
nh k m hn, chn sng thng gy bi pha trc trn ng vn chuyn ca bn ct v
gy xi l cc on b pha sau. Lin quan n cc qu trnh ng lc, hnh thi hc ny, cn
phn bit cc tc ng ngn hn v lu di. Chng hn, do s thay i theo ma ca cc iu kin
thu lc, c th xy ra bin ng ca b bin trong thi hn ngn, m khng nht thit p dng
cc bin php khc phc mang tnh lu di.
S n nh lu di ca b bin mang tnh cht n nh ng vi tnh trng bt n nh ngn hn
thng xuyn xy ra. Vi cc on b bin thoi, hin tng xi xy ra trong thi gian ngn v
ko di lin tc. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 1.2.
Hnh 1.2. Mc thay i ca v tr ng b (Terwindt v Kroon, 1993)
c) a ng lc hc
Cc qu trnh a ng lc hc do s mt n nh v a cht nh st ln, nng ln ca mt t,
ng t, ha lng v trt l.
St ln t l hin tng rt nguy hi cho i sng x hi ca loi ngi v ph v s cn bng
sinh thi v a dng sinh hc. Theo mt nghin cu c cng b mi y, 2/3 s chu th ln
trn th gii, ni c ng ca gn na t ngi, ang c nguy c b ln hoc s b nc bin nhn
chm. Nhng pht hin mi ny da trn nhng hnh nh chp t v tinh cho thy, 28 trong s 33
chu th rng nht th gii hng chu nhng trn lt nghim trng trong mt thp k qua v gy
nh hng xu n tng s 260 ngn km vung din tch chu th, ven bin v con s ny s tng
ln rt ln trong th k ny nu mc nc bin dng ln do tc ng ca bin i kh hu. Nguyn
nhn chnh gy ln hin tng st ln t c bn l do hot ng ca con ngi nh khai thc
khong sn, du m, nc ngm, xy p ngn nc. Ngoi ra, n cn do a chn nn lm thay
i cu trc lng t v gy nn hin tng st ln.
t tri, hay cn gi l s nng ln ca b mt t, xut hin nhiu nhng khu vc bng tan nhiu.
Hin tng ny c gii thch l: khi khi lng bng nng ln mt t, lm t b ln xung,
sau khi bng tan ra do kh nng t n hi ca t, t c nng ln v d mc nc bin tng
ln do bng tuyt tan ra, nhng mc nc dng thp hn mc t tri. V th t tri ln cao
15
hn. Hin tng t tri ny xy ra Juneau, thuc Alaska (M). mt s khu vc khc nh
Bangladesh, ngi ta iu chnh dng nc t thng ngun ra nhng khu vc thp lp t
ph sa nng cao ln v gim nh hng ca mc nc bin tng cao. Cn Alaska, cc nh khoa
hc ghi nhn, trong vng 200 nm qua t c nng ln 3m so vi mc nc bin. H qu
ca t tri l lm nc bin rt xa lm tt gim mch nc ngm, lm kh cc dng chy v vng
m ly, t tri ln t nc v chim ch nhng vng m t. Hiu ng ny cn lm thay i gii
hn in th, khin cc c dn tranh lun bit xem ai s s hu nhng din tch t mi pht sinh
ny v s dng ra sao. Ngoi ra, nc bng tan mang theo cc lp cn lng khin cc dng chy tr
nn nng cn hn, hn ch s di chuyn ca tu b. iu quan trng hn l nhng thay i v mt
a hnh ny e da cc h sinh thi.
ng t l hin tng do nhng a mng nm k cn v di chuyn theo nhng phng hng
khc nhau vi nhng vn tc vi cm mi nm. Khi di chuyn, chng c th m xo vo nhau, mt
mng s chm vo bn di mng kia, hoc chng c th di chuyn chn p bn nhau. Ranh gii
hay mt tip xc gia hai a mng chnh l ni ng t xy ra. ai la Thi Bnh Dng (Pacic
Ring of Fire), ni mng v bin Pacic chm bn di cc v lc a Nam M, Bc M v pha b
ng; bn di v lc a chu v pha b Ty l ni ghi nhn nhiu hot ng a chn cng
nh ni la hin nay. Hin tng ng t xy ra lm nh hng ln n s pht trin kinh t,
ph hy cc cng trnh nhn to v t nhiu nh hng n h sinh thi v mi trng.
Do cc qu trnh trn, din mo b bin lun lun b thay i theo thi gian v khng gian. S tin
trin ca a mo l kt qu tt yu ca nhng thay i ca vn chuyn bn ct theo khng gian
v thi gian (Steetrel,1993). Khi s vn chuyn bn ct t th y bin s nng ln v ngc li khi
vn chuyn trm tch tng th n s b xi mn. khu vc b bin, s tin trin a mo thng
c phn nh bng s thay i v tr ng b m l yu t quyt nh cho vic tin hnh cc
bin php, cng trnh chng xi l b bin. S tin trin a mo c th phn thnh hai loi - di
hn v ngn hn. S phn bit r rng gia hai loi tin trin ny theo quan nim thi gian l
khng tn ti. Tuy nhin, khi nghin cu s xi l b bin v nhng bin php bo v tng ng,
ngi ta thng ngh n khong thi gian no (c th vi nm, c th vi chc nm hoc
hn). Phm vi thi gian i vi s tin trin ngn hn c th rt khc nhau. i khi, s thay i v
a mo trong mt cn bo, mt trn l lt li rt ng k, trong khi thay i iu kin sng hng
nm li ch c th dn n nhng thay i i mo mang tnh ngn hn (thay i theo ma).
a ra c quyt nh lin quan n cc bin php bo v b bin, vic xem xt nhng din bin
di hn rt quan trng, mc d quyt nh c thc hin i vi s tin trin ngn hn. V d,
b bin v lu di c th b xi l, nhng v tr ca ng b vn cn n nh trong nhng iu
kin bnh thng. Tuy nhin mt cn bo hay trn l lt c th gy ra nhng nh hng tc thi,
thu hp bi bin hay gy xi l cc cn ct mc khng chp nhn c; v vy cn c ngay cc
bin php bo v b bin. iu ny c ngha l xi l b bin di hn s lm cho b bin khng
cn kh nng duy tr c s thay i ngn hn. R rng, t hp ca s xi l gy ra bi c cc
hnh thc vn chuyn dc b v giao b hon ton c th xy ra. Ni chung, nhng din bin bt
li di hn din ra t t, nhng lin tc (tng nm) gy ra tnh trng xi l khng th phc hi ca
bi bin v cc cn ct. Ngc li vi xi l di hn, xi l ngn hn din ra khng thng xuyn
do s kin nguy him t xy ra (nh nc dng do bo v cc trn bo bin). Hn na, nhng thay
i ng k ca mt ct b bin trong trng hp ch gii hn nhng phn trn cao ca mt
ct nh bi v cn ct v ch din ra trong mt khong thi gian rt ngn. Trong trng hp khng
c s thay i vn chuyn bn ct dc b hay tng khi lng bn ct nm gia hai mt ct s
16
khng i, mc d c s bin i mt ct sau bo do xi l cc b trn b mt cn ct. Trong hu
ht cc trng hp, s xi l ny ch tm thi v mt ct bi bin s dn n c phc hi sau
bo, m v nguyn tc t nhiu dng cn bng.
d) Sinh thi ng lc hc
Cc qu trnh sinh thi ng lc hc m t nhng thay i xy ra trong h sinh thi do cc qu trnh
nh: qu trnh kh ng lc hc (nh tng tc kh quyn - bin hoc s vn chuyn bn ct do
gi); qu trnh thu ng lc hc; qu trnh hnh thi ng lc hc (nh tng tc gia vn chuyn
bn ct v cc thay i a hnh y bin v hnh thi ng b); qu trnh a ng lc hc do s
mt n nh v a cht (nh st ln, nng ln ca mt t, ng t, ho lng v trt l).
1.1.3. Ti nguyn vng ven bin
a) Ti nguyn t nhin
Khi nim
Ti nguyn t nhin l ton b gi tr vt cht sn c trong t nhin (nh nguyn liu,
nhin liu, vt liu do t nhin to ra m loi ngi c th khai thc v s dng trong
sn xut v phc v i sng), l nhng iu kin cn thit cho s tn ti ca x hi
loi ngi.
Tt c nhng dng vt cht khi cha c hiu bit, khai thc, s dng th cha c gi l ti
nguyn t nhin m ch l iu kin t nhin hay mi trng t nhin. V th, ti nguyn t nhin
mang tnh cht x hi v c x hi ho. Nh vy, ngun ti nguyn t nhin lun lun c m
rng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Ti nguyn t nhin c th thu c t mi trng t
nhin, c s dng trc tip nh khng kh, nc, cc loi sinh vt c trong t nhin v cng c
th s dng gin tip thng qua cc qu trnh khai thc v ch bin nh cc loi khong sn, t
ai sn xut ra cc sn phm nhm tho mn nhu cu v vt cht v tinh thn ca con ngi.
Hng nm, con ngi ly ra t mi trng t nhin khong 35 - 40 t tn nguyn vt liu. Cc dng
ti nguyn t nhin ch yu bao gm: cc ngun nng lng (nng lng mt tri, nng lng
gi, nng lng thu triu, nhit trong lng t), khng kh, nc, t ai, khong sn, sinh vt,
vv. Ti nguyn t nhin l t liu sn xut bao qut nht, l iu kin khng th thiu ca hot
ng sn xut ca x hi.
Ti nguyn vng b l nhng ti nguyn hnh thnh v phn b trong vng b. Lch s hnh
thnh v pht trin loi ngi gn lin vi vic s dng ti nguyn thin nhin. Vi s pht trin
ca khoa hc v cng ngh, nhn thc v ti nguyn thin nhin ca con ngi cng c thay
i. Ban u, ngi ta quan nim ti nguyn thin nhin l nhng dng vt cht c th ca t
nhin m con ngi c th s dng ch tc ra cc vt dng hng ngy phc v cho chnh cuc
sng ca h. y l quan nim c bit n theo ngha hp v hon ton trc quan. Cho nn, ch
nhng dng vt cht nhn thy nh cy ci, qung hoc chim, th... mi c hiu l ti nguyn.
Cn nhng yu t khng nhn thy c nh cc chc nng, gi tr sinh thi v dch v ca mt
h t nhin no th khng c xp vo quan nim trn (Nguyn Chu Hi, 2003).
17
Qu trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi, cng vi nhng tin b vt bc ca khoa hc v cng
ngh, quan nim v ti nguyn thin nhin thay i v c hiu theo ngha rng.
Theo quan nim mi: Ti nguyn thin nhin l ton b cc dng vt cht hu dng
cho con ngi, cng nh cc yu t t nhin m con ngi c th s dng trc tip
hoc gin tip phc v cho chnh s pht trin ca h.
Theo quan nim ny, ti nguyn thin nhin cng l nhng hp phn ca mi trng t nhin v
cc dng phi vt cht m con ngi c th s dng trc tip hay gin tip. Nh vy, cc dng vt
cht v cc hp phn ca mi trng t nhin khng hu dng hoc ngc li c th gy tc hi
cho s sng v pht trin th khng c quan nim l ti nguyn thin nhin (Ruth A. Eblen, 1994).
Ti nguyn t nhin phn b khng ng u trn tri t. Mt s nc c ngun ti nguyn
phong ph v a dng nh Hoa K, Nga, cc nc Chu u, xtrylia, vv l iu kin tt cc
nc ny pht trin nhanh v mnh. Bn cnh mt s nc khc Chu Phi, Chu , Chu
M Latinh c t ti nguyn t nhin hn, kh hu khc nghit v t ai km ph nhiu hn, y l
nguyn nhn lm cho cc nc ny chm pht trin hn.
Mc d ti nguyn t nhin nhn chung rt phong ph, a dng v thm ch l v tn (i vi cc
ngun ti nguyn phc hi), nhng nu s dng khng hp l th n mt lc no s vt qu
kh nng t phc hi, ti to i vi cc ngun ti nguyn phc hi v cn kit i vi cc ngun
ti nguyn khng phc hi. Chnh v th, vn bo v v s dng hp l ti nguyn t nhin c
ngha rt ln cho s pht trin bn vng.
Phn loi
Tu thuc mc ch nghin cu hoc qun l m ngi ta c th phn loi ti nguyn t nhin
theo cc tiu chun khc nhau nh:

Theo ngun gc ca ti nguyn: Bao gm ti nguyn sinh vt (cy ci, c tm, cua, v.v)
v ti nguyn phi sinh vt (du kh, kh ga, nc, khng kh, v.v).

Theo bn cht tn ti: Bao gm ti nguyn ti to (sinh vt, nc ngt, t. v.v) v ti
nguyn khng ti to (Khong sn, ngun gen ca mt loi ng vt no nu b khai
thc n mc tuyt chng, v.v).

Theo mc s dng; Bao gm ti nguyn nguyn khai v ti nguyn b khai thc.

Theo bn cht khai thc: Bao gm ti nguyn tiu hao (cc loi khong sn) v ti nguyn
khng tiu hao (nng lng mt tri, khng kh).

Theo cng dng kinh t: Bao gm ti nguyn nng nghip, ti nguyn cng nghip, ti
nguyn du lch, ti nguyn bin, ti nguyn t, v.v
Ti nguyn sinh vt bao gm cc dng sng ca th gii hu sinh nh; tm c, to, ng vt ph
du... Ti nguyn sinh vt c th c xem xt di cc kha cnh: a dng sinh hc loi v h
sinh thi, ngun li hi sn v tim nng nui trng.
Ngc li vi ti nguyn sinh vt l ti nguyn phi sinh vt, bao gm cc dng vt cht ca th
18
gii v sinh nh: qung kim loi, t, , du kh, vt liu xy dng, nng lng bin, du lch, tim
nng pht trin cng, v tim nng v th.
Ti nguyn ti to l ti nguyn c th t duy tr hoc t b sung mt cch lin tc khi c s
dng qun l mt cch hp l. Tuy nhin, nu s dng khng hp l, ti nguyn ti to c th b
suy thoi n mc nghim trng v khng th ti to c. V d: nc c th b nhim; t c
th b mn ho, bc mu, xi mn; ti nguyn thy sn c th b khai thc cn kit v mt s loi
sinh vt b tuyt chng v.v.
Ti nguyn khng ti to l loi ti nguyn tn ti hu hn trong mt khong thi gian no , s
mt i hoc bin i sau qu trnh s dng. Chng hn, cc loi ti nguyn khong sn c th cn
kit sau khi khai thc nh than, du kh, thic, st, v.v
Ti nguyn khng khi phc c bao gm
cc loi khong sn ang c khai thc s
dng trong cng nghip. S hnh thnh cc ti
nguyn khong sn phi mt hng triu nm. V
th, cc ti nguyn ny khi khai thc cn kit th
khng phc hi c.
Ti nguyn c kh nng phc hi nh t trng,
cc loi ng vt v thc vt. Nu s dng hp
l th ph nhiu ca t khng nhng c
phc hi m t cn c th mu m hn. Ti
nguyn sinh vt cng c th c ti to v pht trin nu c khai thc v qun l tt.
Ti nguyn khng b hao kit nh nng lng mt tri, khng kh, nc Khng kh v nc c
lng rt ln n mc con ngi khng th s dng lm cho chng cn kit c. Tuy nhin, ti
nguyn nc khng phn b u gia cc vng trn tri t nhiu vng ang phi i mt vi tnh
trng thiu nc ngt, c bit l thiu nc sch.
Sinh thi vng ven bin
Vng ven bin l vng chuyn tip t phn t lin sang bin. Thy triu, sng, ngun nc ngt
t sng ra bin v vng nc nng to nn mt mi trng vi cc iu kin thng xuyn
thay i. Trong mi trng , c nhiu trng thi, t nc mn ti nc ngt, t cng ti ht
t mn, t sng ti ti, t vng nc c ti vng nc trong, t vng nc ng ti vng nc
chy, t trng thi chm ti trng thi ni. Phn h hu sinh ni y bao gm cc h sinh thi vi
cc qun x v cng a dng, thch nghi vi iu kin sng ti vng chuyn tip ny. Phn h
hu sinh thch ng vi tnh a dng v nng sut sinh hc ni tri l c im ca vng ven bin.
L ni tp trung cc h sinh thi, hai phn ba h sinh thi i dng tp trung vng ven bin
v ba phn t tng nng sut sinh hc (gC/m
2
) s cp cng tp trung y. Tnh t vng ni cao
n vng bin su nht th vng ven bin l ni c nng sut sn xut sinh hc ti u. H sinh thi
ven bin cng to iu kin tt cho cc chc nng sinh thi v to ra cc mt hng t nhin cho
con ngi. Vic duy tr h sinh thi ny c th phc v cho cc chc nng sinh thi t nhin l
iu khng th thiu pht trin bn vng h sinh thi ca tri t.
19
Cc h sinh thi c trng
H sinh thi rn san h:
Rn san h l cu trc aragonit c to bi cc c th sng. Cc rn san h thng c thy
cc vng bin nhit i nng m trong nc c t hoc khng c dinh dng.
H sinh thi rn san h l tng canxicacbonat ln c hnh thnh qua nhiu th k t san h, to
v cc sinh vt tit ra canxicacbonat khc. iu kin thun li pht trin rn san h l nhit
nc trn 18
0
C, su nh hn 50 m, mn n nh 36, nng bn ct thp, ngun nc
khng b nhim v c nn y tng i cng.
Hnh 1.3: Phn b h sinh thi rn san h trn th gii (UNEP-WCMC, 2001)
S phn b ca cc h sinh thi rn san h tp trung khu vc hai bn ng xch o tri t
v 30 Bc n 30 Nam. Rn san h ngm c tnh bao ph trn 284.300 km. Vng bin n
- Thi Bnh Dng (bao gm Hng Hi, n Dng, ng Nam v Thi Bnh Dng)
chim 91,9% tng s, trong , ng Nam chim 32,3%, Thi Bnh Dng 40,8% (Spalding et
al., 2001).
Vit Nam nm trong vng a dng san h ln nht th gii,
c iu kin t nhin ni chung l thun li cho s pht trin
ca san h to rn. Tuy nhin, chn phn mi trong s hn
1000 km
2
rn san h Vit Nam ang tnh trng nguy cp,
96% san h b e da, trong 75% b e da nghim trng
v rt nghim trng (B Ti nguyn v Mi trng).
Cc rn san h v di san h c chc nng chn sng t
nhin, bo v cc vng b thp trnh xi mn. Cc rn san
h cng gp phn vo vic bi tch t thng qua vic bi
p thm ct vo cc bi bin. Bn cnh , cc rn san h
cng l mi trng tt cc loi thy sinh sinh sn v pht
trin nh c rn, tm, tm hm, hi sm, v.v.
San h ti Khu bo v h sinh thi bin
Rn Tro, x Vn Hng, huyn Vn Ninh,
tnh Khnh Ha. nh: MCD
20
Ngoi ra, vi v p t nhin, s phong ph v mt sinh hc, a dng v mu sc t nhin, vng
nc trong lnh l nhng c im tt chng tr thnh cc khu vc gii tr c a chung
trn th gii.
H sinh thi rng ngp mn:
L thut ng m t h sinh thi thuc vng nhit i v cn nhit i hnh thnh trn nn cc thc
vt vng triu vi t hp ng, thc vt c trng. Trong h sinh thi ny, cc ng, thc vt, vi
sinh vt trong t v mi trng t nhin c lin kt vi nhau thng qua qu trnh trao i cht
v ng ha nng lng.
Hnh 1.4: Phn b rng ngp mn trn th gii (FAO, 2007)
Rng ngp mn phn b ch yu trong cc vng ca sng, ven bin nhit i v cn nhit i hai
bn ng Xch o (t 250 Bc n 250 Nam). Tng din tch rng ngp mn trn th gii c
tnh khong 15.429.000ha, trong c 6.246.000ha thuc Chu nhit i v Chu i dng,
5.781.000 ha Chu M nhit i v 3.402.000ha thuc Chu Phi.
Vit Nam c nhiu iu kin thun li cho rng ngp mn sinh trng v pht trin, c bit l
vng ven bin ng bng Nam b. Trc chin tranh, rng ngp mn nc ta chim din tch
tng i ln, khong 400.000ha (Maurand, 1943), trong vng Nam b chim 250.000ha. Hai
vng c rng ngp mn tp trung l bn o C Mau khong 150.000ha v Rng st (khu vc
Bin Ha v Tp H Ch Minh) khong 40.000ha. Do khai thc rng ly than, g, ci qu mc
nn din tch rng gim nhanh chng, n cui nm 1960 rng ngp mn ch cn ba phn t din
tch. T nm 1962 -1971 cuc chin tranh ha hc ca M hy dit khong 104.123 ha, trong
52% mi C Mau v 41% Rng st. n nay h sinh thi rng ngp mn nc ta b
ph hy nghim trng, nguyn nhn ch yu l khai thc qu mc, ph rng lm ao nui trng
thy sn, xy dng cc khu cng nghip, khu dn c. Din tch rng ngp mn c tnh n nm
2002 l 156.608ha (Vin iu tra quy hoch rng, 2001).
21
Mi trng thun li cho h sinh thi rng ngp mn pht trin l t ngp nc, ngun khong
v c c b sung cho h sinh thi thng qua qu trnh trao i nc t sng v bin, v qu
trnh phn hy cht v c do vi sinh vt v cc loi ng vt. Cc qun x rng ngp mn c nhiu
li ch trong h sinh thi ln hn ni chng sng. im ni bt nht l sn xut ra mt lng ln
sinh khi v cc cht b - nhng th theo dng nc mang i lm giu cho mi trng ven bin.
Nhng mnh vn ny s l ngun thc n cho nhiu loi ng vt. H sinh thi rng ngp mn
cn l ni tr n v pht trin ca cc loi ng vt trn cn v di nc, l l chn sng, bo
cho vng t lin, l c my lc nc khng l v c tc dng ln trong vic bo v cht lng
nc thng qua kh nng t tch cht dinh dng ra khi nc. Bn cnh , rng ngp mn
cn h tr mt s hot ng thng mi v cc li ch c bit cho cng ng c dn ven bin.
H sinh thi c bin:
C bin phn b rng nhiu vng ven bin nhit i v n i c nn nc nng, nc trong
v khng c sng mnh. N khng pht trin nhng vng bin c nng lng sng mnh c
bit l trong v gn vng bin c sng cn, sng v hoc vng ca sng nhp lu ca nhiu dng
sng ln c mang theo nhiu bn ct.
Cng ging nh h sinh thi rng ngp mn v rn san h, h sinh thi c bin cng tp trung
phn ln vng nhit i v n i. Theo s liu thng k cha y ca Trung tm gim st
bo v th gii (WCMC) thuc Chng trnh mi trng LHQ (Unep), din tch c bin trn th
gii hin vo khong 177.000km
2
. Tuy nhin, con s ny khng y do cha c mt cuc
kho st no ngoi khi b bin pha ty ca chu Phi v M Latinh.
Vit Nam, c bin phn b dc theo b bin, t Bc cho ti Nam, vng triu ven bin, ven o,
vng ca sng, rng ngp mn, m ph, vng, vnh vi din tch c tnh 16.000ha.
Hnh 1.5: Phn b c bin trn th gii (UNEP-WCMC, 2001)
Vai tr ca ca qun x c bin trong h sinh thi ven bin l cung cp mi trng sng cho nhiu
loi c, ng vt khng xng sng v cc ng vt khc, cung cp ngun thc n cho cac sinh
vt nh c vnh vin hoc tm thi . Ngoi ra, l c cn thu gi cc trm tch v cng lm
gim dng chy v tc ng ca sng, do c tc dng n nh mi trng, chng xi mn.
22
H thng r lin kt cc trm tch v ngn cn s ti to cc th vn, v c bin cng bo v rn
san h bng cch lin kt trm tch v lm sch nc. Bn cnh , c bin cng ng vai tr rt
quan trng i vi cc chu k carbon i dng v kh hu cng nh bo v b bin. Kh c th
o c gi tr kinh t thc s do c bin em li. Tuy nhin, din tch c bin trn th gii ang
ngy cng b thu hp. Trong vng mt thp k va qua, khong hn 30.000 km
2
to bin b ph
hy. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n hu qu ny l do cc cht dinh dng v trm tch t
hot ng ca con ngi ra bin, tu b, ln t, hot ng no vt v mt s phng php
nh bt c.
H sinh thi vng ca sng v m ph:
Ca sng l vng nc ven bin na khp kn, lin
kt t do vi bin khi v trong nc bin trn ln
nc ngt c a n t t lin.
m ph l mt khong nc nng gn bin hoc
thng vi bin v mt phn hoc hon ton tch ra
khi bin bi mt di t hp, di v thp, rn san
h, o chn sng, bi ct hoc mi t. Cc khu vc
m ph ven bin chim 13% b bin trn th gii
v c nng sut cao (Knoppers, 1994). Do v tr ca
chng phn b bao gm c trn t lin v giao din
vi bin, m ph ven bin l khu chuyn tip quan trng cung cp cc h sinh thi, cc dch v
thit yu cho con ngi (Levin et al.,2001).
Mi trng ca sng v m ph l nhng v d in hnh ca nhng h sinh thi kt hp, cn
bng gia cc thnh phn vt l v sinh hc. H thng ny bao gm nhiu h thng con lin kt
vi nhau do chu trnh thy triu v dng nc theo chu trnh thu vn. C hai cung cp nng lng
h tr cho ton b h thng ny. Ca sng l mi trng khng n nh cho hn hp ca nc
ngt v nc mn bin i. Do cc iu kin vt l ca sng hay tht thng, tnh a dng loi
y tng i thp. Tuy nhin, iu kin thc n rt thun li v do ca sng giu v sinh
khi. Ca sng v m ph c mc nng sut cao. Nng sut thay i theo v , ma v mt s
yu t vt l v ho hc quan trng ca h sinh thi.
Ca sng v m ph c nhiu chc nng t nhin quan trng nh cung cp ngun cht dinh
dng v cht hu c cho cc vng nc ngt v vng ven bin thng qua hot ng thu triu;
l mi trng sng cho nhiu loi thy sn v ng vt thn gip c gi tr thng mi, gii tr v
l a im thun li cho c trng, sinh trng v
pht trin hoc ng ging cho nhiu loi c c vy,
ng vt thn gip v nhiu loi di c.
H sinh thi m ly nc mn:
Cc m ly nc mn ven bin l mi trng nm
gia khu vc thu triu ln v xung, l ni cht nn
phn ln l bn v c nhiu thc vt nc mn. Cc
m ly nc mn pht trin ph bin vng ven
Ph Tam Giang, Tha Thin Hu
m Tr , Bnh nh
23
bin nng lng thp thuc v trung bnh v cao, cn vng nhit i v nhit i chng b
thay th bng cc qun x cy ngp mn. Mt vng m ly n nh thng cung cp ngun nng
lng h tr cho cc vng ln cn c nng sut thp hn.
S xut hin cc vng m ly nc mn do iu kin a l t nhin vng ven bin chi phi, v
mi trng bn ch c th tch lu ni hot ng sng hn ch. Do vy, cc bi bn v vng m
ly thng thy cc vng, vnh, ca sng b che chn, ch khut ca cc o v mi t. Tuy
nhin, cng thy cc m nc mn tn ti cc vng nng v rng ven bin. Bn ct tch lu
phn ven bin v m c th pht trin thnh m ly nc mn hoc rng ngp mn. y
c mt tng tc hu nh khng i gia khi nc v vng m ly. Mi tng tc ny c
to thun li bi mt mng cc knh rch. Do vy nc, cc cht ho tan, cc cht l lng hoc
ho tan v cc sinh vt i qua. Cc loi c thng l sinh vt sn xut s cp u th, d i khi
c cc loi thc vt cy bi thp thay th c.
Vng m ly cng vi bi thu triu v rng ngp mn l ni dng chn i vi cc loi chim di
tr k c chim nc. Vng m ly nc mn cng h tr cho ngh nh c ngoi khi v l vng
lu gi vt cht tri ni do bo.
H sinh thi bi triu:
Vng triu l vng khng ngp nc mt khong thi gian trong ngy theo chu k thy triu, vi
cc yu t t nhin thay i do nc v khng kh
chi phi. Qun x sinh vt thch nghi mi trng ny
v s lin kt gia sinh vt v mi trng to nn h
sinh thi bi thy triu.
Bi thu triu l vng khng c thc vt v thu triu
ln xung theo chu k bao gm nht triu, bn nht
triu v hn hp triu. Thy triu l yu t quan trng
nht tc ng ln cc sinh vt bi thy triu. Vng ny
c th l bi bn hoc bi ct tu thuc vo th ca
vt cht to nn chng. Nhng mi trng sng ny thng thy kt hp vi cc vng m ly
nc mn, rng ngp mn v bi bin nm pha t lin ca bi thu triu. mc thu triu
thp, mi trng thun li cho cc qun x y mm v cc bi c bin pht trin. Cc bi thu
triu c nng sut sinh hc ln to ngun thc n cho cc loi sinh vt ln hn nh chim v c,
l ni dng chn cho cc loi chim nc di tr.
Vng triu c vai tr rt quan trng trong h sinh thi nc mn bao gm cc chc nng nh: l ni
c tr, sinh sng ca cc loi sinh vt bin (hai mnh v, rong, to, v.v); l ni cung cp ngun li
kinh t v cng l ni din ra qu trnh trao i cht, nng lng, to nn ngun sinh khi ln trong
h sinh thi; l ni cung cp nng sut s cp cho vng ca sng, lm tng tnh a dng vng ca
sng. Hn na, h sinh thi vng thy triu gp phn vo vic iu ha kh hu thng qua cc thm
thc vt. Ngoi ra, h sinh thi ny cn c vai tr quan trng trong chu trnh dinh dng.
H sinh thi bi bin:
H sinh thi ny a dng t bi cui, si chim u th vi s lng hn ch thc vt v ng
Bi triu, Giao Thy, Nam nh
24
vt. Nng sut sinh hc ca h sinh thi ny khng
cao do hn ch s lng vi sinh vt sinh sng. y
l vng c bit c ngha cho cc loi ra bin,
nhn bin v cc loi chim bin khc sinh sn v
pht trin.
b) Ti nguyn nc ngt
Nc l thnh phn mi trng quan trng khng
th thiu trong h sinh thi mi trng. Mi trng
nc duy tr s sng, s trao i cht, s cn bng
sinh thi trn ton cu. Bn thn mi trng nc
l dng mi trng y , c 3 thnh phn chnh l nc, cht ha tan v cht kh. Nc cc
dng khc nhau nh nc ngt, nc mn, nc l, nc ao h, sng ngi, nc ng bng
tuyt, hi nc v nc ngm.
Chu trnh nc ton cu n t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh sng ngi, ma, bng tuyt, nc
ngm, hi nc trong khng kh. Chu trnh nc l mt chu trnh tun hon: Nc t bin v t
lin bc hi trn b mt ln khng trung, gp lnh s ngng t thnh my, my thp to ra nhng
ht nc ln dn n ma. nhng khu vc c nhit thp, nc ma to thnh bng tuyt.
Ngc li nhng khu vc c nhit cao, nc ma s chy xung nhng ch trng, ao h,
sng sui, bin v i dng sau tr li chu k tun hon ca n. Mt phn nc ma trn b
mt t lin s ngm xung t v b sung vo ngun nc ngm. Chu trnh nc ton cu quyt
nh kh nng cung cp nc ngt cho con ngi, hot ng nng nghip, thy in v cc hot
ng khc. Trong thc t, nc ngt v nc ma phn b khng ng u ph thuc vo cc yu
t nh kh hu, a hnh, vng a l, v.v. Chnh v th, c nhng ni ngun nc ngt rt di do
nhng c nhng ni thiu nc ngt hoc nc km cht lng, nht l nhng vng c lng
ma trung bnh hng nm thp v dn s cao.
Hnh 1.6: Mc bao ph nc ngt c th lm nc ung trn th gii (WHO/UNICEF,
2006)
Bi bin thuc Vn quc gia Ni Cha, Ninh Thun
25
Khi lng nc trn tri t c tnh khong 1385 triu km
3
, trong nc mn chim khong
97,5%, 2,5% cn li l nc ngt cho cy ci, ng vt v con ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, gn 90%
lng nc ngt ny khng th s dng v chng tn ti di dng bng tuyt 2 cc ca tri
t. Khong 0,26% (93.000 km
3
) lng nc ngt trn tri t c th dng c cho con ngi
v cc loi sinh vt khc v khong 0,014% c th dng lm nc ung, phn ln lng nc
ny l my v ngun nc ngm. Nh vy, chng ta thy rng, lng nc ngt trn b mt tri
t khng thc s ln v nc l ngun ti nguyn t nhin c th phc hi. Tuy nhin, nu qun
l tt ngun nc c th b nhim v hu qu ca n l thiu nc sch cho cc hot ng ca
x hi nh sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip, thy sn v c nc sinh hot ca con ngi.
Nc ngt trn tri t c s dng vo ba mc ch chnh l sn xut nng nghip khong
69%, phc v cc ngnh cng nghip khong 23%, nc ung v sinh hot khong 8%. Mc tiu
th nc ngt ca con ngi l khc nhau cc quc gia/vng khc nhau. Lng nc tiu th
trung bnh trn u ngi mi nm Bc M khong 1,280m
3
, cc nc Chu u v Australia
khong 694m
3
, Cc nc Asian khong 535m3, Nam M 311m
3
v Chu Phi l 186m
3
. Bn cnh
, lng nc ngt tiu th trn u ngi mi nm ang b suy gim nhanh chng.
S gia tng dn s ng ngha vi mc tiu th nc tng v lm gim mc lng nc cung cp
trn u ngi. Do , s dn n tnh trng thiu nc ngt nhiu quc gia v vng lnh th
trn th gii. Vo nm 1989, khong 9.000 m
3
/ngi/nm; n nm 2000 con s ny gim xung
ch cn 7800 m
3
/ngi/nm. Hng nm, dn s th gii tng ln khong 80 triu ngi (tng
ng dn s Vit Nam), ko theo l nhu cu s dng nc ngt cng tng ln, c tnh mi nm
khong 64 t m
3
. Mt quc gia c th ni l cng thng v vn nc ngt khi kh nng cung
cp di 1,700m
3
/ngi/nm, nu nh hn 1.000m
3
/ngi/nm c coi l ngun nc b khan
him. Theo ch s ny, th vo nm 1995 c ti 31 quc gia vi 0,5 t ngi c xp vo tnh
trng cng thng v khan him nc, n nm 2025 s l 48 quc gia vi gn 3 t ngi v nm
2050 l 54 quc gia vi 4 t ngi s b thiu nc ngt (Gardner-Outlaw v Engelman, 1997).
Hnh 1.7: Ngun nc ngt trn u ngi mi nm theo cc vng chu th th gii.
26
Song song vi dn s tng cao v ngun nc
ngt ngy cng khan him, gi nc tiu dng
cng khng ngng tng ln. Gi nc ung tng
ln mi vng, mi quc gia rt khc nhau, ty
thuc vo kh nng cung cp (xem hnh 1.8).
Nhn chung, vng ven bin ngun nc ngt
kh di do. Tuy nhin, ngun nc ny cng
ang b suy gim ng k, do nhim ngun
nc v s xm nhp ca nc mn.
c) Ti nguyn khong sn - du m
Khong sn
Khong sn l thnh to khong vt ca lp v tri t, m thnh phn ha hc v cc tnh cht
vt l ca chng cho php s dng chng c hiu qu v li ch trong lnh vc sn xut ra ca
ci vt cht.
Khong sn l ti nguyn trong lng t, trn mt t di dng nhng tch t t nhin khong
vt, khong cht c ch th rn, th lng, th kh, hin ti hoc sau ny c th khai thc c.
Khong vt, khong cht bi thi ca m m sau ny c th c khai thc li, cng l khong
sn. Hu ht khong sn l ti nguyn khng ti to c, l ti sn quan trng ca quc gia Do
vy phi c qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng hp l, tit kim v c hiu qu nhm p ng
yu cu cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi trc mt
v lu di, bo m quc phng, an ninh. Khong sn c th tn ti trng thi rn (qung, ),
lng (du, nc khong,), hoc kh (kh t).
Khong sn cng c th hiu l ngun nguyn liu t nhin c ngun gc v c hoc hu c, tuyt
i b phn nm trong lng t v qu trnh hnh thnh c lin quan mt thit n qu trnh lch s
pht trin ca v tri t trong thi gian di t hng ngn nm, hng trm triu nm.
Khong sn kim loi: Nhm khong sn st v hp kim st (st, mangan, crom, vanadi, niken,
molipden, vonfram, coban); Nhm kim loi c bn (thic, ng, ch, km, antimoan); Nhm kim
loi nh (nhm, titan, berylly); Nhm kim loi qu him (vng, bc, bch kim); Nhm kim loi phng
x (uran, thori) v nhm kim loi him.
Khong sn phi kim loi: Nhm khong sn ho cht v phn bn (apatit, photphorit, barit, uorit,
mui m, thch cao,); Nhm nguyn liu gm s, thu tinh chu la, bo n, st - kaolin,
magnezit, fenspat, diatomit); Nhm nguyn liu k thut (kim cng, grat, thch anh, mica,
tan, atbet, zeolit), Nhm vt liu xy dng ( macma, vi, hoa, ct si).
Khong sn chy: than (than , than nu, than bn), du kh (du m, kh t, du).
Vit Nam, ngun ti khong sn rt phong ph v chng loi v a dng v loi hnh, trong
c c khong sn kim loi en, kim loi mu, kim loi qu him v c cc loi khong sn phi
Hnh 1.8: Gi nc ung trung bnh mt s nc
(WHO/UNICEF, 2000)
27
kim. Theo kt qu iu tra thm d i cht v tm kim khong sn, nc ta c hn 3.500 m v
im qung ca hn 80 loi khong sn khc nhau, trong chng ta khai thc c 270 m
v im qung.
Du m
Du m hay du th l mt cht lng snh c mu nu hoc ng lc. Du th tn ti trong cc
lp t ti mt s ni trong v Tri t. Du m l mt hn hp ha cht hu c th lng
m c, phn ln l nhng hp cht ca hydrocarbon, thuc gc alkane, thnh phn rt a
dng. Hin nay du m ch yu dng sn xut du ha, diezen v xng nhin liu. Ngoi ra,
du th cng l ngun nguyn liu ch yu sn xut ra cc sn phm ca ngnh ha du nh
dung mi, phn bn ha hc, nha, thuc tr su, nc hoa, nha ng, v.v. Khong 88% du
th dng sn xut nng lng, 12% cn li dng cho ha du (C quan nng lng quc t -
International Energy Agency (IEA).
Du m l ngun ti nguyn c gi tr hng u, gp phn to ln vo s pht trin kinh t ca cc
quc gia. S phn b du kh trn th gii khng u cc nc v cc vng a l, tp trung ch
yu vng ven bin. Tuy nhin, do gi tr to ln ca ngun ti nguyn ny m trong lch s th
gii xy ra rt nhiu cuc chin tranh, nhm tranh ginh quyn s hu chng.
Tr lng du trn th gii c tnh khong 1.178.161 t thng. Trong , cc nc Trung ng
chim lnh trn 60% tr lng ton th gii. Cc nc c tr lng du m ln trn th gii bao
gm; Saudi Arabia c 262,73 t thng, chim 22,3% tr lng du m th gii; Iran 132,46 t
thng (11,2%); Iraq 115,00 t thng (9,7%); Kuwait 99,00 t thng (8,4%); United Arab Emirates
97,80 t thng (8,3%) ; Venezuela 77,22 t thng (6,5%); Nga 72,27 t thng (6,1%); Kazakitstan
39,62 triu thng (3,4%). Ngc li, cc nc tiu th du ln li l nhng nc c tr lng du
nh nh: M, Trung Quc, Nga, Canada, Mexico, Brazil. c bit, M tiu th khong 20.000.000
thng/ngy nhng tr lng du ca nc ny ch khong 21,37 t thng, chim 1,8% lng du
th gii (Bristish Petroleum-BP, Bo co thng k 2004).
Hnh 1.9: Phn b tr lng v mc tiu th du trn th gii
28
Vit Nam c xp vo cc nc xut khu du m t nm 1991 khi sn lng xut c vi ba
triu tn. n nay, sn lng du kh khai thc v xut khu hng nm t vo khong 20 triu
tn/nm. Qua tm kim, thm d, cc tnh ton khng nh tim nng du kh Vit Nam tp
trung ch yu thm lc a, tr lng kh thin nhin nhiu hn du. Tng tim nng du kh
ti cc b trm tch: Sng Hng, Ph Khnh, Nam Cn Sn, Cu Long, Ma lay - Th Chu, Vng
T Chnh - Vng My... vi tr lng khong 5-6 t tn du v t 2.100 n 2.800 t m
3
kh. Kh
nng khai thc mi nm t 23-25 triu tn du th. Hin nay, nc ta ang xy dng v i vo
hot ng khu cng nghip ha du Dung Qut (Qung Ngi). V th, trong tng lai chng ta c
th t p ng c nhu cu tiu dng nhin liu lng v kh t. ng thi, chng ta cng s xy
dng cc ngnh cng nghip ha cht to ra cc sn phm t du kh do ngnh cng nghip ha
du cung cp nguyn liu (Vin Du Kh Vit Nam).
d) Ti nguyn nhn vn
Ti nguyn nhn vn l tt c cc i tng, hin
tng do con ngi to ra trng qu trnh pht trin
bao gm: truyn thng vn ho, cc yu t vn ho,
vn ngh dn gian, di tch lch s, di tch cch mng,
kho c, kin trc, cc cng trnh lao ng sng to
ca con ngi v cc di sn vn ho vt th, phi vt
th khc.
Cc di tch lch s vn ho l nhng cng trnh c
to ra bi tp th hoc c nhn con ngi trong qu
trnh sng to lch s, hot ng vn ho (vn ho vt cht, vn ho x hi v vn ho tinh thn)
bao gm: di tch kho c, di tch lch s, di tch vn ho ngh thut, danh lam thng cnh, bo
tng, v.v.
Vit Nam c nhiu gi tr vn ha nh cc l hi: L hi cu ng, l hi Long Chu, l va B
Thin Hu, l t C ng (c Voi), l Xun Thu, l hi cu ma, v.v. Cc ngh v lng ngh th cng
truyn thng: chm khc , ngh c ng, ngh kim hon, ngh gm, ngh mc, ngh my tre
an, ngh dt mi ngh u c lch s pht trin lu di v kh c o.
i vi vng ven bin, ti nguyn nhn vn rt phong ph v a dng gn lin vi lch s loi
ngi, lao ng v sn xut. Ngy nay, con ngi bit khai thc ngun ti nguyn gi tr v
mang tnh cht vng min ny phc v cho s pht trin kinh t v chnh cuc sng ca h. Ti
nguyn nhn vn gn lin vi cc hot ng kinh doanh du lch, th dc th thao, l hi, v.v, cc
hot ng gn lin vi bin. Quc gia no bit khai thc v khai thc bn vng ngun ti
nguyn ny s c li th cnh tranh rt ln i vi s pht trin kinh t ni chung v cc ngnh
c th ni ring.
1.2. Chc nng ca vng ven bin
1.2.1. Cc hot ng kinh t x hi ti vng ven bin
29
a) Tng quan
Vng ven bin c chc nng v tm quan trng rt ln i vi nn kinh t ca tt c cc quc gia
c bin v khng c bin, cung cp ti nguyn, a th, mi trng pht trin cho cc ngnh kinh
t. Cc hot ng vng ven bin trong nhiu nc gp phn ng k vo s tng trng
GDP ca quc gia. V d nh Sri Lanka, vng ven bin ch chim 20% din tch t c nc,
nhng ng gp 40% GDP ca quc gia vi 50% dn s sng y. Nhiu cng ng dn
c cc nc ng Nam ph thuc vo cc ngnh cng nghip nh: du kh, ng tu, khai
thc- nui trng thy sn, cng bin, vn ti ng thy, lm mui, nng lng sch v du lch
vng ven bin.
Vng ven bin c nhiu li th pht trin a ngnh ngh, a lnh vc v n ko theo nhiu vn
x hi. Vng ven bin c vai tr v v tr quan trng cho pht trin kinh t v cc vn sinh hot
khc, l ni sinh sng l tng bi tnh cht kh hu n ha, thnh vng v ti nguyn, nn cng
l ni cung cp ch cho cng ng dn c cc chu th trn th gii. Theo Edgren (1993) dn
s c tnh sng vng ven bin cui th k 20 bng vi dn s ton cu trong nhng nm 50
ca th k 20. Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng hin nay dn s c tnh ang sng vng b bin
trn th gii chim 50-70% trong s 5,3 t ngi. Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau ln gia cc nc
v dn s, vic lm, mt dn c, thu nhp vng b bin, chng hn Kenya ch c 17% tng
s dn nh c dc b bin (Burbridge,1995). Xu hng tng dn s vn cn tip tc v trong 30
nm ti, dn s c tnh sinh sng vng b s nhiu hn dn s ton cu hin nay (NOAA, 1994).
Phn ln s tng dn s cc nc ang pht trin din ra vng ang th ha v tp trung
phn ln vo cc vng b bin nh trng hp cc nc cng nghip. Dn thnh th c mc
tiu dng cao hn v kiu tiu th khc nhau so vi dn nng thn, tng nhu cu lng thc - thc
phm i hi tng nng sut trong nng - ng nghip. Nhng iu ny thng b cn tr do vic
chuyn t nng nghip m rng th v gim tim nng ng nghip v mt dn mi trng
sng thun li ca c tm v gia tng nhim nc sng, nc bin do ngun cht thi th v
cng nghip.
Cc thnh ph ven bin thng kt hp vi nhng cng bin ln, thun tin cho vic chuyn ch
hng ho bng ng thu, thu ht c cc ngnh cng nghip u t v pht trin. S tng
trng kinh t cung cp vic lm v c hi u t, cc thnh ph ven bin tr thnh nhng thi
nam chm thu ht nhng ngi ang tm kim c hi ci thin kinh t. Sc thu ht ca vng ven
bin cng cn du lch, gii tr. Hin nay, rt nhiu th ang c pht trin v m rng nhm
p ng nhu cu ca cc c dn mi v nh , v sinh v giao thng.
Nhiu vn c t ra trong qun l v qui hoch lin quan n mt dn c, s pht trin
cc cng trnh xy dng, s mu thun gia quyn s dng cng cng v t nhn cc bi bin v
vng t ven bin, lm gia tng p lc ln ti nguyn vng ven bin v c s h tng chng hn
nh giao thng, t ai v h thng nc thi.
Song song vi kh nng pht trin kinh t, vic lm di do, thu ht lao ng, dn s tng cao, thu
nhp v mc sng cao i hi cc ngnh khc nh gio dc - o to, y t, dch v, vn ha, gii
tr, iu dng, v.v khng ngng pht trin. Do vy, vng ven bin thc s nng ng v y
cc loi hnh dch v pht trin.
30
Vit Nam chng ta l mt quc gia bin vi 70% dn s sng vng ven bin v cc hot ng
kinh t ch yu tp trung vng ven bin v trn bin, ang pht trin tng i nhanh, mc tng
bnh qun GDP hng nm t t 8 - 9%, pht trin kinh t ang l mc tiu ca Chnh ph v cng
ng. ng thi vi mc sng c nng cao, sc p i vi ti nguyn v mi trng cng
khng ngng gia tng, qua nhng nm gn y th hin s pht trin cha bn vng. cng l
thch thc khng nh i vi Chnh ph, cc nh qun l v cng ng c dn.
b) Cng bin - Giao thng
Vn ti bin quc t l mt phn ca thng mi quc t, c tnh vn chuyn ti 90% khi lng
trao i thng mi ton cu. Vn ti bin lun l cch thc vn chuyn hng ha hu hiu nht.
c EE Mitropoulos, tng th k T chc Hng hi Quc t (IMO) nhn mnh rng Nu khng
c tu thy, mt na th gii s ng bng v na cn li s cht i. Vng ven bin l vng
tp trung ca cc ca sng, lung lch, vng vnh v cng bin. V th n cho li th v giao thng
ng thy cc k quan trng, l ca ng giao thng gia cc nn kinh t trn th gii, vi
li ch kinh t rt ln thng qua chuyn vn hng ha, hnh khch. Giao thng thy l mt trong
nhng loi hnh giao thng r nht v v th n to iu kin thun li cho cc loi hng ha c th
mnh cnh tranh cao hn, gi thnh r hn, mang li s thnh vng cho cc quc gia c bin.
Tuy nhin, cng nh mi hot ng khc, vn ti bin cng c mt tri ca n, nh hng trc
tip ln cc h sinh thi vng ven bin, h sinh thi bin v i dng.
Nc ta c trn 3.260 km b bin v c nhiu v tr c th xy dng cng bin nh: Ca ng, Ci
Ln, Nghi Sn, Hn La, Vng ng, Chn My, Dung Qut, Vn Phong, Th Vi... iu kin cho
hng trm triu tn hng ha thng qua mi nm (tham kho bng 1.2), ng thi m bo cho
ngnh sa cha, ng mi phng tin thy v cc ngnh dch v bin pht trin c trong hin
ti v tng lai.
Bng 1.2: Lng hng ha thng qua cng bin do Trung ng qun l (n v: 1.000 tn)
Hng ha qua cng 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007
Hng xut khu 3.737,1 4.788,1 8.530,7 6.922,4 11.661,1
Hng nhp khu 7.903,2 7.489,0 13.447,4 14.798,4 17.855,6
Hng ni a 2.823,2 4.864,0 8.589,6 12.140,0 16.730,1
Tng 16.458,5 19.139,1 32.568,7 35.864,8 48.253,8
(Ngun: Tng cc thng k, 2009)
Ring khu vc t Vng Tu n H Tin do bin nng, nhiu snh ly nn t c kh nng xy dng
cng bin ln, nhng vn c th xy dng cc cng c quy m va Hn Chng, Ph Quc hoc
cng sng Cn Th. Chnh v nhng iu kin thun li trn, chng ta c mc tiu pht trin
kinh t bin n nm 2020 l kinh t bin v vng ven bin ng gp 53-55% tng GDP ca c
nc, trong ngnh hng hi c v tr hng u. Vi cc chnh sch m ca v hi nhp quc
t ph hp cho tng giai on pht trin, cc ngnh kinh t bin ca Vit Nam s ngy cng ng
vai tr quan trng hn trong nn kinh t ca Vit Nam v t trng GDP ca kinh t bin v ven bin
t 53-55% vo nm 2020 nh chin lc ra l c tnh kh thi cao.
31
c) Khai thc khong sn v du m
Nhiu m du kh, kh t tp trung vng ven bin. y l loi khong sn qu gi phc v pht
trin nn kinh t t nc v nhu cu sn xut, tiu dng ca th gii. Ngoi ra, vng ven bin
cng cha ng nhiu loi khong sn qu gi khc. Theo s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh,
vic khai thc v s dng ti nguyn khong sn thc y s pht trin ca cc nn vn minh
nhn loi, em li s thnh vng cho nhiu quc gia. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc ti nguyn cng
gy ra nhiu vn mi trng nghim trng, nh hng n s pht trin ca cc nn kinh t
khc. Mi trng vng ven bin l thnh phn chu nhiu nh hng nghim trng nht ca vic
khai thc khong sn, c bit l cc s c do khai thc du kh gy ra.
d) Du lch v gii tr
Ngnh cng nghip du lch quc t v ni a khng
ngng tng trng v phn ln tp trung vo khu
vc ven b. Du lch th gii tng 260% khi so snh
gia 1970 v 1990, vi mc tng trng hng nm
khong 2% n 4.5% (Brandon, 1996). c tnh
nm 1995 cho thy du lch chim 10.9% ton b
GDP th gii v thu ht 10.6% lc lng lao ng
ton cu. (Hi ng du lch th gii, 1996).
Rt nhiu nc ang pht trin coi du lch l ngun
thu ngoi t quan trng, nhng li thiu kinh nghim trong vic lp k hoch cho s pht trin bn
vng v qun l tt nn cng nghip ny. Cc vn ch yu lin quan n mi trng v x hi.
Cc vn v mi trng bao gm nh hng ca s pht trin cc c s du lch nh nh ngh,
cng vin, sn golf..., dn n thay i phong cnh t nhin v nu qun l khng tt s l ngun
gy nhim. nh hng khc n mi trng c th k n vic tng khai thc ngun li bin v
ven b do du khch k c vic neo u tu thuyn gy hi n t chc y, khai thc hi sn qu
mc v rc thi. Cc vn x hi bao gm s xo trn c dn bn a, hn ch tip cn ngun
li cho thu nhp v kim sng, thu hp vng hoang d, mu thun gia ngi s dng ti nguyn
v thay i li sng. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh du lch ko theo cc ngnh phc v
gii tr nh du thuyn thng ngon, ln khm ph bin, lt sng, cu c, tm nng, tm bin,
v.v cng pht trin. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch, th ngnh du lch gii tr cng ang gy ra
nhng tc ng khng nh nh hng n mi trng ven b.
Vit Nam, dc b bin v cc hi o, c hn 125 bi bin c th pht trin du lch, trong c
trn 20 bi bin t quy m v tiu chun quc t nh Tr C, Bi Chy, Sn, Sm Sn, Nha
Trang, Vng Tu, Ph Quc,... dc b bin c cc di tch lch s vn ha nh c Hu, ph c
Hi An, Thp Chm...Cc bn o v cc o ln nh lin kt nhau to thnh mt qun th du lch
him c trn th gii nh Vnh H Long, Vnh Nha Trang. Vi nhng iu kin t nhin l tng
, ngnh du lch nc ta s l im n l tng cho du khch nc ngoi, song vic qun l
khai thc li l mt thch thc.
Vnh H Long
32
e) Nng nghip
Vng ven bin l ni sinh sng l tng cho con ngi v v th ni y cng l mi trng tt
pht trin nng nghip. Vit Nam chng ta c trn 70% dn s sng nng thn, ch yu tp
trung cc th v ng bng duyn hi. Chnh v th thc y ngnh nng nghip pht trin
kh nhanh, cung cp nhiu loi nng sn xut khu c gi tr cao. c bit, v sn xut la go,
t mt nc thiu lng thc chng ta tr thnh nc ng th 3 trn th gii v xut khu
go. iu cho thy, tim nng nng nghip ca nc ta c trin vng rt ln.
f) Thy sn
Ngnh thy sn ng gp mt phn quan trng trong pht trin kinh t ca mi quc gia c bin,
cng nh cung cp lng thc phm dinh dng v protein cn thit cho con ngi. Vic khai
thc, s dng ngun li sinh vt bin ngy cng tng gp phn tng trng kinh t quc gia, nng
cao i sng, tng thu nhp v gii quyt cng n vic lm cho a phn dn c ven bin. c tnh
c khong 200 triu ngi c cuc sng trc tip hoc gin tip lin quan n ngh c (Weber,
1994). Tuy nhin, cc hot ng khai thc, nui trng v ch bin thy sn v ang tc ng
n mi trng theo chiu hng tiu cc. Bn cnh , cc hot ng ny cng ang th hin
nhiu mu thun vi cc ngnh khc nh du lch, khai thc cng bin, khai thc khong sn.
Bng 1.3: Sn lng khai thc - nui trng v tiu dng thy sn trn th gii (FAO, 2007)
Nm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Sn lng t ni a (1000 tn)
Khai thc 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0
Nui trng 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.6 9.3 8.8
Tng 12.6 13.2 13.5 14.2 16.1 15.8
Sn lng t bin (1000 tn)
Khai thc 72.0 69.8 70.2 67.2 71.3 69.7
Nui trng 4.9 5.3 5.6 6.1 6.6 6.6
Tng 76.9 75.1 75.8 73.3 77.9 76.3
Tng SL khai thc 78.6 76.5 76.7 73.8 78.1 76.7
Tng SL nui trng 10.9 11.8 12.6 13.7 15.9 15.4
Tng SL thy sn 89.5 88.3 89.3 87.5 94.0 92.1
Tiu dng
Tiu dng cho ngi 63.9 65.7 65.7 67.5 68.9 69.0
Khng lm thc n 25.6 22.6 23.6 20.0 25.1 23.1
Dn s TG (t ngi) 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1
Tiu dng/ngi/nm (kg) 13.3 13.4 13.1 13.5 13.5 13.5
33
Theo Burbridge (1995), c ba vn c bn trong
pht trin ng nghip cc nc cng nghip v
cc nc ang pht trin. Th nht, lao ng th
cng trong ngh c gim mt s nc. Nguyn
nhn chnh l do tr lng c ven b b suy gim
nhanh v tu thuyn khai thc c c gii ha.
Th hai, khai thc qu mc do tng cng lc khai
thc v ti a ha hiu qu ca ng c khai thc.
Th ba l s suy thoi mi trng vng ven b
vn l ni trng, ng nui ca nhiu loi thy
sn. gim p lc ln ngun li thy sn t nhin
v tng hiu qu sn xut, nhiu nc chuyn sang nui trng thy sn trong c Vit Nam.
Bng 1.4: Sn lng khai thc v nui trng thy sn ca Vit Nam (Tng cc thng k, 2009)
Nm 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
DT nui mn, l (1000 ha) 397,1 556,1 642,3 683,0 713,8
SL nui (1000 tn) 589,6 844,8 1.202,5 1.693,9 2.465,6
SL khai thc (1000 tn) 1.660,9 1.802,6 1.940,0 2.026,6 2.136,4
Tng SL thy sn (1000 tn) 2.250,5 2.647,4 3.142,5 3.720,5 4.602,0
Gi tr khai thc (t ng) 14.737,7 15.848,2 19.706,6 25.144,0 38.631,9
Gi tr nui trng (t ng) 11.761,2 21.282,6 34.271,1 49.194,9 76.895,1
Tng gi tr SX TS (t ng) 26.498,9 37.130,8 53.977,7 74.338,9 115.527,0
g) Khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn khc
Ct thy tinh l mt trong nhng khong sn ven bin c tim nng ln nht vi tr lng d on
hng trm t tn. Cc m ct thy tinh ln v quan trng nh Vn Hi, Ba n, Nam , Thy Triu,
Hn Gm,... cht lng kh tt c s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cc loi thy tinh cao
cp v vt liu khc.
Mui v cc ha cht bin ch yu l NaCl, l ngun thc phm ti cn thit trong cuc sng v l
nguyn liu iu ch cc ha phm cng nghip khc. Theo nh gi s b, tim nng din tch
pht trin ng mui vng ven bin nc ta kh ln, t 50-60 nghn ha, trong khong 60%
tp trung ven bin t Qung Ngi n Bnh Thun.
Nc ta c th thu c nng lng t sng bin, dng hi lu, thy triu lm ngun nng lng
phc v i sng con ngi. Tuy nhin, mun khai thc c ngun nng lng ny cn c vn v
k thut cao. Ngun pht trin nng lng sc gi, thy triu v sng rt c tim nng, nhng do
vic u t ca chng ta cn hn ch nn n nay mi ang giai on th nghim v lm th im.
Ti nguyn khc nh vi, xy dng, p lt, cao lanh, nc khong,... phn b rng ri
vng ven bin trn cc o, c th pht trin cng nghip xi mng v vt liu xy dng, v c
ngha rt quan trng trong vic chuyn i c cu kinh t ca cc a phng ven bin theo
hng cng nghip ha, hin i ha.
Nui tm hm lng Khnh Ha
34
1.2.2. Cnh tranh ti nguyn gia cc ngnh
Trong vng ven bin, s cnh tranh gia cc bn lin quan khc nhau i vi vic s dng ti
nguyn v mi trng thng dn n nhng xung t mnh lit v dn n s ph hy tnh
thng nht ti nguyn. Vic tm hiu mi lin h v tc ng qua li ca cc ngnh ngh lin quan
s gip cc nh qun l a ra chin lc bo m cho tt c cc nhm hp tc cht ch vi
nhau v khai thc, s dng mt cch hp l ti nguyn v mi trng ph hp vi c th sinh
thi ca tng vng.
a) Giao thng - cng bin - cng nghip tu thy v cc ngnh khc
Giao thng - cng bin v cng nghip ng tu c tc ng n cc ngnh ngh khc, theo 2
hng tch cc v tiu cc.
V mt tch cc, khi xy dng h thng cng v giao thng ng bin s ko theo mt s ngnh
ngh khc pht trin nh du lch, vn ti, dch v, xy dng, cc hot ng kinh t thng mi ca
cc ngnh v gii quyt vic lm cho ngi lao ng. Cng bin v giao thng thy to iu kin
cho hng ha ni a xm nhp vo th trng th gii vi mc chi ph vn chuyn thp nht, to
li th cnh tranh tt. Ngc li, th trng ni a c n nhn v tiu dng cc mt hng ca
cc nn kinh t khc chuyn n vi mc gi thp nht.
Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, pht trin cng - giao thng v cng nghip ng tu thy cng c
nhng kha cnh tc ng khng tt n mt s ngnh v lnh vc hot ng khc. C th, cng
bin v giao thng thy c th tc ng n ngh khai thc thy sn v nui trng do tc ng n
mi trng sng ca cc loi thy sn, do lm nhim ngun nc ti khu vc cng. Cc tu vn
ti du tim n nguy c rt ln cho mi trng bin v i dng. Bn cnh , cng bin cng
tc ng n lnh vc bo tn ti nguyn bin nh bo tn rn san h, bo tn ng vt hoang
d, bo v ra bin v khi xy dng h thng cng bin ng ngha vi vic xy dng khu neo u
cho tu thuyn v v th ph v h thng rn san h, lm mt bi ct t nhin cho ra v loi ng
vt khc sinh sng. Ngnh hng hi ni chung cng thi ra mi trng cc cht c hi v cht
thi sinh hot, nhin liu, cn du, nc ra tu ln cht thi rn, mt kim loi, sn v cc cht
ty ra trong qu trnh hot ng. Nhng cht thi ny lm thay i tnh cht ha l ca nc,
nh hng trc tip ti ng thc vt v thy sinh bin v ven b cng nh gy tr ngi cho s
pht trin mt s ngnh cng nghip bin, c bit l cng nghip lm mui, nui trng thy sn
v khai thc du lch ven b bin.
Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia Hoa K (NRC) a ra con s c on, hng nm c khong 3,2
triu tn du lm nhim bin t cc ngun khc nhau. Ngun nhim ln nht xut pht t cc
c s cng nghip v dn c th. Theo NRC, c khong 960.000 tn du nhim t ngun
ny, chim 30%. ng hng th hai phi k n nhim do hot ng ca cc tu ch du vi
mc ng gp 22%, sau l cc v tai nn tu ch du 13%.
Vit Nam, nhim ca hot ng hng hi v cng nghip ng tu gy ra ch yu l nhim
ngun nc do du v nhim trm tch do lng ng cc kim loi nng. B bin Vit Nam c
phn ra 3 vng nhy cm v y cng l im nng ca nhim bin ven b l: Vng bin H
Long - Hi Phng, vng Nng - Dung Qut v vng Gnh Ri - Vng Tu.
35
T l nhim bin ven b do du t hot ng hng hi chim khong 48% do cc tu khng c
kt cha du bn, 35% do cc s c m va v 13% do s c trn du. Theo s liu c tnh
ca Cc ng kim Vit Nam th hot ng hng hi gy nhim ti vng bin nc ta t cc
nguyn nhn: do sc ra hm hng 46%, t nc la-canh, ba-lt 22%, t s c nhn du 3%, t
trn du 24% v cc nguyn nhn khc l 3%.
Theo thng k s liu quan trc ti cc sng thuc khu vc H Long-Hi Phng, nng du trong
nc trung bnh 0,26mg/l, ti khu vc Vng Tu - Nng: trung bnh 0,29mg/l, ti B Ra-Vng
Tu: dao ng trong khong 0,14 n 0,52mg/l, tt c u vt gii hn Tiu chun Vit Nam. Nhn
chung, cht lng nc bin ven b ch t c mc B v C theo TCVN 5943-1995. nhim du
trong nc s hy dit cc loi c, tm thy sinh v sinh vt y, v nghim trng hn l khi hm
lng du trong nc cao hn 0,2mg/l, nc s khng dng lm ngun cp nc sinh hot c.
b) Du lch - gii tr v cc ngnh khc
Du lch v gii tr c th c coi nh l ngnh cng nghip sch. Cng nh cc ngnh ngh khc,
khi ngnh du lch v gii tr pht trin cng to ng lc cho cc ngnh ngh khc pht trin chng
hn nh h thng nh hng khch sn, cc dch v v vn ha truyn thng, kinh t x hi, thng
mi, cc lng ngh truyn thng, v.v. Bnh cnh , pht trin du lch cng tc ng n mt s
ngnh ngh hoc lnh vc hot ng khc. C th, pht trin du lch c th lm mt cnh quan t
nhin, h sinh thi ca mt vng min no , du lch ln bin khm ph san h c th lm cho
mi trng sng ca san h v cc loi thy sn sng trong khu vc b nh hng. Hn na,
ngnh du lch cng thi ra mi trng khng t rc thi ra mi trng. V th cng nh hng n
lnh vc khai thc v nui trng thy sn.
c) Khai khong - du kh v cc ngnh khc
Khai thc du kh c li ch v kinh t rt ln, tuy nhin cng ny sinh nguy c lm nhim mi
trng bin rt cao. Nhng hot ng khai thc du
kh v vn ti trn bin thc t ang gy nhim mi
trng bin. Trong qu kh tng xy ra nhiu v
nhim du trn bin gy nh hng nghim trng n
mi trng sinh thi. Cc s c trong qu trnh khai
thc, vn chuyn du khng phi lc no cng kim
sot c. c tnh, ngnh cng nghip khai thc
du kh thi ra mi trng khong 2% lng nhim,
tc ng n cc ngnh khc nh khai thc v nui
trng thy sn, bo tn ng vt hoang d, bo v mi
trng, du lch, v.v. Cc s c trong qu trnh khai thc v vn chuyn du c th k n l trn
du, tai nn tu du, v.v.
Bn cnh , ngnh cng nghip khai khong cng thi ra mi trng nhiu cht thi c hi, tc
ng n h sinh thi xung quanh. cc tnh ven bin Vit Nam, tnh trng khai thc ct en (sa
khong cha titan) gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, nh hng xu n ngnh du lch,
thy sn v cng ng dn c.
Thm ha trn du ti vnh Mexico, M
36
Hnh 1.10. nh hng ca cc hot ng kinh t x hi ti vng ven bin (Nguyn B Qu,
2002)
d) Nng nghip Cng nghip v cc ngnh khc
Ngnh nng nghip v cng nghip trn th gii v nc ta th hin s pht trin khng bn
vng. Cc loi thuc tr su, dit c dng trong nng nghip v cc loi cht thi, nc thi ca
ngnh cng nghip, v.v lm cho mi trng nc b nhim, tc ng xu n cc ngnh khc
nh thy sn, du lch - gii tr, cc khu dn c v chnh ngnh nng nghip.
Hin nay, nc ta c khong 80% trong s 2,6 triu tn cht thi cng nghip pht sinh mi nm
t cc trung tm cng nghip ln min Bc v min Nam, trong , 50% lng cht thi cng
nghip ca Vit Nam pht sinh thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh ln cn, 30% cn li pht sinh
vng ng bng sng Hng v Bc Trung b. Thm vo , gn 1.500 lng ngh (tp trung ch
yu cc vng nng thn min Bc) thi ra 774.000 tn cht thi cng nghip mi nm.
Trong cc loi cht thi, cht thi nguy hi l mi him ha c bit. Ngun pht sinh cht thi
nguy hi ln nht l cc c s cng nghip (vi 130.000 tn/nm) v cc bnh vin (21.000 tn/
nm). Theo thng k, lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht sinh t vng kinh t trng im
pha Nam chim ti 75% tng lng cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ca c nc. Trong khi ,
lng cht thi y t nguy hi pht sinh t thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni v Thanh Ho chim
27% tng lng cht thi y t nguy hi ca c nc.
e) Nui trng thy sn v cc ngnh khc
Cc i tng nui ca ngnh nui trng thy sn thng rt nhy cm vi mi trng sng. V
th y l lnh vc d b nh hng t cc lnh vc, ngnh ngh khc. Tuy nhin, nui trng thy
sn cng tc ng khng nh n cc lnh vc nh du lch, bo tn, mi trng, khai thc thy
sn, v.v. Trong nhng nm gn y, vic thc y pht trin nui trng thy sn v m rng ao
nui ph hy nhiu h sinh thi. V d, rng ngp mn b nhim vt qu kh nng lc cht
37
thi ca n; hoc cht ph hay pht quang rng ba bi khin cho ngnh khai thc thy sn phi
tr gi v khng c ni cho c sinh sn v iu cng ng ngha vi vic nh hng n mt
b phn dn c vn sng bng ngh ny. Bn cnh , x l nc thi khng tt t khu x l ao
nui, thuc cha bnh cho vt nui, dch bnh, v.v, a vo mi trng nhiu ha cht c hi.
i vi ngnh nui trng thu sn nc ta, do quy hoch vng nui cha hp l, u t cng
ngh vn cn lc hu, sn xut manh mn v nht l thc bo v mi trng ca cc ch nui
cha cao dn n c, tm b bnh cht hng lot do mi trng nui b nhim, gy thua l
cho ngi nng dn. Bn cnh , mt iu ang gy nhc nhi cho cc nh qun l l hin nay,
lng sa bi cc lung, ca sng lin tc tng. Cho nn, cng tc no vt cc lung vo cng
din ra thng xuyn hn, khin cho bn ct v cc vt cht gy nhim lng xung li b a
ln, ho tan trong nc, lm gia tng cc nguy c gy nhim n mi trng nc v h sinh
thi xunh quanh. S di chuyn ca bn ct l lng cn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy
ra hin tng c nc bi tm gy tc ng ln ngnh du lch, phn no gim i s hp dn
i vi a im du lch ny trong lng du khch.
Hnh 1.11: nh hng ca cc hot ng KT-XH n h sinh thi bin (Nguyn B Qu,
2002)
f) Khai thc thy sn vi cc ngnh khc
Ngnh khai thc thy sn mt mt chu tc ng khng mong mun t cc lnh vc khc nh cng
bin, hng hi, nui trng, cng nghip, v.v; mt khc cng tc ng rt ln n h sinh thi bin
v cc ngnh khc. Tu thuyn nh bt hi sn cng x ra mi trng xng, du v cc loi rc
thi nguy hi khc.
Tng t nh hot ng ca ngnh hng hi, tu thuyn nh bt hi sn cng x ra xng, du
v cc loi rc thi nguy hi khc lm nhim mi trng, gy nh hng cho ngnh nui trng
38
thy sn, cho cc loi ng vt t nhin. Ngnh khai thc
thy sn, m c bit l ngh li ko y tc ng rt
ln n h sinh thi rn san h, thm c bin. V th,
trc tip hoc gin tip ph hoi mi trng sng ca
cc loi c, tm, ng vt hai mnh v. Thm c bin l
mi trng u trng ca cc loi c tm sinh trng
v pht trin. Khi thm c ny b thng tn s tc ng
n kh nng sinh sn v b sung ngun li thy sn cho
ngnh nh bt.
Ngoi ra, hin nay ng dn Vit Nam v mt s khu vc
trn th gii vn s dng cc bin php khai thc mang
tnh hy cao nh thuc n, cht c cyanua, li c kch
thc mt nh hn quy nh, khai thc c cha kch thc cho php, c con, thm ch cn
khai thc c nhng loi cm, loi hn ch khai thc. iu ny cho thy, ngnh khai thc thy sn
pht trin cha bn vng.
1.3. Cc vn ca vng ven bin
T cc ri ro do thin nhin, trong c c nh hng ca s bin i kh hu, cng nh hu qu
t cc hot ng ca con ngi, vng ven bin ang phi i mt vi cc vn lin quan n
nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti nguyn.
1.3.1. nhim mi trng
a) Khi nim mi trng
Mi trng vng ven bin bao gm c mi trng t nhin v chc nng vn c ca n. Chc
nng v tm quan trng ca mi trng vng ven bin l rt to ln i vi con ngi v cc ng
thc vt, t loi thp nht cho ti loi cao nht. Cc chc nng c th k n nh: cung cp
sinh c t nhin, mi trng sng cho cc loi; duy tr v pht trin a dng sinh hc; iu ha
mi trng, thi tit v kh hu; bo v b bin khi xi mn, thin tai.
Ging nh tt c cc mi trng t nhin, di ven bin v cc hn o nh cung cp mt s chc
nng v qu trnh thit yu i vi phc li x hi con ngi. Phc li ca con ngi ph thuc
trc tip hoc gin tip vo kh nng sn c ca hng ha v dch v mi trng m h thng
bin v ven bin c th cung cp. V di ven bin chnh l khu vc chuyn tip gia t lin v
bin c, c trng bi h sinh thi a dng nh cc rn san h, rng ngp mn, bi bin, cn ct
v cc vng t ngp nc, nhiu chc nng c th hin tp trung trn mt khu vc nht nh.
S tp trung cc chc nng cng vi v tr khng gian lm cho di ven bin v o nh tr thnh
a im thu ht ngi dn ti sng ti .
V tng th, cc chc nng mi trng (De Groot (1992) c nh ngha l Kh nng ca mi
trng t nhin cung cp hng ha v dch v tha mn nhu cu ca con ngi mt cch bn
vng, c th phn thnh cc loi nh chc nng iu chnh, chc nng sn xut v s dng, v
cc chc nng gii tr (De Groot; Vellinga et al. 1994). Vic nh gi chc nng no l quan trng
nh bt c bng thuc n
39
nht i vi mt di ven bin ph thuc vo cc c im sinh thi, hon cnh kinh t x hi v
cc mc tiu qun l i vi khu vc .
Tuy nhin, do nhu cu pht trin ca con ngi, chc nng v tm quan trng ca vng ven bin
ang chu nhiu tc ng v khng th hin ht vai tr ca n trong nhp sng hin i. i tng
tc ng ln nht n mi trng ven bin ch yu bt ngun t cc hot ng ca con ngi.
Cc yu t t nhin nh sng thn, ni la, l lt, triu , v.v c tn ti nhng ch trong phm vi
nh tng khu vc nht nh. Cc tc ng ca con ngi n mi trng ny c th c minh
ha bng hnh 1.12 v 1.13:
Hnh 1.12: Con ngi l trung tm ca pht trin vng ven bin (Nguyn Mng, 2005)
Hnh 1.13: Mi trng l tm im phi gnh chu t s pht trin (Nguyn Mng, 2005)
40
b) Khi nim nhim mi trng
Nhn chung, mi trng ven bin l mt h thng nht. Khi mi mi trng thnh phn (nh nc,
t, khng kh, v.v) b nhim, s ko theo cc mi trng thnh phn khc b nh hng. Tuy
nhin, mi trng nc c s tc ng ln nht n cc thnh phn mi trng khc.
Cht lng nc b e da t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh ngun nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip,
sn xut nng nghip, ng nghip, vn ti, cu cng, v.v, l nguyn nhn dn n s bin mt ca
nhiu sinh cnh chng hn nh c bin, hay li gia tng nhiu loi khng mong mun khc. S
nhim ngun nc cng lin quan n nc v rc thi t cc tu thuyn, c bit cc vng vnh
kn v vng ca sng. Cc s c trn du cng l nguyn nhn e do mi trng bin.
Cc ngun nhim c ngun gc c th l t t lin thng qua h thng sng ngi, rc thi trc
tip v t bu kh quyn. Cht thi, cht gy nhim t cc hot ng trn t lin c th k n
nh: thuc tr su, kim loi nng, c do ph sa v nhng rc thi cng nghip c hi khc.
Thm vo , nhim mi trng do cc hot ng thm quan, du lch, ngh mt ti cc bi tm
v cc khu ngh mt cng l mt trong nhng vn i vi vng ven bin.
mi trng ven bin trong lnh th khng phi mt c quan chc nng hay mt ngnh ring
bit no c th kim sot c, m l c mt h thng cc ngnh (hnh 1.13).
1.3.2. Suy thoi ti nguyn
Suy thoi ti nguyn chnh l s lm thay i cht lng v s lng ca ti nguyn thnh phn,
gy nh hng xu cho i sng ca con ngi, sinh vt v thin nhin. Ti nguyn thnh phn
c hiu l: khng kh, nc, t, m thanh, nh sng, lng t, ni, rng, sng, h bin, sinh
vt, cc h sinh thi, cc khu dn c, khu sn xut, khu bo tn thin nhin, cnh quan thin
nhin, danh lam thng cnh, di tch lch s v cc hnh thi vt cht khc.
i vi ti nguyn khng phc hi nh cc loi khong sn, du m, v.v suy thoi l do khai thc
qu mc, lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn ny.
i vi ti nguyn phc hi nh sng bin, thy triu, gi, nng lng mt tri, v.v suy thoi c
hai nguyn nhn khch quan (bin i kh hu lm thay i ton b hay b phn ca mi trng
hay ti nguyn thnh phn) v ch quan (do con ngi khai thc khng ng mc, khng ng
quy trnh, lm thay i cht lng v s lng ca ti nguyn).
i vi ti nguyn c th phc hi nh khng kh, nc, t, ti nguyn sinh hc b suy thoi c
bn cng do tc nhn ch quan (do con ngi khai thc qu mc, thi ra cht c hi lm lm cho
chng b cn kit, khng c kh nng phc hi hoc phc hi chm) v tc nhn khch quan (l do
thin tai, sng thn, l lt lm cho cc loi ti nguyn ny b nh hng ng k hay b nhim).
Trong nhng nm gn y rng ngp mn b suy thoi nghim trng, do cht ph lm ao a
nui trng thy sn, ly g, ly t sn xut nng nghip... Hu qu l ni sinh si ca nhiu loi
sinh vt bin b hy hoi, kh hu vng ln cn bin i theo hng xu, b bin b xi l. iu
tc ng n mi trng v cc h sinh thi lin quan.
41
Rn san h, ni tr ng ca nhiu loi c gi tr kinh t cao,
ni bo tn ngun gen a dng v qu bu cng ang b
suy thoi nhiu ni do khai thc qu mc, nhim mi
trng, cng nhng tc ng tiu cc ca du lch bin.
Thit hi v mi trng l khng th b p c. Tuy
nhin, trong vic xy dng nhiu cng trnh kinh t lin
quan n bin, vn bo tn thin nhin bin li cha
c quan tm ng mc.
Suy thoi ti nguyn ang xy ra trn ton th gii nht
l cc nc ngho v nc ang pht trin. i vi
cc nc ny, h cng nhn thc c vic suy thoi;
tuy nhin, v li ch kinh t v v s pht trin trc mt
nn vn cha c ch trng gii quyt.
1.3.3. Thin tai
Thin tai l nhng thm ha bt ng do thin nhin gy ra cho con ngi mt a phng, mt
vng, mt t nc, mt khu vc hoc cho ton th gii.
ng t, ni la phun, l lt, hn hn, sng thn, l bn, trt , dch bnh, mt cn bng sinh
thi, l nhng thin tai m con ngi bit n. Nhng danh mc cc thin tai khng dng li
m c ko di ra cng vi s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. ng thi phm vi pht trin
ca thin tai cng m rng khng ngng v phm vi din tch, tc hi n ngy cng nhiu ngi
hn, thit hi n kinh t ngy cng to ln hn.
Nh ni trn, i b l ni tp trung s lng ln dn c, l ni tp trung phn ln cc hot
ng kinh t, x hi. Tuy nhin, ni y cng tim n nhiu ri ro do thin tai. Theo kha cnh t
nhin, cc h sinh thi ven bin c kh nng chng thin tai rt ln, nu chng ta ph hy hay
lm gim cc h sinh thi ven bin nh rng ngp mn, rn san h, b ct, lm thay i ch
thy triu, v.v th kh nng chng ca chng s gim xung. Mi khi kh nng t chng ca
chng b gim hay mt hon ton, th hu qu tt yu l con ngi v chnh cc h sinh thi b
tn thng nng n nht. i vi hu ht cc nc trn th gii, thin tai u c kh nng e da
n tnh mng, ti sn v tinh thn ca con ngi cng nh cc loi sinh vt khc. i vi con
ngi, sau thin tai l ngho i, dch bnh, t nn x hi, v.v do thin tai cp i mng sng,
nh ca, kho tng, bn bi, ti sn vt cht v c tinh thn.
Theo cc nh khoa hc, bin php ph hp nht i vi vic bo tn cc ti nguyn sinh thi chnh
l cc bin php duy tr cc h thng t nhin vn c chng li thin tai. Cc hot ng ca con
ngi thng gy ra nhng thay i ti vung t cn c bo v, nh khai thc ct, san h, ph
hy hay lm suy gim rng ngp mn, do , lm gim kh nng t bo v ca b bin.
1.3.4. S c mi trng
S c mi trng l iu bt li xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi hoc bin i bt
thng ca thin nhin, gy suy thoi mi trng.
C cht hng lot trn rn san h
42
S c mi trng l mt giai on trong tai bin mi trng. Tai bin mi trng c chia thnh
3 giai on, v giai on cui s c mi trng l nguy hi nht i vi con ngi v sinh vt.

Giai on nguy c (hay him ho): Cc yu t gy hi tn ti trong h thng, nhng cha
pht trin gy mt n nh. Trong giai on ny, h thng mi trng vn th hin s n
nh ca n v ni chung vn cha c biu hin tc ng xu.

Giai on pht trin: Cc yu t tai bin tp trung li, gia tng, to trng thi mt n nh
nhng cha vt qua ngng an ton ca h thng mi trng. Trong giai on ny, mi
trng vi kh nng vn c ca n vn cn chng c. i vi cc sinh vt v h
sinh thi nhy cm, th giai on ny tc ng n chng nhng mc nh hoc
cc b.

Giai on s c mi trng: Qu trnh vt qua ngng an ton, gy thit hi cho con
ngi v sc kho, tnh mng, ti sn,... Nhng s c gy thit hi ln c gi l tai
ho, ln hn na c gi l thm ha mi trng.
Lch s Tri t tng ghi nhn, nm thm ha ln hay cn gi l nm t tuyt chng hng lot,
trong nng nht vo k Permi cch nay 250 triu nm, tuyt dit 90% cc loi sinh vt bin
v 75% cc loi ng thc vt trn cn. Theo cc nh khoa hc, chng ta ang chun b phi hng
chu thm ha th su, l do bin i kh hu, nhit tri t tng, lm tan bng tan v cui
cng l nc dng. Theo d on ln ny, mc tuyt chng trung bnh din ra nhanh hn t
1.000-10.000 ln so vi 60 triu nm qua. Trong s cc nguyn nhn m gio s Richard Kingsford
(nh sinh thi hc thuc trng i hc tng hp bang New South Wales) nu ra, c tnh trng mi
trng sng b hy hoi, kh hu thay i, nn nhim..., trong mi trng sng b hy hoi l
nguy c ln nht, lin quan n 80% cc loi trn mt t b e da chu i Dng.
1.3.5. Bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng
Bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng cao s c nhiu nh hng tiu cc, bao gm c vic
tn xut ln hn ca cc dng nc nng; tng cng cc trn bo, l lt v hn hn; mc
nc bin dng cao; s phn tn nhanh hn ca cc bnh; mt a dng sinh hc. S dng ln
ca mc nc bin gy nn mi e do nghim trng c cc quc gia c mc tp trung cao c
dn c v cc hot ng kinh t cc khu vc ven bin.
Theo cc d bo ca y ban Lin chnh ph v Bin i Kh hu
(IPCC), trong vng 100 nm ti, mc nc bin c th tng trung
bnh t 25 n 80cm, vi c tnh tt nht l 50 cm.K c khi
mc ny thp hn 25% so vi mc d bo nm 1990, hay thm
ch thp hn t 2-4 ln so vi tc thc t trong 100 nm qua,
th vn qui hoch qun l di b bin vn lun l vn quan
tm chnh trong hoch nh vng ven bin. Hn na, s pht thi
kh nh knh n nh hoc gim xung, mc nc bin s tip tc
gia tng trong hng thp k hoc thm ch hng th k v thi gian
phn ng lu di ca h thng i dng trn th gii.
Mc nc bin gia tng nh hng n cc h sinh thi v kinh t x hi vng ven bin. Tc
ng ca s gia tng mc nc bin i vi h thng c s h tng l (Tsyban v cng s, 1990):
43

Lm ngp v chim ch t ngp nc v vng t thp;

Xi mn b bin;

Lm trm trng nn ngp lt do bo b bin;

Lm tng mn ca vng ca sng v e do tng nc ngt; lm gim cht lng
nc;

Lm thay i phm vi thu triu cc sng v vnh;

Lm thay i kiu lng ng bn ct;

Lm gim lng nh sng chiu xung y nc.
Nhng tc ng ny dn n nhng hu qu tip theo i vi cc h sinh thi v cui cng nh
hng n cc h thng kinh t - x hi vng ven bin. Ngi ta thy rng, nhng tc ng ny
khng ging nhau trn th gii v mi khu vc b tc ng khc nhau. Cc khu vc ny l cc vng
ng bng thy triu v ng bng ven bin thp, cc bi ct, cc o chn sng, vng t ngp
nc ven bin, vng ca sng v m ph, rng ngp mn v rn san h. Cc o nh l trng tm
cn quan tm v mt s d bo cho rng cc o san h v o san h vng thp s hon ton bin
mt hoc s khng c sinh vt , do s di dn mt s quc gia o nh (Roy and Connell, 1991).
Ni chung, phn ng ca bt c h sinh thi ven bin no vi s gia tng mc nc bin ph
thuc nhiu vo kh nng phc hi n i vi s thay i. Cc p lc khc ngoi nguyn nhn lin
quan n kh hu, nh khai thc qu mc ti nguyn, nhim v s cn kit bn ct, tc ng
bt li n kh nng phc hi ca h sinh thi, gia tng p lc ln h sinh thi.

Cc khu vc kinh t - x hi b e da bi tc ng thay i kh hu v s gia tng ca mc nc
bin vi mc khc nhau. S lin quan ca nhng hin tng thay i kh hu khc nhau gm
c s thay i mc nc bin, nhng hin tng cc oan v nhit nc i vi cc khu vc
kinh t - x hi ch yu v kha cnh tc ng c tnh th trng v phi th trng Trong my nm
gn y, c nhiu c gng nh gi nhng tc ng ca s thay i kh hu v s gia tng ca
mc nc bin n vng ven bin. Nm 1991, nhm qun l vng ven bin trc y ca IPCC
cng b phng php lun v nh gi kh nng d b tn hi ca vng ven bin i vi s gia
tng mc nc bin (IPCC CZMS, 1992). Phng php c pht trin da trn s liu nh gi
v mc ri ro ca t nht 46 nc. Nhng nh gi ny nhm xc nh s dn v ti nguyn b ri
ro cng nh chi ph, tnh kh thi ca cc gii php nhm gim thiu tc ng ny.
Kt qu mt vi nghin cu v bin i kh hu v mc nc bin dng
Nghin cu 1:
Xc nh cc nhm dn c chu ri ro cao nht do hin tng mc nc bin dng v cc cn lc
xoy do ng Gordon McGranahan thuc Vin Mi trng v Pht trin quc t ti Anh cng cc
cng s l Deborah Balk v Bridget Anderson (i hc New York v i hc Columbia) thc hin.
Cc pht hin chnh ca nghin cu:

Nghin cu cho thy c 634 triu ngi (1/10 dn s th gii) ang sng ti cc vng
duyn hi, cao khong 10 mt trn mc nc bin.
44

Trong s hn 180 quc gia c dn s sinh sng ti cc vng t thp ven bin, 130 nc
(chim khong 70%) c th ln nht ti vng duyn hi chu nguy c ri ro rt cao. Hn
na, i vi cc thnh ph ln trn th gii (hn 5 triu dn), trung bnh c khong 1/5
dn s v 1/6 din tch thuc vng ven bin c nguy c chu ri ro cao.

Gn 2/3 cc khu dn c th vi dn s hn 5 triu ngi sng ti cc khu vc cao hn
mc nc bin 0 - 10 mt.

Khong 75% dn s sinh sng trong cc vng c mc ri ro cao thuc chu .

21 nc c hn mt na s dn sinh sng trong vng c mc ri ro cao (16 nc l
cc quc o nh).

Cc nc ngho v cc cng ng ngho ti cc nc ngho l i tng chu ri ro cao
nht.
Nghin cu 2:
nh hng ca mc nc bin dng cao cc nc ang pht trin - phn tch so snh. (Bi
nghin cu Chnh sch ca Ngn hng Th gii 4136 thng 2 nm 2007 http://econ.worldbank.
org). Trong nghin cu ny, nhm tc gi a ra gi thit mc nc tng ln 5 mc l 1m, 2m,
3m, 4m v 5m phn tch, so snh.
Cc pht hin chnh ca nghin cu khu vc ng
ng s b nh hng rt ln bi mc nc bin dng cao (SLR- Sea Level Rise). Ti mc SLR
5 mt, ng l khu vc nh hng nghim trng nht trong cc khu vc ca cc nc ang
pht trin. T mc tng 1 mt n 5 mt ca SLR, dn s b nh hng l 2% n 8.6%, trong khi
nh hng ca GDP l 2.09% n 10.2%. Khu vc th v din tch m ly cng b nh hng
rt nghim trng bi SLR.
Vit Nam l nc b nh hng nghim trng bi SLR: khong 16% tng din tch ca Vit Nam
s b nh hng vi mc tng 5 mt ca SLR, lm cho quc gia ny tr thnh nc th hai sau
Bahamas trong s cc nc c phn tch trong nghin cu ny. a s nh hng ny tc ng
n ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long.
Phn ln dn c Vit Nam v cc hot ng kinh t nm vng ng bng ca hai con sng ny,
10.8% dn s Vit Nam s b nh hng khi mc SLR mc 1 mt. y l t l ln nht trong s
84 quc gia (tip theo l Ai Cp vi 10.56%). Dn s Vit Nam s b nh hng n 35% vi SRL
mc 5 mt. nh hng ca SLR n GDP ca Vit Nam khong 37%.
45
Hnh 1.14: Cc khu vc ca Vit Nam s b ngp khi nc bin dng t 1-5m
PHN 2. PHT TRIN BN VNG V QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
46
PHN 2. PHT TRIN BN VNG
V QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
2.1. Pht trin bn vng
S pht trin bn vng (PTBV) l mt tng xut hin trn 40 nm nay v ngy cng hon thin
gn lin vi mt s ct mc chnh trong s pht trin ca chin lc ton cu khc phc cc
vn v mi trng v x hi. Cc mc thi gian c th lit k nh di y:
Tuyn b Stockholm
Hi ngh Lin hip quc v Mi trng Con ngi nm 1972 l cuc hp chnh thc quy m ton
cu u tin xem xt cc hot ng ca con ngi tc ng n mi trng nh th no. Hi
ngh ra Tuyn b nhn mnh cc vn bc xc v nhim, s hu dit ti nguyn, e do mi
trng, mi him nguy cho cc loi v s cn thit nng cao sc kho x hi loi ngi. Hi ngh
cng cng nhn s cn thit cc quc gia ci thin mc sng cho nhn dn v tuyn b 26
nguyn tc m bo cho s pht trin l bn vng.
Hi ngh thng nh Rio de Jaineiro
Nm 1992, hn 170 nc gp nhau Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ti Hi ngh thng nh quc t ln
th nht bn v cc vn bc xc khn cp v bo v mi trng, v s pht trin kinh t
x hi. Mt vi tho thun chung ch yu t c nh hip nh v ng ph s thay i kh
hu nhm lm gim s bc x kh nh knh CO
2
v CH
4
; hip nh v a dng sinh hc nhm giao
trch nhim cho cc quc gia bo tn s a dng loi v s dng ti nguyn sinh vt theo hng
bn vng; tuyn b v cc nguyn tc v rng cho s pht trin bn vng v chm dt cht ph
rng; v c bit l chng trnh nghi s 21 nhm lp k hoch t n s pht trin bn vng
trong th k 21.
Chng trnh ngh s 21
Hi ngh thng nh Rio cho ra i mt k hoch chnh cho s pht trin bn vng gi l chng
trnh ngh s 21. Chng trnh ny xut rng s i ngho c th c gim thiu khi cho con
ngi quyn s dng ti nguyn h cn cho cuc sng ca chnh h. Cc nc pht trin ng
tr gip cc nc khc pht trin theo phng cch gim thiu ti a s tc ng mi trng
khi tng trng kinh t. Chng trnh ngh s 21 ku gi cc nc gim nhim, bc x v vic
s dng ti nguyn thin nhin qu him. Cc chnh ph cn lnh o theo hng thay i ny
nhng nhn mnh s ng gp ca ngi dn vo s nghip chung v theo cch ny cc hot
ng t a phng rt c coi trng.
Ngh nh th Kyoto v s thay i ca kh hu
Nm 1997, cc chnh ph gp nhau Kyoto, Nht Bn thm mt ln na bn v vn s nng
ln ca tri t. Nhng tho thun chung trc c gng gii hn s bc x ca CO
2
ngang
bng mc nm 1990. Nhiu quc gia tht bi khng t c mc tiu thm ch ch gim
47
mt t, ch c Anh v c l thc hin c. Ti Kyoto, cc mc tiu mi nhm gim kh nh knh
c thng qua. Theo Ngh nh th Kyoto, n 2012, s bc x ca 6 kh nh knh chnh s
phi c gim thp hn mc nm 1990 cho giai on 2008-2012.
Johannesburg 2002 Rio+10
Mi nm sau Hi ngh thng nh Rio, cc quc gia gp nhau r sot li qu trnh hng n
s pht trin bn vng. Hi ngh tp trung vo s i ngho v quyn c c nc ung sch
v h thng v sinh an ton. Mt s mc tiu c thng qua nh:

Gim s lng ngi khng c cung cp nc ung sch t trn 1 t xung 500 triu
vo nm 2015

Gim mt na s ngi khng c m bo h thng v sinh ng cch xung cn 1,2
t ngi.

Tng cng s dng cc ngun nng lng bn vng v khi phc cc n c b cn kit.
Di y s cp n khi nim, nguyn tc ca PTBV v mt s m hnh PTBV c p
dng trn th gii.
2.1.1. Khi nim
Khi nim v s bn vng xut hin trong bo co ca U ban th gii v Mi trng v Pht trin
(WCED) vo nm 1987 cho rng:
Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin nhm tho mn nhu cu ca th h hm nay
nhng khng lm tn hi n nhu cu ca th h mai sau.
Theo Snedaker v Getter (1985), trn hu khp th gii, cc ngun ti nguyn ven b c th ti
to c c khuynh hng b gii hn bi kha cnh kinh t. Theo thi gian, nhu cu s dng ti
nguyn nhn chung s vt qu mc cung cp nh l t trng trt, nc ngt, g hay hi sn.
Qun l bn vng ti nguyn s gip cho vic m bo cc ngun ti nguyn ny vn cn cho
th h tng lai.
Khai thc bn vng l cu tr li cho vic s dng v qun l khn ngoan i vi tng loi sinh
vt n l v qun x, ng thi vi ni sinh c v h sinh thi ni chng sinh sng. Tiu chun
cho s dng bn vng c ngha l ngun li s khng b khai thc qu mc m n c ti to.
2.1.2. Cc nguyn tc pht trin bn vng
S pht trin bn vng c xem nh mt tin trnh i hi s pht trin ng thi ca c 4 lnh
vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut. Pht trin bn vng bao gm:
Pht trin kinh t nng cao cht lng cuc sng.
Pht trin ph hp v phng din mi trng.

Pht trin cn lng trc tc ng mi trng v s dng ngun li nhng phi bo v
cc qu trnh sinh thi v a dng sinh hc.
48

Pht trin mt cch hp l, gim n mc thp nht s khnh kit ngun li m bo
cho s khai thc lu di.

S cng bng gia cc nhm ngi trong x hi bao gm quyn ca c dn ti ch, s
cng bng gia cc th h bo v quyn li cho cc th h tng lai v s cng bng
quc t bo m bn phn vi cc quc gia khc.
2.1.3. Mt s m hnh pht trin bn vng
M hnh pht trin bn vng trn tng lnh vc theo cch tip cn khc nhau. Mi cch tip cn vn
cho ra ni hm xc nh v nh gi khc nhau tuy nhin u m bo cc nguyn tc PTBV
nh trnh by trn. Di y l mt s tip cn ca m hnh pht trin bn vng:
M hnh Bo v mi trng (BVMT) bn vng theo tip cn ma trn p lc - Tnh trng -
ng ph (PSR)
Cch tip cn p lc - Tnh trng - ng ph (PSR) nhm nh gi lnh vc mi trng v pht
trin do t chc Hp tc Pht trin Kinh t (OECD) xut nm 1993, c nhiu ch tiu khc nhau
cn c s dng quan trc v: p lc mi trng, tnh trng mi trng v nhng p ng
(ng ph) ca con ngi.
Cch tip cn PSR a ra phng php m t mi quan h gia p lc do hot ng ca con
ngi gy nn (trong nng lng, giao thng vn ti, cng nghip, nng nghip v.v.) vi tnh trng
ca mi trng v dn n ng ph ca cc cp chnh quyn, gia nh, doanh nghip v cng
ng quc t nhm i ph vi tnh trng mi trng.
M hnh pht trin bn vng th ca chu u theo cc ch s bn vng chung
D n ch s bn vng ca chu u do Vin Mi trng th Quc t vi s tham gia ca 12
th chu u nhm to ra h thng cc ch s o c cc thnh ph ton chu u. Cc ch
tiu bn vng l:

Mi trng trong lnh: S ngy trong nm c cht lng khng kh vt qu tiu chun
ca a phng.

Khng gian xanh: t l phn trm s ngi n vi vn cy xanh khong cch nht nh.

S dng hiu qu ti nguyn: Ton b nng lng, nc tiu th, ph thi tnh theo u
ngi trong mt nm. T s gia cc ngun nng lng c th ti sinh v khng th ti sinh.

Cht lng mi trng tin cy: T l khng gian m cho din tch c dng t.

Kh nng i li: S km i bng phng tin giao thng ( t, xe p, phng tin cng
cng, v.v..) tnh theo u ngi trong mt nm.

Nn kinh t xanh: T l phn trm s cng ty kt hp phng php kim ton v qun
l sinh thi (EMS) hoc phng php tng t.

trng tn: S cc hot ng hoc phng tin vn ha v x hi.

S tham gia ca cng ng: S cc nhm, s thnh vin hoc t chc tnh nguyn tnh
trn 1000 dn.
49

Cng bng x hi: T l phn trm s ngi di mc ngho kh.

Phc li: Kho st s tha mn ca cc cng dn v cht lng i sng (Ni dung kho
st c a phng quyt nh)
M hnh nh gi tin b v bn vng
Nhm nh gi Quc t do IUCN lp nhm th nghim v pht trin phng php thc tin
nh gi nhng tin b t c v bn vng. Phng php lun nh gi theo h thng v da
vo ngi tiu dng (SUSA) vi cc ni dung sau:

Tnh tng th: cung cp mt cm quan v h thng tng th (con ngi nm trong h
sinh thi).

Tnh hng vo mc tiu: tp trung vo vic nh gi hng vo vn ci thin iu
kin sng ca con ngi v h sinh thi.

Tnh th bc: phn nhm cc ch tiu theo th t i t ci ring v cc b n ci chung
v ph bin, hiu c ton b h thng l tt ln hay xu i. iu ny cng cho php
s dng c nhng ch tiu ph hp vi a phng, m vn cho php so snh c
mc tng qut cao hn.

Dn dt bi gi nh: nu nhng nh gi v xut cc hnh ng di hnh thc cc
gi nh gip ngui dng nghin cu v ci thin cc hnh ng.

M hnh qu trng m t tnh bn vng ca x hi
Con ngi nm trong h sinh thi, nh lng nm trong lng trng ca qu trng. Qu trng tt
khi c lng v lng trng u tt. Tng t, x hi bn vng ch khi c hai: con ngi v h
sinh thi u t yu cu v c ci thin. Con ngi v h sinh thi u quan trng nh nhau
trong iu kin PTBV.
2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
Vng ven bin rt quan trng i vi vic pht trin kinh t x hi v i sng con ngi v nhng
ti nguyn v gi tr qu gi ca nhng ti nguyn . Hin nay, vng ven bin l t im pht
trin ca nhiu quc gia, ni tp trung nhiu hot ng kinh t x hi, ng thi cng chu nhiu
nh hng bi cc hot ng ny. Trong tng lai, vng ven bin s cn c tm quan trng ngy
cng cao do chin lc hng ra bin ca nhiu quc gia, nhiu a phng v do s lng dn
c sinh sng khu vc ny s ngy mt nhiu hn. Qu trnh cng nghip ha, th ha, pht
trin thng mi v cc ngnh kinh t din ra mnh m vng ven bin, cng vi p lc gia tng
dn s v nhng tc ng ca bin i kh hu ton cu, v ang lm gia tng cc vn v
s dng ti nguyn, an sinh x hi v pht trin vng ven bin. Vic qun l vng ven bin do
cn c s n lc tng hp v a ngnh.
Phn ny s trnh by tng quan v qun l bin v hi o thng qua cc hip c
quc t cng nh qu trnh qun l bin v hi o Vit Nam. Ni dung chnh s
cp n qun l tng hp vng ven bin vi nh ngha, nhu cu, thch thc v tr
ngi, th ch v khung php l, mc tiu v cc nguyn tc ch dn.
50
2.2.1. Qun l bin v hi o
a) Khi nim qun l
Quan nim chung: qun l c m t l s t c nhng mc tiu nhim v thng qua vic
ti u ho ngun vt lc v nhn lc thc hin nhng k hoch trong mt khong thi gian
cho.
Qun l l qu trnh quyt nh mt lot sn phm u ra s c sn xut, khi no, u v cho ai
v m bo sn lng ca lot sn phm u ra . Nhim v c bn ca qun l l phn b ngun
ti nguyn khan him trong s cnh tranh (v thng mu thun) gia nhng ngi s dng, vi
mc ch cui cng l ti u ho vic s dng ngun ti nguyn ny (Awosika et al.1993).
b) Cc hip c quc t
Cng c Lin hp quc v Lut bin (UNCLOS), ban hnh nm 1982, gi tt l Cng c
bin nm 1982.
Nm 1994, Cng c ca Lin hp quc v Lut bin 1982 c hiu lc.
Vit Nam cng ph chun cng c ny. Cng c 1982 l nhng
tha thun quc t cc ni dung chnh: cng c v cc vng bin,
cng c v bo v mi trng bin, cng c v qun l v bo tn ti
nguyn bin; cng c v u tranh chng cc ti phm trn bin; cng
c thit lp cc t chc quc t ring v lut bin.
UNCLOS l c s cc quc gia tham gia r sot v hon chnh cc lut
l cn thit bo v trt t php l v ti nguyn mi trng vng bin v
thm lc a, lm c s cho cc hot ng trn bin ca mnh. Vic Vit
Nam ph chun UNCLOS l bc i tt yu, khng nh quyt tm ca
Vit Nam cng cng ng quc t xy dng mt trt t php l mi, cng bng trn bin. Cc hot
ng QLTH vng ven bin v vng bin theo hng pht trin l ph hp vi UNCLOS
Cng c dnh trn vn phn XII quy nh v Bo v v gi gn mi trng bin, gm c 46
iu, vi nhng ni dung chnh sau y:

Xc nh ngun nhim bin: Cng c yu cu cc quc gia tin hnh tt c cc bin
php cn thit ngn nga, gim bt v kim sot nhim mi trng bin t bt k
ngun no: t t lin (iu 207); nhim do cc hot ng lin quan n y bin thuc
quyn ti phn quc gia gy ra (iu 208); nhim do tu thuyn gy ra (iu 211),...

Quyn hn ca cc nc ven bin x l cc v nhim, quyn hn ca cc nc c cng
i vi cc phng tin c kh nng gy nhim bin, vic x l i vi cc loi nhim
bin khc (t iu 213 n iu 222).
Cng c quc t v ngn chn nhim t tu (Cng c MARPOL 1973/1978)
Mc ch ca Cng c l ra cc bin php ton din nhm ngn chn vic gy nhim do
thi ba bi t tu tt c cc cht c hi bit, tr cc cht phng x.
51
Cng c a dng sinh hc 1992
Cng c a ra mt nh ngha tng i hon chnh v s a dng sinh hc: a dng sinh
hc c ngha l tnh bin thin (a dng) gia cc h sinh thi tip gip, trn cn, trn bin, cc
h sinh thi thy vc khc v cc tp hp sinh thi m chng l mt phn. Tnh a dng ny th
hin trong mi b, loi, gia cc loi v cc h sinh thi.
Cng c cng quy nh mt s nguyn tc ln v bo v s a dng sinh hc: Cc quc gia,
ph hp vi Hin chng Lin hp quc v cc nguyn tc lut php quc t c ton quyn khai
thc cc ti nguyn ca h theo cc chnh sch m h ra; v c trch nhim bo m rng cc
hot ng trong phm vi thm quyn hay kim sot ca h khng lm phng hi n mi trng
ca cc quc gia khc hoc cc khu vc khng thuc thm quyn quc gia.
Cng c v cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t c bit
nh l ni c tr ca loi chim nc - Cng c RAMSAR ngy 2/2/1971

Cng c coi chc nng sinh thi c bn ca cc vng t ngp nc nh l ni
iu ho cc ch nc v l ni c tr cho mt h ng v thc vt c
trng, c bit l loi chim nc. Cng c xc nh cc vng t ngp nc
to ra mt ngun ti nguyn c gi tr ln v kinh t, vn ho, khoa hc v gii tr, m s tn tht
ca chng s khng th cu cha ni. Cng c quy nh t ngp nc l nhng vng m ly,
snh ly, than bn hoc vng nc d l thin nhin hay nhn to, thng xuyn hay tm thi, vi
nc ng hay nc chy, nc ngt, nc l, hay nc mn, bao gm c cc vng nc bin
c su khng qu 6 mt khi thu triu thp (iu 1).
Cc quc gia s ch nh ra nhng vng t ngp nc thch hp trong phm vi lnh th ca mnh
a vo Danh mc cc vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t (iu 2, khon 1), trc
ht l nhng vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t i vi loi chim nc bt c ma
no (iu 2, khon 2); xy dng v thc hin quy hoch ca mnh nhm y mnh vic bo v
cc vng t ngp nc a vo Danh mc, s dng khn kho cc vng t ngp nc trong
phm vi lnh th ca mnh.
c) Qun l bin v hi o Vit Nam
Theo cc ti liu hin hnh, Vit Nam nm bn b bin ng, c vng bin rng trn 1 triu km2.
B bin Vit Nam di trn 3.260 km c 3 hng: ng, Nam v Ty Nam, trung bnh khong
100 km2 t lin c 1 km b bin (cao gp 6 ln t l ny ca th gii), khng mt ni no trn t
nc ta li cch xa bin hn 500 km. Ven b c khong 3.000 hn o ln, nh cc loi, ch yu
nm Vnh Bc b, vi din tch khong l.700 km2, trong , c 3 o c din tch ln hn 100
km2, 23 o c din tch ln hn 10 km2, 82 o c din tch ln hn l km2 v khong trn l.400
o cha c tn. V vy, bin gn b mt thit v nh hng ln n s pht trin kinh t - x
hi, m bo quc phng, an ninh, bo v mi trng ca mi min t nc.
Mc tiu qun l bin v hi o ca Vit Nam n nm 2020 l phn u a nc
ta tr thnh quc gia mnh v bin, lm giu t bin, bo m vng chc ch quyn,
quyn ch quyn quc gia trn bin, o, gp phn quan trng trong s nghip cng
nghip ha, hin i ha, lm cho t nc giu, mnh (Ngh quyt 09-NQ/TW ngy 9/2/2007 ca
Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng).
52
Cc yu t ca chin lc bin nc ta n 2020 gm c:

Pht trin kinh t - x hi

An ninh, quc phng, i ngoi

iu tra c bn ti nguyn mi trng bin

Pht trin khoa hc - cng ngh bin

Bo v mi trng bin v ven bin, phng chng thin tai

Xy dng h tng bin v ven bin

Pht trin cc vng bin trng im
2.2.2. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
a) nh ngha
Ti hi ngh quc t v Vng ven bin nm 1993, Qun l tng hp vng ven bin (QLTHVVB)
c nh ngha nh sau:
QLTHVVB bao gm vic nh gi ton din, t ra cc mc tiu, quy hoch v qun
l h thng ti nguyn ven bin, c xt n cc yu t lch s, vn ho v truyn thng
v cc mu thun trong li ch s dng, l qu trnh lin tc tin trin nhm t c
s pht trin bn vng.

Theo Cicin - Sain B. v Knetch R. (1998), QLTHVVB l mt qu trnh c thc hin lin tc,
thng qua nhng quyt nh s dng bn vng, pht trin v bo v ti nguyn vng ven b
xy dng v thc hin. Ni dung chnh l xy dng c cc th ch v chnh sch ho hp
cc gii php qun l.
Th gii cn nhiu nh ngha QLTHVVB, nhng s khc nhau gia chng l rt t. Hu ht cc
nh ngha u cha ng ni dung l: QLTHVVB l quy trnh c tnh lin tc, tnh tin phong trong
thc hin v c kh nng thch nghi cao nhm qun l ngun ti nguyn cho s pht trin bn
vng vng ven b. QLTHVVB phi t c mc tiu ca n trong cc iu kin hn ch v mi
trng, kinh t, x hi v t nhin, cng nh trong hn ch ca cc h thng v th ch v php l.
Khi nim tng hp l khi nim mu cht ca l thuyt QLTHVVB. Tng hp c hiu l s
thng nht, hp nht, lin kt vo mt mi chung. Tng hp bao hm nhiu ngha, nh tng hp
gia t vi nc, gia hin ti vi tng lai, gia cc loi hnh hot ng khc nhau trong s
dng ti nguyn chung, gia pht trin v bo tn, gia h thng t nhin v h thng kinh t-x
hi, gia cc cp qun l v cc bn lin quan khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc nh chuyn mn
phn tch v a ra 3 phm tr quan trng ca tng hp i vi cch tip cn QLTHVVB:

Tng hp theo tnh h thng: vng ven bin c nc, t, thc vt, ng vt, c
trn cn ln di bin v tt c nhng g lin quan n chng, nh sng, sui, i, ni,
rng, xung quanh. Cn xem vng ven bin nh mt th thng nht, khng nn qun
l tch ring theo tng mnh hay tng thnh phn cu to nn vng ven bin.

Tng hp theo chc nng: vng ven bin c nhiu chc nng, nh iu ho kh hu,
53
cung cp thc phm cho con ngi, phc v con ngi trong giao thng v pht trin
cng, nui trng thy sn, l ch vui chi gii tr, du lch, hp th mt phn cht thi t
lc a... Khng th s dng vng ven bin thiu suy xt cho mt hay vi mc ch, m
khng lu n cc chc nng khc ca n v s hn ch ca cc chc nng .

Tng hp v chnh sch: m bo tnh thng nht trong chnh sch v cc hnh ng
qun l vng ven bin, gia cc ngnh nh thu sn, nng nghip, du lch, cng nghip,
dn sinh (tng hp theo chiu ngang), gia cc cp chnh quyn, cc c quan lin
quan v cng ng ven bin (tng hp theo chiu dc).
b) S cn thit ca Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
R rng l vng ven bin rt kh qun l ch mt loi ti nguyn c th no hoc tng
cng s pht trin ch ca mt lnh vc kinh t no khi thiu vng mt khun kh chung,
tng hp v ton din trong chnh sch qui hoch v qun l. Mc tiu chung ca mt chng
trnh qun l tng hp nh l qun l tng hp vng ven bin l qun l hiu qu hn v s
dng bn vng ti nguyn ven b v m bo mi trng t nhin mt cch tt nht.
QLTHVVB hp nht nhng nguyn l hin i trong qui hoch v qun l ti nguyn, ngun thng
tin y , v tip cn a ngnh. iu chng t n l mt phng thc qun l ph hp nhm
mc ch tng cng s iu phi trong qun l gii quyt nhng mu thun pht sinh trong
s dng ti nguyn ven b.
QLTHVVB t hiu qu cao cn c mi lin kt rng ln gia chnh quyn v cc nhm c
quyn li lin quan. Nhng hot ng phc tp trong khai thc hi sn, khai m, giao thng vn
ti, quc phng, li ch cng cng, v du lch gii tr i hi s phi hp qun l v kt hp a
ngnh. Thc hin vic kt hp i hi s tham gia y cc thnh phn trong mt chng trnh
qun l tng hp. Bn cnh s hu thun t pha chnh quyn nhm thc y hp tc gia cc
ngnh v duy tr chnh sch, iu quan trng l cc sng kin QLTHVVB phi to ra s ng h
mnh m ca cng ng, m bo s ng thun ca cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh quy hoch
v qun l theo m hnh QLTHVVB.
c) Thch thc v tr ngi
Qun l cc hot ng ca con ngi vng ven bin gp nhiu thch thc v phc tp hn l
n thun qun l ch trn bin hoc t lin. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh lm cho qun l tng
hp v s dng bn vng vng ven bin kh t c nhng tin b nhanh chng bao gm:

Vng ven bin a dng v h sinh thi;

Vng ven bin c s dng cho cc nhu cu thng ngy nh n mc, , trao i hng
ho cng nh cho cc hot ng vn ho, gii tr;

S tng dn s nhanh chng cc nc ang pht trin i hi phi c k hoch cho
vic pht trin bn vng;

Xu hng di dn ra vng ven bin;

Th ch, php lut v cc qui hoch pht trin ch yu p ng nhng quan tm v kinh
t thng c mu thun vi nhng mi quan tm khc cng ph thuc vo cc h sinh
thi vng ven bin;
54

Quan im tch bit bin v t lin trong khi chng ph thuc vo nhau;

Cc thnh phn kinh t him khi hp tc xy dng chnh sch v cc chng trnh
qun l v khng nhn thy r li ch v lo ngi khng c thm quyn lp chnh sch;

Cc nh lp chnh sch c th c thng tin khng y v cp nht v gi tr hin ti v
tng lai ca vng ven bin;

Thiu nh hng chnh sch trong tng cng lp k hoch v thc thi qun l pht trin
vng ven bin
d) Th ch v khung php l
QLTHVVB phi da trn nn tng chnh sch v lut php ca Nh nc. Do cn thit pht
trin s nh hng chnh sch tng cng lp k hoch qun l v s dng hp l vng ven
bin thng qua cc bin php sau:

Tng cng s trao i gia cc nh khoa hc v cc nh lp chnh sch v ngha sinh
thi, kinh t x hi ca vng ven bin;

Nng cao hiu bit v chc nng ca cc h sinh thi ven b v ngun li m chng
mang li;

Tng cng hiu bit ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, lm qui hoch v qun l v
cc mi quan tm ca cc thnh phn kinh t-x hi;

Pht trin cc chnh sch, k hoch v chin lc qun l ti u cho vic s dng vng
ven bin v p ng cc mc tiu kinh t x hi
QLTHVVB c xem nh qu trnh a ngnh, c thit lp ci thin vic xy dng qui hoch
v bo v ti nguyn thng qua lin kt v phi hp. N khng th thay th cho mt chng trnh
n ngnh nh du lch hay hng hi, hoc thay th cho cc chng trnh lm nghip hay nng
nghip ven b. Lin quan n ngnh thu sn, trong khi chng trnh QLTHVVB gip bo v sinh
cnh, cc h sinh thi v cht lng nc nhng li thng khng a vo cc hot ng qun
l thu sn, chng hn nh kim sot khai thc (v d giy php, kch c li, loi ng c...) bi
v chc nng kim sot khai thc ch lin quan n mi ngnh thu sn, cn QLTHVVB li xt cc
vn a ngnh. Tuy nhin m hnh qun l tng hp c th h tr qun l khai thc thu sn nh
quy nh cc khu vc c khai thc hay khng v duy tr cc hot ng khai thc truyn thng.
Mt xu hng chung trong QLTHVVB hin nay l s phn cp trong qun l v nng cao vai tr tham
gia qun l ca cng ng ngi a phng. Vic qun l theo kiu tp trung bao cp t trung ng
ngy cng bc l nhng nhc im khi n khng quan tm ng mc ti ngi s dng ti nguyn
ven b a phng. Do thiu s hu thun v quan tm ca tt c cc thnh phn lin quan
dn n qun l thiu hiu qu. Tng cng vai tr qun l cho cc cp a phng v s phi hp,
cng tc gia chnh quyn v cng ng dn c trong vic qun l ti nguyn ven b ang l mt gii
php hiu qu nhm qun l v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn, bo v mi trng vng ven bin.
Ngh nh 25/2009/N-CP ngy 6/3/2009 ca Chnh ph (gi tt l Ngh nh 25) v qun l tng
hp ti nguyn v bo v mi trng bin, hi o l mt vn bn php l nh du bc tin
quan trng v th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng bin v hi o ca Vit Nam. Ngh
nh bc u p ng nhng yu cu c bn trong QLTH vng bin v ven bin nc ta.
55
Tuy nhin, qu trnh trin khai QLTH trn thc t va chm n rt nhiu lnh vc a phng
ven bin m a phng c nhng k hoch, quy hoch lin quan n ti nguyn v mi
trng. V d quy hoch s dng t, quy hoch th, k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi 5-10
nm, v.v... Liu khi c quy hoch s dng ti nguyn mi trng bin, hi o th vai tr ca n
th no trong bi cnh trn?
Quy hoch s dng ti nguyn cn c lp theo quan im tng hp, ph hp vi chin lc
qun l tng hp vng ven bin a phng , tr thnh b lc nhm la chn v iu phi
nhng hot ng khc nhau vng bin v ven bin. Bn cnh , bi ton quy hoch s dng
ti nguyn vng v quc gia cng l mt thch thc. Ngh nh 25 quy nh B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng l c quan ch tr phi hp vi cc b, ngnh khc v y ban Nhn dn cc tnh ven bin
lp ra quy hoch s dng ti nguyn, mi trng bin v hi o trong phm vi c nc, trong
quy nh UBND cc tnh xut nhu cu cho tnh mnh, sau B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
s tng hp. Vn t ra l cc vn s dng, khai thc mang tnh lin tnh th s th no? (v
ng dng qun l tng hp vng ven bin va chm n rt nhiu vn lin tnh); vic tng hp
ca B t xut ca cc tnh ln cng s nh th no? (bi v quy hoch chung cho bin v hi
o c nc khng phi nh mt php cng ca cc tnh thnh). Nh vy, cn c thng t hng
dn thc hin th cc im ny s c lm r hn.
e) Cc mc tiu v nguyn tc ch dn ca QLTHVVB
Cc mc tiu ca QLTHVVB
Mc ch chung ca chng trnh qun l tng hp l m bo vic s dng bn vng nht ti
nguyn vng ven bin, duy tr mc cao s a dng sinh hc, v bo v thc s cc sinh cnh
ang b e da. Mc tiu c th ca qun l tng hp ven b c th bao gm h tr ngh c, bo
v cng ng trc thin tai, thu ht du lch, khuyn khch li ch cng cng, duy tr sn lng t
rng ngp mn v bo tn rn san h.
Mc tiu ch yu ca QLTHVVB l iu phi vic tin hnh nhiu lnh vc kinh t khc nhau (v d
nh vn ti thu, nng nghip, ngh c) hng n nn kinh t x hi ti u lu di, bao gm c
gii quyt mu thun gia cc thnh phn kinh t v sp xp t n cn bng v li nhun.
Theo hng ny, cch tip cn a thnh phn c th hng hot ng ca cc ngnh kinh t mi
nhn tun theo mt h thng qui hoch v qun l hiu qu vng ven bin.
V d nh c ngnh du lch v ngnh thy sn ph thuc mt phn ln vo cht lng mi trng
gm c cht lng nc ven b. C hai ngnh ny c th b nh hng bi hiu ng vt du
loang nh s nhim, s bin mt mi trng sng hoang d v s gim m quan khi pht trin
cng nghip du kh khng theo k hoch. Do nhng ngnh ny cn hot ng theo phng
thc qun l tng hp.
mt v d khc, ngnh thu sn i hi cng dch v tng t nh bn du lch cng phi l
thuc vo h thng c s h tng cung cp nc, h thng v sinh, giao thng v vin thng.
Do , qui hoch cho c hai ngnh thu sn v du lch cn c xem xt hp l thng qua qun
l tng hp.
56
Cc mc tiu chung:

Pht trin bn vng cc vng ven bin trn c s pht trin a ngnh mt cch hi ha,
hiu qu.

Gim nguy c e da vng ven bin do cc thin tai.

Bo ton cc qu trnh sinh thi quan trng, cc h thng h tr i sng cc loi (gm
c loi ngi) v a dng sinh hc vng ven bin.
Cc mc tiu c th c th gm:

Bo v, bo tn v khi phc cc h sinh thi vng ven bin

Nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng ven bin trong qun l ti nguyn v mi trng.

Thc y sinh k bn vng v cc h thng cng ngh vng ven bin.

Tng cng cc gii php qun l lin ngnh nhm duy tr cht lng mi trng v ti
nguyn vng ven bin.

Phn vng chc nng v phn b ti nguyn vng ven bin mt cch cng bng, p dng
gii php gim thiu mu thun li ch trong vic s dng a ngnh.
Cc nguyn tc ca QLTHVVB

Qun l mang tnh a ngnh. Mi vn chuyn bit cn c sp t trong khun kh
ca k hoch qun l tng hp.

Khai thc v gii quyt vn theo mt h thng, theo chc nng trong mi quan h gia
cc h thng v vic s dng vng ven bin.

Bo m cn bng gia vic bo v cc h sinh thi quan trng v pht trin kinh t lu
di vng ven bin. Xc nh cc mc tiu u tin c tnh n yu cu phc hi cc h sinh
thi b suy thoi hoc cht lng mi trng v nh ra cc hng dn hp l x l
vn .

Thc hin chc nng qun l trong phm vi nht nh do cc c quan phi hp xc nh.

Hp nht nhu cu ca cc ngnh v vn mi trng vng ven bin thng qua cc tho
thun gia cc ngnh, cc cp, cc bn lin quan.

nh ra mt c cu gim thiu hay gii quyt cc mu thun c th pht sinh mc
khc nhau lin quan n vic phn phi v s dng ti nguyn vng ven bin.

Khuyn khch nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng, cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v
nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc qun l vng ven bin v li cun cng ng tham
gia trong sut qu trnh lp k hoch qun l. Ch n mc tiu xo i gim ngho v
ci thin sinh k cho cng ng a phng.

C c ch ti chnh t ch qun l lu.
PHN 3. QUY TRNH QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
57
PHN 3. QUY TRNH QUN L TNG HP
VNG VEN BIN
3.1. Nhng c im ca mt k hoch Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
Dng c th ca mt chng trnh QLTHVVB ph thuc vo c im ca vng ven bin, cc vn
cn gii quyt, v nng lc ca a phng. Tuy nhin, mc tiu chung ca QLTHVVB l xy
dng mt c ch th ch a ngnh, a bn, a lnh vc nhm tng cng kh nng qun l, s
dng lu bn cc ngun ti nguyn chung ti vng ven bin, h tr qu trnh pht trin bn vng.
QLTHVVB cn c pht trin mt cch c h thng, c tnh n thi gian cho vic thu ht cc
ngun kinh ph v xy dng nng lc qun l/k thut cp a phng nhm h tr vic xc nh
v trin khai cc can thip cng ngh thch hp; h tr s hp tc gia cc c quan v cc bn
lin quan; nng cao nhn thc v thay i thc ca cc nh lm chnh sch, cc nh qun l
kinh t, ti nguyn v cc nh nghin cu khoa hc.
QLTHVVB c thc hin thng qua cc chu trnh lin tip nhau. Mi chu trnh (giai on) c
nhng mc tiu c th khc nhau p ng nhng vn ny sinh mi vi nhu cu ngy cng cao
hn, trn c s k tha nhng kt qu t c trong nhng chu trnh trc. Mt k hoch
QLTHVVB thng mang cc c im sau (Nguyn Chu Hi, 2005):

C tnh lin tc, gm nhiu chu trnh v c th iu chnh

C ranh gii xc nh gm c hai phn: phn bin v t lin

C mt thit ch t chc vi t cch l mt t chc c lp hoc mt mng li ca cc
t chc.

Tng hp cc d bo ca vng ven bin.

Duy tr v tn trng vn ho truyn thng, tm linh v nhng kinh nghim bn a.

Thu ht cng ng a phng v xem xt cc quan tm v gii
3.2. Chu trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin theo m hnh PEMSEA
C nhiu m hnh QLTHVVB c p dng vi s giai on thc hin khc nhau chng hn nh
D n H Lan gm 4 giai on, trong khi m hnh ca PEMSEA c 6 giai on, nhng nhn chung
u do s sp xp cc giai on l n l hay gp nhiu giai on li vi nhau v u m bo
phi c nhng giai on chnh l chun b, xy dng, ph duyt, thc hin, nh gi v xut chu
trnh mi. Trong phm vi ti liu ny s xt n chng trnh QLTHVVB do Chng trnh Hp tc
v Qun l Mi trng cc bin ng (PEMSEA) xut gm 6 giai on ang thc hin
Nng v t c nhng thnh cng bc u (chi tit v D n ny c cp Phn 5).
3.2.1. Cn c xy dng v trin khai chng trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
u tin cn xem xt cc cn c xy dng mt chng trnh QLTHVVB. Cc cn c ny
bao gm cc yu t bn ngoi nh cc ngun ti tr t cc t chc, qu quc t m bo ti
chnh cho hot ng ca chng trnh v cc vn bn/tuyn b quc t lin quan n pht trin
58
bn vng v qun l tng hp vng ven bin; v cc yu t bn trong nh cc vn v mi
trng, cc tai nn/ s c mi trng, cc nhu cu bo tn bin v cc h sinh thi, cc mu
thun trong s dng a ngnh, quan im ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch trung ng v a
phng, chnh sch i b/lut v QLTHVVB ca quc gia.
Sau khi c cc cn c thc hin chng trnh, bc tip theo l xc nh a im trin
khai chng trnh QLTHVVB vi phm vi ranh gii vng qun l c th, khi ng chng trnh
v ph duyt.
Cc a phng c xem l ph hp khi xut hin cc vn v qun l ti nguyn v mi
trng, quyt tm ca chnh quyn v cc bn lin quan v kh nng gii quyt c vn ,
c th nhn rng m hnh, v c cc yu t h tr nh ti chnh v ngun nhn lc p dng
chng trnh QLTHVVB. Ranh gii vng qun l, c trn t lin v bin, c xc nh c th,
m bo tnh kh thi.
Mt khung chng trnh QLTHVVB bao gm:

Chin lc, mc tiu, mc ch

C ch iu phi, phi hp

K hoch cng vic v ngn sch

Hot ng v kt qu cn t

Qun l chng trnh

Gim st, nh gi
Sau khi khung chng trnh c hnh thnh, cc Hi tho khi ng (v tuyn truyn) s
c tin hnh hon thin khung chng trnh. Cc iu kin c bn mt chng trnh
QLTHVVB c ph duyt l:

Chng trnh QLTHVVB c chun b vi s tham gia y ca cc bn lin quan.

C ngun ti chnh cn thit

a phng c nng lc t chc thc hin chng trnh

Cam kt/ng h ca chnh quyn a phng

Xy dng c mi lin kt hp tc vi cc t chc khc trong v ngoi nc.
3.2.2. Cc giai on chnh ca qu trnh xy dng v trin khai chng trnh Qun l tng
hp vng ven bin
Mt chng trnh QLTHVVB c th bao gm mt hay nhiu chu trnh dng xon c vi 6 giai on
nh hnh di.
59
Hnh 3.1: cc giai on ca mt chu trnh QLTHVVB (PEMSEA)
1. Giai on chun b bao gm:

C ch qun l d n/chng trnh

K hoch cng vc v ngn sch

Xc nh cc bn lin quan v tham vn bc u

Hun luyn i ng cn b nng ct

Xy dng chng trnh gim st d n

nh gi nhu cu hiu r trng thi vng ven bin

nh gi nhu cu xy dng cc vn bn lut v QLTHVVB.
2. Giai on khi ng bao gm:

H s vng b

Xc nh cc vn u tin (bo tn a dng sinh hc/mi trng sng; nhim mi
trng; bin i kh hu/ri ro mi trng; bo v ngun li thy sn; ngun cp v vic
s dng nc)

nh gi ri ro ban u

H thng qun l thng tin tng hp

Truyn thng
60

Tham vn cc bn lin quan/Nng cao nhn thc cng ng

Chin lc QLTHVVB

Xy dng nng lc
3. Giai on xy dng:

Khung chnh sch th ch

nh gi chi tit ri ro

K hoch thc hin chin lc QLTHVVB

Cc k hoch hnh ng c th (qun l v ngn chn s c mi trng do thin nhin v
con ngi; qun l, bo v v ti to cc h sinh thi; qun l cung cp v s dng nc;
qun l an ton lng thc v ngh kim sng; qun l rc thi v gim thiu nhim)

Cc la chn u t v c ch ti chnh bn vng

Gim st mi trng tng hp

S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan
4. Giai on ph chun

C cu t chc qun l d n/chng trnh

Chnh sch, chin lc, v k hoch hnh ng vng b trong khong thi gian 3-5 nm

C ch cp kinh ph thc hin chng trnh
5. Giai on thc hin

C ch iu phi v qun l chng trnh/d n

Chng trnh gim st mi trng

Cc k hoch hnh ng 3-5 nm
6. Giai on sng lc cng c

R sot c cu t chc

Gim st v nh gi chng trnh

Thm nh cc chin lc v k hoch hnh ng

Nng tm chin lc

K hoch cho chu trnh tip theo (cp nht h s vng b; xc nh cc mc tiu
QLTHVVB mi).
61
3.2.3. Cc yu t cn thit cho s thnh cng ca chng trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven
bin
mt chng trnh QLTHVVB thnh cng cn thit phi m bo c cc yu t sau
(Bng 3.1).
Bng 3.1: Cc yu t m bo s thnh cng ca chng trnh QLTHVVB (PEMSEA)
Cc yu t Mc tiu
Cam kt ca chnh quyn t c tnh s hu
Sp xp th ch gim st chng trnh v h tr iu phi
Vn bn php l Lm c s thu ht s tham gia
H tr vic hi ha chnh sch
Kh nng huy ng ti chnh Duy tr chng trnh
Nhn thc cng ng m bo s tham gia
Nng lc cn b thc hin v m rng cc hot ng QLTHVVB
Vai tr ngi u n C c ch trng, ch o xy dng v trin khai chng
trnh
H tr k thut m bo vic ra quyt nh hp l
PHN 4. CC CNG C H TR QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
62
PHN 4. CC CNG C H TR QUN L TNG HP
VNG VEN BIN
4.1. Khi qut v cng c h tr Qun l tng hp vng ven bin
Mc ny cp n cc cng c h tr c th c s dng trong qu trnh QLTHVVB
v c trnh by theo 2 nhm l nhm cc cng c quan trc v qun l d liu v
nhm cc cng c phn tch v nh gi.
4.1.1. Cng c cung cp v qun l thng tin, d liu
a) H thng tin a l (Geographical Informations System GIS)
Khi nim
H thng tin a l (GIS) l mt cng c my tnh lp bn v phn tch cc s vt, hin tng
thc trn tri t. Cng ngh GIS kt hp v lng ghp cc thao tc c s d liu thng thng
(nh cu trc hi p) v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch a l, trong php phn tch
a l v hnh nh c cung cp duy nht t cc bn . Nhng kh nng ny phn bit GIS vi
cc h thng thng tin khc v lm cho GIS c phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh vc khc
nhau (phn tch cc s kin, d on tc ng v hoch nh chin lc). Hin nay, nhng thch
thc chnh m chng ta phi i mt - bng n dn s, nhim, ph rng, thin tai - chim mt
khng gian a l quan trng.
Thnh phn ca GIS
GIS c kt hp bi nm thnh phn chnh: phn cng, phn mm, d liu, con ngi v
phng php.

Phn cng l h thng my tnh trn mt h GIS hot ng. Ngy nay, phn mm GIS
c kh nng chy trn rt nhiu dng phn cng, t my ch trung tm n cc my trm
hot ng c lp hoc lin kt mng.

Phn mm GIS cung cp cc chc nng v cc cng c cn thit lu gi, phn tch
v hin th thng tin a l. Cc thnh phn chnh trong phn mm GIS l:
- Cng c nhp v thao tc trn cc thng tin a l.
- H qun tr c s d liu.
- Cng c h tr hi p, phn tch v hin th a l.
- Giao din ha ngi-my truy cp cc cng c d dng.

D liu c th coi thnh phn quan trng nht trong mt h GIS. Cc d liu a l v d
liu thuc tnh lin quan c th c ngi s dng t tp hp hoc c mua t nh
cung cp d liu thng mi. H GIS s kt hp d liu khng gian vi cc ngun d
liu khc, thm ch c th s dng h qun tr c s d liu t chc lu gi v qun
l d liu.
63

Con ngi: cng ngh GIS s b hn ch nu khng c con ngi tham gia qun l h
thng v pht trin nhng ng dng GIS trong thc t. Ngi s dng GIS c th l
nhng chuyn gia k thut, ngi thit k v duy tr h thng, hoc nhng ngi dng
GIS gii quyt cc vn trong cng vic.

Phng php: mt h GIS thnh cng theo kha cnh thit k v lut thng mi l c
m phng v thc thi duy nht cho mi t chc.
D liu cho GIS
Nhng d liu bn no l cn thit?
Nhn chung c mt s loi d liu bn ph bin sau:

Bn nn: bao gm cc bn ng ph, ng quc l; ng ranh gii hnh
chnh, ranh gii vng dn c; sng, h; mc bin gii; tn a danh v bn raster.

Bn v d liu thng mi: bao gm d liu lin quan n dn s/nhn khu, ngi
tiu th, dch v thng mi, bo him sc khe, bt ng sn, truyn thng, qung co,
c s kinh doanh, vn ti, tnh trng ti phm.

Bn v d liu mi trng: bao gm cc d liu lin quan n mi trng, thi tit,
s c mi trng, nh v tinh, a hnh v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.

Bn tham kho chung: Bn th gii v quc gia, cc d liu lm nn cho cc c
s d liu ring.
b) Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp (Integrated Environmental Monitoring
Program - IEMP)
nh ngha
IEMP l chng trnh quan trc tng hp v nhim mi trng, nh gi v sinh cnh, ngun
ti nguyn v nh gi mi quan h gia sc khe con ngi v cc yu t mi trng ti mt
khu vc nht nh. Kt qu ca nh gi ri ro cung cp cc kt qu u vo cho IEMP. D liu
t IEMP c s dng cho vic nh gi ri ro chi tit.
Mc tiu

Xc nh, nh lng, sp xp nhng vn u tin v nh gi vic tun th nh gi
hiu qu ca hot ng, nng cao kin thc a ra cc quyt nh qun l thch hp.

Gii quyt nhng hn ch v cc l hng ca phng php tip cn hin c quan trc
mi trng nh: d liu khng tng ng, khng tch hp thng tin, s thiu logic gia k
hoch quan trc v thng s, khng c ch cho cc nh qun l/cc nh hoch nh chnh
sch, chuyn dch trong chin lc qun l v nh gi hiu qu chng trnh quan trc.
Cch p dng IEMP

Cc u tin, l hng d liu v s khng chc chn c xc nh trong nh gi ri ro
c s dng xy dng IEMP.
64

Cc d liu, thng tin t IEMP c s dng nh gi ri ro chi tit, cung cp thng
tin chnh xc cho nh gi ri ro.

IEMP di hn cung cp thng tin nh gi tnh trng mi trng v hiu qu ca cc
hnh ng qun l.

p dng nh gi ri ro to iu kin cho vic s dng cc thng tin k thut t IEMP
h tr cc hnh ng v quyt nh qun l.
Ni dung chnh ca IEMP

Hnh thnh mng li quan trc lin ngnh.

Thnh lp v sp xp chia s thng tin.

Thit k v xy dng cc trm quan trc.

Nng cao nng lc h tr cho IEMP.

Thit lp c ch chuyn giao kt qu.

Xy dng cc c ch, th ch v t chc trong vic thc hin lu di IEMP v bn vng
mng li quan trc, ti nguyn v chia s thng tin.

Hon thin c ch th ch thc hin IEMP mt cch bn vng mng li quan trc,
ti nguyn v chia s thng tin.
IEMP l chng trnh quan trc tng hp v nhim mi trng, nh gi v sinh cnh, ngun
ti nguyn v nh gi mi quan h gia sc khe con ngi v cc yu t mi trng ti mt
khu vc nht nh. Kt qu ca nh gi ri ro cung cp cc kt qu u vo cho IEMP. D liu
t IEMP c s dng cho vic nh gi ri ro chi tit.
c) Bo co hin trng vng ven bin (Current Status Report of Coastal Zone CRCZ)
Khi nim CRCZ
CRCZ l mt h thng bo co da trn khung pht trin bn vng cc bin ng SDS - SEA,
SDCA phi hp vi cc ch s b sung ca WSSD, Agenda 21.
Vai tr CRCZ

Cng c thng tin t nhiu ngun khc nhau.

Bo co v cc xu hng, mc tiu v qun l cc phn hi.

Xc nh cc l hng v d liu.

Cung cp cc thng tin ton din v c c s.

To iu kin cho gim st v nh gi.
Cc yu cu cn chun b cho CRCZ

Chnh quyn a phng cam kt m bo ngun nhn lc v ti chnh.

Chnh quyn cn cam kt v thc hin theo bo co CRCZ.
65

S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan.

Vn phng D n QLTHVVB hng dn v to iu kin xy dng v thc hin CRCZ.
Mu bo co CRCZ

Hng dn vic thu thp cc thng tin ph hp cho bo co CRCZ.

Bao gm c cc ch s cho mi yu t qun l v cc lnh vc pht trin bn vng da
trn khung pht trin bn vng.

Xc nh cc l hng thng tin.
Qu trnh xy dng bo co CRCZ
Bc 1: Xy dng CRCZ theo di s tin b v nh gi tc ng ca vic thc hin
QLTHVVB.
Bc 2: Tham kho kin ca cc bn lin quan v cc ch s, yu cu d liu v k hoch hnh
ng cho bo co CRCZ.
Bc 3: Thu thp d liu.
Bc 4: Phn tch cc kt qu v xy dng d tho bo co CRCZ.
Bc 5: Xc nh d liu, ni dung ca bo co v tham vn cc bn lin quan.
Bc 6: Xut bn v ph bin bo co CRCZ.
Bc 7: CRCZ cung cp c s cho vic lp k hoch v iu chnh cc chng trnh QLTHVVB.
Cp nht bo co CRCZ.
Cc ng dng v li ch khc t bo co CRCZ
Bo co CRCZ cung cp cc thng tin c th s dng cc cc hot ng khc ca QLTHVVB nh:

nh gi ri ro mi trng.

Xy dng chin lc vng ven bin v k hoch hnh ng.

Phn vng s dng vng ven bin.

Phn tch th ch.

Quan trc mi trng.

u t mi trng.

Nng cao nhn thc cng ng.

nh gi nng lc.
Bo co CRCZ cng c th h tr chnh quyn a phng

nh gi hin trng mi trng.

nh gi hiu qu ca cc phn ng qun l trong cc vn mi trng.

Xc nh cc l hng v d liu.
66

Cng c cc thng tin t cc chng trnh lin quan.

Trnh by cc ti liu v mi trng v kinh t x hi.

Gim st v nh gi s tin b trong vic thc hin QLTHVVB.

nh gi s tin b trong vic p ng cc mc tiu pht trin bn vng.
4.1.2. Cng c phn tch v nh gi
a) nh gi nhanh nng thn (Rural Rapid Assessment - RRA)
Phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic hc nhanh v trc
tip t mi ngi. RRA bao gm c ly kin a phng v thu thp thng tin v cch nhn nh
thu o ca ngi dn a phng, s dng nhiu phng php v cng c b tr ln nhau
(Jackson v Ingles, 1995). RRA thng c p dng thng bo cho nhng i tng bn
ngoi cng ng.
Phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau:

Mt hot ng c thc hin nhm mc ch nghin cu v mt ch c trng, mt
vng, tnh hung, nhm ngi hoc nhng g c cc i tng quan tm t chc RRA.

RRA thng bao gm vic thu thp thng tin bng cch ni chuyn vi mi ngi trong
cng ng.

Phng php ny s dng nhiu ch dn v lm th no tin hnh thu thp thng tin,
nghin cu thng tin v thu ht ngi dn a
phng tham gia cc hot ng gii thch v
gii thiu chng trnh.

Phng php ny s dng nhiu loi cng c
bao gm c cc bi tp v k thut thu thp
thng tin, cc phng thc t chc thng tin
nhiu i tng trong cng ng hiu c,
k thut m phng s tng tc ln nhau gia
thnh vin cng ng v cc phng php
d dng phn tch v thng bo nhng pht
hin cng nh a ra cc hot ng thch hp.
Hp cng c RRA phi phong ph, a dng v thng xuyn c nng cp. Cng c c la
chn ty theo mc tiu, bi cnh v cc iu kin c th v cn phn nh c cc cng c c
nhn ca ngi s dng. Theo danh mc cng c, cng c RRA gm c: kim tra li d liu ph,
hi tho, quan st theo cu trc, sp xp v phn loi, phng vn, cc cuc hp cng ng, k
thut lp bn , cc biu , hnh minh ha v hiu r cc qu trnh v nhng thay i.
C bn hng mc ln trong RRA:

Thm d: l nghin cu nhng iu kin trong mt vng lnh th c th bng cch quan
st c th thit k cc hot ng trin khai thch hp.

Ch : l nghin cu su v nhng vn c th nhm hiu r v y cc vn .
Mt bui ni chuyn vi cng ng ca cn b
MCD ti Lng C, Hu
67

Kim sot v nh gi: l kim sot v nh gi cc hot ng ang c thc hin.

Tham gia: thc y nhiu hn thnh vin cng ng tham gia (Townsley, 1996).
b) nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environmental Risk Assessment - ERA)
Khi nim ERA
S dng thng tin nh gi mt cch c h thng v khoa hc cc hot ng ca con ngi
tc ng n cc h sinh thi v con ngi.
Vai tr ERA

S dng thng tin nh gi cc cp ri ro.

Kt hp cc thng tin nhn dng v k thut: (i) u tin cc vn mi trng cn quan
tm, (ii) cc l hng d liu quan trng v (iii) cc khu vc khng chc chn cn nh gi
thm.

Cung cp cc xut c bn v chnh sch v qun l.

Cung cp mt mi trng thun li cho cc c nhn v t chc tham gia hp tc
Cc pha ca nh gi ri ro
Hnh 4.1. Cc pha nh gi ri ro
nh gi ri ro hi c

Nhm tr li cu hi: Bng chng no gy tc hi n cc i tng?

Cc bc nh gi ri ro hi c:
Bc 1: nh gi cc bng chng v suy gim ca h sinh thi v mi trng vi cc i
tng vt l.
Bc 2: nh gi cc bng chng v suy gim ti nguyn v sinh cnh vi cc i tng vt
l ca vng.
Bc 3: Xc nh nguyn nhn tim nng suy gim ca i tng quan st.
Bc 4: nh gi kh nng xc nh nguyn nhn tim nng c th gy ra s suy gim.
Pha A: Xc nh vn
Pha B: nh gi ri ro hi c Pha C: nh gi ri ro d bo
Pha D: Qun l ri ro
68
nh gi ri ro d bo

Nhm tr li cu hi: Cc vn g gy tc ng tiu cc n sc kho con ngi, h
sinh thi v cc loi?

nh gi ri ro d bo bng phng php H s ri ro
H s ri ro l t l gia nng mi trng o c hoc nng d bo vi nng khng
gy tc hi ln i tng.
S dng kt qu nh gi ri ro nh th no qun l ri ro?

Kt qu ca nh gi ri ro ch c ngha khi n c s dng qun l ri ro.

Cc kt qu khoa hc ca nh gi ri ro c s dng thit lp cc hnh ng qun l.
Bng 4.1. ng dng kt qu nh gi ri ro qun l ri ro
Cc v d p dng Cc kt qu nh gi RR s dng nh th no?
Xy dng k hoch thc hin chin
lc.
Thng qua kt qu nh gi ri ro xc nh cc chin lc v
xy dng chng trnh hnh ng.
u t mi trng. Bng cch xc nh cc khu vc cn tp trung qun l, ERA h tr
xc nh cc chin lc nhm phn b cc ngun lc hn ch
lng ph ngun ti nguyn.
Chng trnh quan trc mi trng
tng hp.
Cc u tin, l hng d liu v cc vn khng chc chn t kt
qu nh gi ri ro c s dng xy dng chng trnh quan
trc di hn vi mc ch huy ng cc c quan c lin quan
gim chi ph cho chng trnh quan trc.
c) nh gi tc ng mi trng (Environmental Impact Assessment EIA)
nh ngha
Theo UNEP - Chng trnh mi trng ca Lin Hip quc, nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt
qu trnh nghin cu c s dng d bo nhng hu qu v mi trng ca mt d n pht
trin quan trng c d kin thc thi. Trn c s khi nim ny v iu kin kinh t x hi nc
ta, iu 3, Lut BVMT nm 2005 quy nh: nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l vic phn tch,
d bo cc tc ng n mi trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v mi
trng khi trin khai d n .
Quy trnh thc hin TM
Gm cc bc:
1. Lp bo co TM
2. Thm nh bo co TM
3. Ph duyt bo co TM
4. Hot ng sau thm nh TM
69
Chi tit v TM ti Vit Nam c quy nh ti Lut Bo v mi trng (2005), ngh nh 80/2006/
N-CP v ngh nh 21/2008/N-CP ca Chnh Ph v cc vn bn php l lin quan.
d) Phng php nh gi nng lc chu ti (Carrying Capacity Assessment CCA)
Khi nim
Khi nim nng lc chu ti lin quan n khi nim kh nng chng chu v phc hi, tc l c
nhng gii hn, hoc ngng m nu vt qua th h thng s khng tip tc thay i c na.
Khi nim ny ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong qun l cc im n du lch vi nhn thc
rng nhng ni ny c mt nng lc chu ti nht nh m nu mc pht trin du lch vt
qu th mi trng s suy thoi, c s vt cht b bo ha, s quan tm ca khch du lch gim st.
Xut pht t nhng nghin cu lin quan n cc qun th ng vt, ngy nay khi nim nng lc
chu ti khng n thun ch gm nhng con s m n ang c pht trin thnh cng c quy
hoch v qun l cho php cc nh quy hoch, cc nh qun l xc nh c Mc thay i
bao nhiu th vn c th chp nhn c?. V mi hot ng s dng mi trng thin nhin ca
con ngi u kh trnh khi to nn s thay i cho mi trng nn iu c bit quan tm cn
tm hiu l mc thay i bao nhiu th vn c th chp nhn c trong mt bi cnh xc nh.
Do khi nim ny tp trung vo vic qun l nhng iu kin mi trng v x hi nh mong
mun, v d nh n gip xc nh cc yu t c tc ng tiu cc i vi mi trng bin v a
ra nhng gii php qun l lm gim nh p lc du lch i vi cc rn san h. Nng lc chu
ti c th c phn chia thnh cc nng lc chu ti thnh phn c bn v sinh thi, mi trng,
t nhin, x hi v kinh t. D vy vic c on nng lc chu ti hay cc gii hn thay i c
th chp nhn c khng phi l mt nhim v d dng khi m c nhiu yu t lin quan n
qu trnh. Hn na cng khng c phng php hay cng thc c nh sn c, mi trng hp
c th cn c xem xt, nh gi mt cch ring bit. (Sinh vin c th tm c thm v Khung
hng dn nh gi nng lc chu ti trong ti liu ca Lim L.C 1995. The concepts and analysis
of carrying capacity: A management tool for effective planning.)
Vic trin khai nh gi nng lc chu ti c th c coi l mt qu trnh b phn ca qu trnh
tng th quy hoch vng ven bin. Cng ngh xc nh nng lc chu ti cn nh r nhng mc
ch, mc tiu lu di v c nhng can thip chnh sch cng nh to dng mt tm nhn cho s
pht trin ca khu vc. y l mt qu trnh c tnh chu k v lp li gm nhiu bc khc nhau
(xc nh vn , xc nh cc yu t, ch th, ngng nguy cp v nhng mc mong mun,
xy dng cc mc ch, cc mc tiu di hn, thit k cc gii php la chn khc nhau, nh gi
tc ng). Vic nh gi nng lc chu ti cn c xem xt trong bi cnh qu trnh quy hoch
chin lc tng th quc gia vi s tham gia ca tt c cc thnh phn ct cn quan trng.
Cc thng s ca CCA:

Cc thng s sinh thi-t nhin lin quan n ton b cc thnh phn c nh v linh ng
ca mi trng t nhin cng nh h thng c s h tng v hu ht tt c nhng yu
t ny u c lin quan n cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Cc thnh phn c nh
bao gm nng lc h sinh thi, nng lc tha hng sn c, chiu di ng b bin, kh
hu V nhng nhn t ny hu ht l d dng o c nn cn xc nh cc gi tr s ca
chng c c c s xc nh nng lc chu ti tng th. Cc thnh phn linh ng ch
70
yu lin quan n cc h thng c s h tng nh h thng cp nc, nc thi, in, kh
t, giao thng (ch yu l ng b), cc dch v cng (vin thng, th tn, chm sc sc
khe, lut php, ngn hng, ca hng mua sm v cc dch v khc). Mc d nng lc ca
cc h thng c s h tng l tng i d dng o c nhng cc gi tr s th khng th
c s dng lm c s xc nh nng lc chu ti m ch yu lm khung nh hng.
l v cc yu t kinh t v chnh tr c th c nhng nh hng ng k n s gia tng
gii hn nng lc chu ti c s h tng thng qua cc hot ng u t v c s h tng,
chit khu thu cho cc nh u t (c bit l vic ti thit, phc dng cc ta nh lch s
cc khu trung tm hoc cc cng trnh mi xy dng hi ha vi kin trc bn a)

Cc thng s dn s-x hi cp n tt c cc nhn t lin quan n cc cng ng x
hi cng nh dn c bn a, khch du lch v cc mi quan h tng tc gia nhng i
tng ny vi nhau. Khng nh nhng nhn t dn s, nhn chung l d dng o c c
(nh nhn lc c sn, trnh hc vn ca nhn cng), nhng nhn t vn ha-x hi kh
o m c hn v d nh s tng ng vn ha ca ngi dn a phng, s tri
nghim ca khch du lch, nng lc tip nhn nhng nhn cng v khch du lch mi.
Cc thng s kinh t-chnh tr ch yu cp n kh nng u t c v cc bin php
kinh t cho pht trin du lch. Nhng vn ny cn c nh lng cng c th cng
tt, ch yu lin quan n nhng gii hn thp hn ca nng lc chu ti tng th. V d
nu kh nng cp nc l gii hn chnh i vi s pht trin th liu c quan qun l Nh
nc c cho php u t xy dng cc ng dn nc mi m khng gy cn tr, kh
khn cho cc nh u t du lch tim nng, hay nh i vi vic xc nh nng lc cp
nc th nhng g cn quan tm l tnh trng sau khi cc ng ng dn nc c
lp t ch khng phi l tnh trng hin thi. Cng tng t nh vy nhng gii hn lin
quan nhn lc c th cn iu chnh nu mt s ti liu ca chnh ph ngh r rng
rng s di dn ti mt khu vc khc s c khuyn khch, v nu nh cng ng dn
c bn a cng sn lng chp nhn nhng ngi mi n ny. Mc d cc thng s kinh
t-chnh tr l nhng yu t hiu chnh i vi cc thng s kinh t-t nhin v dn s-x
hi nhng trong nhiu trng hp chng c vai tr quan trng xc nh nng lc chu
ti. Khng phi lc no cng c s dng nhng cc thng s kinh t-chnh tr chnh l
nn tng c s quyt nh kch bn pht trin bng vic la chn gia hai thi cc, v
do chng c dnh cho vic quyt nh cui cng v nng lc chu ti.
e) nh gi mi trng chin lc (Strategic Environmental Assessment - SEA)
Khi nim:
nh gi mi tr ng chi n l c l vi c xem x t, phn t ch, nh gi v mi tr ng i v i c c
chi n l c, quy ho ch, k ho ch ph t tri n qu c gia, ng nh, v ng l nh th v c c quy ho ch, k
ho ch ph t tri n kh c trong qu tr nh th m nh, ph duy t c c chi n l c, quy ho ch, k ho ch
(Lut Bo v mi trng).
Theo Therivel v cng s (1992), SEA l qu trnh nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca mt
chnh sch, mt k hoch, quy hoch hoc mt chng trnh pht trin v cc phng n thay
th mt cch c h thng v ton din, l vic chun b mt bo co v cc kt qu nh gi
v s dng chng cho vic ra quyt nh mt cch c trch nhim.
71
Phng php nh gi SEA:
Bc 1:

Lit k cc mc tiu ca chnh sch, quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh, bao gm cc
quyt nh chnh thc cn phi a ra v xc nh nhng kh khn.

a cc mc tiu v cc vn u tin, xc nh cc mu thun v mi quan h gia
chng, ch ra cc cn tr ca cc mu thun, xem xt xem chng c th thay i theo thi
gian hoc c th dn xp c cc mu thun hay khng.
Bc 2:

Xc nh phm vi v phn tch hin trng mi trng, cc vn khc v cc mc tiu
bo v. Tp trung vo cc kha cnh v cc vn ch yu, cc nh hng tiu cc do
cc chnh sch, k hoch, chng trnh to nn.

S dng cc chnh sch mi trng lit k cc mc tiu bo v mi trng tng ng
cho cc kha cnh hoc vn .
Bc 3:
Ch r cc la chn kh thi cho cc quyt nh quy hoch v xc nh cc hu qu mi
trng ca chng.
Xc nh v nh gi cc kha cnh mi trng v cc tc ng, bao gm c cc tc ng
tch lu v nhng kha cnh bn vng, khng c xem nh cc nh hng n gin
mc d chng kh nh lng.
Bc 4:
Xin t vn: xc nh mt s chuyn gia trung gian khch quan v xin h cc kin v kt qu nh
gi chin lc trc khi ra quyt nh thc hin.
Bc 5:

Xc nh cc bin php gim thiu v bi thng cc tc ng ng k v tin hnh la
chn cc phng n tt hn. Trong bc ny tp trung vo phn tch cc tc ng m
kt qu s l cc ti liu phc v cho qu trnh ra cc quyt nh.

So snh chng vi cc mc tiu bo v mi trng tng ng, so snh cc phng n
thay th la chn, bao gm vic xut chn hoc khng.

Kim tra tnh nhy cm ca cc kt qu phn tch xem c kh nng thay i trong cc iu
kin hay khi dng cc gi thit khc nhau.
Bc 6:

Xy dng k hoch gim st ph hp v quyt nh bc no s nh gi vic thc
hin cc hot ng.

Xc nh u cn y mnh nh gi tc ng mi trng; lit k cc d n, cc hot
ng cn nh gi tc ng mi trng cp d n.
72
Bc 7:

Tn thnh hay phn i cc xut.

Thi gian v cc iu kin cho vic thc hin.
Ni dung nh gi SEA:

M t chi tit cc d n c lin quan n mi trng.

M t hi n tr ng c c th nh ph n mi tr ng t nhin v c c y u t kinh t , x h i lin
quan trong v ng thu c ph m vi c a d n v c a v ng k c n.

nh gi hi n tr ng nhi m mi tr ng, suy tho i mi tr ng v nh gi s c ch u t i
c a mi tr ng trong v ng thu c ph m vi c a d n v c a v ng k c n.

D b o di n bi n c a c c th nh ph n mi tr ng t nhin v c c y u t kinh t , x h i
khi d n c th c hi n.

xu t phng h ng gi i quy t c c v n mi tr ng trong qu tr nh th c hi n d n.

xu t quy ho ch xy d ng c c cng tr nh x l ch t th i t p trung, c c tr m quan tr c
mi tr ng.
f) nh gi ti nguyn tng hp a tiu ch (Multi-criteria Integrated Resource Assessment -
MIRA)
MIRA l mt cch tip cn mi gip ngi ra quyt nh c nhiu hiu bit v mi trng ra
quyt nh bao gm c mi quan tm ca cc bn lin quan.
Quy trnh thng l:

T chc v xp hng tiu ch quyt nh.

Lin kt cc d liu n chnh sch quyt nh.

S dng bi cnh quyt nh xc nh tm quan trng ca cc tiu ch quyt nh.

Thm d s la chn quyt nh khc.
Quy trnh MIRA gm 10 bc:
Bc 1: a ra cc cu hi quyt nh, quyt nh la chn cc tiu ch quyt nh da trn
cc cu hi .
Bc 2: La chn tp hp cc yu t m cn s dng MIRA.
Bc 3: Tp hp d liu cn thit cho mi tiu ch.
Bc 4: Tp hp danh mc vn ca cc yu t.
Bc 5: Cn nhc cc tiu ch.
Bc 6: Ra quyt nh ban u.
Bc 7: Ra cc quyt nh khc cho vn ban u v thay i vn .
Bc 8: Tho lun cc vn ny vi cc bn lin quan.
73
Bc 9: Ra quyt nh cui cng.
Bc 10: Lp li.
Hnh 4.2. S quy trnh MIRA
74
g) Phn tch li ch chi ph (Cost Benet Analysis CBA)
Khi nim
Phn tch ti chnh d n c thc hin nh gi xem d n c kh nng sinh li cho n
v thc hin hay khng.
Phn tch li ch chi ph l mt phng php dng nh gi mt d n hay mt chnh sch
bng vic lng ha bng tin tt c cc li ch v chi ph trn quan im x hi nhm cung cp
thng tin cho vic ra quyt nh.
Phn tch kinh t (phn tch li ch chi ph) l phn tch m rng ca phn tch ti chnh c thc
hin ch yu bi Chnh quyn hoc cc t chc quc t nh gi xem d n hay chnh sch c
ng gp ci thin phc li quc gia hay cng ng hay khng (Frances Perkins, 1994).
Ngi phn tch c th xut d n, cn vic quyt nh ty vo ngi ra quyt nh. CBA c
ngha b sung cho qu trnh ra quyt nh, ch khng thay th vic ra quyt nh.
Phn loi CBA
Theo Boardman v ccs (2001), c th chia thnh 4 loi sau:

Ex-ante CBA: c tin hnh trc khi d n c thc thi.

Ex-post CBA: c tin hnh sau khi d n c thc thi xem li ch mang li c ln
hn chi ph khng.

In medias res CBA: c tin hnh trong sut thi k thc thi d n.

Ex-ante/ex-post CBA: dng kt hp gia ex-ante BCA v ex-post BCA.
Mc ch s dng CBA
C hai mc ch chnh sau y:
Gip ci thin vic ra quyt nh.
Tht bi th trng = > s can thip ca chnh quyn = > CBA cho bit liu s can thip ny c
mang li hiu qu hn khng? Li ch c ln hn chi ph khng? Ni cch khc, mc ch ca
CBA l gip vic ra quyt nh v phn b ngun lc hiu qu hn.

Gip ngi phn tch hiu bit thm v d n cng nh tin trnh ca n.
Cc bc thc hin mt CBA

Nhn dng vn v xc nh cc phng n gii quyt.

Nhn dng cc li ch v chi ph x hi ca mi phng n.

nh gi li ch v chi ph ca mi phng n (lng ha bng tin).

Chit khu cc li ch v chi ph a v hin gi.
75

Xc nh tiu ch la chn d n.

Phn tch nhy.

a ra xut.
Cc nguyn tc ca CBA

Chi ph l tt c cc chi ph bt k ai gnh chu.

Li ch l tt c cc li ch bt k ai hng th.

Phi c mt n v o lng chung.

Phi da trn nh gi ca ngi tiu dng v ngi sn xut v n th hin hnh vi thc
s ca h.

Phn tch mt d n nn so snh gia c v khng c d n.

Phi xc nh r quan im phn tch.

Trnh tnh trng lp cc li ch v chi ph.

Xc nh tiu ch quyt nh cc d n.

Phi xc nh r tc ng tng thm v thay th.
h) H thng h tr quyt nh (Decision Support System DSS)
Khi nim
C nhiu nh ngha c a ra gii thch cho thut ng h thng h tr quyt nh (DSS), tuy
nhin nhn chung DSS c th c coi l mt h thng thng tin da trn my tnh c kh nng
tng tc, linh hot v thch ng, c pht trin h tr cho qu trnh ra quyt nh c hiu
qu hn khi gii quyt cc vn . DSS c kh nng m phng v d bo c th nhng cng cn
c s dng nh mt cng c cho cng tc truyn thng, o to v th nghim. Ch yu DSS
thc y qu trnh i thoi v trao i thng tin do cung cp s hiu bit cho nhng ngi
khng phi l chuyn gia v h tr h trong vic nh gi cc la chn chnh sch.
Cc thnh phn ca DSS
H thng qun l c s d liu (DBMS): c chc nng thu thp, t chc v x l d liu, thng tin.
Cc m hnh: cc m hnh khc nhau v thy ng lc hc v kinh t - x hi c tch hp vo
DSS nhm ti u ha cc chc nng d bo/d on v thng k. Cc kiu m hnh lin quan
n cch h tr v lnh vc ng dng DSS (v d nh qun l b bin, st l, nhim).
Giao din ngi dng: c chc nng h tr ngi dng tng tc vi h thng v phn tch
kt qu. c im quan trng ca giao din DSS l tnh thn thin ngi dng, kh nng v s
linh hot trnh by cc d liu/m hnh u ra mt cch n gin, d hiu. Mt giao din ngi
dng hiu qu s thc y s truyn t thng tin hiu qu v tng kh nng chp nhn s
dng cng c ca ngi s dng mc tiu (v d nh cc nh qun l vng b, cc nh hoch
nh chnh sch)
76
Cc thnh phn khc: H thng thng tin a l (GIS) gi vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng h
tr quyt nh khng gian (SDSS) nh kh nng t chc, trnh by v so snh cc d liu, thng tin
bng nhng hnh nh bn sinh ng; DSS da trn Web l nhng h thng my tnh ha truyn ti
thng tin h tr ti cc nh qun l thng qua cc trnh duyt Web; h thng h tr quyt nh nhm
(GDSS) l nhng cng c my tnh ph bin hoc mng li c s dng to nn s phi hp
gia nhiu ngi cng gii quyt, a ra nhng quyt nh phc tp.
Phn loi DSS
C nhiu loi DSS khc nhau, mt cch phn loi cc DSS c Power (2002) xut, trong
cc loi DSS c xc nh da vo kh nng u th h tr ca DSS. Theo c cc loi
DSS sau:

Hng giao tip (Communication Driven DSS) - DSS s dng mng v cng ngh vin
thng lin lc v cng tc. Cng ngh vin thng bao gm Mng cc b (LAN), Mng
din rng (WAN), Internet, ISDN, mng ring ol then cht trong vic h tr ra quyt
nh. Cc ng dng ca DSS hng giao tip l phn mm nhm (Groupware), Hi tho
t xa (Videoconferencing), Bn tin (Bullentin Boards)

Hng d liu (Data Driven DSS) - DSS da trn vic truy xut v x l d liu. Kho d
liu l mt C s d liu tp trung cha thng tin t nhiu ngun ng thi sn sng cung
cp thng tin cn thit cho vic ra quyt nh. X l phn tch trc tuyn (OLAP) c nhiu
tnh nng cao cp v cho php phn tch d liu nhiu chiu, v d d liu nui trng thy
sn cn phi c phn tch theo nhiu chiu nh theo vng, theo loi, theo sn phm/
th trng u ra, theo k thut nui, theo tc ng mi trng

Hng ti liu (Document Driven DSS) - DSS da trn vic truy xut v phn tch cc vn
bn, ti liu Trong mt a phng (tnh, huyn) c rt nhiu vn bn nh chnh sch,
th tc, bin bn cuc hp, hnh nh, m thanh Mt cng c tm kim hiu qu l mt
phn quan trng khng th thiu i vi cc DSS dng ny.

Hng tri thc (Knowledge Driven DSS) - DSS c th ngh v a ra nhng t vn
cho ngi ra quyt nh. Nhng h ny l cc h chuyn gia vi mt kin thc chuyn
ngnh c th, nm vng cc vn trong chuyn ngnh v c k nng gii quyt
nhng vn ny. Cc cng c khai m d liu c th dng to ra cc h dng ny.

Hng m hnh (Model Driven DSS) - DSS dng ny nhn mnh vo vic truy xut v vn
dng cc m hnh thng k, ti chnh, ti u, gi lp. N s dng cc d liu v cc tham
s do ngi dng cung cp h tr nhng ngi ra quyt nh phn tch hin trng.
ng dng thc t
Thnh phn h thng qun l c s d liu cho php vic t chc, thc y s truy xut v sp
xp k lng cc chui thi gian ca cc d liu th.

S tng hp cc loi kin thc khc nhau (v d nh kin thc chuyn gia, kin thc bn
a), cc ngnh v cc tm nhn khc nhau trong qu trnh xy dng cc chnh sch s
dng nc bn vng v hiu qu c th c h tr cc k hiu qu bng vic pht trin
v thc thi c s tham gia cc DSS.

DSS gip cho cc nhm a ngnh cng tham gia vo vic phn tch mt vn trong
77
qun l ti nguyn nc to nn mt ngn ng, li t duy ngh chung theo mt cch
nht nh. Cc tiu ch, mc tiu v hn ch ca mt vn no s tr nn r rng
hn xuyn sut qu trnh xy dng v p dng DSS.

Cc c im a l ca DSS h tr s giao tip gia cc bn lin quan c nhng nn
tng kin thc khc nhau. Nhng phng tin tr gip hnh nh trong DSS ngy cng
tr nn quan trng hn khi nhng thnh gi khng ch gm c nhng nh qun l, nh lp
chnh sch m cn c nhng ngi dn na.

Kh nng h tr giao tip trong vic tng cng s tham gia ca qun chng ch yu
c pht trin bng nhng cng c h tr tho lun. V d cc h thng h tr quyt
nh nhm th h tr vic ra quyt nh phi hp.

Kh nng ti u v m phng trong phn tch cc tnh hung xung t v tha hip c th
xy ra xc nh gii php ph hp nht trong s tt c cc la chn khc c tch
hp trong DSS thng qua vic xy dng cc kch bn Nuth...
Vic s dng GIS trong h thng h tr quyt nh khng gian cho php vic xy dng cc bn
thy ng lc hc v kinh t - x hi h tr vic phn tch a tiu ch mt vn cng mt lc.
Cc thnh phn GIS h tr vic to lp hnh nh cc v tr, cc phng php, cc tc ng v thc
y vic nh gi vn bng vic cung cp thng tin quan trng cho c s h tng qun l nc.
DSS h tr vic ti liu ha qu trnh ra quyt nh m dn ti vic la chn cc gii php c th
do gp phn lm tng s minh bch v cng bng. c bit DSS qun l ti nguyn vng ven
bin c pht trin h tr vic xc nh cc khong trng hiu bit hin c v cc qu trnh t
nhin vng ven bin v mi quan h ca chng vi nhu cu kinh t - x hi. Chng cng h tr:

Qun l cht lng nc (v d nh cc chin lc kim sot nhim, s xm nhp
mn, cht lng nc b mt).

Qun l xi mn: qun l cc con p v vic vn hnh cc h cha cng nh d bo.

Xc nh v tr cc cng trnh xy dng (nh my x l nc; p, tng chn; trm quan
trc).

nh gi ri ro: d bo l, tnh ton thi gian di chuyn trong h thng cnh bo sm khi
c nhng s c bt ng. Qun l l lt v hn hn trong bi cnh Bin i kh hu. Cc
bin php gim hn hn trong vic quy hoch v vn hnh cc h thng thy li.

Thc thi php lut: DSS c iu chnh theo mc ch c th c th h tr trin khai cc
quy nh v qun l nc v hng dn cc bn lin quan kim tra s thc thi ca cc
c quan chc nng.

nh gi hiu qu chi ph, cc tc ng x hi tim nng ca cc la chn khc nhau
cng nh tnh bn vng ca cc bin php qun l nc.
Trong phn tch cc bn lin quan, cng c Quasta c th c xem nh mt cng c h tr
quyt nh nh tnh nhm thu ht s tham gia cc bn lin quan trong qu trnh ra quyt nh.
Mt s trang web hu ch

mDSS (h thng h tr quyt nh vn hnh v tng hp a ngnh cho s dng bn vng
ti nguyn nc cp lu vc): http://www.netsymod.eu/mDSS/
78

OPTIMA DSS (Ti u ha qun l nc bn vng)
http://www.ess.co.at/OPTIMA/

RAMCO (H thng h tr quyt nh cho nh gi tng hp cc vn qun l bn vng
vng ven bin)
http://www.netcoast.nl/projects/netcoast/tools/rikz/RamCo.htm

WMSS (H thng h tr qun l nc).
http://www.meditate.hacettepe.edu.tr/prjdesc/objectives.htm

TIDDD (Cc cng c thng tin cc cuc tho lun, i thoi)
http://gouverne.c3ed.uvsq.fr/index.html

NOSTRUM DSS (Mng li v Th ch, Khoa hc v Cng ngh v s dng bn vng
ti nguyn nc vng a Trung Hi.
http://www.feem-web.it/nostrum/index.php
4.2. Mt s cng c c trng
Mc ny cp n mt s cng c cn thit v thng c s dng trong qu trnh QLTHVVB
nh xy dng h s vng b, h thng qun l thng tin tng hp hay cc cng c truyn thng.
4.2.1. Xy dng h s vng ven bin
H s vng ven bin s l c s thc hin cc hot ng hoch nh, cung cp c s qun l
v l ranh gii kim sot v nh gi. H s cn chi tit c th cung cp cho ngi c
hiu r v cc iu kin mi trng v x hi, ti sao li cn qun l v lm th no c th qun
l c cc iu kin vng ven bin (Denr v ccs, 2001).
H s vng ven bin s gm cc ni dung chnh sau:

nh gi ngun li v sinh thi (REA).

nh gi kinh t x hi (SEA).

nh gi c cu t chc v lut php (LIA).

nh gi vn tn ti, nhu cu v c hi (PNOA).
a) nh gi ngun li v sinh thi (Resources and Ecology Assessment - REA)
Nhng nh gi ngun li v sinh thi (REAs) l cc nghin cu chi tit v cc gii hn sinh
hc v ha l. Thng tin thu c c th c dng xc nh tnh trng hin ti ca h sinh
thi. Cc thng bo hoc h s c to ra u c c im k thut v s lng thc t. REAs
thng do nhng ngi c trnh k thut cao, hu ht h n t cc trng i hc, thc hin.
Ni dung REA c th bao gm nhng thng tin v cc gii hn sau:

V quy lut t nhin: tng quan v a l bao gm: t, dc, y bin, phn loi c tr
ven b, tng quan v rng ven b, sng v lu vc sng.

Mi trng xung quanh: mn, c v kh nng xm nhp nh sng.
79

Kh hu: ma, lng ma, gi, nhit , my che ph.

Hi dng hc: o su ca bin, m hnh lu thng, lu lng thy triu, sng, cht
lng nc, gi lc, kh nng chy v cht nn.

Ni c tr quan trng: rn san h, thm c bin, rng ngp mn, t ngp nc, ca
sng, m ph vng vnh,

C, cc loi gip xc, ng vt thn mm, ng vt da gai, loi c nhm, rong bin, ng
vt c v bin, cc loi chim bin v cc i sng sinh vt bin khc.

S dng ngun li: bin v nc ngt.

Cc thuc tnh k thut ca ngh c: th cng, quy m nh, thng mi, cng nghip,
ng c/cng ngh khai thc, loi b nh bt, mc khai thc.

Lch s s dng ngun li: s ngi s dng ngun li, ng c, khai thc, ni c tr
(Walters v ccs, 1998).
b) nh gi kinh t x hi (Socio-Economic Assessment - SEA)
nh gi kinh t x hi l mt cch nghin cu v cc iu kin kinh t, x hi, vn ha v
chnh tr ca cc c nhn, h gia nh, nhm ngi, cng ng v t chc. SEA khc vi cc
phng php nh gi khc l chng bao gm nhng ch trn v ph thuc vo mc ch
nh gi. Mt s SEA c th l nh gi y v tt c cc ch trn, mt s khc li ch tp
trung vo s nhn thc ca i tng tham gia hoc m hnh s dng ngun li. Chng ta c th
tham kho cc phng php h ca Bunce v ccs (2000).
C rt nhiu dng gii hn kinh t x hi c th xut hin trong mt SEA nh:

Cc m hnh s dng ngun li.

c im ca cc i tng tham gia.

Cc mi quan h quyn lc chnh tr v kinh t.

Cc c im s hu sn phm.

Cc vn v gii.

Nhn thc ca i tng tham gia.

Kin thc bn a.

Tin nghi v dch v cng cng.

Cc thuc tnh th trng i vi vn s dng ngun li c chn lc.

Cc thuc tnh th trng i vi vn s dng ngun li khng chn lc.

Nhng gi tr khng th trng v khng s dng.
c) nh gi v lut v t chc (Legal and Institution Assessment - LIA)
nh gi v lut v t chc nhm nhn nh v phn tch cc t chc cng nh c ch qun l
i vi qun l ngun li trong cng ng. LIA nhn dng cc i tng s dng ngun li khc
nhau, cc i tng tham gia, cc t chc lin quan n qun l ngun li, LIA tin hnh phn
80
tch vai tr ca nhng i tng k trn trong qun l cng nh nh gi mc lin quan hin
ti ca cc i tng tham gia qun l ngun li. LIA nhn dng v kim tra v mt php ch, cc
chnh sch, quy nh v cc chng trnh v qun l ngun li (ngh c, qun l ven b, khu bo
tn bin, cc h sinh thi ven b) cc cp qun l khc nhau (lng x, th x, qun, huyn,
tnh, vng, min, quc gia v quc t). LIA xc nh quyn s hu thc t v sp xp ma khai
thc (chnh thc v khng chnh thc) nhm xc nh quyn tip cn v s dng ngun li, liu
nhng quyn ny c kh nng chuyn giao c khng v phi theo cc nguyn tc nht nh
khng. LIA ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng k hoch qun l.
Phn tch th ch l mt phng php phi hp thng c xc nh php lut, chnh sch
v quy nh i vi cng tc qun l ngun li ven b v ngh c cc cp qun l khc nhau
c chnh thc v khng chnh thc. Phng php ny cng c s dng nhn bit quyn s
hu v b tr ma khai thc nhm xc nh c quyn khai thc ngun li, ai c quyn tip
cn ngun li v phi tun th nhng quy tc no. Phn tch th ch cng c dng nh gi
mc tham gia hin ti ca cc i tng s dng ngun li trong qun l ngun li.
Cch tip cn tin hnh mt phn tch th ch bao gm:
Thu thp d liu ph v
- i tng tham gia.
- Cc t chc cp cng ng.
- Nhng iu chnh c cu cp cng ng.
- Cc t chc/c quan trn cp cng ng.
- Nhng iu chnh trn cp cng ng.

B sung v thng qua vic thu thp d liu ph bng cch thu thp d liu chnh. C th
s dng nhiu phng php v k thut phi hp, bao gm c phng vn kt cu v bn
cu trc, cc nhm tp trung, lp bn ngun li, gii hn thi gian lch s, cc m hnh
dng chy, cc nghin cu c th v biu Venn.

Thu thp v phn loi d liu, tp trung vo mi quan h gia v trong vic sp xp th
ch v cc t chc qun l.

Xc nh cc phn b sung, xung t, s chng cho v nhng l hng trong t chc v
sp xp th ch h tr hoc cn tr qun l c hiu qu cc cp qun l khc
nhau ca chnh quyn v trong ni b cng ng.

Nhn nh i tng cn h tr qun l nh nhng quy nh mi, lut, t chc v c ch
ban hnh.

xut cc chin lc trin khai cc m hnh quan h v mt khng gian, thi gian, dng
chy v a ra quyt nh s dng nhiu loi cng c khc nhau nh mt ct, bn ,
gii hn thi gian, biu Venn v ma trn.

Phn tch cc nguyn tc thc hin, qun l v cc cp lut php.

Thng qua nhng pht hin cng vi cng ng bo m tnh chnh xc v hon chnh
nhng l hng d liu.
81
d) nh gi cc vn tn ti, nhu cu v c hi (Problems of Need and Opportunity
Assessment - PNOA)
Cn b t chc cn xc nh cc vn v nhu cu ch yu ngay t khi mi vo cng ng v
trong giai on hi nhp. Cc nh gi vn , nhu cu v c hi th yu s c tin hnh nhm
cp nht nhng thng tin c c t trc . iu nhn mnh y l nhn nh cc nguyn
nhn ct li ca cc vn cng nh thng nht quan im v nhng nguyn nhn ny trc khi
tm ra hng gii quyt cng nh c nhng hnh ng c th. Trong trng hp cc khon ti tr
v ngun li c dng gii quyt cc vn s c th b gii hn, th vic tp trung n lc l
rt quan trng.
Xp loi u tin cho php cng ng c nhng ch u tin cc vn tn ti nhng la chn
da vo nhng tiu chun v u tin c quy nh ca cc c nhn. Xp loi theo h thng
c th c dng h tr cng ng xc nh cc vn quan tm hng u c th c th
hin qua k hoch. Qu trnh ny bao gm cc hot ng sau:

T chc mt cuc hi tho gm cc i tng tham gia lin quan.

Xc nh v phn loi cc vn hoc la chn cng nh lit k nhng la chn ln
bng.

Xy dng tiu chun u tin hoc ly t danh mc la chn.

Yu cu tng ngi tham d cho im cc la chn theo h im s.

Lp bng nhng phn hi ca cc thnh vin nhm v tnh tng im cho tng la chn.

Thng nht kin gia cc thnh vin nhm c c nhng chung nht (IIRR, 1998).
4.2.2. Xy dng h thng qun l thng tin tng hp
(Integrated Informations Management System - IIMS)
a) Khi nim
IIMS l mt h thng qun l thng tin tng hp cho vng ven bin v cc thy vc, l ni lu tr
cc d liu cn thit cho vic qun l bin v ven bin.
b) Vai tr ca IIMS

IIMS t chc v lu gi thng tin mt cch c h thng cho php lu tr, cp nht v truy
cp d dng.

IIMS to iu kin cho vic s dng thng tin h tr cho vic xy dng chnh sch v
cc quyt nh.

IIMS c th h tr gii quyt cc vn v chia s thng tin cn hn ch, s phn tn
ca cc ngun thng tin, trng lp trong nghin cu v thu thp thng tin/d liu, s dng
cc ngun lc km hiu qu.
c) Tnh nng chnh ca IIMS

IIMS thc y ton din mi trng ng dng c s d liu.
82

IIMS thn thin vi ngi s dng h thng truy vn.

IIMS lin kt c vi cc phn mm bn ngoi.

IIMS c th s dng trn nn Windows hoc h thng web.
d) ng dng IIMS h tr lp k hoch, qun l v ra quyt nh
Hnh 4.3. S ng dng IIMS
83
e) p dng IIMS trong chng trnh QLTHVVB

IIMS h tr cc ng dng khc nhau trong chng trnh QLTHVVB:
- H s mi trng/tnh trng vng ven bin.
- Bin son cc thng tin hoc d liu ng ranh gii.
- Nng cao nhn thc cng ng v huy ng s tham gia ca cc t chc x hi.
- Chin lc vng ven bin v xy dng k hoch thc hin.
- nh gi ri ro mi trng.
- Phn tch gii.
- Phn vng s dng vng ven bin.
- u t mi trng.
- nh gi tc ng mi trng.
- K hoch ng ph trn du.
- Quan trc tng hp mi trng.

IIMS phc v nh kho thng tin.

IIMS nh gi xu hng, xc nh hiu qu ca cc bin php can thip vo kinh t x
hi v h sinh thi.
f) Cc bc v yu cu thit lp IIMS
Cc bc thit lp IIMS:

Bc 1: nh gi nng lc hin c.

Bc 2: Mua sm v lp t cc my tnh v phn mm.

Bc 3: o to cn b c lin quan.

Bc 4: Thu thp, sng lc, chun ho v m ho d liu.

Bc 5: p dng trnh din.
Yu cu thit lp IIMS:

Thit lp v duy tr mi quan h tt vi ch s hu d liu.

Th ch ho c ch hp tc nhn c s h tr ca cc bn.
g) Li ch t IIMS

IIMS chun ho h thng thu thp, nh dng v lu tr d liu.

IIMS cung cp quy trnh phn tch, ng gi v trnh by d liu mt cch khoa hc trong
mt nh dng phc v cho ngi s dng d liu.

IIMS nh gi hiu qu ca cc bin php can thip qun l.

IIMS tng cng cch tip cn v s dng thng tin cho sn xut, lp k hoch v qun l.
84
4.2.3. Truyn thng
a) Xy dng k hoch truyn thng mi trng
Bin tp v pht hnh s tay hng dn truyn thng mi trng
Ni dung ti liu gm cc phn:

Nhng vn chung v truyn thng mi trng: gii thiu v truyn thng mi trng
v vai tr ca truyn thng mi trng trong qun l mi trng.

Cc phng php tip cn xy dng h thng truyn thng mi trng: gii thiu phng
php truyn thng c nhn, phng php tip cn truyn thng nhm, phng php tip
cn truyn thng i chng v cng ng.

Gii thiu cc m hnh trn knh truyn thng mi trng: c m hnh trn knh chiu
dc, m hnh trn knh theo chiu ngang.

Gii thiu mt s hnh thc truyn thng mi trng.

Gii thiu cc kiu truyn thng mi trng: truyn thng mi trng trong qun l d n,
truyn thng mi trng nhn nhng ngy c bit.

Gii thiu phng php xy dng k hoch v thc hin mt chng trnh truyn thng
mi trng gm 4 giai on: xc nh, lp k hoch, to sn phm truyn thng, thc hin
v phn hi.

S tham gia ca cng ng trong truyn thng mi trng.
Xy dng k hoch hnh ng gio dc v nng cao nhn thc v bo v mi trng
V d K hoch hnh ng truyn thng mi trng Vit Nam 2002 - 2005 gm 5 nhim v c th
nh sau:
Nhim v 1: Lng ghp gio dc mi trng vo h thng gio dc quc dn vi cc hnh
ng l:

Bi dng chuyn mn cho gio vin ch cht ca cc trng.

Tnh, huyn, x, phng hng dn cho cc trng ci thin c s trng lp.

Hng dn t chc cc hot ng ngoi kho v bo v mi trng cho hc sinh v gio
vin.

T chc din n hc sinh v mi trng.
Nhim v 2: Nng cao nhn thc v bi dng kin thc nghip v v bo v mi trng cho
cn b cng chc thuc cc c quan qun l nh nc v cc t chc qun chng vi cc hnh
ng l:

Tp hun o to v qun l mi trng cho cn b cng chc cc s, ban, ngnh,
huyn, thnh ph.

Bi dng kin thc, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng cho cn b cc t chc
qun chng trong tnh (ch cn b cp c s).
85

La chn, son tho, in n cung cp ti liu cp nht v qun l nh nc trong lnh
vc bo v mi trng a phng cho cn b cng chc lin quan.
Nhim v 3: Truyn thng nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng cho cng ng vi cc hnh
ng l:

Tp hun v bo v mi trng nng thn v nng nghip cho cn b ca Hi ng Nhn
dn, Hi Nng dn, Hi Ph n, on thanh nin,...

Phi hp vi Mt trn T quc, Hi Nng dn, Trung tm Khuyn nng, Chi cc bo v
thc vt, Trung tm Y t d phng, S Vn ho Thng tin, S Y t v cc c quan thng
tin i chng a ni dung bo v mi trng nng thn v nng nghip thnh chuyn
mc thng xuyn, t chc cc cuc thi cho cc Hi Nng dn huyn, x v bo v mi
trng, a ni dung mi trng vo quy ch lng vn ho v lin hoan vn ngh qun
chng nng thn.
Nhim v 4: Truyn thng nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng th vi cc hnh ng l:

Truyn thng thng xuyn trn cc phng
tin thng tin i chng vi cc ni dung qun l
cht thi th, tit kim s dng nc, cc dng
nhin liu v nng lng, thay i nhu cu theo
hng thn thin mi trng, s dng hp l bao
b cht do, v sinh an ton thc phm.

Pht ng ngy v sinh th thnh ph mi
thng 1 ln.

In, pht cc t bm, t ri nhm hng dn v
sinh mi trng th.
Nhim v 5: Chng trnh nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng khu vc sn xut kinh doanh
vi hnh ng l:

Tp hun qun l mi trng cho cc cn b lm cng tc qun l mi trng ca cc
doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh vi cc ni dung v mi trng lao ng, qun l cht
thi nguy hi, sn xut sch, hng dn s dng bao b, bao gi sn phm...
b) Xy dng mng li tuyn truyn vin v nhm tuyn truyn vin nng ct
Tp hun kin thc truyn thng mi trng cho i ng tuyn truyn vin nng ct ca
cc s, ban, ngnh v c s.
Vic tp hun c tp trung vo 2 loi i tng chnh:

i vi i ng tuyn truyn vin nng ct ca cc s, ban, ngnh, cc on th chnh
tr-x hi v cn b c s tham gia c tp hun v phng php lun truyn thng mi
trng, xy dng k hoch truyn thng mi trng theo cc i tng cn phi truyn
thng. Ngoi ra, cc tuyn truyn vin cn c trang b mt s kin thc qun l nh
nc v bo v mi trng v cc kinh nghim bo v mi trng trong cng ng.
Cuc thi v bo v mi trng cho cng
ng do MCD t chc ti x Giao Xun,
Giao Thy, Nam nh
86

i vi cng ng ti cc c s, tin hnh iu tra nh gi nhanh cc vn bc xc v
mi trng bng phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn c s tham gia ca cng ng,
xc nh cc vn u tin v mi trng thng qua iu tra thc t v phng vn trc
tip n cn b x v nhn dn.
Cung cp ti liu, hng dn cn b x, thn vit v c cc bi thng tin v mi trng trn i
truyn thanh ca x, thn nng cao thc, trch nhim bo v mi trng trong cng ng
dn c.
Xy dng m hnh th im truyn thng mi trng cp x
Cc s ban ngnh phi hp vi lnh o y ban Nhn dn x, lnh o thn thnh lp t cng
tc thc hin xy dng m hnh th im vi cc ni dung sau:

Tp hun phng php lun v kinh nghim qun l mi trng cho lnh o x, thn.

Hng dn kin thc v bo v mi trng cho cng ng dn c nh phn loi ngun
rc, cch x l rc...

Xy dng quy ch bo v mi trng ca thn, x nhm nng cao thc trch nhim ca
mi ngi dn vi cng ng.

T chc hot ng v duy tr hot ng mi thng 1 ln huy ng cng ng tham gia
tng v sinh ng lng, ng xm, khai thng cng rnh.

Quy hoch v xy dng b cha bao b thuc bo v thc vt ngoi ng.

B tr im chn lp rc thi sinh hot hp v sinh mi thn.

Ly kin ng gp ca nhn dn xy dng v ban hnh quy c bo v mi trng
cp thn, x.

H tr kinh ph cho m hnh im thc hin mt s cng vic v x l nhim mi
trng ti cng ng.

Kt hp tuyn truyn, biu dng ngi tt, vic tt; ph bnh c nhn vi phm v v sinh
mi trng; gim st, nh gi kt qu, rt kinh nghim qu trnh thc hin.
Xy dng m hnh truyn thng mi trng th im cp thn, x cn t c cc mc tiu sau:

Nng cao nhn thc v vn bo v mi trng cho i tng truyn thng.

Tng cng s quan tm ca lnh o v nhn dn v bo v mi trng a phng.

Thay i thi i vi vn mi trng cho i tng truyn thng thng qua tp
hun.

Thay i hnh vi c lin quan n vn mi trng cho i tng truyn thng, thng
qua cc hnh ng c th.

Tng bc to lp thi quen cho cc i tng truyn thng v qun l v duy tr bo v
mi trng.
87
c) Phng php v s dng cc knh truyn thng
Mt s phng php truyn thng
Chng trnh truyn thng s p dng ba yu t sau:

Huy ng l li ko v m bo s tham gia ca mng li cc t chc x hi ti
cng ng, mng li cc t chc phi chnh ph, chuyn gia, bo gii v cc i tc trong
Chng trnh QLTHVVB. Nhng mng li ny s l mt knh hiu qu tp hp v
chia s thng tin, cc kt qu nghin cu, kt qu hin trng cng nh cc thng ip
truyn thng. Nhng mng li ny (c bit l cc cng tc vin c s qua tp hun
v truyn thn) s l mt ngun nhn lc cho cc hot ng o to nng cao nng lc,
hot ng truyn thng chin dch.

Vn ng chnh sch nhm m bo cc ngun lc v s cam kt ca cc nh lnh
o, nh hoch nh chnh sch/x hi cp huyn, tnh v quc gia. Thng qua cc ban
qun l Chng trnh QLTHVVB cc tnh, UBND cc tnh, Chng trnh QLTHVVB s vn
ng cc nh lm chnh sch tnh v quc gia thc y/qung b v a ra tho lun
nhm c c cc chnh sch, quy nh nh hng n vng b nht qun v khng
trng lp gia cc ngnh.

Truyn thng thay i hnh vi nhm khuyn khch cc hnh vi mi v bn vng ci
thin kin thc, thi , ng s v s tham gia ca cc bn c lin quan trong vic qui
hoch, khai thc v s dng cc ti nguyn bin v ven bin.
Cc phng tin v knh truyn thng
Cc phng php truyn thng c xut c th chia thnh cc nhm ln sau:

Truyn thng trc tip: y l cch Chng trnh Truyn thng mi trng khuyn
khch s dng nhm m bo tnh hai chiu trong cng tc trao i thng tin. Phng
php c tin hnh thng qua cc bui trao i thng tin, bo co tin i vi cp
lnh o, hi tho, cc bui tho lun chuyn hay sinh hot mng li, din n, v.v
c km theo s dng cc phng tin truyn thng l cc bo co, ti liu in n, hay tranh
nh trc quan. i vi knh truyn thng ny, ngoi cn b ca c quan u mi, nn huy
ng lc lng cng tc vin l thnh vin trong cc mng li h tr trin khai, sau khi
h c tp hun nng cao nng lc trin khai truyn thng mi trng.

Truyn thng chin dch hay truyn thng i chng: thng qua cc bui l, s kin
hay lng ghp cng nhng chng trnh th thao gii tr. c im ca phng php ny
thng huy ng c mt s lng ln ngi tham gia, nhng cc thng ip khng
c duy tr trong mt thi gian di; nhng ngi tham gia c xu hng b phn tn
do cng mt qung thi gian phi tip nhn cc nhm thng ip khc nhau. chnh l
l do phng php truyn thng ny thng ch gip cc chng trnh nh gi c s
lng ngi tham gia m kh c th nh gi c cht lng thng tin cc i tng
truyn thng thu nhn c. i vi phng php ny, cc ti liu truyn thng c s
dng thng l cc ti liu in n (nh t ri, p phch) v mt s ti liu trc quan khc
(nh phim nh, phng s, bn tin). Vi phng php ny, nn huy ng ti a s hp tc
vi cc c quan bo ch, pht thanh v truyn hnh.
88

Pht ti liu: khng nn thc hin phng php ny mt cch c lp m nn kt hp
vi hai phng php c nu trn. Thc hin nh vy s trnh p t cc i tng
truyn thng trong vic tip nhn ti liu, thng tin dn n lng ph (pht nhng ti liu h
bit) hay thng tin c pht khng ph hp. Vi c pht ti liu tin hnh c lp cng
khng gip chng trnh nhn c kin phn hi nh gi cht lng ti liu, bo co,
tr khi p dng gi trong phn gim st nh gi ca ti liu ny, l nh km mt
phiu nhn xt ti liu trong mi cun bo co, ti liu (chuyn mn) c pht hnh.
PHN 5. QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN VIT NAM
89
PHN 5. QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN
VIT NAM
5.1. Hin trng v nhu cu qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
5.1.1. Tnh hnh chung
Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia (2001 - 2010) cp n 5 lnh vc u tin lin quan n
cc ngnh v cc khu vc a l trng im trong quy hoch v pht trin kinh t. Tm hnh ng
tip theo lin quan n cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin v cc h sinh thi m cc lnh vc pht
trin u ph thuc vo n.
a) Quy hoch, qun l v ci thin mi trng cho pht trin bn vng

Ci tin cng tc qun l mi trng trong lnh vc cng nghip.

Bo v v ci thin mi trng th.

Bo v v ci thin mi trng nng thn.

S dng bn vng ti nguyn, tng cng cng tc quy hoch v qun l mi trng
trong tt c cc lnh vc pht trin.

S dng bn vng ti nguyn, tng cng cng tc quy hoch v qun l mi trng
tt c 8 vng kinh t trng im v t nhin theo hng dn ca cc k hoch hnh ng
v mi trng khu vc.
b) Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin

Bo v mi trng nc v s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc.

Bo v v s dng bn vng ti nguyn t, ti nguyn khong sn trong lng t.

Bo v mi trng khng kh.

Bo tn a dng sinh hc.

Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng rng.

Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng bin, cc vng b bin v hi o.

Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng t ngp nc.

Bo v, bo tn v s dng bn vng di sn t nhin v vn ha.
5.1.2. Hin trng qun l
a) Cc n lc quc gia v bo v mi trng ven bin
Cc ngun ti nguyn v mi trng bin v vng ven bin ca nc ta c tm quan trng trc
tip i vi hng chc triu ngi dn nng thn, c bit i vi hn 17 triu dn sng cc
huyn ven bin v cc o ven b. Cho nn, Vit Nam c nhiu n lc bo v v qun l vng
ven bin theo hng hiu qu v bn vng, vi quan im l ngun li bin v ti nguyn b
90
phi c s dng di lu, va tha mn c nhu cu kinh t trc mt trong sc chng chu
ca cc h sinh thi, va duy tr c ngun ti nguyn cho cc th h mai sau.
Chnh ph, cc ngnh v cc a phng c nhng n lc qun l bin v vng ven bin, c
bit t sau khi c Lut Bo v mi trng (1993). Mt h thng th ch qun l mi trng t
Trung ng xung a phng v cc ngnh lin quan c thit lp v ngy cng c tng
cng, trong c bit quan trng l t chc b my ca B Ti nguyn Mi trng (Hnh 5.1)
v B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (k t ngy 16/08/2007 B Thy sn chnh thc sp
nhp vi B NN&PTNT). Thm ch Chnh ph cn c hn quy nh c th v t chc b phn
chuyn mn v bo v mi trng ti cc c quan Nh nc v doanh nghip Nh nc (Ngh
nh 81/2007/N-CP).
Vai tr ca cng ng trong qun l ti nguyn v mi trng vng ven bin c xc nhn v h
bc u c li cun vo tin trnh qun l. Mt s m hnh qun l da vo cng ng hoc t
qun ca nhn dn a phng c xy dng thnh cng bc u, nh Khu Bo tn bin
Rn Tro v mt vi khu rng ngp mn Khnh Ha, Hi Phng; bo tn ra Ninh Thun. Cc
t chc qun chng - x hi nh Hi Lin hip Ph n Vit Nam, on Thanh nin Cng sn H
Ch Minh, i Thiu nin, cc hi ngh nghip... pht ng mt s phong tro nh Phong tro
v bin xanh qu hng hng vo vic lm sch bi bin v bo v mi trng bin. Tnh Khnh
Ha thnh cng trong vic huy ng ton dn tiu dit vn nn sao bin gai vng min trong
vnh Nha Trang. T chc ng thc vt quc t (FFI) cng vi Ban Qun l vnh H Long son
cc ti liu gio dc di sn thin nhin cho cc cp hc ph thng ca tnh Qung Ninh. Ngoi ra,
mt s mn hc lin quan n mi trng v ti nguyn bin, n qun l bin v vng ven bin
c bin son v ging dy trong mt s trng i hc trong nc. Mng li gio dc v
o to mi trng quc gia, trong c Tiu ban bin v vng b c hnh thnh v hot
ng c hiu qu bc u.
Ch th 36-CT/TW v Tng cng cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin
i ha t nc (1998) ch ra nhng quan im ln ca ng v Nh nc v cng tc bo
v mi trng ni chung v bin ni ring. Cc chnh sch v qun l ti nguyn v mi trng
ni chung v bin ni ring c ban hnh ngy cng nhiu, trong quan trng l cc lut:
Khong sn (2010), Thu bo v mi trng (2010), Thu ti nguyn (2009), a dng sinh hc
(2008), Du kh (sa i 2008), Bo v mi trng (2005), Hng hi (2005), Thy sn (2003), t
ai (2003); Ti nguyn nc (1998). Cng vi l hng lot cc chin lc, k hoch v chng
trnh hnh ng quc gia v nhiu lnh vc lin quan n bin nh Chin lc quc gia v Ti
nguyn nc n 2020; Chin lc Pht trin thy sn Vit Nam n 2020; nh hng Chin
lc pht trin bn vng Vit Nam (Chng trnh ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam); Chin lc Bo
v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020; Chng trnh qun l tng
hp di ven bin Bc Trung B v duyn hi Trung B n 2010 v nh hng n 2020; Qun
l tng hp ti nguyn v bo v mi trng bin, hi o; Quy hoch h thng Khu bo tn bin
Vit Nam n 2020; Quy hoch tng th mng li quan trc ti nguyn mi trng quc gia n
nm 2020; Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia ng ph vi Bin i kh hu cng nh K hoch hnh
ng ng ph Bin i kh hu ca cc b, ngnh lin quan. Bn cnh Chnh ph cn thnh
lp Qu Bo v mi trng Vit Nam cng nh cho p dng nhng chnh sch ring u i, h
tr v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng (Ngh nh 81/2006/N-CP;
Ngh nh 04/2009/N-CP).
91
Nhiu c quan tin hnh cc hot ng iu tra nghin cu bin v vng ven bin, ng k l
Chng trnh iu tra nghin cu bin KHCN 06 v Chng trnh Khoa hc cng ngh Nh nc
v ti nguyn v mi trng KHCN 07. Cc chng trnh ny cung cp nhiu c liu v mi
trng v ti nguyn phc v cho cng tc qun l bin v vng ven bin thi gian qua. c bit
thit lp v a vo hot ng H thng quan trc mi trng bin quc gia t nm 1995 v
mt s a phng ven bin.
p dng cng c nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n pht trin ring l vng ven
bin, nhng cn thiu cc cng c p dng vi cc d n quy hoch v u t cp vng. c bit
trong giai on 1996 - 2000, Chnh ph h tr m d n quc gia v Nghin cu xy dng k
hoch qun l tng hp vng b Vit Nam (m s KHCN 06-07). y l D n u tin do chnh
cc nh khoa hc v qun l Vit Nam thc hin. Kt qu ca D n bao gm: Xy dng Bo co
phng php lun qun l tng hp vng b Vit Nam; H s mi trng vng b Vit Nam v
hai vng b Ct B - H Long v Nng; xy dng Khun kh Hnh ng qun l vng b Vit
Nam v Phng n qun l tng hp vng b Ct B - H Long v Nng; mt b tlat v vng
b Vit Nam v hai khu vc trnh din ni trn.
Vit Nam cng k v tham gia nhiu cng c quc t c lin quan n qun l mi trng v
ti nguyn bin nh: Cng c RAMSAR, Cng c Lut bin, Cng c MARPOL, Cng c
Di sn, Cng c a dng sinh hc, v B Quy tc ng x ngh c trch nhim. Nhng trn thc
t vic trin khai cn nhiu lng tng, hiu qu t c cn hn ch do cha thng nht c ch
iu hnh phi hp, nng lc trin khai cng c trong bi cnh bin ca Vit Nam cn thiu v
yu, i khi khng ph hp v cn mang tnh hnh thc. Tng cng v m rng hp tc quc
t trong lnh vc qun l tng hp vng ven bin, qun l khu bo tn bin v ng qun l ti
nguyn bin c ch trng. ng k l: cc d n hp tc vi H Lan, Hoa K, an Mch,
Canaa, Nht Bn, UNEP, WB, ADB, Trung tm Ngh c quc t v Chng trnh Khu vc UNDP/
IMO/GEF. Cc d n ny gip pha Vit Nam tng cng nng lc trong lnh vc qun l bin
v vng ven bin. Vn qun l bin v vng ven bin da vo cng ng va qua c
th nghim mt s d n, tuy nhin kt qu cha n nh, cn mang tnh phong tro v cha
c nhn rng do nhn thc ca cc cp lnh o v chnh ngi dn. Thng sau khi d n
kt thc, khng cn h tr kinh ph, th m hnh qun l cng tan r. Nguyn nhn chnh l: vai
tr ca cng ng cha c xc nh r bng cc c s php l; thiu cc hnh thc to ngun
ti chnh n nh; thiu cc gii php ci thin sinh k ngi dn a phng, cha ch trng y
cc phng php nng cao nhn thc v ti nguyn v mi trng bin. Ngoi ra, thc chp
hnh php lut lin quan ti qun l mi trng v ti nguyn bin cn yu km.
b) Tng cng kim sot mi trng
Phng thc ny bao gm cc cng c php l lin quan n h thng kim tra, kim sot,
cng ch thc thi, ch yu nh: tiu chun mi trng, nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM),
gim st - cnh bo mi trng, cc loi giy php v bin php kim sot s dng t ven bin
v nc ven b. Ban hnh cc tiu chun mi trng cho php nh gi cc mc tiu hnh
ng, cc p ng qun l mi trng ca cc hot ng pht trin vng ven bin v trn
bin bo m tnh bn vng. Tr s ca cc tiu chun c th ph thuc vo bn cht v thc
trng kinh t ca t nc.
92
Chnh ph v cc b ngnh lin quan c nhng k hoch, hng dn, quy nh kh c th nhm
kim sot tt hn cc vn mi trng quc gia, cc vn bn quan trng c th k n gm:

Quyt nh 129/2001/Q-TTg ph duyt k hoch quc gia ng ph s c trn du giai
on 2001-2010 do Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh

Quyt nh 103/2005/Q-TTg v Quy ch hot ng ng ph s c trn du do Th
tng Chnh ph ban hnh

Quyt nh 328/2005/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt K hoch
quc gia kim sot nhim mi trng n nm 2010.

Thng t lin tch 12/2005/TTLT-BTM-BTNMT-BGTVT hng dn iu kin an ton mi
trng bin i vi hot ng cung ng du cho tu bin do B Thng mi, B ti
nguyn v Mi trng v B Giao thng vn ti ban hnh

Ngh nh 140/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph quy nh vic bo v mi trng trong cc
khu lp, thm nh, ph duyt v t chc thc hin cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch,
chng trnh v d n pht trin.

Thng t 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ca B TNMT hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin
lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam kt bo v mi trng.

Quyt nh Q19/2007/BTNMT ca B TNMT ban hnh Quy nh v iu kin v hot
ng dch v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng.

Ch th CT26/2007/CT-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic theo di, gim st v nh gi
tnh hnh thc hin cc ch tiu k hoch v ti nguyn-mi trng v pht trin bn vng.

Quyt nh 18/2007/Q-BTNMT ca B TNMT v vic ban hnh H thng ch tiu thng
k ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng

Quyt nh 03/2008/Q-BTNMT ban hnh nh mc kinh t - k thut hot ng quan
trc mi trng nc bin, kh thi cng nghip v phng x do B trng B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng ban hnh

Thng t 10/2009/TT-BTNMT ca B TNMT quy nh v b ch th mi trng quc gia
i vi mi trng khng kh, nc mt lc a, nc bin ven b.

Thng t 25/2009/TT-BTNMT ca B TNMT ban hnh quy chun quc gia v mi trng.

Thng t 16/2009/TT-BTNMT ca B TNMT quy nh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi
trng.

Thng t 08/2009/TT-BTNMT ca B TNMT quy nh qun l v bo v mi trng khu
kinh t, khu cng ngh cao, khu cng nghip v cm cng nghip.

Thng t 08/2010/TT-BTNMT ca B TNMT quy nh vic xy dng bo co mi trng
quc gia, bo co tnh hnh tc ng mi trng ca ngnh, lnh vc v bo co hin
trng mi trng cp tnh.

Quyt nh 4085/Q-BNN-KHCN nm 2008 v vic ban hnh Hng dn nh gi tc
ng mi trng trong ch bin thy sn do B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin
nng thn ban hnh
93

Thng t 57/2009/TT-BNNPTNT ca B NN&PTNT ban hnh Danh mc b sung sn
phm x l, ci to mi trng nui trng thy sn c php lu hnh ti Vit Nam.

Thng t 14/2009/TT-BNN hng dn qun l mi trng trong ch bin thy sn do B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh
Bn cnh vi vic ban hnh cc vn bn php quy nh trn, nhng hnh ng c th do cc b,
ngnh chc nng lin quan cng c trin khai hiu qu. ng k nht phi k n h thng
cc trm quan trc mi trng bin thnh lp t nm 1995 trong khun kh mng li quan trc
mi trng quc gia. Vic ly mu tin hnh nh k vo cc thng 3, 6, 9, 12 v 19 a im
ly mu t ln cn cc cng bin, khu cng nghip th, khu du lch, khai thc du kh... Tng
s c 24 thng s c quan trc i din cho mi trng vt l, ha hc, sinh hc v trm tch
y. n nay pht hin cc cht gy nhim bn vng bin v ven b nh: Du, mt s kim loi
nng, cht thi sinh hat, thuc tr su, cht hu c. Hm lng ca chng c biu hin gia tng
theo thi gian v m rng theo khng gian.
Trong cng tc kim sot nhim bin, kt qu thng k t nm 1989 cho thy hng nm c
khong 10-20 v trn du ln nh, nhiu v xc nh c qui m v mc nh hng, gp phn
x l cc v trn du ln. Hin tng thi du cn xut hin trn lan t Bc vo Nam vo ma gi
ng nam, nh hng xu n cc hot ng kinh t ven bin, ven cc o v nh hng tim
n lu di n mi trung bin nc ta - c nh gi v xut bin php khc phc s b.
Bn cnh , cng kim sot mt s hot ng x thi xung bin v gii quyt nghim tc.
94
Hnh 5.1. S t chc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Vit Nam
95
kim sot mi trng, vic cp hoc khng cp cc loi giy php l mt cng c quan trng
kim sot mi trng. nc ta, vic cp php c tin hnh thng qua p ng yu cu
ca php lut v thc hin nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM). Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP ngy
09/08/2006 ca Chnh ph hng dn thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng 2005, sau l Ngh nh
s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 sa i, b sung cho Ngh nh 80/2006 ny t ra yu
cu tt c cc d n pht trin hoc tin hnh cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh s dng bin
hoc vng ven bin u phi tin hnh TM theo cc mc khc nhau, ty thuc vo quy m v
mc tc ng. y l mt bin php qun l nh nc v mi trng hu hiu trong bi cnh
ca mt nc ngho, nn sn xut lc hu v kh nng gy nhim cao, nhng nhu cu s dng
ti nguyn bin - ven bin cho mc ch pht trin v sinh k li rt cao.
Thi gian qua, cng c TM ch p dng ch yu cho cc d n ring l, trong khi tc ng ca
cc d n trong mt vng lnh th, cc chnh sch, qui hoch/k hoch cha c quan tm ng
mc, i khi TM khng pht huy c tc dng. Ngoi cng c TM, trong nh gi mi trng
(GM) cn c nhng cng c khc nh nh gi mi trng chin lc (MC) dng nh gi
tc ng mi trng ca cc chnh sch, cc qui hoch/k hoch, v nh gi mi trng tng
th (TMT) dng nh gi tc ng cng hng, cng lc ca cc d n phn b trong cng
mt n v lnh th.
TM i hi bt c t chc, c nhn no nu thc hin d n hoc hot ng c th gy nh
hng n mi trng u phi tin hnh phn tch v nh gi tc ng mi trng v phi
xut cc gii php gim thiu tc ng v BVMT. y l mt ngha v mang tnh ni dung gn
lin vi qu trnh xem xt, ph duyt d n v cp php, nh d n xy dng nh my, khu cng
nghip v th ven bin, hot ng thm d v tm kim du kh... nhm ngn nga v hn ch
ngay t u v ngay t ngun gy nhim mi trng bin. i vi cc tu thuyn khi c cc
giy chng nhn an ton k thut i bin v giy chng nhn v phng nga nhim mi trng
l iu kin tu thuyn c ri bn. Vic p dng giy php cho php cc c quan qun l ra
quyt nh rt hoc tm treo giy php iu chnh cc hnh vi vi phm mi trng. Tuy nhin,
h thng cp php i khi chng cho, b lm dng v cn phi ci tin cc th tc cp php, tng
cng gim st v ch bo co thng xuyn.
Qun l s dng t ven bin v vng nc ven b cng s gp phn gim thiu cc nh hng
xu n mi trng vng ven bin. Gn y, ngi ta hay s dng bin php phn vng chc
nng ca vng nghin cu v xc nh nng lc ti ca mt h thng (t nhin, nhn to). Trn c
s a ra ngng khai thc s dng ph hp i vi mt khu vc bin, mt vng ven bin,
mt khu bo tn bin hay mt h sinh thi t nhin vng ven bin...Cc hnh thc nh phn b
hp l ngun ti nguyn cho cc mc ch pht trin vng ven bin, xc nh tnh nhy cm v
tnh khng ch ca cc khu b, cm mt s hot ng pht trin c kh nng gy nhim hoc
suy thoi mi trng...l nhng bin php h tr hu ch gim thiu cc tc ng n mi
trng bin v vng ven bin. Tuy nhin, cc bin php nh vy cn cha c p dng i tr
nc ta.
Quan trc mi trng l mt trong nhng cng c hu hiu cung cp cp nht cc thng tin
qun l mi trng. l s theo di nh k, lp i lp li theo khng gian v thi gian i vi
mt s thng s mi trng c trng cho cht lng cc hp phn mi trng mt vng ven
bin nht nh. Cc thng tin t hot ng quan trc - cnh bo (QTCB) s gip nh qun l hiu
96
c hin trng, din bin cht lng mi trng v nh gi hiu qu ca cc cng tc qun
l mi trng. Thng thng ngi ta chia ra mt s kiu loi QTCB: quan trc mi trng nn,
quan trc tc ng v quan trc tun th.
nc ta, nhn thc r tm quan trng ca cng tc QTCB nn mt h thng quan trc mi
trng bin quc gia c thit lp t nm 1995 theo c ch phi thuc nhm tn dng tim
lc ca cc c quan khoa hc v bin sn c. Trong h thng ny, c ba trm vng quan trc ven
b (min Bc, Trung, Nam), mt trm quan trc vng khai thc du kh thm lc a pha Nam
v mt trm bin khi. Hng nm quan trc 4 ln (4 qu), mi ln quan trc tng s 22 thng s
(To, S%o, pH, dinh dng, BOD, COD, DO, dng chy, du, thuc tr su, kim loi nng, to gy
hi,...). Tng s a im quan trc khong trn 20, gm 2 loi trm: nn (Bch Long V, Cn C,
L Sn, Cn o, Ph Quc) v tc ng (phn b cc vng ca sng chnh). Ti mi a im
quan trc s lng thng s quan trc cng khc nhau ph thuc vo phn tch d bo ngun gy
nhim khi qui hoch. T nm 2000, cc kt qu quan trc gp phn vo bo co hin trng
mi trng trnh Quc hi hng nm.
H thng QTCB mi trng quc gia cn bc l nhiu yu im: mng li o c v ly mu
qu tha, kiu quan trc tun th cn cha c thit lp (rt cn cho cc KBTB), cc ch th mi
trng (indicator) cha c la chn in hnh ho cc thng s quan trc, tn sut quan
trc cn tha, quy trnh QA/QC cn cha c p dng bo m tin cy ca cc kt qu
quan trc, v tr cc a im quan trc cn cha in hnh, k thut quan trc cn cha thng nht
gia cc c quan tham gia.
Cc cng c kinh t c cc quc gia pht trin s dng rng ri nhm h tr cho cc bin php
kim sot mi trng tr nn mm do, kp thi v hiu qu vi chi ph thp hn.
Cc cng c kinh t thng bao gm: l ph nhim, l ph x thi, ph s dng bin, ph sn
phm, l ph hnh chnh, thu, cc qu mi trng v cc khon tr cp khc. Trong khi hoch
nh mc kinh ph, th vic xc nh mc ph ti u c hiu lc rn e gio dc; mc ph khng
c thp qu lm mt tc dng; nhng mc ph qu cao dn n tng chi ph u vo ca sn
xut, gy p lc v phn ng t cc c s sn sut, km hm s pht trin kinh t, gy bt n
nh x hi.
c) Qun l tng hp mi trng vng ven bin
y l nguyn tc c ghi trong iu 12 v 17 ca Hin php nm 1992 v iu 3 ca Lut
BVMT Vit Nam: cc thnh phn mi trng u thuc s hu ton dn (iu 17, Hin php
1992) v xc nh ni dung qun l nh nc v BVMT, phn cng v phn cp trong qun l
nh nc v mi trng (tinh thn ca iu 3, Lut BVMT). Cc hnh ng qun l thc hin
nguyn tc ny u phi chn cch tip cn tng hp, lin ngnh v li cun cc bn lin quan
trong s dng a ngnh/a mc tiu ti nguyn thin nhin vng ven bin. y l cch tip
cn hon ton mi v ln u tin c cp n trong Chng 17, Chng trnh Ngh s
21 nm 1992. Gn y, do tm quan trng ca vng ven bin v xu hng suy thoi ti nguyn
b nc ta, nhiu n lc quc gia v quc t thng qua cc d n khc nhau v QLTHVVB
c tin hnh.
97
5.1.3. Nhu cu Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
a) S suy gim cc ngun li ven bin
Cc h sinh thi vng duyn hi
Cc h sinh thi vng duyn hi chim mt din tch ln ca vng ven bin Vit Nam nhng ch
yu min Bc v min Nam. Chng bao gm cc bi bin v vng t thp ven b bin gia lc
thu triu ln v xung, mi nm hng nghn tn thc n bin c dn li ch yu t nhuyn
th, gip xc (tm, cua), giun nhiu t,...
Bn cnh , c hn 200.000 ha din tch ao nui thu sn nc l c ngn khi vng t
thp b nh hng ca thu triu (k c vng t thp chu nh hng thu triu cao v thp)
nui tm, cua, nhuyn th, c v rong cu. Phn ln cc ao nui thu sn u rt gn vi cc ca
sng, cc vnh v m ph ven bin, tr lng t nhin v thc n c sn v tng t ct
rt ph hp. Phng php nui qung canh l phng php ph bin nht v s dng phng
php bn thm canh cn hn ch. Phng php thm canh c p dng qui m nh do hn
ch v cng ngh.
H sinh thi rng ngp mn
H sinh thi rng ngp mn l mt trong nhng h sinh thi ven bin phong ph v c xem l
ngun h tr quan trng cho cuc sng gn cht vi cc cng ng ven bin. Nm 1943, rng ngp
mn ca Vit Nam c tnh l 400.000 ha. N b gim i 50% (200.000 ha) nm 1990 do b tn ph
bi chin tranh v do s cht ph qu mc lm ci, s khai hoang v nui trng thu sn nc l.
Rng c gi tr cho nn kinh t, sinh thi v mi trng cc hnh thc cung cp trc tip ci
un hoc xy dng v nguyn liu dc phm. Rng ngp mn cn h tr nui dng ong mt;
cc bi v chim nc (c bit chim di c phng Bc) v cc sn phm thu sn khc. V
mt sinh thi, rng ngp mn cn lm hi ha vi kh hu, kim ch l lt, gp phn bo v b bin
khi s xi mn,...
H sinh thi ngm san h
H sinh thi ngm san h l h sinh thi phong ph nht vng ven bin Vit Nam. N bao
trm mt din tch khong 17.000 km
2
(Sorokin, 1990), hin ang l cc vng sinh thi chnh. Vng
ven bin pha Ty ca vnh Bc b bao gm khong 200 loi san h, vng ven bin min Trung v
ng Nam b c 500 loi, v vng o ven bin Ty Nam b 250 loi. Nng sut c h sinh thi
ngm san h trc kia c tnh l 1.950 kg/ha (Nguyen Huy Yet, 1994). Bn cnh thu sn v
san h, qun th rn san h cng bao gm nhuyn th, gip xc, ng vt da gai, b st, ra bin,
c nc, trng c l, to, c bin,v.v..., trong cc loi c nhiu loi c gi tr rt ln.
H sinh thi m ph
Ven bin min Trung Vit Nam l mt vng ngho ngun li t nhin, c ph cho mt h sinh
thi m ph c gi tr rt ln i vi s pht trin kinh t-x hi vng ven bin. Min Trung Vit
98
Nam c 12 m ph ln ven bin, v tr v Bc 11
o
- 16
o
, vi tng din tch 447,8 km
2
, trong
c m ph c trng th hai. m ph ven bin Tam Giang- Cu Hai (tnh Tha Thin - Hu)
l m ph ln nht (216 km
2
) v thuc t l ln ca th gii, m ph h ng vt v thc vt
gm c 742 loi, khng k 73 loi chim nc. N h tr rt nhiu cho s pht trin kinh t - x
hi ven bin ca tnh Tha Thin - Hu, t m ph khong 4.500 - 5.000 tn sn phm thu sn
trc kia c khai thc mi nm trong thi gian trc nm 1975 v sau ny ch l 2.000 - 2.500
tn/nm. Cc sn phm chnh ny l c, tm, nhuyn th, rong cu, cha k n hng nghn tn
c bin (Hydrophytes) lm phn bn v thc n cho gia sc. m ph ln khc tnh Bnh
nh c tn l m Th Ni c 686 loi h ng vt v thc vt.
b) Mu thun li ch trong s dng a ngnh ti nguyn b nh:
Nui trng thy sn; nng nghip ven bin; lm nghip; khai thc m v ch bin khong sn ven
bin; khai thc thy sn; pht trin cng nghip ven bin; giao thng vn ti; cng v hng hi;
nh c/khai hoang ln bin; du lch ven bin; th ha v ph thi; bo tn v bo v; khoa
hc v gio dc; an ninh quc phng v khai thc du kh,
Quan im v mu thun
Ti nguyn thin nhin a dng v n cha ng tim nng pht trin a ngnh v xy ra cc mu
thun li ch trong bi cnh lch s s dng a ngnh ti nguyn ven bin. Mu thun li ch trong
s dng a ngnh ti nguyn bin c hiu l nhng tranh chp li ch pht trin gia cc ngnh,
cng nhng thit hi do ngnh ny, lnh vc ny gy ra cho nhng ngnh khc v lnh vc khc.
Cc kiu mu thun

Theo hnh thc khc nhau: tranh chp khng gian (thng ni m v th tr thnh dng
ti nguyn c bit c gi tr); tranh chp ti nguyn ( mt vng ven bin hoc trong khng
gian mt h sinh thi); tranh chp u t (khi thu ht u t vo lnh vc ny lm gim nh
lnh vc khc) v tranh chp mi trng (do tc ng mi trng tiu cc ca ngnh ny
gy thit hi cho ngnh khc).

Theo cc tng quan: Mu thun mt chiu (ngnh ny gy thit hi cho ngnh kia v
khng c phn ng ngc); mu thun hai chiu (c hai ngnh gy thit hi cho nhau) v
mu thun nhiu chiu (mt ngnh chu thit hi do nhiu ngnh gy ra v ngc li).

Qui m thi gian v mc khc nhau: Mu thun tm thi (hu qu tranh chp khng lu
di, qui m hp); mu thun i khng (gy thit hi ln, kh c th dung ha) v xung
t li ch (xy ra mu thun i khng mc gay gt nht).
c) Sc p t cc hot ng pht trin

Khai thc qu mc, hy dit.

Suy thoi v nhim mi trng vng ven bin.

Ph hy ni sinh c vng ven bin.

Thin tai (bo l, ngp lt ven bin).

Khai hoang ln bin.
99

Lm dng phn bn v thuc tr su.

Xy dng ng x/cng bin.

X nc thi khng qua x l.

Ph h sinh thi rng ngp mn, thm c bin v rn san h.

Du lch ven bin.

Ph dng do nui trng thy sn.
d) Vn kinh t - x hi vng ven bin

Dn s tng nhanh to nn sc p ln ti nguyn vng ven bin.

Trnh dn tr thp ca cng ng v mi trng v ti nguyn vng ven bin yu.

Ngho kh v cht lng cuc sng ca cc cng ng ven bin thp.

Cc t chc qun chng - x hi v cng ng a phng cha c li cun vo qun
l vng ven bin.
e) Th ch v chnh sch qun l vng ven bin cn nhiu bt cp

Vn s hu t v mt nc vng ven bin cha r.

Cha phn nh r rng cc vng chc nng v phn cp qun l.

Nhiu c quan qun l khc nhau nhng chng cho v chc nng/nhim v.

Thiu s phi hp gia cc c quan.

Thc thi php lut cn yu.

Thiu cn b c nng lc v kin thc trong quy hoch, thc hin v gim st qun l
vng ven bin.

Thiu mt c ch qun l lin ngnh trong vic s dng a ngnh/a mc tiu ti nguyn
vng ven bin.
5.2. Thc tin hot ng Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
Trc nhu cu thc t v vic phi p dng QLTHVVB nc ta m bo cc mc tiu pht
trin bn vng, mt s d n im c trin khai v t c nhng thnh cng nht nh.
iu ny thu ht c s quan tm nhiu cp t Trung ng n a phng. Mc ny
cp n xu hng p dng QLTHVVB Vit Nam, trnh by mt s d n QLTHVVB in hnh
v ang mang li nhng thnh cng nht nh, bn cnh cng a ra ba trng hp nghin
cu QLTHVVB trn th gii.
5.2.1. Xu hng p dng Qun l tng hp vng ven bin Vit Nam
QLTHVVB ang ngy cng c quan tm, chp nhn v p dng vo thc t qun l tr
thnh mt gii php hiu qu cho vic qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng vng ven bin.
nh hng ca cc chng trnh d n QLTHVVB, c bit l D n QLTHVVB ti Nng v
D n VNICZM, n cc hot ng qun l ti nguyn v mi trng bin v ven bin ngy cng
tr nn mnh m. Nhiu a phng ven bin nhn thy tm quan trng v tnh thit thc
100
ca QLTHVVB: nh Thi Bnh, Thanh Ho, Qung Nam, Ninh Bnh, Ph Yn, v.v... ngh
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng h tr, hng dn v cho tham gia vo mng li cc a phng
c QLTHVVB hin nay ti Vit Nam. Kinh nghim ca d n ICM trnh din Nng v D n
VNICZM gip vic xy dng xut Chng trnh qun l tng hp di ven bin i Bc
Trung b v duyn hi Trung b do B TN&MT c Chnh ph giao ch tr xy dng nhm c
th ha Quyt nh s 113/2005/Q-TTg ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph
ban hnh Chng trnh hnh ng ca Chnh ph thc hin Ngh Quyt s 39-NQ/TW ngy 16
thng 8 nm 2004 ca B Chnh tr v pht trin kinh t - x hi v m bo quc phng, an ninh
i Bc Trung b v duyn hi Trung b.
Chng trnh qun l tng hp di ven bin i Bc Trung b v Duyn hi Trung b n nm
2010 nh hng 2020 c Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 158/2007/Q- TTg ngy
9/10/2007 bao gm 14 tnh ven bin min Trung, t Thanh Ha n Bnh Thun, c xy dng
thnh 2 giai on, t nay cho n 2010 v 2010 n 2020 vi ngun kinh ph c xc nh l
650 t cho hai giai on. Cc gii php thc hin bao gm: i) Tp trung xy dng v kin ton cc
c ch iu phi, hp tc a ngnh thc hin nhim v qun l tng hp vng ven bin; pht trin
ngun nhn lc v tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn, nng cao s hiu bit ca cc cp qun l
v cng ng phc v qun l tng hp vng ven bin. ii) Tng cng v a dng ho cc ngun
vn u t cho qun l tng hp vng ven bin, trong : a dng ho v s dng c hiu qu
cc ngun vn u t; u tin u t cho vic o to ngun nhn lc v tng cng c s vt
cht k thut phc v xy dng c s d liu, h thng thng tin tng hp; v khuyn khch, thu
ht v khai thc tt cc ngun vn u t khc thng qua cc chng trnh, d n hp tc quc
t song phng v a phng; tch cc huy ng thm cc ngun vn t doanh nghip, t chc,
c nhn trong nc v nc ngoi.
ph bin v thc hin cch tip cn mi, trin khai cc hot ng bn l QLTHVVB, hng lot
nguyn tc v ni dung cng vic thc hin QLTHVVB c th c nu trong Chng trnh
qun l tng hp di ven bin i Bc Trung b v duyn hi Trung b v cn c thng nht,
tin hnh trong phm vi c nc, nh (i) To ra m hnh QLTHVVB quy m cp tnh ph hp p
dng cho cc tnh ven bin ca Vit Nam; (ii) Nng cao hn na qu trnh th ch ho QLTHVVB;
(iii) To ra c h thng cng c v hng dn ph hp cho p dng QLTHVVB; (iv) Nhanh
chng o to i ng cn b thc hin QLTHVVB; (v) Cp tnh l cp quan trng nht p dng
QLTHVVB; (vi) C s hng dn v h tr ca TW, thng qua n v chuyn trch v QLTHVVB
hin mi c thnh lp ti Cc BVMT v cn c nng cp trong thi gian ti; (vii) C c ch
ph hp li ko cc bn tham gia c s ng thun ca cc bn tham gia: cc cp chnh
quyn, on th, doanh nghip, khoa hc, t vn, cng ng, ... vo qu trnh a QLTHVVB vo
thc t; (viii) Lng ghp, phi hp vi cc chng trnh, d n lin quan khc s dng hiu
qu cc kt qu c c; (ix) iu phi nhp nhng v hiu qu cc d n QLTHVVB t ngun
ti tr quc t,v.v...
Vic trin khai, vn hnh QLTHVVB cc tnh ven bin hin nay gp rt nhiu kh khn v bt cp
do: Cha c chnh sch chung v hng dn v php l cho vic vn hnh QLTHVVB cp tnh;
QLTHVVB ca giai on va qua ch mi mc s khai v cn rt nhiu vn cn kim nghim
v tng kt trc khi p dng i tr vo thc t; Cha c h thng t chc ph hp v mnh
Trung ng cng nh cc tnh; Cha c cc hng dn v chuyn mn v k thut p dng
QLTHVVB cp tnh; Chuyn gia QLTHVVB Vit Nam cn thiu v yu tt c cc cp, c bit
l thiu chuyn gia c th nm vng gip vn hnh QLTHVVB; Cn b a phng hiu bit
101
rt hn ch v QLTHVVB; Nhn thc v QLTHVVB cha y v cn rt khc nhau: Vn hnh
QLTHVVB cn b hiu sai lch, nhiu khi nng v khoa hc nhng coi nh v qun l; Kinh nghim
v QLTHVVB ca Vit Nam cho n nay mi t c bc ban u v th cha c kinh nghim
giai on thc hin c th li ko u t.
QLTHVVB l mt qu trnh ci tin hot ng qun l nh nc cc cp i vi ti nguyn v
mi trng vng ven bin nhm hng n pht trin bn vng, thng qua vic nhn rng v vn
hnh mt m hnh qun l rt c gi tr c c rt trong thc t, m ra c hi ln cng nh
thch thc khng nh v nhiu mt trong giai on hin nay. Vic tip tc c c s hp tc v
gip t cc nc v cc t chc quc t c lin quan i vi cng cuc tin hnh QLTHVVB
nc ta l ht sc cn thit v cp bch, m quan trng nht l khu o to ngun nhn lc,
chuyn giao kin thc v kinh nghim, v trao i chuyn gia.
5.2.2. Mt s trng hp in hnh v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Vit Nam
Trng hp 1: D n im trnh din quc gia v QLTHVVB ti thnh ph Nng
1

Gii thiu
Nm trung ca t nc, trn trc giao thng Bc - Nam v ng b, ng st, ng
bin v ng hng khng, Nng l mt trong nhng trung tm pht trin kinh t quan trng
ca Vit Nam. Nng cn l trung im ca 4 di sn vn ho th gii ni ting l c Hu, Ph
c Hi An, Thnh a M Sn v Rng quc gia Phong Nha - K Bng. Trong phm vi khu vc v
quc t, thnh ph Nng l mt trong nhng ca ng quan trng ra bin ca Ty Nguyn v
cc nc Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan, Myanma n cc nc vng ng Bc , thng qua Hnh
lang kinh t ng Ty vi im kt thc l Cng bin Tin Sa.
V tr a l chin lc, ngun nhn lc di do v s phong ph, a dng ca cc ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin mang n cho Nng nhiu c hi pht trin cc ngnh thng mi, dch
v, du lch, giao thng vn ti, nh bt hi sn, nui trng thu sn, cng nghip v xy dng.
Chnh v vy, B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng (KHCN&MT) xut Chng trnh Hp
tc Khu vc trong Qun l cc Bin ng (PEMSEA) chn Nng xy dng d n im
trnh din quc gia v Qun l tng hp vng b (QLTHVB) trong Khu vc, nh mt a phng
pht trin mnh v c nguy c nhim, suy thoi mi trng cao.
la chn im trnh din QLTHVB ti Vit Nam, cui nm 2009, PEMSEA kt hp vi B
KHCN&MT tin hnh t kho st ti 4 a phng do B xut, bao gm Ngh An, Qung Bnh,
Nng v Khnh Ha v chn Nng v Khnh Ha a vo danh sch xem xt cui cng.
Cc tiu ch la chn ca PEMSEA bao gm:

S ng h ca lnh o chnh quyn v cc ngnh ti a phng;

Tnh in hnh ca vn ti nguyn, mi trng cn gii quyt;

Kh nng nhn rng ca kt qu.
1
Ngi son: Nguyn Minh Sn, Ph vin trng, Vin Cng ngh mi trng
102
t kho st ln 2 c tin hnh vo u nm 2000 v Nng c chn l im trnh
din quc gia v QLTHVB ti Vit Nam. Thng 6 nm 2000, T chc Hng hi Th gii (trc tip
qun l PEMSEA) v UBND thnh ph Nng chnh thc k vn bn tha thun xy dng v
trin khai d n QLTHVB Nng, vi s chng kin ca B Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng.
Thng tin chung v d n
D n im trnh din Quc gia v QLTHVB ti thnh ph Nng c tin hnh trong thi gian
5 nm vi ngun kinh ph ti tr ca Qu Mi trng Ton cu (GEF) l 450.000 la v vn i
ng ca thnh ph Nng, tng ng 200.000 la. Vng b thnh ph Nng ban u
c xc nh, bao gm phn t lin l cc qun Lin Chiu, Thanh Kh, Hi Chu, Sn Tr,
Ng Hnh Sn v phn bin l vnh Nng v vng nc ven b Sn Tr-Ng Hnh Sn cch
b khong 5 km.
Trong qu trnh trin khai D n, phm vi thi gian v khng gian ca D n c iu chnh:
D n ko di n thng 6 nm 2006 v phm vi khng gian c m rng thm huyn Ha Vang
v pha t lin v n su 50m nc v pha bin (Hnh 5.2).
Hnh 5.2. Phm vi khng gian vng D n QLTHVB thnh ph Nng
D n c hai mc tiu chnh:

Tng cng nng lc qun l ti nguyn v mi trng (TN&MT) vng b, h tr pht
trin bn vng thnh ph Nng;

Trnh din m hnh QLTHVB cho cc a phng khc ca Vit Nam v Khu vc ng .
V pha quc t, D n do PEMSEA trc tip qun l. cp Trung ng, Chnh ph giao cho B
KHCN&MT (nay l B TN&MT) iu phi. cp a phng, D n do UBND thnh ph Nng
103
qun l thng qua Ban iu phi D n. Ban iu phi D n c thnh lp theo Quyt nh
s 7997/QD-UB ngy 5 thng 7 nm 2000 gm 25 thnh vin, trong c 1 Ph Ch tch UBND
(Trng ban) v lnh o cc s, ban, ngnh, t chc lin quan quan trng ca Thnh ph. y
l t chc iu phi hp a ngnh cao nht Nng, c nhim v ch o, quyt nh cc hot
ng ca D n v huy ng s tham gia ca tt c cc bn lin quan n D n.
S Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng, sau l S Khoa hc v Cng ngh v hin nay l S
Ti nguyn v mi trng, l c quan u mi gip UBND Thnh ph trin khai thc hin D n.
Vn phng D n QLTHVB t ti c quan u mi, m nhim vic qun l trc tip cc hot
ng ca D n. Nhm Chuyn gia k thut a ngnh c thnh lp h tr Ban PDA v
Vn phng D n trong vic nh gi cc cng, sn phm v xut k thut ca tng ni
dung c th trong D n. Cc bn lin quan n ti nguyn mi trng vng b Thnh ph u
tham gia vo hot ng qun l D n. S t chc qun l D n c trnh by trn hnh 5.3.

Hnh 5.3. S t chc qun l D n
Hot ng v kt qu chnh ca D n
Hot ng ca D n c chia thnh 6 giai on (Hnh
5.4), bao gm:
Giai on 1 - Chun b: hnh thnh c cu t chc, chun
b ngun lc, k hoch, thng tin, d liu ban u. Ti giai
on ny, thnh lp Vn phng D n, Ban iu phi
D n v Nhm t vn K thut a ngnh; xy dng cc
quy nh v chc nng, quyn hn ca cc t chc ny.
Mng li tuyn truyn vin v Nhm tuyn truyn vin
Hnh 5.4. Chu trnh QLTHVVB
6 bc do PEMSEA xut
104
nng ct cng c t chc, h tr cho cng tc tuyn truyn, nng cao nhn thc v li cun
s tham gia ca cng ng. Mt s cn b ca Vn phng c o to cp tc v QLTHVB ti
Vn phng Chng trnh Khu vc Manila. K hoch cng vic tng nm v cho ton b D n
c xy dng. Hi tho gii thiu d n kt hp vi vic tp hp cc thng tin, d liu ban u
c t chc, vi s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan chnh.
Giai on 2 - Khi ng: nh gi hin trng v r sot cc vn ti vng b; nng cao nhn
thc cng ng; t chc qun l thng tin, d liu v xy dng nh hng chung. Mt s hot
ng k thut quan trng c trin khai ti giai on ny, nh:

Xy dng H s mi trng vng b Thnh ph;

Xy dng Chin lc QLTHVB thnh ph Nng;

Phn tch th ch qun l TN&MT;

Thit lp c s d liu v vng b Thnh ph;

Xy dng v bc u trin khai k hoch truyn thng mi trng.
Giai on 3 - Xy dng: xy dng K hoch hnh ng QLTHVB v cc ni dung u tin ca K
hoch. Ti giai on ny, mt s ni dung quan trng ca QLTHVB c xy dng v thc hin,
bao gm:

Xy dng k hoch hnh ng thc hin Chin lc QLTHVB;

Xy dng H thng qun l thng tin tng hp (IIMS);

nh gi ban u ri ro mi trng vng b Thnh ph;

Xc nh nhu cu u t mi trng v xut c ch to ngun ti chnh bn vng;

Xy dng K hoch phn vng s dng tng hp vng b v khung th ch thc thi
K hoch;

Xy dng Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp;

xut tng cng th ch QLTHVB cho thnh ph Nng.
Giai on 4 - Ph chun: ph duyt cc k hoch cng vic, cng cc hp phn, cc t chc
v sn phm ca D n.
UBND thnh ph Nng ph duyt c cu t chc qun l D n v cc vn bn lin quan
n chc nng, nhim v v cch thc hot ng ca cc t chc ny. Tt c cng, kt qu
ca cc nhim v u c Ban iu phi xem xt, thng qua, trc khi thc hin hoc kt thc.
UBND Thnh ph xem xt v ph duyt nhng sn phm quan trng ca D n, nh Chin lc
QLTHVB, K hoch hnh ng thc hin Chin lc, K hoch Phn vng s dng tng hp
vng b, Chng trnh Quan trc mi trng tng hp v xut tng cng th ch QLTHVB.
Giai on 5 - Thc hin: trin khai Chin lc v KHH QLTHVB v cc hot ng khc c
ph duyt.
Ti giai on ny, D n t chc trin khai cc hot ng lin quan n nhng sn phm
c ph duyt nh:
105

K hoch truyn thng mi trng (thng qua cc chin dch truyn thng v vn ng
qun chng tham gia bo v mi trng v tm hiu v QLTHVB);

Quan trc th im hon thin Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp;

Khai thc IIMS (cp nht, x l, qung b, chia s thng tin d liu);

Trin khai phn vng, tp trung trc mt cho vng dnh cho hot ng du lch ven bin
Sn Tr - Ng Hnh Sn;

T chc cc hot ng xc tin ku gi u t mi trng.
Giai on 6 - Sng lc v cng c: hon thin c ch qun l D n, nh gi D n; c rt
kinh nghim v xut chu trnh QLTHVB th 2 cho Thnh ph.
Trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n, Vn phng D n t chc xy dng bo co thng, bo co
qu v bo co nm, trnh Ban iu phi d n v PEMSEA. Mi hot ng c th ca d n cng
c nh gi v lp bo co theo cng ph duyt. Ngoi ra, nh gi gia k v nh
gi kt thc d n c cc nhm chuyn gia c lp ca UNDP thc hin. Cc kt qu, bi hc
kinh nghim c xc nh, l c s D n xut cc hot ng tip theo sau khi D n kt
thc (pha chuyn tip v chu trnh QLTHVB th 2 ca Nng).
V mt t chc, Ban iu phi D n c iu chnh vo cc nm 2003, 2005 v 2006, thng
qua cc quyt nh ca UBND Thnh ph, p ng s thay i v tr cng tc ca cc thnh vin
v vic sp xp li t chc ca B/s KH&CN v TN&MT. Nhng xut hon thin th ch
QLTHVB cng xy dng v trnh UBND Thnh ph xem xt.
nh gi:
Thnh qu ni bt: Sau 6 nm trin khai, D n t thu c mt s kt qu quan trng.
V mt t chc, Vn phng D n, Ban iu phi D n, Nhm t vn K thut a ngnh, Mng
li tuyn truyn vin v Nhm tuyn truyn vin nng ct c thnh lp, cng c v hot
ng cho n ngy nay. C ch iu phi, hp tc a ngnh c xy dng v hot ng c hiu
qu, to c s ng h rng ri ca cc bn lin quan.
V mt k thut, D n to ra mt s sn phm gi tr, h tr c lc cho cng tc bo v v
qun l TN&MT Thnh ph. l:

Chin lc QLTHVB thnh ph Nng v k hoch hnh ng thc hin Chin lc,
nh nhng nh hng di hn v l trnh Thnh ph tng cng qun l TN&MT,
hng ti pht trin bn vng;

H thng qun l thng tin tng hp s dng GIS, vi s tham gia cung cp thng tin v
khai thc hiu qu thng tin ca nhiu bn lin quan;

K hoch phn vng s dng tng hp vng b v khung th ch thc thi K hoch,
mt cng c quan trng trong vic gii quyt cc mu thun s dng a ngnh, a mc
tiu ti vng b Thnh ph. Cc quy nh s dng v c ch trin khai phn vng cng
c xy dng, hon thin, ph duyt v bc u p dng th nghim cho vng khai
thc du lch ven bin Sn Tr-Ng Hnh Sn;
106

Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp, lng ghp dn dn vo hot ng quan trc
mi trng trn a bn Thnh ph. Chng trnh th hin c s iu phi, phi hp gia
cc ngun lc quan trc, i tng cn quan trc v cc bn s dng kt qu quan trc;

xut tng cng th ch QLTHVB thnh ph Nng - c s quan trng Thnh
ph tin hnh th ch ha QLTHVB.
Bn cnh , D n QLTHVB h tr v iu phi nhiu hot ng khc lin quan n bo v
TN&MT ca Thnh ph, nh:
iu tra nh gi ngun ti nguyn nc ngm Thnh ph;

Kho st iu tra nh gi ti nguyn t g i huyn Ho Vang;

nh gi ngun ti nguyn san h ti vng bin ven b Nng;

Xy dng trm x l nc thi KCN Ho Khnh;

Lp qui hoch mi trng cho thnh ph Nng;

Trin khai chng trnh qun l nhim cng nghip;

T chc cc chin dch tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc cng ng.
V mt o to cn b v nng cao nhn thc cng ng, D n QLTHVB Nng tham gia
v t chc thc hin nhiu hot ng cc cp khu vc, quc gia v a phng:

T chc cho cn b ca cc s ban, ngnh, a phng tham gia 17 lp tp hun, 10 hi
tho v qun l TN&MT vng b do PEMSEA, cc t chc quc t v cc c quan Trung
ng t chc;

T chc 37 lp tp hun/o to ti Thnh ph v bo v, qun l TN&MT cho gn 5.000
ngi, bao gm lnh o v cn b ca cc s/ban/ngnh, lnh o ca cc qun/huyn,
x/phng, cc on th, t dn ph;

Phi hp t chc cc chin dch BVMT nh Hi thi Nng sut xanh, pht trin cy xanh
th, lm sch bi bin, gii thiu BVMT vo cc trng hc... v nhiu chng trnh
truyn thng mi trng khc;

T chc nhiu cuc hp chuyn gia v hi tho tham vn cc bn lin quan trong sut
qu trnh trin khai D n.
Hn ch v nguyn nhn: Do tnh phc tp ca QLTHVB, Nng khng trnh khi nhng hn
ch m nhiu a phng khc trong Khu vc gp phi.
Trc ht, mt s hot ng b chm tin nh:

Xy dng chin lc QLTHVB: do s tham vn lc u cha y , nn bn tho Chin
lc khng c cc bn lin quan ng h, buc D n hu nh phi lm li hon
ton, t khu iu chnh cu trc Chin lc;

Chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp: vic la chn chng trnh quan trc th
im cha hp l, nn khng c ph duyt ngay, m phi iu chnh nhiu ln; iu
ny mt phn do tnh phc tp ca vic t chc chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng
hp, phn khc do nng lc cn hn ch ca nhm chuyn gia xy dng ni dung ny;
107

Tng cng th ch QLTHVB cho thnh ph Nng: do lin tip c s thay i nhn s
v t chc trong nhng nm 2003-2005, c bit l vic chuyn khi qun l mi trng
t S KHCN&MT sang S TN&MT, cc xut hon thin th ch phi cp nht nhiu
v thiu thi gian tri nghim.
Th hai, mt s sn phm ca D n cha c khai thc hoc khai thc km hiu qu. l:

Cc d n u t mi trng: mc d xut 2 d n u t mi trng trong lnh
vc x l nc thi, vic vn ng cc doanh nghip tham gia u t gp nhiu kh khn
v h cha yn tm vi chnh sch u i u t hin hnh v cha c kinh nghim
trong lnh vc u t ny;

K hoch phn vng s dng tng hp vng b v khung th ch thc thi K hoch: mt
phn do tnh phc tp ca c ch t chc trin khai phn vng cn xy dng, mt khc do
nhng thay i v t chc trong qun l mi trng ti a phng.
Ngoi ra, s hp tc vi Trung ng v cc a phng khc trong vic t chc cc hot ng
chung v qung b kt qu ca D n cn yu: iu ny ch yu do nng lc iu phi D n
cn hn ch v mt phn do khng a quan tm ny mt cch y khi lp k hoch v ngn
sch ca D n.
Cui cng, vic lng ghp cc hot ng ca D n vo cc hot ng qun l, bo v TN&MT
trn a bn Thnh ph cha t kt qu mong i v nhiu bn cha nhn thc y v vn
ny v D n cng cha ch ra c c s m bo li ch v chi ph hiu qu ca vic phi hp.
Mt s bi hc kinh nghim
Tnh t ch: QLTHVB i hi s t ch, t cng ca a phng. iu ny c tun th
trong sut qu trnh xy dng v trin khai D n. PEMSEA v thnh ph Nng xy dng
khung d n vi s tham gia ca cc s, ban, ngnh, c quan lin quan thng qua cc bui lm
vic ca chuyn gia chng trnh Khu vc vi chuyn gia a phng v 2 hi tho cc bn lin
quan m rng. Trn c s khung d n ny, Vn phng D n vi s ch o ca Ban ch o d
n v s h tr ca Nhm chuyn gia a ngnh t chc xy dng cng chi tit cho tng
hot ng c th ca D n. Nng t qun 100% kinh ph D n v vic t chc trin khai
cc hot ng theo cc cng c ph duyt. PEMSEA ch h tr k thut (t xa) v c
chuyn gia sang Nng trin khai mt s t tp hun ngn hn, khi c Thnh ph yu
cu. PEMSEA kim tra cng v cht lng cc sn phm theo yu cu v k thut ca tng
nhim v v vn chi tiu, ph hp vi cc quy nh ti chnh lin quan ca IMO. Mt chuyn
gia quc gia c thu h tr D n v mt k thut; chuyn gia quc gia lm vic 100%
thi gian trong nm u tin, gim xung 50% trong nm thc hai v c gii phng hon ton
trong nhng nm cn li ca d n, khi nng lc ca i ng cn b vn phng t trin
khai D n. Tt c nhng iu ny m bo vic nng cao nng lc qun l cng nh k thut ca
Thnh ph trong QLTHVB, cng nh vic duy tr hot ng ny khi D n kt thc.

B tr ngun nhn lc v t chc: Gim c S KHCN&MT trc tip iu hnh Vn phng d
n, dnh nhiu thi gian cho vic nghin cu v t chc trin khai cc hot ng ca D n.
Ba cn b ch cht khc ca Vn phng D n (lm vic 100% thi gian) u c bng i hc
ngoi ng v c o to cp tc 1 thng ti Vn phng Chng trnh Khu vc v QLTHVB,
108
trc khi D n chnh thc trin khai. iu ny m bo vic thc hin tt ngay t u cc hot
ng ca Vn phng.
D n to c mt c ch ch o, iu phi thng nht v ng b, huy ng c s tham
gia tch cc ca tt c cc bn lin quan vo qu trnh xy dng v thc hin d n. Quy nh v
Ban iu phi ban hnh ghi r vic khng c thay th cc thnh vin ca Ban trong vic tham
gia mi hot ng, nu khng c s ng ca Trng ban. Tng t, thnh vin Nhm t vn
K thut a ngnh cng khng c thay th ty tin. iu ny lm cho cc thnh vin hiu r v
D n, m bo cht lng ca cc kin, quyt nh ca h i vi cc xut, sn phm ca D
n, cng nh s ng h ca h - i din cho cc s ban ngnh, c quan lin quan, i vi D n.
Cng cn ni rng, vic thay i 2 ln cc thnh vin Ban iu phi d n v 4 ln Gim c d
n (ch yu l do nguyn nhn khch quan) nh hng ng k n tin v cht lng
ca D n. Tuy nhin, tnh k tha v kh nng duy tr D n, sau nhng thay i ny v nhng
thng trm lin quan n vic iu chnh v t chc qun l TN&MT cp Trung ng cng nh
a phng, l mt thnh cng ln ca Nng trong hot ng QLTHVB.

Lm tt cng tc chun b: D n tp trung vo cc hot ng ht sc quan trng trong thi
gian u, l:

o to cn b vn phng d n v qun l d n v v QLTHVB;

Xy dng mng li chuyn gia v i ng tuyn truyn vin n tn phng x, t chc
o to k v QLTHVB cho cc i tng ny;

Nhanh chng t chc hot ng nng cao nhn thc cng ng, to s quan tm, ng
h ca cc bn lin quan;

Tp hp, cng c v qun l thng tin d liu.
Nhng cng vic chun b ban u ny v cng quan trng, to c s cho cc hot ng ca D
n sau c thc hin sun s.
Sau 6 nm thc hin D n, thnh ph Nng t c nhng thnh cng ng k, cng
nh c rt c nhiu kinh nghim qu bu v QLTHVB, l m hnh cc a phng khc
ca Vit Nam v nh Khu vc hc hi, tham kho v rt kinh nghim. Nng l a phng duy
nht Vit Nam m c cu t chc QLTHVB c duy tr n hm nay. Cng chnh v nhng tc
ng tch cc ca D n QLTHVB, Nng lp v trin khai n xy dng Thnh ph Mi
trng vo nm 2020.
Trng hp 2: D n im trnh din quc gia v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Qung Nam
2
Thng tin chung v khu vc
Qung Nam l mt tnh ven bin v tr trung ca t nc, thuc vng pht trin kinh t trng
2
Ngi son: Ha Chin Thng, Ph gim c Trung tm Quy hoch, iu tra, nh gi ti nguyn
mi trng bin v hi o, Tng cc Bin v Hi o Vit Nam
109
im min Trung. Pha Bc gip thnh ph Nng; pha ng gip bin ng; pha Nam gip
tnh Qung Ngi; pha Ty gip tnh Kon Tum v nc CHDCND Lo. Tnh Qung Nam c 18 n
v hnh chnh trc thuc, bao gm cc huyn: i Lc, in Bn, Duy Xuyn, Thng Bnh, Ni
Thnh, Ph Ninh, Tin Phc, Hip c, Nam Tr My, Bc Tr My, Phc Sn, ng Giang, Ty
Giang, Nam Giang, Qu Sn, Nng Sn, TP Hi An v TP Tam K. Din tch t nhin ca tnh
Qung Nam l 10.708,78 km
2
, dn s 1.454.324 ngi. Qung Nam l mt trong s t ni ca c
nc c iu kin thun li hnh thnh khu kinh t (theo m hnh khu t m) u tin ca c
nc, to ng lc thc y s pht trin kinh t - x hi, thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho
khng ch ca tnh Qung Nam m c cho khu vc min Trung v Ty Nguyn.
Vng b tnh Qung Nam (h nh 1), trn t lin c din tch t nhin khong 1.583 km
2
(chim
khong 15% din tch t ton tnh), gm 4 huyn v 02 thnh ph: in Bn, Duy Xuyn, Thng
Bnh, Ni Thnh v 02 thnh ph: Tam K, Hi An. V pha bin - vng nc ven b ca tnh
khong n su 50 mt nc, bao gm c o C Lao Chm. Dn c chim 57% dn c
ton tnh (trung bnh vng b 703 ngi/km
2
, trong dn s tp trung cao nht ti TP. Hi An
vi 1.351ngi/km
2
). Ngun lao ng di do v s lao ng c o to ngh kh cao so vi
mt bng chung ton tnh. Qung Nam c ng b bin di 125 km tri di trn 04 huyn: D
dng nhn thy rng gn nh ton b cc hot ng kinh t trng im ca tnh iu nm ti vng
b. Trong nhng nm gn y vng b tnh Qung Nam l ni ang din ra cc hot ng pht
trin kinh t- x hi mnh m v a dng nh qu trnh th ha, xy dng cng trnh, c s h
tng, cc khu cng nghip, khu kinh t, khu dn c, du lch, pht trin nh bt v nui trng thy
sn... Cc c hi pht trin kinh t ang cn nhiu ha hn, hng lot cc D n u t v
ang c trin khai. Do vy, Qung Nam cng phi i mt vi hng lot cc vn mi trng,
khng ch tc ng n sc kho con ngi m cn e do s pht trin bn vng ti nguyn mi
trng tnh nh.
Vng b tnh Qung Nam c xc nh trin khai D n da trn ba yu t chnh l (1) Vn
v cc mi quan tm i vi vng b; (2) Bin gii hnh chnh; v (3) Kh nng qun l ca
a phng.
la chn a phng trin khai th im cho D n, tin hnh mt s hot ng nh
gi s tuyn trn c s: phn tch cc ti liu lin quan n mi trng, ti nguyn, s dng ti
nguyn ca cc tnh/ thnh ph ven bin; cc nh gi, kt lun ca cc nghin cu lin quan
trc y v vn ti nguyn mi trng cc vng ven bin Vit Nam; cc k hoch pht trin
kinh t - x hi ca cc tnh/ thnh ph v cc khu vc ven bin; mi quan h ca a phng vi
cc c s khoa hc, ging dy, t vn v cc lnh vc lin quan n QLTHB, c bit l quan h
vi d n ICM PEMSEA Nng. Kho st thc t v lm vic vi chnh quyn a phng, vi
mt s s, ngnh chnh nh S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, S Khoa hc v Cng ngh, S Thy
sn, Cc Thng k, S K hoch v u t, S Du lch cho thy Lnh o tnh v cc s ban
ngnh Qung Nam rt quan tm n vic thc hin d n ti a phngNgoi vic tho mn
nhiu nht cc tiu ch la chn nu trn, Qung Nam cn l mt trong 4 a phng ca min
Trung nm trong danh sch a phng u tin qun l ti nguyn bin v ven b ca Ngn hng
pht trin Chu trong H tr k thut ADB 3830-VIE nh gi v tng cng nng lc th ch
Qun l tng hp vng b cho cc tnh min Trung Vit Nam v d n ADB 5712 REG v qun l
mi trng bin v ven bin ng.
110
Hnh 5.5. V tr vng b Qung Nam (ngu n: S TNMT Qu ng Nam)
Thng tin chung v d n QLTHB Qung Nam
D n c tn Xy dng khung m hnh qun l tng hp vng b cp tnh v bc u trin khai
qun l tng hp vng b th im ti mt a phng ca Vit Nam vi mc tiu c th v lu
di l s dng m hnh QLTHVB ca PEMSEA v kinh nghim ca d n hp tc Vit Nam H
Lan v QLTHB (VNICZM) gip y ban ND tnh xy dng v vn hnh d n QLTHB tnh,
qua c rt kinh nghim xy dng m hnh nhn rng QLTHB sang cc tnh ven bin khc
ca Vit Nam.
D n c ti tr t ngun ngn sch dnh cho hot ng s nghip mi trng ca Cc Bo
v Mi trng. S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Qung Nam c la chn l c quan u mi
vic t chc thc hin d n ti Qung Nam.
D n c trin khai lm 2 giai on:
Giai on 1 trong 2 nm (2003-2004), ch yu tin hnh bc chun b v bt u khi i vo khi
ng. Giai on ny Phng QLTHB thuc Cc BVMT phi hp vi cc Trung tm nghin cu
H Ni nh: Vin C hc, Vin KHCN Vit Nam; Trung tm Vin Thm, B TNMT; Cng ty t vn
TECOS, B TNMT; Vn phng d n VNICZM v Vn phng d n ICM Nng.
Giai on 2 trong 3 nm (2005-2007), c tn l thc hin bc 3, 4 v 5 QLTHB (ca Chu trnh
ICM). Do thay i c ch m giai on ny, Vin Hi dng hc Nha Trang ch tr phi hp vi
mt s nh khoa hc Trng i hoc quc gia H Ni, Vin Quy hoch v kinh t Th sn,t
chc thc hin. Cc BVMT ch ng vai tr l c quan qun l v cp vn cho trin khai thc hin.
Vi mong mun k tha v tip tc nhng thnh qu ca giai on trc, tin hnh cc bc xy
dng, ph chun v thc hin QLTHB song do thiu thc t v nng v nghin cu, nh gi
ti nguyn v mi trng tng hp nn kt qu thu c khng vt qua c bc khi ng.
111
Vic tham gia ca a phng, y ban ND tnh, S TNMT v cc S ban ngnh khc ngy
cng gim st, c quan u mi thc hin d n ti S TNMT hot ng ging nh vn phng
d n tip nhn d n nghin cu h tr k thut ca nc ngoi, khng ging nh vn phn
cc d n ICM Nng hay trong khun kh d n VNICZM Nam nh, TT Hu v B Ra-
Vng Tu.
Nhng hot ng v kt qu chnh ca d n
Giai on 1 (2003-2004) d n t c kt qu nh sau:
(i) Khung d n cp tnh chung c xut, gm cc ni dung phi c trin khai,
nh sau: L m c bc chu n b v b t u kh i ng QLTH B, l : Quy hoch
QLTHB; Hnh thnh chnh sch; Thit lp c ch iu phi v phi hp; Thc hnh hiu
qu; Thu ht cng ng tham gia vo qu trnh QLTHB; Tng hp thng tin mi trng,
kinh t, x hi ngay t lc bt u qu trnh QLTHB; Thit lp c ch to ngun ti chnh
bn vng; Pht trin nng lc QLTHB mi cp; Gim st tnh hiu qu ca cc d n
v chng trnh QLTHB
V c cu t chc c xut theo mu hnh ca Nng, th hin r s tham gia, iu
phi v phi hp ca cc bn lin quan ca vng b.
(ii) Nm 2003 thc hin c cc ni dung nh: Thnh lp Vn phng D n t ti S
Ti nguyn v Mi trng Qung Nam do Gim c S ch tr cng vi s tr gip ca
Trng phng Qun l Mi trng ca S; Trang b cho Vn phng D n ti Qung Nam
mt s thit b c bn mua mi bao gm: 2 my tnh c nhn, 1 my in 1 my Scan v cc
phn mm GIS nh ARC/MAP, MICRO, ARCVIEW; xc nh phm vi khng gian
vng b ca D n v pha t lin bao gm cc huyn/th ven bin l in Bn, Hi
An, Duy Xuyn, Thng Bnh, Tam K v Ni Thnh v v pha bin - vng nc ven b
ca tnh khong n su 50 mt nc, bao gm c o C Lao Chm; Nng cao nng
lc QLTHVB cho cn b a phng thng qua cc kho o to v GIS, QLTHVB ti H
Ni v Qung Nam cho cc cn b tnh Qung Nam; Thu thp x l v qun l thng tin/
d liu v vng b: thu thp, x l cc s liu, d liu nhiu nm v cc iu kin t
nhin v tnh hnh kinh t - x hi, kho st b sung v cht lng mi trng, c bit l
ti ca K H, Ni Thnh, xy dng bn nn 1:25000 i vi vng b v bc u xy
dng c s d liu s dng GIS; Thc hin nh gi ban u th ch qun l ti nguyn
v mi trng vng b Qung Nam.
Xy dng h s mi trng vng b Qung Nam; Xy dng k hoch truyn thng mi trng
v bc u trin khai hot ng ny nh thnh lp nhm tuyn truyn vin nng ct v m kho
truyn thng cho cc i din ca cc bn lin quan chnh trong tnh.
(iii) Nm 2004 thc hin mt s ni dung chnh sau: Tip tc trin khai K hoch truyn thng
mi trng; Tip tc xy dng nng lc cho cc b a phng thng qua vic o to v
xy dng c cu t chc thc hin D n; Thu thp b sung v xy dng c s d liu
v ti nguyn v mi trng, s dng cng c GIS; Xy dng Chin lc QLTHVB Qung
Nam; xut khung k hoch hnh ng thc hin Chin lc.
112
Giai on 2 (2005-2007):
Nm 2005 Vin Hi dng hc Nha Trang c l a ch n l n v t v n, tip tc h tr k thut
thc hin cc bc tip theo ca D n. T nm 2005 n nay thc hin c mt s kt qu
nh: (1) Cc cuc iu tra, kho st b sung d liu. (thu thp phn tch mu, cc iu kin t
nhin, kinh t x hi.), thc hin chng trnh quan trc mi trng vng b; (2) T chc nhiu
cuc hi tho nhm ly kin ca cc bn lin quan; (3) Tng quan li ti liu, nh gi cc iu
kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi: c im a l, dn c, ngun li v hot ng kinh t. nh gi
nhng thun li v kh khn cng nh nhng u v khuyt im ca bc 1 v bc 2 m Trung
tm mi trng bin thc hin; (4) Xy dng trang web D n: http://www.icam-quangnam.org.
vn v hot ng; (5) Tip tc thc hin cng tc truyn thng mi trng, tp hun nng cao
trnh cho cn b ca cc phng TN&MT cc huyn, thnh ph ven bin v UBND cc x ven
bin trong vng D n; (6) B sung thit b vn phng (My tnh xch tay, my tnh bn, my
nh k thut s, my quay phim, my o nhanh mi trng); (7) Phn vng i b tnh Qung
Nam; (8) Xy dng v trnh UNND tnh Qung Nam ph duyt chin lc qun l tng hp vng
b tnh Qung Nam; (8) Trin khai 03 m hnh trnh din: m hnh ng qun l cht thi rn phc
v du lch cng ng; m hnh phc hi v s dng c hiu qu h sinh thi thm c bin; m hnh
phc hi v bo v h sinh thi rn san h.
Mt s tn ti:

Trong thi gian qua (c th nm 2005) s gn kt gia Ch nhim D n v a phng
Qung Nam cha c cht ch. Kinh ph c ph duyt cho cc hot ng ca D
n chm (Ph duyt vo Qu IV) nn kh khn cho vic trin khai k hoch do b chi phi
nhiu v thi gian cng nh thi tit ca ma ma.

Trnh cn b ti a phng tham gia D n cn nhiu hn ch, ch hot ng theo ch
kim nhim trong khi mc tiu ca D n QLTHVB rt ln v bao qut hu nh tt
c cc hot ng kinh t x hi ti vng b.

Cn b t vn h tr k thut cha thng xuyn, nhit tnh vi cc cng vic (cc m
hnh trnh din, bt u trin khai t nm 2006 nhng n cui nm 2008 gn kt thc D
n mi trin khai cc ni dung c th), nhiu ni dung cng vic c di chuyn t nm
ny sang nm khc.

Cng mt D n nhng c 02 n v t vn thc hin tuy thi im khc nhau nhng
vi cch lm v tip cn cng vic khc nhau nn hiu qu ca mc tiu t ra cha cao.

Cha tranh th s gip t vn v k thut ca PEMSEA.

Cha nhn c s ch o kp thi v chuyn mn ca cc c quan chc nng cp trn.
nh gi chung v d n

Thng 11 nm 2004, Qung Nam c a vo danh sch cc im song song p dng QLTHB
trong khun kh Chng trnh Khu vc PEMSEA do vic B TNMT cam kt h tr tnh nhn rng
QLTHB, ph hp vi tiu ch v mong mun ca PEMSEA. Vi vic tham gia hai d n trn,
Qung Nam t c mt s kt qu ban u nh: thit lp c c s d liu GIS, phc tho
H s mi trng i b, Chin lc QLTHB v K hoch truyn thng; hnh thnh Vn phng
d n, Ban Ch o, Nhm t vn k thut a ngnh v Mng li tuyn truyn vin nng ct nhng
113
hot ng trn thc t ca cc Nhm ny cha c tin hnh xut t nhu cu v thc t ca a
phng m ch yu gp cho cc sn phm khoa hc c to ra ca bn t vn. Nhiu hot
ng k thut c th phc v cho thc hin QLTHB nh xy dng k hoch hnh ng QLTHB,
nh gi ri ro mi trng, xy dng chng trnh quan trc mi trng tng hp, trin khai K
hoch truyn thng, tham vn, li cun cc bn tham gia, th hu nh cha c tin hnh. Lnh
o S TNMT tnh, c quan u mi thc hin QLTHB v lnh o cc S ban ngnh lin quan
u khng quan tm v cha nhn thc vic d n em li li ch thc s cho c quan mnh, a
phng mnh. Qung Nam cha thc s tng cng c nng lc qun l tng hp i b m
mi ch c tng cng nng lc v thng tin khoa hc vng b v mt s cn b tham gia d n
c o to v mt s lnh vc chuyn mn v c trao i hc tp kinh nghim vi PEMSEA.
Nh vy, Qung Nam l a phng ang p dng QLTHB giai on u, chun b v khi
ng. Vai tr ch tr v ch ng ca tnh cha c c, trong khi vai tr ca nhm t vn v
nghin cu rt cao lm cho d n QLTHB khng cn l d n vn hnh m l d n nghin
cu, xut thc hin. So vi tiu ch nh gi mc thnh cng d n ca PEMSEA ra (ICM
Code) th d n QLTHB Qung Nam cn phi phn u nhiu, trong thi gian di v phi t ch
hn mi hng t c kt qu v hiu ng qun l nh mong mun.
Cc bi hc kinh nghim ca d n trong vic gii thiu v p dng QLTHB
i ng hng v t c ch, cn thit xem xt bi hc sau:

QLTHB phi c hiu ng, l cng c v phng thc ca qun l, khng phi thun
ty l m hnh nghin cu v cng khng phi l ti nghin cu mi trng hoc
ti s nghip mi trng qua mi lm ng;

Cc ni dung cn tin hnh trong cc bc i (m hnh QLTHB ca PEMSEA) trong k
hoch ban u, cn c a phng tun th, ch ng tho lun v xy dng di s
t vn ca cc n v t vn;

Vai tr ca a phng l quan trng nht bo m thng li: Lnh o Chnh quyn
a phng tnh phi quan tm, tham gia iu hnh; Lnh o S TNMT phi trc tip
tham gia t chc thc hin v cn coi QLTHB l cng c qun l ca n v mnh;

T chc hot ng phi r rng v thng xuyn (Ban Ch o, vn phng d n; Gim
c d n; iu phi vin; t chuyn gia lin ngnh, t vn khoa hc,); mi ngi/nhm
cn c c vai tr r rng trong hot ng ny;

Chn t vn ng v c kinh nghim nhm h tr cho vn hnh l rt quan trng, cn p
dng phng php s dng chuyn gia t vn nh d n ICM nng hoc VNICZM,
qua nng tm t ch ca a phng ln

nh gi v iu chnh: Trong qu trnh t chc thc hin, d n cn c nh gi v iu
chnh ni dung thc hin ph hp vi hon cnh v kh nng tip nhn ca tnh

Tham vn quc gia v quc t l cng vic cn c tin hnh, qua c thm kinh
nghim v iu chnh nhng khim khuyt ca d n

ng h ca Chnh ph l cn thit v cn c c th ha, trnh vic nu ra mt cch
hnh thc
114
Trng hp 3: D n Vit Nam H Lan v Qun l Tng hp Vng ven bin thnh cng bc
u ca m hnh qun l hai cp
3
Bi cnh
Sau Hi ngh Lin hp quc v Mi trng v Pht trin (UNCED) nm 1992 v Hi ngh th gii
v vng ven bin (WCC) nm 1993, Vit Nam tin hnh nhiu hot ng nhm thc hin cc
cam kt ca mnh ti cc s kin quc t ny, trong c cam kt trin khai p dng Qun l Tng
hp Vng ven bin (QLTHVVB) vo thc tin cng tc qun l nhm ng ph vi cc vn lin
quan n mi trng v pht trin vng ven bin. Vi s h tr ca cng ng quc t, mt s
cng trnh, d n c thc hin phc v cho mc tiu ny. Mt trong nhng sng kin u
tin l D n Vit Nam - H Lan v QLTHVVB (VNICZM), c trin khai trong khun kh hp tc
gia chnh ph hai nc Vit Nam v H Lan k tha D n nh gi kh nng b tn thng ca
vng ven bin Vit Nam (VVA) trc .
Tng quan v d n VNICZM
D n Vit Nam - H Lan v Qun l tng hp vng ven bin (VNICZM) c thc hin trong hn
5 nm (9/2000 - 4/2006), do Chnh ph H Lan ti tr, hng ti mc tiu tng th l gii thiu v
h tr p dng phng thc tip cn tng hp vo qun l, quy hoch v pht trin vng b Vit
Nam, qua gp phn nng cao cht lng cuc sng v m bo an ton cho cng ng dn c
sinh sng vng b trc thin tai v tai bin mi trng. D n VNICZM trin khai hot ng
cp trung ng v cp tnh, ng thi bc u tip cn xung cp huyn, vi mong mun thit
lp mt m hnh thng nht trin khai lu di, trn nguyn tc pht trin bn vng v ph hp
vi hon cnh c th ca Vit Nam.
Trong hai nm u, D n do B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng qun l v iu phi thng
qua Cc mi trng. T cui nm 2002, do c s iu chnh c cu Chnh ph, D n chuyn
sang thuc s qun l v iu phi ca Cc Bo v Mi trng thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng. Trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin, D n nhn c s h tr k thut ca nhiu n
v v chuyn gia trong v ngoi nc, c bit l tp on t vn NEDECO, H Lan v cc i tc
lin quan nh RIKZ v IHE (H Lan), Trung tm Kho st, Nghin cu v T vn Mi trng bin
thuc Vin C hc (Vit Nam). Cc cng tc ca D n c trin khai H Ni v 3 tnh ven
bin l Nam nh (min Bc), Tha Thin - Hu (min Trung) v B Ra - Vng Tu (min Nam).
Ba tnh ny vi nhng vn c trng ca vng b tng khu vc ca Vit Nam c chn lm
th im gii thiu v trin khai QLTHVVB.
Mc tiu d n
D n VNICZM hng ti cc mc tiu c th sau y:

Nng cao nhn thc v QLTHVVB cho cc cp thm quyn, cc c quan, t chc trung
ng v a phng, cc bn lin quan v cng ng dn c vng ven bin;
3
Ngi son: H Th Yn Thu, Ph Gim c Trung tm Bo tn sinh vt bin v Pht trin cng ng
(MCD).
115

Tng cng nng lc qun l v iu phi cho cc cp c thm quyn ra quyt nh lin
quan n vng ven bin;

H tr vic thit lp chng trnh QLTHVVB di hn v hnh thnh c quan u mi cho
cc hot ng QLTHVVB Vit Nam;

Trin khai m hnh ng dng phng thc tip cn tng hp vo thc tin qun l vng
b ba tnh th im ca d n l Nam nh, Tha Thin - Hu v B Ra - Vng Tu.
M hnh qun l v c ch hot ng
QLTHVVB l mt qu trnh qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng vng ven bin vi s tham
gia, hp tc lu di v h thng ca tt c cc thnh phn kinh t, cc c quan chnh ph, cc t
chc v c nhn c lin quan. Bn cnh , D n hng ti tc ng cc cp qun l v cng
ng dn c. Nh vy i hi phi c mt m hnh trin khai D n thch hp c th huy ng,
duy tr v pht huy c s tham gia v hp tc . V vy, D n p dng c cu qun l v trin
khai thc hin theo hai cp, trung ng v a phng, nh c minh ha trong hnh di y.
Hnh 5.6. M hnh qun l hai cp ca d n VNICZM
Cp trung ng
cp trung ng, D n c t di s ch o ca Ban Ch o Quc gia lin b c thnh
lp theo quyt nh ca B KHCN&MT do Th trng B KHCN&MT (sau ny l B TNMT) lm
Trng ban. Ban u, Ban Ch o Quc gia c 11 thnh vin l i din cp v ca cc b, ngnh,
c quan trung ng gm Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, K hoch v u t, Nng nghip
v Pht trin Nng thn, Thy sn, Kh tng - Thy vn, Du lch, v i din ca cc a phng th
im gm Ph Ch tch tnh Nam nh v Gim c S KHCN&MT tnh Tha Thin - Hu (TTH) v
tnh B Ra - Vng Tu (BRVT). Sau mt thi gian hot ng, nhn thy s tham gia ca lnh o
cc tnh TT Hu v BRVT l rt cn thit v s tng cng hn cho Ban Ch o Quc gia. Chnh
116
v vy, n u nm 2002, Ph Ch tch cc tnh TTH v BRVT chnh thc c mi tham gia Ban
Ch o Quc gia, nng tng s thnh vin ca Ban ln 13 ngi. ng ch l cc Ph Ch tch
ca 3 tnh th im cng ng thi l Trng Ban Ch o ca D n VNICZM th im ti tnh nh.
C quan u mi trin khai thc hin D n l Cc Mi trng thuc B KHCN&MT (sau ny l
Cc Bo v Mi trng thuc B TN&MT). Cc trng Cc Mi trng m nhim chc v Gim
c D n v ng u mt Ban Gim c D n Quc gia gm 3 thnh vin khc l cc Gim
c S KHCN&MT (sau ny l S TN&MT) ca 3 tnh th im. Cc gim c S KHCN&MT ny
ng thi gi trch nhim Gim c D n th im ti mi tnh.
Ban Gim c D n Quc gia c b phn gip vic l Ban Th k D n. Ban Th k gm cc
thnh vin l lnh o cc n v thuc Cc Mi trng. Trng Ban th k ng thi l iu phi
vin D n Quc gia.
Cc cng tc ca D n c trc tip iu phi v thc hin bi Vn phng D n Quc gia
H Ni. Vn phng D n c c cu gn nh vi mt s cn b, nhn vin hnh chnh v
chuyn gia k thut nng ct, c huy ng t Cc Mi trng, cc c quan lin quan, v t
cc ngun nhn lc khc. Vn phng D n cn thit lp mi lin kt cng tc vi ng o cc
chuyn gia thuc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Nhm Chuyn gia a ngnh ny gi vai tr t vn v
h tr Vn phng D n trong nhng nhim v, cng tc c th, theo yu cu ca D n.
T khi Chnh ph thnh lp mi B Ti nguyn v Mi trng vo cui nm 2002, v Cc Bo
v Mi trng (t tin thn l Cc Mi trng) vo u nm 2003, D n chuyn sang thuc s
qun l v iu hnh ca cc c quan ny, trong B TN&MT gi vai tr tng ng vi B
KHCN&MT trc y v Cc BVMT tip thu nhim v lm u mi trin khai D n t Cc MT c.
Cp tnh
C cu t chc D n 3 tnh th im Nam nh, Tha Thin - Hu v B Ra - Vng Tu cng
theo m hnh tng t cp trung ng. Mi D n th im u c Ban Ch o, Gim c v
Vn phng d n.
Ban Ch o D n th im do UBND tnh thnh lp vi s tham gia ca cc thnh vin l lnh
o cc s, ban, ngnh, qun/huyn lin quan v do Ch tch UBND tnh lm Trng ban. Trng
Ban Ch o D n th im cng l thnh vin Ban Ch o Quc gia.
Mi D n th im t di s iu hnh ca Gim c D n th im l Gim c S KHCN&MT
(sau ny l S TN&MT) ca tnh v thnh vin Ban Gim c Quc gia. Cc hot ng ca d n
th im do Vn phng d n th im iu phi v thc hin. Vn phng ny do iu phi vin d
n th im ph trch v c s tham gia ca mt s cn b chuyn mn v nhn vin hnh chnh.
Bn cnh , mi d n th im u c mt Nhm T vn K thut gm cc chuyn gia trong
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau t cc s, ban, ngnh ca tnh. Nhm chuyn gia ny m nhim cc
cng tc k thut ca D n th im theo tng yu cu c th ca D n.
H tr k thut ca cc chuyn gia H Lan
Bn cnh i ng qun l v chuyn mn ca Vit Nam hai cp trung ng v a phng, D
117
n c s h tr ca tp on t vn NEDECO (H Lan) v cc i tc khc nh RIKZ
4
v IHE
5
,
v cc vn k thut lin quan n QLTHVVB. Ngoi cc chuyn gia sang cng tc ti H Ni
v cc tnh th im theo tng t ngn hn h tr nhng ni dung k thut c th, NEDECO
cn c 4 chuyn gia cng tc thng tr ti 4 vn phng d n. Ti mi vn phng d n, cc
chuyn gia ny c vn v h tr iu phi vin trc tip trin khai iu phi v thc hin cc hot
ng ca D n.
C ch hot ng
cp trung ng, Vn phng D n Quc gia ti H Ni vn hnh cc cng vic thng ngy
ca D n, lp bo co ti chnh, bo co tin , bo co k thut v cc k hoch cng tc v
phn b kinh ph cho 4 vn phng D n ti trung ng v cc tnh. Vn phng H Ni gi lin
lc cht ch vi cc vn phng d n th im, iu phi cc hot ng v cung cp h tr c v
qun l v k thut cho cc d n th im khi cn thit.
cp tnh, cc d n th im hot ng di s iu hnh trc tip ca Gim c D n th
im v theo s iu phi ca Vn phng D n Quc gia. Khi cn c s h tr v chuyn mn
i vi cc vn c th trong khun kh hot ng ca mnh, D n th im mi chuyn gia
thuc Nhm T vn K thut cng tc. Trong mt s trng hp, D n th im c th yu cu
h tr t Vn phng D n Quc gia.
Bn cnh b khung c nh trong qun l, iu hnh v thc hin D n nh vy, D n cn p
dng mt c ch hot ng mm do, linh hot, cho php xem xt, nghin cu v gii quyt nhiu
vn quan trng v cp thit thng qua cc cuc hp Nhm Chuyn gia a ngnh, cc Nghin
cu Trng im v Hi tho Khoa hc Chuyn t chc c hai cp trung ng v a phng.
Hng nm, cc vn phng D n H Ni v cc tnh th im u t chc Hi tho gii thiu,
bo co cc hot ng ca D n vi cc cp chnh quyn v cng chng, v cng to din n
trao i thng tin, kinh nghim v lnh vc QLTHVVB vi gii chuyn mn v cc bn quan tm.
Cc hot ng v kt qu t c
Sau hn 5 nm trin khai D n p dng m hnh qun l v c ch hot ng nh m t phn
trn, D n trin khai 7 nhm hot ng v t c cc kt qu chnh nh sau:
1. Thit lp c s vt cht cho hot ng ca D n v h tr cc hot ng iu
chnh, sp xp v th ch v hnh chnh ph hp cho trin khai QLTHVVB Vit
Nam: Thit lp cc vn phng d n ti H Ni v 3 tnh th im vi y trang thit
b cn thit, k c phng tin giao thng; Xy dng i ng cn b vn phng d n
nng lc v lm vic hiu qu; Thit lp mi quan h hp tc tch cc vi cc bn
lin quan trong QLTHVVB; Khi xng v trin khai cc hot ng nhm thit k, xy
dng v thit lp c cu th ch ph hp cho QLTHVVB c hai cp trung ng v a
phng, huy ng c s tham gia ca nhiu bn quan tm, kt qu bc u ng k
4
Vin Quc gia v Qun l Bin v Vng b thuc B Giao thng,Cng chnh v Qun l nc, H Lan
5
Hc vin K ngh Thy lc, C s h tng v Mi trng, Delft, H Lan
118
l s thnh lp c quan u mi v QLTHVVB Vit Nam l Phng Qun l Tng hp
Vng ven bin thuc Cc Bo v Mi trng nm 2003.
2. Thu thp s liu tng quan v cc d n v k hoch lin quan n vng ven bin
Vit Nam: Lp c thng k cc d n ca Vit Nam v cc d n c quc t h tr
lin quan n vng ven bin, v cc k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi vng ven bin Vit
Nam, c cp quc gia v cp tnh. S liu thng k c lu tr v qun l trong mt
b c s d liu c th chy trn nhiu phn mm my tnh v ti ln mng Internet. S
liu thng k gip cho cc nh qun l v cc cp ra quyt nh nm c tng quan cc
hot ng v ang din ra vng ven bin.
3. Lp chin lc v k hoch hnh ng QLTHVVB cho cc tnh th im, tin ti xy
dng chin lc v k hoch hnh ng QLTHVVB quc gia: Tng cng nhn thc
v nng lc ca cc cp ra quyt nh v cc nh chuyn mn c hai cp quc gia v
cp tnh v Chin lc v K hoch Hnh ng QLTHVVB; Hon thnh vic xy dng
Chin lc v K hoch Hnh ng QLTHVVB cho ba tnh Nam nh, Tha Thin - Hu
v B Ra - Vng Tu km theo b K hoch Hnh ng u tin, c UBND tnh ph
dut v cho php i vo thc hin; Lp c hng dn chung v xy dng Chin lc
v KHH QLTHVVB cp tnh; Xy dng khung Chin lc Quc gia v QLTHVVB v bn
giao cho B TN&MT tip tc hon thin.
4. Ci thin cng tc qun l v kh nng truy cp s liu v vng ven bin theo tiu
chun thng nht: Khung c s d liu GIS phc v QLTHVVB c xy dng cho cc
tnh th im theo chun d liu GIS ca Cc Mi trng; B c s d liu thng tin vi
trn 450 lp d liu c lp v ti ln trang Web ca D n; Nhiu kha o to c bn
v chuyn su v GIS c t chc, ginh cho cc cn b trong v ngoi D n; Cc
sn phm t cng c GIS c s dng v h tr hiu qu cho cng tc lp Chin lc
v K hoch hnh ng ti cc tnh th im; c bit l cc sn phm v s liu ca D
n c cng b v ph bin rng ri.
5. o to, tng cng nng lc v QLTHVVB cho cc cn b qun l v chuyn gia
k thut ca Vit Nam: D n cung cp mt chng trnh o to phong ph, tp
trung vo gii thiu v ph bin cc nguyn tc, cng c v ng dng ca QLTHVVB cho
cc cn b qun l cp b, ngnh, tnh v chuyn gia k thut ca Vit Nam. Chng
trnh o to c thc hin cc tnh th im, H Ni, Philippines, v H Lan.
Ngoi ra, chng trnh o to cn c cc ni dung ph tr khc nh o to v gii v
cng ng, kinh t mi trng, vin thm v h thng thng tin a l.
6. Xc nh mt s vn trng im lin quan n vng ven bin, cp trung ng
v a phng, v xut gii php theo hng qun l tng hp: D n xc
nh v t chc nghin cu 6 vn trng im lin quan n vng ven bin, cp trung
ng v a phng, gm c (i) th ch ha QLTHVVB Vit Nam, (ii) nhu cu v k
hoch ng ph s c trn du khu vc TP H Ch Minh v Vng Tu, (iii) ng lc hc
vng b khu vc Nam nh v nam chu th sng Hng; (iv) quy hoch s dng t
mi bi huyn Ngha Hng, Nam nh; (v) tim nng du lch sinh thi Vn Quc gia
Xun Thy, Nam nh; v (vi) kh nng trin khai m hnh ha ch thy ng lc khu
vc m ph Tha Thin - Hu. T chc hi tho khoa hc chuyn v cc vn v
nghin cu , tham vn cc chuyn gia v cc bn lin quan v kt qu nghin cu v
119
cc bin php xut, t lp cng d n v ni dung lin quan gi ti cc cp
thm quyn v cc nh ti tr. c bit, t nghin cu v th ch ha QLTHVVB Vit
Nam, cc khuyn ngh ca tiu d n ny c B TN&MT xem xt v quyt nh cho
php thnh lp Phng QLTHVVB trong c cu Cc Bo v Mi trng t u nm 2003.
7. Trin khai QLTHVVB ti 3 tnh th im l Nam nh, Tha Thin Hu, v B Ra
Vng Tu: gii thiu v p dng cc nguyn tc, cng c v phng php ca QLTHVVB
xem xt v gii quyt nhng vn c th ca vng b tng tnh th im, bc
u a QLTHVVB lng ghp vo cng tc qun l ca cc tnh. Ti Nam nh, chin
lc bo v ng b huyn Hi Hu l vn c u tin. D n th im Nam
nh h tr a phng p dng phng thc tip cn tng hp, trong khng ch
nhng qu trnh t nhin din ra vng b v hin tng xi l c xem xt, m cc
vn x hi nh ti nh c, pht trin cng ng v cng bng gii cng c quan
tm. TT Hu, D n tin hnh nghin cu h thng m ph v c im ca vng
b trn quan im tip cn tng hp. Cc vn c th nh quan trc cht lng
nc, ng dng vin thm vo phn vng nhy cm l lt, m hnh ha qu trnh thy
ng lc v.v cng c trin khai vi s h tr ca Chng trnh hp tc vng b
CCP. Ti BRVT, D n th im r sot nhng vn chnh ca mt tnh c hot ng
kinh t cng cao vi nhng tc ng n mi trng v sinh thi, xem xt mt s
vn cp thit i vi a phng nh suy thoi cht lng nc khu vc ca sng,
ven bin, s c trn du, xi l b bin, v.v.... Quan trng hn, c ba tnh th im,
D n VNICZM h tr nng cao nhn thc v huy ng c s quan tm ca lnh
o UBND tnh, cc s ban ngnh v a phng trong tnh v c cng ng dn c v
QLTHVVB v s cn thit p dng tip cn ny qun l, khai thc v pht trin hp l
ti nguyn thin nhin vng b v bo v mi trng. Qu trnh chun b, xy dng v
hon thin Chin lc QLTHVVB cc tnh l qu trnh lm vic theo tip cn a ngnh
vi s hp tc cht ch v iu phi hp l gia cc s, ban, ngnh chc nng v cc
bn lin quan, trong cc nguyn tc v cng c ca QLTHVVB c huy ng ti a
vo vic lp chnh sch. T , qu trnh QLTHVVB thc s c khi ng trong
thc tin qun l ca a phng.
Bi hc kinh nghim
T thc t trin khai D n, c th rt ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim v t chc v qun l nh sau:

M hnh gii thiu v p dng QLTHVVB theo hai cp trung ng v a phng l hp
l v hiu qu. QLTHVVB l cn thit v phi c p dng trc ht cc a phng
ven bin, khu vc y tim nng nhng cng ht sc nhy cm, ang phi ng u
vi nhng vn nan gii trong qun l, khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi
trng. Tuy nhin, thc t Vit Nam cc c quan chc nng cp tnh, a phng v
c s c rt nhiu hn ch v nhn thc, nng lc, thng tin, v.v... Do , s nh hng,
h tr, v to iu kin t pha trung ng (t cc b ngnh, cc c quan chuyn mn
v cc chuyn gia k thut) l thit yu. M hnh hai cp cho php pht huy cao cc
ngun lc c th c, khai thc c tnh ch ng ca a phng v huy ng c
s h tr ca trung ng, c bit ph hp vi mt tip cn mang tnh tng hp nh
QLTHVVB;
120

mi cp, vic thnh lp Ban Ch o d n a ngnh to c c ch ch o ng b,
huy ng c s tham gia ca nhiu bn lin quan ngay t nhng hot ng u tin
ca D n. c bit, cp tnh, vic cc Ban Ch o d n th im u do Ph Ch
tch UBND tnh lm Trng ban v cc thnh vin l lnh o cc s, ban, ngnh, qun/
huyn lin quan l iu kin ht sc thun li tip cn QLTHVVB m D n gii thiu
c thm nhp vo thc tin cng tc qun l ca UBND v cc c quan ca tnh vi s
ch o, iu phi thng nht v ng b. cp trung ng, nu Ban Ch o c tng
cng vi s tham gia ca lnh o cc b, ngnh lin quan th vai tr ch o mang tnh
a ngnh s c nng cao;

Nng cao nhn thc v c tnh t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca vng ven bin, v tm quan
trng ca vng ven bin v vic phi qun l, khai thc v pht trin ti nguyn thin nhin
vng ven bin theo hng bn vng l c s tip thu v p dng tip cn QLTHVVB
vo thc tin. Vic nng cao nhn thc cn c thc hin cho tt c cc bn lin quan,
bao gm cc cp ra quyt nh, cc nh qun l v cc cn b k thut cc ngnh, cc
khu vc kinh t v cng ng dn c;

Xc nh ng vn cp bch ca tng a phng v h tr a phng a tip cn
QLTHVVB vo s dng nh mt cng c xem xt, gii quyt vn mt cch ng
b v trit l c s thu ht s quan tm v huy ng s cam kt mnh m ca cc
cp lnh o vo qu trnh gii thiu v trin khai QLTHVVB ca D n ti cc tnh th im;

Vic thnh lp cc Vn phng D n H Ni v cc tnh th im l ht sc cn thit.
Cc vn phng ny l u mi t chc, iu phi v thc hin cc hot ng ca D
n. Vi chc nng , i hi cc Vn phng D n phi c i ng cn b c nng lc
chuyn mn v c bit l nng lc qun l d n mc cao p ng c yu cu
ca cng tc;

C ch hot ng ca D n vi cc Nhm T vn K thut v Chuyn gia a ngnh cho
php huy ng c mt lc lng ng o cc nh qun l, cc nh khoa hc, cc
chuyn gia k thut trung ng v a phng tham gia t vn, tham mu v ng gp
kin thc chuyn mn cho cc hot ng ca D n. Nh , cc vn m D n
cp n u c xem xt t nhiu gc v cc bin php gii quyt c xut u
mang tnh tng hp, h thng v a ngnh, theo nguyn tc ca QLTHVVB. Vic tp hp
lc lng t vn ny cng l cch nng cao nhn thc v o to v QLTHVVB, gp phn
hnh thnh cc chuyn gia a ngnh cho cc hot ng v QLTHVVB trong tng lai;

Vic trin khai D n vi nhiu bn tham gia thuc cc cp khc nhau, cc a phng
khc nhau i hi mt c ch lm vic va mm do, linh hot, va thng nht v ng
b, trong phn cng trch nhim hp l, thng tin lin lc kp thi v bo co y l
cc iu kin tin quyt m bo D n vn hnh tt v hiu qu.
121
Trng hp 4: Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro Mt m hnh ng dng cch tip cn
qun l tng hp vng ven bin cp c s
6
Gii thiu
X Vn Hng l mt x ven bin ca huyn Vn Ninh c din tch t nhin khong 4.842 ha v
c phn chia thnh 6 thn, gm Xun T 1, Xun T 2, Xun Vinh, H Gi, Xun ng v
Xun Ty. Dn s x Vn Hng c khong 11.086 ngi (hn 2.432 h), trong ring ph n c
khong 5.432 ngi (chim khong 49% dn s. T l h ngho (theo chun ngho quc gia nm
2009) l 17,5%. C cu kinh t ca x Vn Hng l nng - lm - ng nghip, cng nghip v dch
v khc, c phn chia theo t l nh sau: nng-lm-ng nghip: 86%; cng nghip-xy dng:
6%; thng mi-dch v: 8%.
Nhng kt qu kho st, iu tra nm 2000 cho thy, c ti hn 70% h gia nh trong x tham
gia nh bt ven b; ngun ti nguyn sinh vt bin hin nay gim i 10% so vi nhng nm
1980. Vic khai thc qu mc v khai thc bng cc phng php hy dit (xung in, thuc n,
li r) gy nh hng nghim trng n mi trng bin, lm gim s lng cng nh cht
lng v thm ch mt gi tr thng mi ca nhiu loi hi sn. Nhng hot ng khai thc khng
hp php ng thi cng gy tc hi nghim trng cho cc rn san h. ph ca rn san h
cng vi cht lng tt ch cn khong 10%, thp hn so vi mc trung bnh vn ng bo
ng ca ton quc.
Rn Tro l mt rn san h gn b thuc vnh Vn Phong, tnh Khnh Ho. Rn c din tch
khong 28 ha v nm cch im gn b bin nht khong 1 km. Mc d chim mt din tch
tng i nh so vi vnh Vn Phong, song Rn Tro li c h ng thc vt phong ph, a dng
v ph san h kh cao vi cht lng tng i tt so vi cc rn khc trong ton b Vnh. S
loi thy sinh pht hin khu vc rn chim trn 50% tng s loi vnh Vn Phong, c th: san
h chim 64%, c rn chim 69%, c bin 75%. Cc nghin cu cho thy, a dng sinh hc ti
y kh cao vi khong 145 loi thc vt ph du, 115 loi ng vt ph du, 190 loi ng vt y
mm, 5 loi cy ngp mn, 6 loi c bin, c bit l 82 loi san h v 69 loi c cng vi 25 loi
ng vt khng xng sng tr ng v kim n trong khu vc rn san h.
Thng tin chung v d n
Trc tnh hnh suy thoi mi trng v suy gim ngun li, t nm 2001, Trung tm Bo tn Sinh
vt bin v Pht trin Cng ng (MCD), m tin thn l chi nhnh ti Vit Nam ca Lin minh
Sinh vt bin Quc t (IMA), h tr cng ng a phng x Vn Hng xy dng v trin khai
d n th im Xy dng Khu bo tn bin Rn Tro (Cng vn 2479/UB ngy 07/11/2001 ca
UBND tnh Khnh Ha) do a phng qun l nhm qun l v bo tn tt h sinh thi rn san
h ven b qua phc hi li ngun li thy sn, to iu kin ci thin i sng ca ngi dn.
Sau khi d n ny kt thc vo nm 2004, chnh quyn v ngi dn a phng vn tip tc
duy tr v gi vng nhng thnh qu ca d n bng chnh ngun lc ca a phng tuy nhin
6
Ngi son: Minh Hong, Trng phng Qun l ti nguyn vng b, Trung tm Bo tn Sinh vt bin
v Pht trin cng ng (MCD).
122
vn cn gp nhiu kh khn. Trn c s xut ca a phng, t chc MCD tip tc tm kim
v kt ni vi mt s d n khc h tr a phng tip tc thc hin mc tiu qun l bo v
ngun li thy sn v rn san h.
Khu bo v Rn Tro nm trong khu vc bin thuc x Vn Hng (hnh 5.7), huyn Vn Ninh, tnh
Khnh Ha. Tng din tch c khoanh vng bo v l 89 ha, trong vng li bo v nghim
ngt c din tch 54 ha. KBV c qun l bi chnh ngi dn a phng vi s ng h ca
cc cp chnh quyn, cc c quan khoa hc. Trc tip bo v KBV l cc thnh vin cng ng,
do chnh cng ng bu chn.

Hnh 5.7. Bn Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro

Hnh 5.8. S t chc qun l Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro
UBND tnh Khnh Ha
Hot dng trong Khu bo v h sinh thi bin Rn Tro
UBND huyn Vn Ninh
S NN&PTNT S TNMT
UBND x Vn
Hng
Ban qun I KBVHST
bin Rn Tro
MCD
BQL khu kinh t Vn
Phong
T nng ct
thy sn
T tuyn
truyn
Trung tm
GDMT C
T bo v Rn
Tro
T nng ct
DLST
123
Hot ng v kt qu chnh
Theo chu trnh Qun l tng hp vng ven bin 6
bc do PEMSEA xut (Hnh 5.9) th ton b
qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh Khu bo v H sinh
thi bin Rn Tro tri qua hu ht cc giai on
chnh ca chu trnh tuy nhin din tin ca cc giai
on rt linh hot, bao gm:
Giai on 1- Chun b
Trong giai on ny, mc tiu l chun b ngun lc,
thit lp c cu t chc, thu thp thng tin d liu c
s v chun b k hoch thc hin.
Theo 01 Ban Qun l v T thc hin D n c xy dng gm cc thnh vin l cn b v
ngi dn ca huyn Vn Ninh v x Vn Hng. T chc MCD (khi y gi l IMA Vit Nam) cng
c mi tham gia Ban qun l v ch yu thc hin vai tr t vn iu phi cng vic. Sau ny
cc hot ng d n u c thc hin thng qua s iu phi v trc tip tham gia ca Ban
Qun l v T ny.
Cng tc o to, tp hun v iu tra kinh t - x hi (PRA; PCRA), a dng sinh hc bin c
t chc v trin khai cho cc cn b thy sn v ng dn a phng xy dng ngun nhn lc
ti ch, chun b cho cng tc nh gi, thu thp d liu c s ban u kinh t - x hi v ngun
li bin. ng thi cng tc tuyn truyn vn ng nng cao nhn thc ngi dn v thc bo
v mi trng v ngun li bin cng c trin khai thng qua t chc Ngy lm sch bin
quc t, tp hun v k thut nui cc loi 02 mnh v, cc cuc thi tm hiu v mi trng v
ngun li bin, thi biu din vn ngh v v tranh cho hc sinh
Giai on 2 Khi ng
Trong giai on ny, mc tiu l xc nh c hin trng ngun li thy sn v cc vn , cc
mi e da n h sinh thi ven b; thu thp cc thng tin nn; nng cao nhn thc cng ng v
sinh vt bin v nhu cu bo v ngun li.
Tip theo cng tc o to, tp hun v iu tra kinh t - x hi v a dng sinh hc bin, cc
cuc iu tra trn thc a cng c t chc tin hnh vi thnh phn nng ct l nhng cn b,
ngi dn c tp hun di s iu phi, hng dn ca cc chuyn gia Vin Hi dng
hc; Vin Kinh t v Quy hoch thy sn v T chc MCD. Cc thng tin, d liu thu thp c
t cc cuc iu tra c lu tr, tng hp v phn tch xy dng thnh cc bo co nh gi
ban u. Cc bo co ny c trnh by v tho lun vi chnh quyn, cng ng a phng
cng tm kim, xy dng phng n qun l ti nguyn tt hn; trn c s tng thnh
lp Khu bo v bin c a ra tho lun v ly kin cc c quan chc nng ca tnh cng
cc i tc khc v vic t chc thc hin. Cng vi cc hot ng nng cao nhn thc tip
tc c trin khai bng cc hot ng Lm sch bin, tham quan Bo tng Hi dng hc, trng
rng ngp mn, c bit thnh lp T thu gom rc thn Xun T vi thnh phn nng ct l
ph n (250 h tham gia).
Hnh 5.9. Chu trnh QLTHVB
6 bc do PEMSEA xut
124
Giai on 3 - Xy dng
Trong giai on ny, mc tiu l xy dng k hoch hnh ng gii quyt cc vn , cc mi e
da; t chc cng ng v thit lp quy ch cng ng.
T nhng tng xut ca cng ng v chnh quyn a phng cng nh nhng gp
ca cc c quan chc nng c lin quan, UBND huyn Vn Ninh cng vi T chc MCD phi
hp hon thnh bn xut d n c tn gi l Khu bo tn bin Rn Tro do a phng qun
l v trnh ln UBND tnh Khnh Ha xt duyt. Cc nhm cng ng chuyn trch c
thnh lp trin khai cc ni dung cng vic lin quan nh nhm ht nhn, nhm tuyn truyn,
nhm xy dng Quy ch Rn Tro. Thnh vin cc nhm ny l cc ng dn v c cc cn b a
phng c la chn v tp hun, o to cc k nng, kin thc ph hp. Quy ch Rn Tro
c xy dng da trn nhng xut ca chnh quyn, cng ng a phng v tham vn vi
cc c quan chc nng m bo ph hp vi cc quy nh ca php lut. Mt s ni dung quan
trng khc ca giai on ny c thc hin gm c:

Xy dng k hoch phn vng chc nng khu vc Rn Tro

Xy dng H s php l

Xy dng K hoch qun l 02 nm (2009 - 2010)
Giai on 4 Ph duyt
Mc tiu ca giai on ny l ph duyt xut d n, thit lp tnh php l KBV, cc k hoch
hot ng cng nh c cu t chc qun l bo v KBV Rn Tro.
Trong giai on ny UBND tnh Khnh Ha ph duyt D n Khu bo tn bin Rn Tro (Cng
vn s 2497/UB ngy 07 thng 11 nm 2001 ca UBND tnh Khnh Ho); H s php l Khu bo
v Rn Tro (Cng vn s 4671/UBND ngy 29 thng 07 nm 2008 ca UBND tnh Khnh Ha).
Trn c s , UBND huyn Vn Ninh ra quyt nh thnh lp Khu bo v H sinh thi Rn
Tro (Quyt nh 1738/Q-UBND ngy 28 thng 08 nm 2008); K hoch qun l Khu bo v H
sinh thi bin Rn Tro (Quyt nh 2357Q-UBND ngy 09 thng 10 nm 2009);
Giai on 5 Trin khai
Mc tiu giai on ny l trin khai cc k hoch, ni dung hot ng c ph duyt.
Cc ni dung cng vic c trin khai trong giai on ny gm c:

Ra mt Khu bo v bin Rn Tro

Thnh lp Ban qun l Khu bo v HST bin Rn Tro

T chc gim st ngun li

Ti to rn san h (th rn san h nhn to)

Thit lp vng ranh gii bo v (th phao ranh)

Thc thi Quy ch Rn Tro

Trin khai cc chin dch truyn thng theo ch
125

Trin khai Chng trnh pht thanh v KBV Rn Tro trn h thng pht thanh a phng

T chc cc chng trnh o to, tp hun theo ch

Hnh thnh Trung tm Gio dc mi trng cng ng

Tuyn truyn v th nghim sinh k thn thin mi trng (NTTS a loi; nui th nghim
mt s loi nhuyn th; Du lch sinh thi cng ng)

T chc cc hot ng giao lu v hc hi kinh nghim vi cc a phng khc trong
c nc
Giai on 6 Sng lc, cng c
Mc tiu giai on ny l hon thin c ch t chc, nh gi kt qu D n; ti liu ha bi hc
kinh nghim v chia s; chun b k hoch cho chu trnh tip theo.
Cc hot ng c thc hin trong giai on ny gm c:

T chc nh gi nhn thc v Khu bo v Rn Tro

nh gi sinh hc v kinh t - x hi Khu bo v Rn Tro

Bn giao Khu bo v Rn Tro cho a phng

iu chnh Quy ch Rn Tro

Ban qun l Khu bo v Rn Tro c iu chnh v b sung

Nhm ht nhn bo v Rn Tro c iu chnh v b sung
nh gi:
Thnh qu ni bt: Sau 9 nm trin khai, n nay qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh Khu bo v H
sinh thi bin Rn Tro tri qua hon thin 01 chu trnh QLTHVB (chu trnh 6 bc do PEMSEA
xut) v ang trong qu trnh thc hin chu trnh th 2. C th:

Chu trnh ln 01 gn lin vi qu trnh thc hin D n Khu bo tn bin Rn Tro v
bn giao Khu bo v Rn Tro cho chnh quyn a phng

Chu trnh ln 02 gn lin vi qu trnh xy dng H s php l v trin khai K hoch
qun l
V bo v ngun li
San h: qua thi gian nhn chung ph san h khng thay i nhiu, hai loi san h cng chim
u th Rn Tro thuc v san h dng khi Goniopora lobata v Platygyra sinensis, san h mm
u th thuc v ging Sinularia. Kt qu kho st bc u cng ghi nhn 28 ging san h cng,
3 ging san h mm.
C rn san h: Nhn chung mt c rn tng, xut hin nhiu loi c kch thc ln v ghi
nhn thm s phc hi ca hai loi c thuc loi gim st ngun li a phng l Heniochus
acumminatus, Lutianus kasmira
126
Sinh vt y kch thc ln: khng ghi nhn c c th no, tuy nhin c s xut hin ca mt
s loi c gi tr kinh t cao nh c bn tay, c nhy li v mt cao ca loi c gai
Drupella conus.
Vng ngoi khu bo tn: Trong khi s lng cng nh kch thc c rn san h rn Tro gia tng
th ngun li c rn san h khu vc khng c bo v tip tc gim nhiu so vi trc y.
Nhn chung, mc d ph san h khu vc Rn Tro khng tng ln nhiu lm, nhng ngun
li sinh vt rn san h khu vc ny tng ln ng k.
Cc d liu thu c t cc cuc iu tra kinh t-x hi v nhn bit ca ng dn v cc thnh
vin cng ng khc v s thay i sn lng khai thc thy sn a phng cho thy c s
nhn thc tch cc ca ngi dn a phng v tc ng ca khu bo v bin i vi s phc
hi ngun li bin (Hnh 5.10)
Hnh 5.10. Nhn thc ca ngi dn v thay i ngun li bn trong v ngoi KBV Rn Tro
V nhn thc
Thng k cha y cho thy c khong 18 s kin nng cao nhn thc cng ng c t
chc vi nhiu hnh thc phong ph v a dng nh Lm sch b bin, biu din vn ngh, thi
kin thc, sng tc th ca vi khong hn 5.300 lt ngi tham gia trc tip vo cc s kin.
Kt qu ca cc cuc iu tra nm 2005, 2007 v 2009 cho thy mc tham gia ca ngi dn
trong khu vc x Vn Hng trong cc hot ng bo v mi trng, bo v ngun li cng nh
hiu bit cc hot ng l kh cao so vi cc x khc trong vnh Vn Phong. thc gn gi
mi trng bin v ngun li thy sn ti vng d n c nng cao, nhn thc v bo v mi
trng sinh thi, a dng sinh hc v ngun li bin ca i b phn nhn dn c nng cao r
rt. Ngi dn c thc trong vic v sinh mi trng bin v t lin, khng x cht thi sn
xut v sinh hot lm nhim mi trng.Tnh trng khai thc thu sn bng cc hnh thc hu
dit c bn c xo b: nh mn, dng xianua, ph hoi cc rn san h. Vai tr, trch nhim
trong cng tc bo v Rn Tro cng c ngi dn nhn thc r rng hn (Hnh 5.11).
127
Hnh 5.11. Hnh ng c ngi dn thc thi khi pht hin xm phm KBV Rn Tro
c bit vai tr ca ph n trong cng ng c nhng bin chuyn ng k k t khi thnh lp
Khu bo v thng qua vic tham gia tch cc hn trong cc hot ng lin quan n Khu bo v
v c ting ni nhiu hn trong cc quyt nh lin quan n cng ng.
V t chc
Ban qun l KBV Rn Tro, Ban qun l Trung tm gio dc mi trng cng ng, cc nhm
cng ng chuyn trch (bo v; tuyn truyn; du lch sinh thi cng ng) c thnh lp v
hot ng trong sut 9 nm qua, v cng c cng c, kin ton trong mt s thi k. C
ch iu phi, hp tc vi cc c quan hu quan t cp tnh n cp huyn, x cng nh vi cc
a phng khc c xy dng v trin khai, l nguyn tc cn bn vn hnh v duy tr KBV
Rn Tro cho n nay.
V nghin cu
K t khi c thnh lp v vn hnh, KBV h sinh thi bin Rn Tro tr thnh mt im
nghin cu c nhiu nh nghin cu, sinh vin (c i hc v sau i hc), cc c quan, t
chc quan tm. c khong 14 nghin cu c trin khai y, trong c 05 nghin cu cp
thc s v 01 nghin cu cp tin s. T nhng kt qu nghin cu v nh gi ny, c s d liu
cho KBV Rn Tro cng c xy dng nh danh lc cc loi thy sinh, h s cng ng,
ng gp tch cc vo cng tc qun l ti nguyn ven b ca huyn Vn Ninh.
V tng cng nng lc
c khong 35 s kin tp hun, o to c t chc vi s tham gia ca khong 796 lt
ngi, gm cc cn b v ngi dn a phng v cc kin thc, k nng lin quan n cng
tc qun l bo v ngun li, thc thi quy ch, pht trin sinh k v kinh doanh. Bn cnh , cc
cn b v ngi dn tham gia trong cng tc qun l KBV Rn Tro cn c to c hi c
giao lu, hc hi vi cc a phng khc thng qua cc chuyn tham quan thc t, tham gia trnh
by Hi tho t cp quc gia n cp quc t, vng.
S ngi
tr li
128
Hn ch v nguyn nhn: Mc d t c nhng kt qu nht nh nhng m hnh KBV HST
bin Rn Tro vn gp phi nhng hn ch, kh khn nht nh, c bit khi y cn c coi l
m hnh trnh din u tin Vit Nam v QLTHVVB cp c s. l:
Tnh php l ca Khu bo v Rn Tro: do trong chu trnh u tin qu tp trung vo vic thnh
lp Khu bo v, t chc cng ng nn mc d Khu bo v Rn Tro c ra mt t nm 2002
nhng cha c tnh php l, cha c s cng nhn chnh thc ca chnh quyn cp tnh. Chnh
iu ny cng lm hn ch tnh hiu qu trong iu phi vi cc c quan hu quan a phng
thc thi quy ch bo v Rn Tro da vo cng ng. n chu trnh th hai, khi tnh php l ca
Khu bo v c xc lp vi s cng nhn ca UBND tnh Khnh Ha v quyt nh thnh lp
chnh thc Khu bo v H sinh thi bin Rn Tro ca UBND huyn Vn Ninh. Tuy vy thch thc
t ra chnh l s cng nhn cp quc gia khi m mi quan tm ca cc chnh sch ch dnh
cho cc Khu bo v quy m ln.
Tnh k tha: trong qu trnh vn hnh Khu bo v Rn Tro c s thay i v tr lnh o ng
u cp huyn, cp x. S thay i ny dn n s k tha khng y nhng sng kin
ca ton b qu trnh v gy nhng nh hng nht nh n nhng thnh qu ca d n mc
d v c bn thnh phn v lc lng nhn s trong c cu qun l, t chc vn c duy tr.
H thng c s d liu: mc d c kh nhiu nhng iu tra, nh gi v nghin cu trong khu
vc tuy nhin nhng d liu, thng tin thu thp c cha c lu gi mt cch c h thng.
Nguyn nhn l trong c cu qun l Khu bo v cha c b phn chuyn trch m nhim vic
thu thp v lu gi thng tin, bn cnh cc hot ng qun l ch ch trng vo vic trin khai
trn thc a m cha quan tm n cc thng s khoa hc.
T chc iu phi gia cc c quan chc nng: vi vai tr lnh o trong Ban qun l KBV Rn
Tro, UBND huyn Vn Ninh l n v ch tr iu phi chnh. Tuy nhin nhn thc v nng lc
v QLTHVVB ca cc c quan v cc bn lin quan t cp tnh n huyn, x cn cha y ,
do vy hiu qu iu phi gp nhiu kh khn dn n hn ch kh nng tip cn cc ngun lc
h tr t cp tnh cng nh lng ghp cc hot ng qun l KBV trong hot ng qun l chung
ca a phng.
Mt s bi hc kinh nghim
Cc ht nhn a phng: y l mt trong nhng yu t then cht trin khai QLTHVVB.
Thng qua m hnh KBV Rn Tro, cc ht nhn a phng c la chn v to thnh 01
mng li ht nhn a phng, h chnh l cc cn b, ngi dn t cp tnh n cp huyn,
c s quan tm c bit trong vic gii quyt cc vn ca vng ven bin. cp tnh, s ng
h ca lnh o S NN&PTNT v S TNMT l nhng nhn t v cng quan trng thuyt phc
cc ban ngnh chc nng khc cng nh chnh quyn cp tnh c nhng h tr v ngun lc
v ch o kp thi cho cp trin khai di c s. cp huyn, cp x nhng cn b, ngi dn
c nng lc u c huy ng tham gia vo c cu qun l ca KBV HST bin Rn Tro nh
Ban qun l, cc nhm nng ct cng ng, v chnh h gp phn quyt nh n s thnh
cng ca m hnh qun l ny. Tuy nhin iu quan trng l cn phi duy tr v tip tc pht trin
cc ht nhn a phng ny theo cng mt mc tiu chung tp trung ngun nhn lc, gi
vng cc thnh qu t c v tin ti nhng thnh cng mi.
129
a dng huy ng ngun lc: Vic trin khai m hnh KBV Rn Tro cho thy c nhiu ngun
lc c th c huy ng h tr cho qu trnh trin khai QLTHVVB. Bn cnh nhng ngun lc
chnh thng t Ngn sch Nh nc th cc ngun lc bn ngoi khc cng cn c coi trng
nh ngun ti tr nc ngoi thng qua cc d n; t cc Vin nghin cu thng qua cc ti
nghin cu; cc lc lng tnh nguyn vin trong v ngoi nc; cc doanh nghip a phng
v c cc c nhn.
S tham gia ca cng ng v cc bn lin quan khc: Vi c trng ca vng ven bin l
s dng a mc tiu th s tham gia v m bo quyn li ca cc bn lin quan trong c
cng ng l thc s cn thit cho s iu phi hiu qu. iu ny c th hin r trong thnh
phn Ban qun l KBV HST bin Rn Tro vi s tham gia y ca lnh o chnh quyn cp
huyn, cp x; cc lc lng chc nng nh Bin phng, Qun l thy sn, i din cng ng
a phng v c bit l c s tham gia vi vai tr c vn ca S TNMT, S NN&PTNT, BQL
Khu kinh t Vn Phong. trn c s , mi hot ng din ra u c cc bn lin quan hiu
r, tham gia v ng h.
Tnh t ch: Trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn vng ven bin cp c s ni chung th s t
ch, tch cc ca chnh quyn a phng l nhn t then cht m bo cho qu trnh trin khai
hiu qu cc d n cng nh duy tr v pht huy nhng thnh qu do cc d n mang li. V
mt d n, Khu bo v HST bin Rn Tro chnh thc kt thc d n th nghim xy dng m
hnh t nm 2004, tuy nhin chng minh s cam kt, t ch ca a phng, UBND huyn Vn
Ninh huy ng v b tr 01 khon kinh ph khong 30 triu ng/nm t ngn sch a phng
tip tc h tr cho cc hot ng qun l ca KBV Rn Tro. Mc d cc hot ng din ra c
phn km si ni hn trc nhng y chnh l yu t quan trng sau ny t chc MCD tip
tc tm kim v kt ni cc d n khc h tr cho a phng trin khai tip cc hot ng cng
c v hon thin m hnh ny.
QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN TI BANGLADESH
130
5.3. Mt s trng hp in hnh trn th gii
7

Trng hp 1. Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti Bangladesh
1. Bi cnh
Bangladesh c phn ln din tch thuc vng ng bng chu th ca ba h thng sng ln: sng
Hng, sng Brahmaputra v Meghna. Ba con sng ny gp nhau v to thnh mt lu vc rng
khong 1.720.000 km
2
pha nam ca dy ni Himalaya. B bin dc theo vnh Bengal di khong
710 km, l ni c mt trong nhng vng rng ngp mn ln nht th gii: rng Sunderban. Vng
ng bng ny l mt trong nhng khu vc mu m nht th gii, c chiu ngang dc theo b
bin khong 350 km.
Khong 150 triu ngi ang sng trn vng ng bng ny, bt chp nhng ri ro t l lt gy ra
bi gi ma, dng chy nng v bo nhit i. Phn ln vng ng bng sng Hng-Brahmaputra
c mt dn s vo khong 1500 ngi/km
2
khin cho ni ny tr thnh mt trong nhng vng
ng dn c nht trn th gii. T l tng dn s hng nm l 2%.
Nm 1999, chnh ph Bangladesh thng qua mt chnh sch h tr cch tip cn QLTHVVB
(MoWR 1999). Theo ch th v thc hin Chnh sch ny, mt vn phng pht trin chng trnh
thc y QLTHVVB c thnh lp vo nm 2001, thuc c quan Quy hoch Thy li (WARPO)
ca B Thy li. Nm 2005, mt Chnh sch v vng ven bin c ban hnh.

2. Thit lp th ch
Bangladesh c chnh quyn qun l tp trung cao vi mt nn vn ha hnh chnh mnh m. Cc
quyt nh c a ra t cp trung ng, ngay c vi cc vn a phng. Vng ven bin l
mt khu vc c s yu km v th ch: mc d c mt s c quan chnh ph hot ng ti cc
khu vc ven bin, song hu nh cc c quan ny khng c mi lin h no vi nhau v th ch ri
rc l tnh trng ph bin. Ch c giao tip song phng gia B t ai v cc c quan thc thi khc
khi h cn t cho mc ch xy dng. Hn na, hu nh rt t c quan chu trch nhim cp a
phng, nu c cng ch c hot ng t cp hnh chnh di qun (hay cp Thana theo cch
gi ca Bangladesh v subdistrict theo ting Anh); y khng phi l mt trng hp m tt c cc
c quan u chu trch nhim v chng trnh lin quan n cc vng ven bin (Islam et al. 2009).
Chnh ph Bangladesh, vi s ti tr ca cc t chc quc t, a ra mt Chnh sch quc gia
v nc, hng dn tt c cc hot ng trong lnh vc ny theo quan im qun l ti nguyn nc
tng hp (Integrated Water Resources Management). Hn na, chnh ph chun b mt k hoch
qun l Nc quc Gia (NWMP) xem xt cc nhu cu lu di, qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc
xuyn sut mi lnh vc. Trong nm 2005, chnh ph a ra mt Chnh sch v vng ven bin,
cung cp hng dn chung cho tt c cc vn cn quan tm v qun l v pht trin vng ven
bin, theo ngi dn ven bin c th c c cuc sng trong mt mi trng an ton v thun
li. Chin lc v cc chng trnh u t c pht trin thc hin cc mc tiu chnh sch.
7
Ngi son: Dr. Marcel Marchand, chuyn gia t vn quc t v qun l vng b, cng ty t vn
Deltares, H Lan
131
3. Xc nh ranh gii vng ven bin
Vng ven bin ca Bangladesh c din tch 47.201 km
2
, chim 32% din tch c nc, gm c 19
qun (hnh 5.12), khong 35 triu ngi sng vng ven bin, chim 29% dn s c nc.
Hnh 5.12. Bn vng ven bin Bangladesh
Ba tiu ch c xem xt xc nh ranh gii t lin ca vng ven bin Bangladesh. l: nh
hng ca nc thy triu, xm nhp mn v lc xoy/bo. 19 qun ca nc ny u b nh
hng trc tip hoc gin tip bi mt s hin tng trn (K hoch QLTHVVB, 2005).
4. Cc vn chnh
p lc v khng gian s dng
ng bng sng Hng-Brahmaputra thuc khu vc ng dn c nht th gii. Vi mt dn s
hn 1000 ngi/km
2
v t l tng dn s 2%, khu vc ny c p lc cao v khng gian s dng.
Bangladesh, ng bng vn cn nhng vn ng a cht vi cc nhnh sng khng n nh.
Xi mn b sng v o l mt trong nhng vn chnh, v c l l nguyn nhn t nhin quan
trng nht dn n vic thiu t ai v ti nh c bt buc.
Nng nghip v phng chng l lt
Phn ln dn s ca vng ng bng sng Hng ph thuc vo ngnh nng nghip v ngnh
132
cng nghip lin quan n nng nghip. Mi nm trn 60.000 ngi b mt t ai do xi mn dc
theo cc con sng chnh. T l xi mn hng nm c tnh vo khong 10.000 ha trong khi bi
t t nhin ch l 2.500 ha. Chng xi mn l u tin hng u ca Bangladesh hin nay.
Mt nhn t th hai lm hn ch sn xut nng nghip v gim mc an ton ca c dn nng
nghip l l lt. Hu nh nm no cng c l lt Bangladesh, vi cng khc nhau. Trong
mt nm bnh thng, 20% din tch c nc b ngp nc sng v nghn h thng thot nc.
L lt trong trong khong thi gian 100 nm c th lm ngp 60% t nc. Do , bo v ngi
dn khi l v ci thin thy li cng l mt mi quan tm chnh Bangladesh. Tnh n nay
khong 1600 km
2
t nng nghip c bo v tt. L lt cng c th xy ra do gi xoy, bo
v sng thn. Mc d tn sut ca nhng trn l lt ny l thp (nhng trn l ln lin quan n
bo v sng thn c ghi nhn trong cc nm 1970, 1991 v 2007), l lt c th rt tn khc.
V d, cn bo thng 4 nm 1991 vi sng thn cao 6 - 7,5 mt cp i sinh mng ca gn
150.000 ngi.Cn bo Bloha nm 1970 khng mnh bng nhng cng l mt cn bo nhit i
cht chc nht trong lch s. Kh c th bit c chnh xc s lng ngi thit mng m ch c
th c tnh con s vo khong 300.000 n 500.000 ngi. gim tn tht v ngi v ca,
Bangladesh tp trung vo pht trin h thng cnh bo v d bo l.
Cht lng nc
Vn chnh lin quan n cht lng nc l vic cung cp ngun nc ung ng tin cy. Hin
nay nc mt b nhim do vic x nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip cha c x l. Mc d
Bangladesh c nhng bc tin ng k trong vic cung cp nc sch cho ngi dn, song
vn c mt s khc bit ln v ngun nc c cung cp trn phm vi ton quc. Vic s dng
nh v sinh rt hn ch, trung bnh ch 16% cc vng nng thn. Bnh tiu chy tr thnh mt
vn sc khe ln Bangladesh, lm cht hn 100.000 tr em mi nm.
Vo cui nhng nm 1970, ngun nc ngm t ging khoan thay th cc ngun nc mt
truyn thng b nhim. Tuy nhin, n nm 1993, nng asen cao c pht hin tng nc
ngm nng. Kho st hin ti (2001) cho thy 25% dn s ng bng tip xc vi nhim vt
qu tiu chun quc gia, v 25% khc khng p ng tiu chun ca WHO.
t ngp nc
Cc vng t ngp nc nhy cm v mt sinh thi ca Bangladesh ang chu p lc rt ln
do con ngi ln chim v s dng chng cho sinh k v sn xut ca h. Khu rng ngp mn
Sunderban, l mt khu Ramsar, cn s quan tm c bit v nhng phn quan trng ca rng
b mt do s can thip ca con ngi.
5. Cc hot ng QLTHVVB
Chnh sch vng ven bin quy nh vic xy dng v thc hin Chin lc Pht trin vng ven
bin gim ngho, tng trng kinh t v pht trin x hi. Chin lc ny s l mt s xc nh
r gii hn v mt thi gian v ngun lc vi nhng hot ng pht trin vng b u tin, nhng
trong s c a ra mt quy trnh thc hin cc chnh sch ch khng ch l xy dng mt k
hoch tng th truyn thng. Chin lc nh vy a ra nhng chn la quan trng, chng hn
trong mi lin quan n cc mc tiu khu vc, nhm ngi thit thi v cc vn khc. Trng
133
tm ca chin lc l vic thc hin, bao gm mt tp hp cc ch s v sp xp theo di tng
ng nh gi vic trin khai. Vic thc hin s l trch nhim ca cc b v cc c quan tng
ng. Mt chng trnh u t u tin (Priority Invesment Program - PIP) s l c s thc hin
qu trnh QLTHVVB (GoB, 2005).
Bn cnh cc hot ng c m t trong chng trnh u t, mt s hot ng h tr c
xc nh, nh iu tra ti nguyn ven bin, xy dng c s d liu ti nguyn vng b tng hp,
cc cng c m hnh ha, ph bin thng tin v tng cng nng lc.
6. Kt qu v trin vng
Bangladesh t c tin b ng k trong QLTHVVB bng cch a ra mt chnh sch cho
vng ven bin. Tuy nhin, y ch l bc u tin trong mt qu trnh lu di. Vic thc hin cc
chnh sch lin quan n chin lc cn cha bt u.
Gn y, y ban pht trin ti nguyn nc ca Bangladesh do Chnh ph H Lan v c quan Pht
trin Quc t Anh quc ng ti tr, y nhim cho mt tp ton t vn gm Mott MacDonald,
Euroconsult v CEGIS lm vic vi vn phng chng trnh QLTHVVB (PDO) xy dng k
hoch qun l vng ven bin.
7. Bi hc kinh nghim
C l khng ging vi bt c mt quc gia no, vng ven bin Bangladesh chu rt nhiu tn
thng, bao gm cc mi e da t gi xoy, bo v sng thn, xi mn t, i ngho trn
din rng, cu trc x hi bt bnh ng, suy thoi cc h sinh thi ven bin, xm nhp mn,
.v..v.. Nhng c im d b tn thng ny nh hng n sinh k ca cc cng ng ven bin.
Trng hp in hnh v Bangladesh c bit cho thy mi quan h cht ch gia QLTHVVB v
xa i gim ngho. Hiu bit ny l mt cng c trong vic chun b mt chnh sch ven bin c
ngha, hng dn xy dng mt chin lc pht trin kinh t ven bin v mt chng trnh u
t kh thi nhm nng cao sinh k ca ngi dn ven bin, c bit l cc nhm ngi thit thi
(Ahmad 2004).
QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN TI C
134
Trng hp 2: Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti c
1. Bi cnh
B bin c b phn cch theo hai bin: bin Bc v bin Baltic. y khng ch l s phn cch
v mt khng gian. Ngun gc khc nhau, ch thy triu, mn v phm vi tc ng to
ra mt b bin ring bit v cc h sinh thi ven bin khc bit. Nhng hot ng khai thc vng
ven bin v cc di sn vn ha l khng ging nhau v h thng lin bang c cho php vic
qun l hai vng mt cch c lp. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu pht trin vng
ven bin tng hp ngy cng tr nn r rng hn.
Mt chin lc quc gia cho vic pht trin v thc hin QLTHVVB c, da vo khuyn ngh
2002/413/EG ca Lin minh chu u, c xy dng trong nm 2005/06 v chnh ph chp
thun vo thng 3 nm 2006. Vic xy dng chin lc ny l mt phn ca tin trnh QLTHVVB.
N i theo mt tin trnh rng (s b) vi s tham gia ca cc bn khc nhau, tng hp cc bn
tham gia ph hp thnh mt nhm hot ng h tr, c trnh by, tho lun ti cc hi ngh.
Trong qu trnh ny, nhng quan im khc nhau t cc bn lin quan v s cn thit ca vic
trao i ci m r rng xut hin v c nh hng n chin lc ny.
Chin lc m t v phn tch hin trng sinh thi, kinh t, x hi v php l trong khu vc bin
v ven bin, trn c s din gii cc bc h tr qu trnh QLTHVVB v thc hin cc nguyn tc
c bn ca QLTHVVB. N i hi c s phn tch hin trng vng ven bin. Phn ln cc nguyn tc
QLTHVVB c bn c thc hin bi cc cng c php lut hin hnh. Tuy nhin, n thc y
c mt s chnh sa trong cng c qun l php l v nhm vo vic thc y qu trnh QLTHVVB
thng qua vic thnh lp mt ban th k QLTHVVB. Cc din n QLTHVVB c d kin nh mt
phng tin chnh trong trao i v din gii cc mc tiu chung cho s pht trin ca cc vng
ven bin. Kinh nghim s c tip thu thm cc cp khc nhau trong cc d n thc hin.
2. Thit lp th ch
c c mt c cu chnh ph lin bang v bao gm cc tiu bang ca lin bang c gi l
Lnder. Trong cc vng nc ven bin, hn 10 b thuc cp quc gia v cp tiu bang cng nh
chnh quyn cc cp quc gia, cp tiu bang v cp khu vc phi c trch nhim. Mt vn c
bit trong vng nc ven bin l s m rng quyn qun l v mt khng gian khc nhau. Cc b
thuc Lin bang chu trch nhim v cc vng bin v ven bin bao gm B Ngoi giao, Ni v, Ti
chnh, Khoa hc v Cng ngh, Nng nghip, Quc phng, Giao thng vn ti, Cng trnh Cng
cng v Quy hoch thnh ph, Mi trng, Gio dc v Nghin cu. Bn cnh , c nhiu c
quan hnh php c trch nhim dc theo vng ven bin nh Vin Thy sn (BFAFi), Vn chuyn
v thy vn (BSH), Bo tn thin nhin (BfN) v C quan Mi trng (UBA).
Cc tiu bang chu trch nhim chnh v qun l vng ven bin. C s qun l l h thng quy
hoch khng gian c xy dng tt v c thit k c th bc, m c th xem l mang tnh
tng hp mt s kha cnh. Quan trng nht trong kha cnh ny l cc chng trnh Quy hoch
vng c rng buc v mt php l do cc c quan quy hoch vng ca mi Lin bang hoc khu
vc xy dng. Kt qu ca qu trnh quy hoch l cc bn cho thy hin trng khai thc thc
t v cc mc tiu pht trin tng lai. Cc chng trnh Quy hoch vng m bo tnh lin tc
v tin cy ca cc qu trnh quy hoch v ra quyt nh.
135
QLTHVVB s c p dng trong phm vi cc c khu kinh t, trong khu vc ko di 12 dm, cc
vng nc chuyn tip theo qui nh ca Ch th Khung k hoch v ti nguyn nc, cc khu ln
cn vng ca sng, vng chu nh hng ca thy triu cng nh cc qun ln cn v cc n
v hnh chnh tng ng trn b. QLTHVVB phi thm nhp vo mi lnh vc lin quan, do ,
tt c cc bn s ng gp thc hin. Trong lc , cc cch tip cn t trn xung (top down)
hoc t di ln (bottom up) phi b sung cho nhau v cc cch tip cn khc nhau s ph hp
cho cc vn hay cc thch thc khc nhau.
Hnh 5.13. Bn vng ven bin c (Mu xanh da tri nht l vng 12 dm, mu xanh da
tri m hn l c khu kinh t)
4. Cc vn chnh
Vn chuyn v pht trin cng bin
B bin c c lu lng vn chuyn dy c. Cc cng chnh l Hamburg v Bremen. Ti y
lun lun tn ti mt nguy c v s c trn du v ha cht.
Khai thc m: kh t v du
Vng bin Bc v bin Wadden c cc h cha du v kh t ln. S lng cc gin khoan du
kh tng t 300 ln 475 t 1990 n 1998. Vic khai thc v vn chuyn qua ng ng lun
lun cha ri ro nht nh v s c trn du.
Nng lng ti to: ci xay gi trn bin v trn t lin
Mc d 14 trang tri gi ngoi khi vi 80 ci xay gi c cp php quy hoch t vng c
khu kinh t c, n nay chng vn cha c xy dng. Nhng tc ng ca s pht trin trang
136
tri gi ngoi khi gy ra mt cuc tranh lun gia nhiu bn c. Vic thnh lp cc khu
vc a mc tiu trn bin c th em li tim nng tng hp cc nhu cu mu thun nhau bng
cch ti u ha s ph hp gia nhng ngi s dng.
Khai thc thy sn
Bin Bc l mt trong nhng vng bin nh bt c su rng nht trn th gii. Bn cnh mt
s loi c vn trong tnh trng tt th rt nhiu loi c khc ang b nh bt qu mc mt cch
nghim trng (chng hn nh c tuyt v c bt). Mt s phng thc nh bt c gy hi cho
mi trng (nh th li di y bin) v c nhng xung t vi cc ngnh khc chng hn nh
cc trang tri gi v cc hot ng khc lm gim din tch c th nh bt.
Du lch
i vi hu ht cc th trn ven bin, du lch l hot ng kinh t chnh. D bo s c cc xung t
tim nng vi cc hot ng ven bin khc nh hot ng trang tri gi (lm hng cnh quan)
v hot ng bo tn thin nhin (lm nhiu lon).
An ton vi l lt
C ti 12.000 km
2
t thp vng ven bin c d b l lt. Nu khng c bo v, vng t
ny s b ngp trong nhng t sng bo mnh. Hn 2,3 triu ngi sng trong nhng vng t
thp ven bin ny. Hng triu euro c chi hng nm cho cc bin php k thut bo v ngi
v ti sn ni y.
Bo tn thin nhin
Phn ln cc vng ven bin nm trong tnh trng bo v ca Mng li Natura2000 (mng li
cc khu bo tn thin nhin) ca Lin minh chu u. c bit, vng bin Wadden c cc gi tr v
mt t nhin rt cao v c tm quan trng quc t bi c cc loi chim di c v l khu vc nui
dng nhiu loi c. Thng xuyn c mu thun gia bo tn v rt nhiu hot ng khc trong
vng ven bin nh l vn chuyn, nh bt c v vn hnh trang tri gi.
Chnh ph lin bang ci thin b cng c php l bng vic p dng lut php ca chu u -
c bit l nh gi Mi trng chin lc, ch th khung hot ng v ti nguyn nc, m rng
ca o lut T do Thng tin v s tham gia ca cng chng cng nh cc hng dn ca Natura
2000 - a vo lut php ca c v qua s pht trin mnh cc quy nh quc gia (nh lut tng
cng vic bo v ngi dn khi l, m rng quy hoch vng ti Vng c quyn kinh t v sa
i Php lnh Lp t ngoi khi (Offshore Installations). Hn na, cc chng trnh c mc ch
pht trin ph hp vi QLTHVVB c thit k phi hp vi cc tiu bang. Chng trnh bao
gm hi ngh hng hi quc gia, khi nim cng ca cc cng bin c, ch huy trung tm trong
cc trng hp hng hi khn cp. Cc vn quan trng khc bao gm cc chin lc quc gia
v pht trin bn vng v a dng sinh hc, chin lc bin cng nh hp tc ba bn v bo v
bin Wadden vi H Lan v an Mch.
137
Trong nhng nm gn y, cc tiu bang ca c pht trin cc hot ng a dng trong lnh
vc quy hoch v pht trin vng cng nh cc phng php qun l tng hp vng ven b. Bn
cnh , chnh quyn a phng hng ti cc mc tiu v cc hnh ng v tm quan trng ca
QLTHVVB thng qua hp tc khu vc, tham gia vo cc din n v cc d n quc t cng nh cc
hot ng trong khung hnh ng ca cc d n a phng trong Chng trnh ngh s 21.
6. Kt qu v trin vng
Chin lc quc gia ku gi mt s iu chnh v cc cng c php l v nhm vo vic thc y
qu trnh QLTHVVB thng qua vic thit lp mt ban th k QLTHVVB. Din n QLTHVVB c
d kin nh mt phng tin chnh trao i v xy dng cc mc tiu chung cho s pht trin
ca cc vng ven bin.
Cc tiu bang tng cng n lc ca h thit lp cc nguyn tc QLTHVVB cp khu vc v
a phng, xy dng tuyn ngn v s mnh QLTHVVB ca h. Mt khc, QLTHVVB c xem
nh l mt phng php tip cn sinh thi vi nh hng nhn mnh v kha cnh mi trng.
Chin lc ca c vn cha tc ng c n cc kha cnh quan trng v kinh t v x hi.
C cu lin bang ca c c ri ro tim tng l mi tiu bang ven bin ca c s thc hin k
hoch ca ring mnh m khng tham vn v hp tc vi cc tiu bang khc (chng hn thiu
s trao i gia vng Baltic v vng bin Bc). Trong quy hoch vng, vic xc nh cc bn lin
quan v s tham gia ca cng chng ch din ra mt mc rt hn ch v giai on mun.
7. Bi hc kinh nghim
C hai trng hp nghin cu in hnh vng ven bin c: ca sng Oder v vnh Lubeck.
Trng hp QLTHVVB - ca sng Oder l mt d n nghin cu ch yu cp vng nhm thu
nhp hiu bit ch khng a ra cc gii php thc hin. Trng hp QLTHVVB - vnh Lubeck
l mt phng n a phng v bo v b bin s dng cch tip cn QLTHVVB. C hai nghin
cu cho thy tm quan trng ca s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan vng ven bin. S ng h
ca h l rt quan trng trong vic chp thun QLTHVVB v thnh cng ca cc d n. Trng
hp Lubeck s dng phn tch nhy cm c chng minh l mt cng c thit thc cho mt
qu trnh tham gia mt cch sng to. Cu hi lm th no QLTHVVB c tr li khc nhau
trong 2 trng hp. Trng hp QLTHVVB - ca sng Oder em li kinh nghim tt v chng
trnh cp khu vc. N nh mt ci ph hp t c cc cam kt v mt chnh tr. Cc hot
ng ca vn phng chng trnh ngh s dn n cc cu trc mi v cng vic, truyn thng
v thng tin trong khu vc. Trng hp QLTHVVB - vnh Lubeck tch hp cc kha cnh ca
QLTHVVB vo cc gii php phng v ven bin. Mt mt, iu s dn n s l thuc ca cc
kha cnh QLTHVVB trong cc gii php phng v ven bin. Mt khc, vic ti tr cho cc gii
php ny c quy nh bi php lut v s c tip qun bi cp chnh quyn cao hn.
c l mt v d v mt t nc pht trin ang c gng thc hin QLTHVVB. V chin lc
chung v QLTHVVB va mi c thng qua (2006) nn vn cn qu sm a ra kt lun
cui cng v hiu qu ca n. Nhng g c th hc c t trng hp ny l ngay c vi mt
t nc c rt nhiu lut v hin php th vn cn nhiu kh khn trong vic pht trin vng ven
bin mt cch bn vng v tng hp, m mt phn l do c cu hnh chnh chng cho v phn
mnh. Ngoi ra, cn vn v s cam kt ca cc bn lin quan vn cha c gii quyt.
QUN L TNG HP VNG VEN BIN TI SURINAME
138
Trng hp 3: Qun l tng hp vng ven bin ti
Suriname
1. Bi cnh
Chnh ph Suriname quyt tm duy tr v ci thin tnh ton
vn mi trng v sinh thi ca vng ven bin Suriname.
Trong hai thp k qua, chnh ph Suriname thc hin
mt s nghin cu v vng ven bin ca t nc. Chnh
ph Suriname cng k kt mt s tha thun quc t
v bo tn v s dng bn vng ti nguyn vng ven
bin ca mnh. Nhng vic lm trn v nhiu hnh ng
khc dn n vic chnh ph Suriname quyt nh quy
hoch khong 75% vng ven bin thnh cc khu bo tn
thin nhin hoc cc khu qun l a dng (MUMAs) nhm mc tiu s dng bn vng. Khong
25% cn li ca vng ven bin, nhng vng cha c quy hoch v khng c kim sot
v cc khu vc gip ranh vi cc trung tm th th ang b e da nghim trng bi suy thoi
mi trng v pht trin khng bn vng. Nhng khu vc ny c giao cho bn th ba.
Vng ven bin ca Paramaribo v Wanica c quan tm c bit bi xu hng m rng th
khu vc v cc k hoch thit k v xy dng mt con trn v cc h thng thot nc
v ng b lin quan.
Nm 2009 mt k hoch QLTHVVB c son tho vi s h tr ti chnh ca Ngn hng pht
trin lin Hoa K. Cng vi , mt K hoch nng cao nhn thc cng chng v K hoch t
chc th ch c son tho. Cc k hoch ny cng to nn nn tng vng chc cho vic
trin khai qu trnh QLTHVVB.
2. Thit lp th ch
Qun l vng ven bin thuc trch nhim ca mt s b ca chnh ph. B K hoch v Hp tc
pht trin c trch nhim quy hoch tng th pht trin quc gia, B qun l rng, t ai v quy
hoch t nhin c trch nhim quy hoch khng gian, giao t, bo tn thin nhin, qun l cc
khu bo v v qun l ng vt hoang d, B Nng nghip chu trch nhim v cc hot ng thy
sn v nng nghip, B Ti nguyn c trch nhim thm d v khai thc khong sn, B Pht trin
vng lm vic vi UBND cc qun, cc u mi cp huyn v B Cng chnh c trch nhim
xy dng cc cng trnh cng cng. Chu trch nhim chung v qun l mi trng Suriname l
NIMOS - c quan qun l mi trng quc gia v B Lao ng, Cng ngh v Mi trng. S bao
trm rng v nhiu lnh vc v s chng cho v thm quyn v trch nhim v cc vn khc
nhau ca vng ven bin v qun l mi trng, kt hp vi s thiu ht nghim trng v ngun
lc ti chnh v con ngi ca tt c cc c quan lin quan, lm cn tr hiu qu ca ton b qu
trnh qun l.
Ch php l cho vic qun l vng ven bin Suriname bao gm ch yu l cc iu lut b
phn mnh quy nh vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin khc nhau. Hu ht cc iu
lut u li thi v khng ph hp to nn hiu ng cho qun l tng hp vng ven bin.
139
Ranh gii ca khu vc QLTHVVB Suriname c xc nh da trn s kt hp gia cc c
im v hnh chnh v t nhin. Phn hng ra bin c gii hn bi khu vc 12 hi l, ngha
l vng lnh hi ca quc gia trong lut php v cc quy nh c php thi hnh. Trn t lin
khu vc QLTHVVB bao gm vng ven bin mi c bi ln v vng ven bin c, ch yu gm
t st vi mt s cc doi ct v lp v s. N bao gm cc doi c (cnh quan Lelydorp
8
) v tng
st bin c (cnh quan Para
9
), l vng vng nht trn bn hin trng t. Cc mnh t nh
ca lng Zanderij hay vng cnh quan Dek cng nm trong khu vc QLTHVVB (vng mu trng).
4. Cc vn chnh
Hu ht cc hot ng kinh t v phn ln dn s Suriname u tp trung vng ven bin. iu
ny lm cho vic xy dng v thc thi chnh sch qun l tng hp vng ven bin khng phi l
mt nhim v d dng. C v s cc vn nhng ch cn mt gii php.
Hn ch trong pht trin kinh t v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin
Vng ven bin ca Suriname c u i vi nhiu ngun ti nguyn thin nhin nh t ai mu m,
nc ngt, tr lng c v tm, rng, ti nguyn du v khong sn. Hin nay mt s trong nhng ti
nguyn ny c s dng cha ng mc v/hoc s dng mt cch rt khng hiu qu, trong khi
nhng ti nguyn khc c xu hng b khai thc qu mc. Nhng vn ny cn tr s tng trng
bn vng v cn bng kinh t cc huyn nng thn v dn n vic di c n Paramaribo.
Xi l b bin
Phn ln b bin Suriname chim u th v t bn c rng ngp mn. Cc ng lc v xi mn
v bi t b bin b chi phi bi mt h thng cc b t bn ln v cc khu vc gia b chy
theo hng ng ty dc theo b bin. Khu vc c b t bn b bin th ang c bi t cn
nhng khu vc gia cc b th ang b xi mn. Trong mt thi gian rt di (hng ngn nm), ton
b b bin ny s c bi p dn.
Vic ph hy ti ch cc vnh ai bo v rng ngp mn dc theo b bin v cc khc sng bn
8
Tn mt th trn ca qun Wanica thuc Suriname
9
Tn mt qun ca Suriname
140
trong cng lm trm trng thm qu trnh xi mn t nhin. Vic xy dng bin gii quyt
c kp thi vn xi mn tuy nhin vic bo dng iu l cn thit. Chuyn i rng ngp
mn thnh t nng nghip dn n xi mn b bin nghim trng v lm mt t ng k. Vic
m rng th v pha bc ca Paramaribo ang e da cc khu vc rng ngp mn v c th
dn n cc vn nh gia tng xi mn b bin, gy ch tc thot nc v ngp lt.
L hng trong qun l bo tn thin nhin
Suriname l mt trong s t cc quc gia c nhiu b bin vn cn c bao ph bi rng ngp
mn nguyn s. Nhiu gi tr t nhin quan trng dc b bin thuc mt trong cc MUMAs (khu
vc qun l a dng). Tht khng may, cc khung th ch qun l khu vc ny cn yu do mt
lot cc yu t bao gm thiu nhn s, thiu vn, chnh sch v thc thi php lut mi trng
cha y , s iu phi gia cc b lin quan cn km. Hn na, mt s lng ln cc mi e
da c xc nh, bao gm ph rng, t cc thm thc vt, sn bn v sn bt trm, chim
t tri php v khai thc nc ti tiu t cc m ly nc ngt. iu ny mt phn l do s
yu km ca cc c quan qun l.
Thiu quy hoch khng gian v c s h tng
Vi s tp trung ng nht v vn ang pht trin v dn s, Paramaribo phi i mt vi nhng
thch thc nghim trng lin quan n cc tin ch cng cng, c s h tng ng b v pht
trin nh . Tht khng may l khung php l v lut php quy hoch khng gian v pht trin c
s h tng l khng p ng vi nhng yu cu ny. Thiu nhn s v s tr tr lm vic ca
cc c quan cng quyn cng lm vn thm nan gii, dn n n tc giao thng, suy thoi cht
lng mi trng v s dng khng gian khng hiu qu. Mc d t cng thng hn nhng mt
s trong nhng vn ny cng xut hin cc th cng nh cc vng nng thn ven bin.
Cc vn trong qun l nc v mi trng
V tnh cht a mo ca khu vc ven bin nn ch thy vn trn b mt cng nh nc ngm
rt phc tp v gy ra mt s vn cho qu trnh pht trin. Cc vn quan trng nht l: l lt
nh k do ma ln v s ln xung ca thy triu, xm nhp mn (qua sng v nc ngm), cn
tr dng nc chy t nhin v cc vn v cht lng nc. Xi l b sng v nhu cu hoa
tiu cho giao thng ng thy yu cu cc bin php k thut no vt sng. Bn cnh cc vn
ny, kh nng ng ha ca cc khoang t v khng kh ang b qu ti cc b, dn n s
suy gim cht lng mi trng.
Tham vn cc bn lin quan, hi tho, o to ti ch
Hn 80 cuc hp vi cc bn lin quan khc nhau c t chc trong thi gian t thng 2 n
thng 6 nm 2009. Phn ln cc thng tin thu thp theo cch ny c s dng trong giai on
phn tch. Kt qu u ra ca giai on phn tch c tho lun vi cc bn lin quan v nhng
ngi khc quan tm n cc vn QLTHVVB thng qua cc hi tho c t chc vo thng 08
nm 2009. Kt qu ca hi tho (cc u tin v cc xut) c a vo K hoch QLTHVVB.
141
Thng tin phn hi ti cc bn lin quan c tham vn kin v cc i biu tham gia hi tho
c a ra ti mt phin hp c bit vi phn trnh by cc pht hin. Thng qua mt
qung co trn cc tp ch nhng ngi quan tm n s tin ca cc k hoch QLTHVVB
u c mi.
Cc thnh vin ca Nhm cng tc c mi tham gia cc chuyn i thc a v thanh tra trong
khun kh o to ti ch. Chuyn i bao gm kho st t ai, kim tra vng ven bin bng i
thuyn v thm st trn khng tng phn b bin.
Phn tch a tiu ch
Vic phn tch a tiu ch (MCA) c thc hin xc nh u tin cc vn vng ven
bin. MCA l mt phng php nh gi xc nh mt s la chn hp l gia cc kh nng
ring bit ca nhng vn c phn tch. MCA c ch ch dng tm ra vn ct li ca
ring tng qun. Vic ny c thc hin bng cch xc nh tm quan trng tng i ca cc
vn , s dng cc tiu ch nh gi v cc yu t trng s (quy m tc ng t 0 n 5). Theo
nh ngha hin nay v pht trin bn vng, ba tiu ch chnh c p dng: kinh t thnh vng,
hnh phc x hi v ton vn sinh thi. i vi mi tiu ch chnh, cc tiu ch ph khc nhau cng
s c xy dng.
MCA cho thy c 4 vn khn cp nht b bin:

Xi l v bo v b bin

Ph hy rng ngp mn

Pht trin khng gian khng c k hoch / khng ph hp

S bt hp l ca h thng thot nc khu dn c
So snh vn u tin c xc nh t MCA vi kt qu ca hi tho cho thy mt xu hng
tng t, nht l i vi cc vn cp bch. Bn vn cp bch nht nhn c im cao
nht trong cc hi tho. S khc bit gia kt qu ca cc hi tho Nickerie v Paramaribo phn
nh s khc bit v tnh cp bch gia cc huyn.
Phn tch hot ng ven bin
B bin Suriname l mt v d in hnh v mt b bin bn c rng ngp mn. B bin c tnh
ng lc hc cao, vi phm vi thi gian ca mt chu k xi mn v bi t l mt vi thp nin (30 - 50
nm), chu tc ng bi s dch chuyn ca b t bn ln dc theo b bin. Cc b t bn bo
v b bin ca a phng khi s tn cng ca sng v cung cp trm tch cho s bi t. V vy,
pha sau cc b t bn, s bi t c th din ra, trong khi gia b t bn, cc iu kin thy
ng lc hc mang tnh cht xi mn nhiu hn. Cc vng xi mn v bi t u ln; theo thi gian
di hn (hng thp k) qu trnh tin v li c th m rng hng trm mt v c th ko n vi km.
Bt c cu trc cng hoc bn cng khu vc rng ngp mn gn vi mc nc u lm cn tr
vic tch t trm tch t bin (bi t do thy triu) v dn n b xi mn x rnh dng li.
Mc nc bin tng nhanh khng b cho l gy ra vn ln i vi khu vc t bn c rng ngp
mn ven bin. iu ny xy ra trc y v h thng ven bin gi li nhiu loi trm tch cho
142
vic tch t lin tc b bin. Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh k thut dc theo b bin lm ngn cn
qu trnh bi t do thy triu, lm cn tr nghim trng s tng ln ca mc nc bin.
Cc bin php v khuyn ngh
Mt trong nhng tr ngi ch yu cho vic qun l tng hp b bin thnh cng l mi trng
th ch, trong bao gm c cc c quan v t chc chnh ph cng nh khung php l. i vi
nhiu lnh vc lin quan n chnh sch, php lut hin i c son tho (v d nh lut mi
trng), nhng phn ln l cha c ban hnh. Vic thiu s lin kt trong chnh ph v s hn
ch v nhn lc c trnh cao cng lm cho n lc phi hp gii quyt cc vn ven bin
tr nn rt kh khn.
Lut QLTHVVB c xut m bo s iu phi v tng hp ti a trong qun l b bin.
Khi lut QLTHVVB c a vo h thng php lut hin hnh m trong mt s iu lut ang
p dng bao gm mt s quy nh lin quan n vng ven bin, c l vic cn thit phi lm l
sa i li mt s iu lut ny lm cho chng tr nn hi ha vi Lut QLTHVVB.
Cc hnh ng chung v cc bin php c th c xc nh gii quyt cc vn khu vc
ven bin. Cc hnh ng chung cn c thc hin cp quc gia v ch yu gii quyt vi s
iu chnh v th ch nh php ch, nng cao nhn thc, xy dng c s d liu v ci cch th
ch. Cc bin php c th nhm ti tng vn c th v thng c bn a ha (tc l lin
quan n mt huyn hoc a phng c th).
Mt phn ngn sch va phi c u t cho cng tc nghin cu, cc d n nghin cu, o
to, t vn v xy dng k hoch trong 5 nm tip theo. Ngoi ra, vic thc hin duy tu cc b
sng, nng cp mng li cp nc v hon thnh s cn mt ngun u t ng k.
Cn phi nhn mnh rng i vi mt s ln cc bin php th vic khng b sung ngn sch l
cn thit. Thay vo , nhng bin php ny i hi cc hot ng ca cc t chc chnh ph,
c ti tr thng qua ngn sch hng nm ca h, mc d iu ny c th i hi vic ti phn
b ngn sch. Nhiu bin php chung, nh vic thng qua v thc thi cc iu lut cn phi c
s tham gia tch cc ca cc B v ni cc chnh ph.
K hoch nng cao nhn thc
Mc ch ca vic nng cao nhn thc QLTHVVB l gip to ra mt mi trng thun li thng
tin cho cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v cc bn lin quan v cc vn v li ch ca QLTHVVB
v gip thc y nhng thay i trong hnh vi ca cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, cc bin lin
quan quan trng v rng hn l x hi dn s. Mc ch l t c hiu qu lu di v hnh
vi v thi .
6. Kt qu v trin vng
D tho k hoch QLTHVVB, D tho k hoch nng cao nhn thc v d tho lut QLTHVVB
c trnh chnh ph Suriname. Cng vi nhau chng to thnh mt bc quan trng hng ti
s pht trin bn vng vng ven bin. N ty thuc vo vic chnh ph thc y v khi ng thc
143
hin nhng nhn t ny nh th no. Trong khi , trng i hc Paramaribo tip tc nghin
cu v qun l nc v cc qu trnh ven bin. Cc t chc phi chnh ph nh WWF - Guyanas
tip tc lm vic cng cng ng ng dn xy dng cc k thut nh bt c bn vng hn v
h tr nng cao nhn thc cng ng a phng. B bin ca Suriname vn cn c bao ph
bi rt nhiu h sinh thi phong ph v vn cn cha mun bo tn chng. QLTHVVB vn cn
chm trong giai on chun b v hi vng rng n s sm tng tc v c trin khai tt.
7. Cc im cn hc tp
Chng ta c th rt ra mt s bi hc quan trng t nghin cu ny. Trc ht chng ta thy rng
vic thc hin cc bin php QLTHVVB khng thc s l vn tin bc. QLTHVVB khng cn
ngun u t ln. Thay vo n i hi nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch sn lng ci thin mi
trng th ch, cng vi cc iu lut v quy nh mi. Do chng ta thy rng QLTHVVB l
mt qu trnh hng n mt th ch qun l tt. Nhiu iu c th t c nu cc sng kin
c pht trin v thc hin.
Chng ta cng thy rng tng mc nc bin khng phi l vn nghim trng, min l b bin
rng ngp mn t nhin c duy tr. Mc d cc b bin ca Suriname rt ngp mn c th tip
tc duy tr cng vic m khng cn chi ph: cun cc trm tch v tch t chng li tng ln cng
vi mc nc bin ang tng.
Mt iu hin nhin t nghin cu ny l QLTHVVB khng ch bo v cc gi tr sinh thi. Thay
vo , n cn gii quyt cc vn trc tip nh hng n i sng m no ca con ngi sng
b bin. Sn lng nh bt c suy gim, ngp lt thng xuyn trong thnh ph v nhim
thy ngn, mc d c cp nhng khng nghim trng, c nh hng trc tip n sc
khe ngi dn v thu nhp ca h. S dng khn kho cc h sinh thi hin ti, c thc y
bi vic trin khai cc khu vc qun l a dng (MUMAs), l mt khi nim c li cho c s thnh
vng ca con ngi ln a dng sinh thi. Mc d cng tc trin khai ny vn ang c tip tc
hon thin nhng vic thit lp cc MUMA t nhng nm 90 cho thy Suriname thy c
tm quan trng ca chng t lu.
144
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Kha hc qua mng tham kho
CoastLearn (EUCC)
IKZM Lerner (Germany/Poland)
OceanTeacher (IOC Unesco)

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