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in t cng sut
Li ni u
Ngy nay vi s tin b ca khoa hc k thut ngy cng p ng nhng nhu cu v tnh hin i v t ng ha trong mi nghnh cng nghip.Bc tin vt bc ca khoa hc k thut l s ra i ca cng ngh bn dn, n l mt yu t khng th thiu trong ngnh cng nghip t ng ha.Vic ng dng ca n rt rng ri trn nhiu lnh vc c bit trong lnh vc in t cng sut n c ng dng ch to cc linh kin in t gp phn to nn nhng mch iu khin ng dng trong iu khin ng c. in t cng sut phc v rt hiu qu cho truyn ng in c bit l iu khin ng c.Cng nhm mc ch tm hiu su hn na v nhng ng dng quan trong trong iu khin ng c, c bit l ng c in mt chiu c s dng ngy cng rng ri trong cuc sng, cc sinh vin nghnh in chng ti tham gia lm n mn hc in t cng sut nhm tm hiu k hn vn ny. n mn hc Thit k b chnh lu cu mt pha c iu khin theo nguyn l arccos cho phn ng ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp gm c 6 chng: Chng 1:Tng quan v ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp Chng 2:Tng quan v b chnh lu cu mt pha Chng 3:Tnh chn mch ng lc Chng 4:Tnh chn mch bo v v cun khng san bng Chng 5:Thit k mch iu khin theo nguyn l ARCCOS Chng 6:M phng Vi s hng dn nhit tnh ca thy PGS.TS on Quang Vinh v cc thy c trong b mn, ti hon thnh n ca mnh vi s hc hi v m mang kin thc. Ti xin chn thnh cm n tt c thy c v bn b gip ti hon thnh nhim v ca mnh! nng, ngy 22 thng 12 nm 2008 Sinh vin thc hin
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V NG C IN MT CHIU KCH T C LP 1.c tnh c ca ng c in 1.1 c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp: c im ca ng c kch t c lp l dng in kch t v t thng ng c khng ph thuc dng in phn ng.S ni dy nh hnh v: . U U R KT
E
Rf RKT
C KT
KT I
CKT
E
Rf
I KT UKT
a, b, Hnh 1.1 a:S ni dy ca ng c kch t song song b:S ni dy ca ng c kch t c lp Khi ngun in mt chiu c cng sut v cng ln v in p khng i th mch kch t thng mc song song vi mch phn ng, lc ny ng c c gi l ng c kch t song song. Khi ngun in mt chiu c cng sut khng ln th mch in phn ng v mch kch t mc vo hai ngun mt chiu c lp vi nhau, lc ny ng c c gi l ng c kch t c lp. Phng trnh c tnh c: Theo s hnh 1.1 ta c th vit phng trnh cn bng in p ca mch phn ng nh sau: (1-1) U = E + (R + Rt)I trong : U : in p phn ng E : sc in ng phn ng R : in tr ca mch phn ng Rt : in tr ph trong mch phn ng I : dng in mch phn ng Vi R = r + rcf + ri + rct r : in tr cun dy phn ng rcf : in tr cun cc t ph rb : in tr cun b rct : in tr tip xc ca chi in Sc in ng E ca phn ng ng c c xc nh theo biu thc Trong :
Eu = pN = K 2 a
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(1-2)
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
p: s i cc t chnh N: s thanh dn tc dng ca cun dy phn ng a: s i mch nhnh song song ca cun dy phn ng : t thng kch t di mt cc t : tc gc
K=
pN : H s t l ph thuc cu to ca ng c 2 a
(1-3)
V vy :
Kc =
: H s sc in ng ca ng c
Kc =
K = 0.105 K 9.55
T ta c:
=
U u Ru + R f Iu K K
(1-4)
y l phng trnh c tnh c in ca ng c. Mt khc mmen in t Mt ca ng c t l vi t thng v dng in phn ng c xc nh bi: (1-5) Mt = K I Suy ra:
Iu =
thay gi tr I vo (1-4) ta c:
=
U u Ru + R f M dt K ( K )2
M dm K
(1-6)
Nu b qua cc tn tht trong ng c, gm tn tht ma st trong trc, tn tht c do t qut mt v tn tht thp th mmen c trn trc ng c coi nh bng mmen in t, ta k hiu l M. Ngha l Mt = Mc = M.
=
U u Ru + R f M K ( K )2
(1-7)
y l phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp. Nu b qua nh hng ca phn ng phn ng , t thng ca ng c = const th cc phng trnh c tnh c in (1-4) v phng trnh c tnh c (1-7) l tuyn tnh. th ca chng c biu din trn hnh l nhng ng thng.
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
o dm
o dm
I m
I nm
M m
M nm
Hnh 1.2 a:c tnh c in ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp b:c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp Theo cc th trn, khi I = 0 hoc M = 0 ta c:
= o : c gi l tc khng ti l tng ca ng c Khi o =0 ta c: U I = = I nm R + Rf (1-9) M = K I nm = M nm (1-10) V Inm , Mnm c gi l dng in ngn mch v mmen ngn mch. Mt khc, phng trnh c tnh (1-4), (1-7) cng c th c vit dng:
Uu R .I u = o K K U R = u .M = o K ( K )2 Uu = o K
(1-8)
(1-11) (1-12)
trong :
R = Ru + R f .o =
R R .I = .M K (K )2 c gi l st tc ng vi gi tr ca M . 1.1.2 Xt nh hng cc tham s n c tnh c: T phng trnh c tnh c (1-7) ta thy c ba tham s nh hng n c tnh c: t thng ng c , in p phn ng U v in tr phn ng ng c.Ta ln lt xt nh hng ca tng tham s . =
Uu K
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
1.1.2.1 nh hng ca in tr phn ng Gi thit U = Um = const v = m = const Mun thay i in tr mch phn ng ta ni thm in tr ph Rf vo mch phn ng nh hnh 1.1 v 1.2 th s lm thay i c in tr tng ca mch ny. Trong trng hp ny tc khng ti l tng:
o =
U dm = const K dm
2
cng ca c tnh c:
( K dm ) = var M = = Ru + R f
Khi Rt cng ln, cng nh ngha l c tnh c cng dc. ng vi Rf = 0 ta c c tnh c t nhin
( K dm ) TN =
Ru
(1-13)
TN c gi tr ln nht nn c tnh c t nhin c cng hn tt c cc ng c tnh c in tr ph. Nh vy khi thay i in tr ph Rf ta c mt h c tnh bin tr c dng nh hnh v:
TN(Rn) Rf Rf Rf Mc Rf
4 3 1
Hnh 1.3: Cc c tnh ca ng c mt chiu kch t c lp khi thay i in tr ph mch phn ng ng vi mt ph ti Mc no , nu Rf cng ln th tc c cng gim, ng thi dng in ngn mch v mmen ngn mch cng gim. Cho nn ngi ta thng s dng phng php ny hn ch dng in v iu chnh tc ng c pha di tc c bn. 1.1.2.2 nh hng ca in p phn ng: Gi thit t thng =dm=const, in tr phn ng R = const. Khi thay i in p theo hng gim so vi Udm , ta c:
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Tc khng ti: ox =
Ux = var K dm
2
( K dm ) cng c tnh c: =
Ru
= const
TN
Um U1 U2 U3 U4
03 04
Mc
M(I)
Hnh 1.4: Cc c tnh ca ng c mt chiu kch t c lp khi gim p t vo phn ng ng c Ta thy rng khi thay i in p (gim p) th mmen ngn mch, dng in ngn mch ca ng c gim v tc cng gim ng vi mt ph ti nht nh. Do phng php ny cng c s dng iu chnh tc ng c v hn ch dng in khi khi ng. nh hng ca t thng: Gi thit in p phn ng U = Um =const , khng ni thm in tr ph vo mch phn ng,tc R = const.Bng cch thay i dng in kch t Ikt ng c ta s lm thay i t thng . Trong trng hp ny: Tc khng ti: ox =
U dm = var Kx
2
( Kx ) cng c tnh c: =
Ru
= var
Do cu to ca ng c in, thc t thng iu chnh gim t thng. Nn khi t thng gim th ox tng, cn s gim. Ta c mt h c tnh c vi ox tng dn v ca c tnh gim dn khi gim t thng.
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
M nm Mmen ngn mch: Cc c tnh c in v c tnh c ca ng c khi gim t thng c biu din nh hnh
02
02 01 2 0 1
dm
TN
2
01 0
Mc
m , TN
I nm
M nm2 M nm1 M nm
Hnh 1.5: c tnh c in v c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch t c lp Vi dng mmen ca ph ti Mc thch hp vi ch lm vic ca ng c th khi gim t thng tc ng c tng ln 1.2 Tng quan v iu chnh -ng c in mt chiu c nhiu u im so vi cc ng c khc, khng nhng c kh nng iu chnh tc d dng m cu trc mch iu khin n - iu chnh tc ng c in c 3 phng php: +iu chnh in p phn ng ng c +iu chnh in tr ph mc thm vo phn ng +iu chnh t thng ng 1.2.1 Phng php iu chnh tc ng c bng cch thay i in tr phn ng: T phng trnh c tnh c tng qut:
=
R Uu u 2 M K ( K )
=o- Ta thy rng khi thay i Ruf th 0 = const cn thay i , v vy ta s c cc ng c tnh iu chnh c cng 0 v dc dn khi Ruf cng ln vi ti nh nhau th tc cng thp:
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n mn hc: -
in t cng sut
TN
Rf1 Rf2
Mc
a,
b,
Hnh 1.6 : a) S iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i Rf b) c tnh iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i Rf Nh vy:0<Ruf1<Ruf2< th dm>1>2>, nhng nu ta tng Rf n mt gi tr no th s lm cho M Mc v nh th ng c s khng quay c v ng c lm vic ch ngn mch, =0.T lc ny, ta c thay i Rf th tc vn bng 0, ngha l khng iu chnh tc ng c c na, do phng php iu chnh ny l phng php iu chnh khng trit . 1.2.2 .Phng php iu chnh tc ng c Mdl bng cch thay i t thng kch t ca ng c: T phng trnh c tch c tng qut:
=
R Uu u 2 M K ( K )
=o- Ta thy rng khi thay i th o v u thay i , v vy ta s c c tnh iu chnh dc dn ( cng cng gim) v cao hn cc ng c tnh c t nhin khi cng nh, vi ti nh nhau th tc cng cao khi gim t thng
-
02 01 0dm
0 2 1 2 1 dm
Iu
Mc b)
Mn2 Mn1 M
Hnh 1.7 :a) S iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i b) c tnh iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Nh vy : m > 1> 2> th dm < 1 < 2 <, nhng nu gim qu nh th c th lam cho tc ng c ln qu gii hn cho php , hoc lm cho iu kin chuyn mch b xu i do dng phn ng tng cao , hoc m bo chuyn mch bnh thng th cn phi gim dng phn ng v nh vy s lm cho mmen cho php trn trc ng c gim nhanh, dn n ng c b qu ti. 1.2.3.Phng php iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p phn ng ca ng c: T phng trnh c tch c tng qut:
=
Uu Ru M K ( K )2
=o- Ta thy rng khi thay i U th o thay i cn =const, v vy ta s c cc ng c tnh iu chnh song song vi nhau.Nhng mun thay i U th phi c b ngun mt chiu thay i c in p ra , thng dng cc b bin i.
0dm BB Uu Iu
+
dm 1 2 Mc
Mc
E Ckt a)
-Uudm
-udm b)
Hnh 1.8 : a) S iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i U b) c tnh iu chnh tc Ml bng cch thay i U Cc b bin i c th l: B bin i my in :dng my pht mt chiu(F),my khuch i (MK); b bin i t:mch khuych i t(KT) mt pha ,ba pha:b bin i in t bn dn: cc b chnh lu (CL) dng thyristor, cc b bm in p(BA) dng thyristor, transistor
Ikt
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
i d i T1 i
U B T4 T3 R A T1 1 1 T2 L
ud
E2
i T4
Hnh 2.1 S chnh lu c iu khin cu mt pha 2.1. Nguyn l lm vic: u = 2 Usin Trong na chu k u : 0 1 , u > 0 cc dng ti A, cc m ti B. Hai Thyristor T1 v T3 ang trng thi sn sng dn in v cha c xung kch khi a vo cc iu khin. Ti thi im 1 = 1( 0 1 ) ta a xung kch khi vo T1 v T3 lm cho T1, T3 m lc ny trong mch c dng in id qua ti qua T3 tr v ngun,lc ny ud=u. Ti thi im = th u = 0, nhng hai Thyristor T1, T3 vn m v ti l phn ng ca ng c in mt chiu nn coi nh c cun cm mc ni tip vi ti. Trong qu trnh T1 v T3 m th cun cm L tch lu nng lng e = - L
di nn khi u < 0 dt
th T1 v T3 vn cn dn in qua ti l ng vi lc cun cm bt u hon tr nng lng v ngun . Trong na chu k sau: 2 2, tnh cc dng ti B, cc m ti A.HaiThyristor T2 v T4 cng ang trng thi ch m cho dng chy qua. Ti thi im: 2= +1 = + ( gc iu khin) ta a xung kch khi vo m T2 v T4 T2 v T4 dn cn T1, T3 kho. V vy trong mch xy ra qu trnh trn v lp li lin tc.V c in cm L trong mch ti nn thc t dng lin tc id = Id. Khi T1,T3 m ta c:
2 U sin = R id + E + X L di d
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10
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
2U sin = Ri d + E + X
di i dt
ID
1 + R + E + X 2U sin = i d + d + di i I
I
U di = R I d + E
Trong : Nn
2U m
; U m = 2U
cos
0
1
2 u
id
Id
i v1,3 Id
i v2,4
Id
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11
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
2.2. Hin tng trng dn: Nh trnh by trn, chng ta ch cp n nguyn l hot ng ca cc b bin i trong trng hp l tng, tc l khng xt n nh hng ca in khng Lk ca ngun in xoay chiu.Khi xt n cun khng Lk ca ngun th trong mch s khng xy ra hin tng chuyn mch tc thi.Hin tng trng dn l hin tng c 4 Thyristor u dn. Gi s ti thi im 1, T1,T3 m cho dng chy qua iT1,3 = Id; Khi = 2 cho xung iu khin m T2,T4. v s c mt ca Lk nn dng iT1,3 khng th gim t ngt t Id v 0, m dng iT2,4 cng khng th tng t ngt t 0 n Id. Lc ny c 4 Thyristor u m (cng dn) ph ti b ngn mch, Ud=0, ngun cng b ngn mch sinh ra dng in ngn mch(ik ) Ta c phng trnh:
2U sin ( + ) = X k
2U sin = X k
dik d
Nu chuyn gc to t 0 sang 2 , ta c:
dik d
ik = I km cos cos ( + ) = I km = U km Lk
2U cos cos ( + ) Xk
t ik = ik1 + ik 2 , vi ik1 = ik 2 =
ik 2
ik1 lm tng dng trong T4, lm gim dng trong T3; ik2 lm tng dng trong T2, lm gim dng trong T1;
ik 2,4 = 2U cos cos ( + ) 2Xk 2U cos cos ( + ) 2Xk
ik1,3 = I d
Kt thc giai on trng dn tc l khi = ; iT1,3= 0 nn phng trnh chuyn mch c dng:
cos cos ( + ) = 2 X k Id ( *) 2U
2U 2 cos cos ( + ) (**)
Xc nh U :
U =
2U sin ( + ) d =
T (*) v (**) ta c: U = Vi
Ud =
2 X k Id
cos
2 2U
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12
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
2 X k Id
id V1 V2 L
LK u
i K2
E V4 i K1 V3 R
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13
n mn hc:
d
in t cng sut
id
i v1 0 Id i v2
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14
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Chng 3: TNH CHN MCH NG LC Mch ng lc bao gm : My bin p v chn Thyristor. 3.1Chn Thyristor 3.1.1.in p ngc ln nht trn Thyristor My bin p cng sut nh nn st p trn in tr tng i ln, khong 4%, st p trn in khng t hn khong 1,5%. in p st trn hai Thyristor ni tip l 2V.Do c cun khng san bng nn st p khong 0.8 %. Vy in p chnh lu khng ti l: Ud0 = Ud + Uv + Uba + Udn Trong : Ud =110V in p chnh lu Uv = 2V st p trn cc van Uba = Ur + UL st p bn trong mba khi c ti, bao gm st p trn in tr (Ur) v st p trn in cm (UL), nhng i lng ny khi chn s b vo khong (5 10)%. y ta chn 7% v 5% Ur = 0,07 x 110 = 7,7V UL = 0,05 x 110 = 5,5V Uba = 7,7 + 5,5 = 13,2V
l S
Ud =
2 2
Udo =
2 2
U2
T s my bin p :
m= U 2 140 = = 0, 636 U1 220
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15
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua th cp my bin p : I2 = Id = 2,35 (A) Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua pha s cp my bin p : I1 = m.I2 = 0,636. 2,35 = 1,5 (A) 3.1.2 Chn Thyristor : Da vo dng trung bnh qua mi Thyristor v in p ngc ln nht trn mi Thyristor chn Thyristor: Chn Thyristor c h s d tr dng Ki = 1,2 v h s d tr in p Ku = 1,6 Vy Tiristor chn phi chu c : in p ngc ln nht : Ungmax= Ku . Uim = 1,6. 198 = 316,8 V - Dng trung bnh qua mi Thyristor : Itb = K1. IT = 1,2 . 1,175 = 1,41 A T cc thng s Unv = 316,8V; Im = 1,41A theo bng p.2 trang 212 sch Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng sut . ta chn 4 Thyristor loi TCR22-6 c cc thng s sau: in p ngc cc i ca van Dng in nh mc ca van nh xung dng in Dng in ca xung iu khin in p ca xung iu khin Dng in r St p max ca thyristo thi im dn Tc thay i in p Thi gian chuyn mch Nhit lm vic max cho php 3.2 Tnh chn bin p lc : 3.2.1 Mch t : Cng sut pha s cp MBA S1 = U1 . I1 = 220 . 1,5 = 330 VA Cng sut pha th cp MBA S2 = U2 . I2 = 140 . 2,35 = 329 VA Cng sut trung bnh ca MBA S=
S1 + S2 330 + 329 = = 329,5 VA 2 2 http://www.ebook.edu.vn 16
Unmax = 400(V) Immax = 1.5(A) Ipikmax = 160(A) Igmax = 200( A) Ugmax = 0.8(V) Irmax = 200 ( A) Umax = 1,7(V)
du = 25(V/s) dt tcm =40 vs
Tmax = 1250c
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Chn mch t 2 tr, tit din mi tr c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim: Q=k Suy ra : Q = 6
S c. f
(cm2)
Trong : S : Cng sut biu kin MBA. c : S pha f : Tn s ngun in xoay chiu. k- l h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt.( chn k=6 v l bin p kh) Mch t c dng c trnh by trn hnh v, dng tn Silic, c ng knh c chun ha l d=4,5 cm, s dng loi thp 330, cc l thp c dy l 0,5 mm, chn mt t cm l B = 1 Tesla. 3.2.2 Dy qun : * S vng dy ca mi cun : S cp :
n1 = U1 220 = = 644 vng 4, 44. f .Q.Bm 4, 44.50.15, 4.104.1 140 = 381 vng 220
Th cp :
n2 = 644.
* Chn dy : Da vo cc thng s trn, tra bng tm c tit din dy vi thng s sau : d1 = 0,86mm ; S1 = 0,5809 mm2 ; mcu = 5,16g/m ; 1= 0,0297 (/m) ; Dn=0,92-0,95 mm d2 = 1,08mm ; S2 = 0,9161 mm2 ; mcu = 8,14g/m ; 2 = 0,0188 ( /m) ; Dn=1,16-1,19 mm * Thng s ca dy qun: Dy qun s cp : ng knh tr:
Chun ho ng knh tr theo tiu chun d = 4,5cm Chn loi thp: 330 cc l thp c dy 0,5 mm
Sinh vin thc hin:
d=
4.Q
4.15, 4
= 4,5cm
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17
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Ta chn chiu cao tr l h=12 cm=120mm Ta chn mch t c cao c kch thc nh hnh v sau:
165mm
70mm
120mmm
60mm
45mm
45mm
30mm
* S vng dy ca mi cun : S cp :
n1 = U1 220 = = 585 vng 4, 44. f .Q.Bm 4, 44.50.15, 4.104.1,1
140 = 373 vng 220
Th cp :
n2 = 585.
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18
n mn hc:
4 S1 4.I1 4.1,5 = = 0,84mm J1 3,14.2, 7
in t cng sut
3.3 Kt cu dy qun s cp Thc hin dy qun kiu ng tm b tr dc theo chiu dc trc Tnh s b s vng dy trn 1 lp ca cun s cp:
d1 =
W11=
h 2hg dn
Vi h - chiu cao tr dn - dng knh dy qun k c cch in hg - khong cch in vi gng c th tham kho chn,h g= dn=0,95 mm (ng vi dy dn s cp c chn) Tnh s b s lp dy cun s cp:
n11 = n1 585 = = 4, 7 lp W11 124
Chn s lp n11= 5 lp.Nh vy c 585 vng chia thnh 5 lp, chn 4 lp u vo c 122 vng, vng th 5 c 585-4.122= 85 vng. Gia hai lp t 1 lp cch in dy 0,1mm. B dy dy cun s cp e1 = K (d1+ 0,1) = 5(0,95 + 0,1) = 5,25 mm Bn knh trung bnh ca dy qun s cp r1tb = 4,5 + 5,25/2 = 7,125 mm Chiu di dy qun s cp l1 = 2r1tb . 10-3n1 = 2 . 3,14 . 7,125 . 10-3 .585 = 26,2 m 0 in tr ca dy dn nhit 75 C R1 = 1l1 (1+0,004 . 75) = 0,0297.26,2(1+0,004 . 75) =3,11 3.4 Kt cu dy dn th cp Thc hin dy qun kiu ng tm b tr dc theo chiu dc trc Tnh s b s vng dy trn 1 lp ca cun th cp: W21=
h 2hg dn
Vi h - chiu cao tr dn - dng knh dy qun k c cch in hg - khong cch in vi gng c th tham kho chn,h g= dn=1,19 mm (ng vi dy dn th cp c chn) Tnh s b s lp dy cun th cp:
n21 = n2 373 = = 3,8 lp W21 98
Chn s lp n21=4 lp.Nh vy c 373 vng chia thnh 4 lp, chn 3 lp u vo c 96 vng, vng th c 373-4.96= 85 vng. Gia hai lp t mt lp cch in dy 0,1mm
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19
n mn hc:
in t cng sut
B dy ca dy qun th cp
e2 = K (d2+ 0,1) = 5(1,19 + 0,1) = 5,16 mm
Bn knh trung bnh ca dy qun th cp r2tb = 4,5 +5,16/2 = 7,08 mm Chiu di dy qun th cp l2 = 2r2tb . 10-3.n2 = 2 . 3,14 .7,08 . 10-3 .373 = 16,58 m in tr ca dy dn nhit 750C R2 = 2 l2 (1+0,004 . 75) = 0,0188.16,58.(1+0,004 . 75) = 0,405 Gia dy qun s cp v th cp mt khong cch 8 mm. in p ri trn in khng
Trong in khng trn my bin p c quy v th cp nh sau:
2 r X BA = 8 2 .n2 . 2tb h
U x =
3 XI d
X BA
in cm ca my bin p l:
St p trn in khng my bin p:
U x =
3
LBA=
X BA I =
* in p chnh lu khi y ti : Ud = Udo - Ur - Ux - UFe = 125,2 3,92 0,34 - 1,5 = 119,44 (V) Trong : UFe - tn tht in p trn li thp * Hiu sut ca thit b chnh lu :
=
U d .I 119, 44.2,35 = = 85,1% S 329,5
= 1, 675 ( )
Trong , R=
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
In =
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
Chng 4: TNH CHN MCH BO V V CUN KHNG SAN BNG 4.1 Tnh cun khng cn bng : Cun khng san bng c mc ni tip vi phn ng ca ng c in mt chiu nhm mc ch gim bt nhp nh ca in p chnh lu dn n ng c lm vic n nh hn. Thnh phn sng a hi ca dng chnh lu khng vt qu 15% dng nh mc. Ga tr ca cun khng san bng c chn nhm hn ch bin ca cc sng a hi ny. Ishi 15% Im = 15%*2,35 = 0,3525(A) Lc ng c lm vic gc m = 0. in p chnh lu c khai trin thnh chui Fourier vi chu k l 2L:
ud
0'
2L
Hnh 4.1 Nu chuyn gc to sang O th Ud = 2U 2 cos l mt hm chn c chu k l 2L. Trng hp ny : L = , ch s p mch p = 2 khai trin Fourier ca Ud : 2 a 2 n U d = 0 + a1 cos + a2 cos + + an cos 2 L L L L 2 n an = U d () cos d; n = 0,1,2.... Vi L0 L Vi n = 0 ta c :
a0 =
2U 2 cos d =
4 2U 2
Do :
a0 2 2 U2 = Ud = 2
n = 1 ta c : a =
2U 2 cos d =
4 2U 2 3
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
in cm L sinh ra sut in ng t cm :
di mi khi c s bin thin ca dng in ti. Ta c : dt 2 2U 2 2 Ud = 1 + cos 2 = U d + U a 3
e = L
di 2 2 2 U 2 1 + cos 2 E + Rid = dt 3
Ta nhn thy rng dng in ti id bin thin quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n. Vy: Id = Id +ia R.id = RId +Ria Trong : ia l thnh phn xoay chiu. Ta c phng trnh mch ti :
U d + U a = E + RI d + Ria + L dia dt
U d = E + RI d U a = Ria + L dia dt
Vi
dia di nn U a = L a dt dt
i vi trng hp ang xt th :
Ud = Ua = 2 2U 2
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
1 4 2U 2 0,3525 L 2 3 2 2U 2 2U 2 132,03 L = 2 2 = 3 2f 0,3525 6 0,3525 6 3,142 0,3525 50 f = 0,2533 H ) ( L: tng in cm ca dy san bng, v gi tr ph ti v my bin p : L = Lsb + L + Lmba Trong : U m
L = p I m nm
Vi : h s ph thuc kiu ng c : = 0,2. 2p : s cc t; 2p = 4 p = 2; ndm = 1500 v/pht. 0,2 110 L= = 0,0031 H ) ( 2 2,35 1500 X 0,57 = = 0,0018 LBA= 314 Lsb=L-Lba-Lu=0,2533-0,0018-0,0031=0,2484H 4.2 Tnh chn mch bo v : Cc phn t bn dn cng sut c s dng ngy cng nhiu do c nhng u im nh gn nh, lm vic tin cy, tc ng nhanh, hiu sut cao, d thc hin t ng ho.. Tuy nhin, cc phn t bn dn cng sut cng i hi cc iu kin khc khe. Trc ht l phi tn trng nhng tr s gii hn s dng do nh sn xut ra i vi tng phn t nh sau : in p ngc ln nht Tr trung bnh cho php i vi dng in Nhit ln nht ca mt ghp
du dt di dt
Thi gian kho toff Cc phn t bn dn cng sut cn c bo v chng li nhng s c xy ra, nhng nhiu lon nguy him nh ngn mch ti, qu in p hoc qu dng in. 4.2.1 Cng sut tn tht v lm mt : Khi Thyristor m cho dng chy qua, cng sut tn tht bn trong s t nng n. Mt ghp l ni b t nng nhiu nht, ngi ta dng k hiu Tj ch nhit mt ghp, Tjm ch nhit ln nht cho php. i vi bn dn Ge : Tjm = 800 1000C
Sinh vin thc hin:
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
i vi bn dn Si : Tjm = 1500 2000C Cng sut tn tht trong thit b bn dn k hiu l P(W ) . Thng c chia thnh tn tht chnh ( P ) v tn tht ph ( P2 ). Tn tht chnh do dng in gy nn. 1 Tn tht ph bao gm tn tht chuyn trng thi(t kho sang m v ngc li) v tn tht trong mt ghp. Thng tn tht ph khng vt qu 5% ca tn tht P . V vy c th xem nh P P 1 4.2.2 Ngn mch u ra thit b chnh lu Thyristor v bo v ngn mch, qu ti bng dy chy : Khi mt thit b bn dn b chc thng th n ch nh mt dy dn in. Thyristor hoc diode thng b chc thng khi chuyn mch v khi y chng phi chu in p ngc ln nht. Van no b chc thng th dng qua n l ln nht. bo v Thyristor v diode trnh c dng in ph hoi, ngi ta thng dng dy chy tc ng nhanh(khong vi ms). Loi dy chy ny lm bng bc l, t trong v bng s c cha ct thch anh hoc nc ct. Hot ng ca dy chy chia thnh hai giai on. Giai on 1: t khi dng in s c tc ng n khi xut hin h quang thq. Trong giai on ny dy chy b nng v mm ra. Giai on 2 : t khi xut hin h quang n khi ct xong dng in s c tc, trong giai on ny in p h quang tng dn v do dng in s c gim dn n 0.
t I t hq II t c
Hnh 4.2 Cc thng s c trng cho dy chy l : in p nh mc v dng in nh mc. Khng nn t dy chy vo mch in c in p cao hn in p ca dy chy. Dng in nh mc ca dy chy phi bng hoc ln hn dng in bo v n, nhng khng ln hn 10%. Bo v ring bit tng Thyristor c s dng trong trng hp khi mt Thyristor b chc thng vn yu cu thit b bin i tip tc lm vic. Nu c N Thyristor ghp song song m mt Thyristor b chc thng th dng ti chia u cho N 1 Thyristor cn li. Khi chn dng in nh mc cho dy chy cn lu iu ny.
Sinh vin thc hin:
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C nhiu cch t dy chy bo v thit b bin i bn dn. t ni tip vi tng Thyristor t tng pha ca cun dy th cp my bin p t ni tip vi nhm Thyristor ghp song song t u ra ca thit b bin i t pha s cp my bin p i vi s ca trng hp thit k ta t : t s cp my bin p, v tr 1 t th cp my bin p, v tr 2 t ni tip vi tng Thyristor, v tr 3 a. Dy chy v tr 1: U1 = 220 VAC; I1 = 1,5A; Chn h s d tr lc khi ng ki = 2; chn dy chy. I1dc = 2.1,5 = 3 (A); b. Dy chy v tr 2 : U2 = 140VAC; I2 = 2,35A; Chn h s d tr in lc khi ng l ki = 2 I2dc = 2.2,35 = 4,7(A); c. Dy chy v tr 3 : Um = 110 VDC; IT = 1,175A; Chn h s d tr in lc khi ng l ki = 2 I3dc = 2.1,175 = 2,35(A);
V1 1 2 3
V2
R L
V4
V3
Hnh 4.3: S ni dy chy vo mch ng lc 4.2.3 Bo v qu in p : Thyristor cng rt nhy cm vi in p qu ln so vi in p nh mc, gi l qu in p. Nguyn nhn gy ra qu in p : 4.2.3.1 Nguyn nhn ni ti : Khi kho Thyristor bng in p ngc, cc in tch i ngc hnh trnh, to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn(khong 10 100s). S bin thin ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm ca
Sinh vin thc hin:
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
4.2.3.2 Nguyn nhn bn ngoi : Nhng nguyn nhn ny xy ra ngu nhin nh khi c st nh, khi cu ch bo v nhy, khi ng ct m.b.a ngun. Ct my bin p ngun tc l ct dng in t ho m.b.a, by gi nng lng t trng tch lu trong li st t, chuyn thnh nng lng in trng cha trong cc t in k sinh,rt nh, gia dy qun s cp v th cp ca m.b.a ( LI 2 = CU 2 ). in p ny c th ln gp 5 ln in p lm vic. bo v qu in p ngi ta thng dng mch RLC, bo v ring tng Thyristor. Ngi ta thng chn in p nh mc ca Thyristor l U 1,2Uim. Tr s ny vn nh hn nhiu so vi tr cc i ca cc qu in p k trn. Qu in p c
du ln. o hm in p sinh ra dng in chy qua t C, n gia dt du ant v catt ca Thyristor i = C . in cm L hn ch bin ca dng in ny. dt 1 2 1 2
tc tng trng
Khi kch m Thyristor, t C s phng in qua Thyristor, in tr R hn ch dng in ny. Cc linh kin bo v c th tnh ton bng cng thc, nhng thc t ngi ta dng cc tr s kinh nghim. C = 0,01 1F; R = 10 1000; L = 50 100H;
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
R V C V
R C
dy cha y
dy cha y
R V C
R C
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Chng 5: THIT K MCH IU KHIN THEO NGUYN L ARCCOS cho mch ng lc hot ng ng yu cu c th iu chnh tc ng c ta s dng mch iu khin ng m Thyristor v ng thi thay i gc kch m . Thyristor m cho dng in chy qua khi c in p dng t trn ant v xung p dng t vo cc iu khin. Sau khi Thyristor m th xung iu khin khng cn tc dng, dng in chy qua Thyristor do thng s mch ng lc quyt nh. Mch iu khin c cc chc nng sau y : iu khin c v tr xung iu khin trong phm vi na chu k dng ca in p t ant v catt ca Thyristor. To ra cc xung iu kin m c Thyristor ( xung iu khin thng c bin t 2 10V, rng xung tx = 20100s i vi thit b chnh lu). Cu trc ca mch iu khin mt Thyristor : ucm : in p iu khin, in p mt chiu. ur : in p ng b, in p xoay chiu hoc bin th ca n, ng b vi in p ant - catt ca Thyristor. Hiu in p ucm - ur c a vo khu so snh 1(ss), lm vic nh mt trig. Khi ucm - ur = 0 th trig lt trng thi, u ra ca n ta nhn c mt chui xung dng sin ch nht. Khu 2 l a hi mt trng thi n nh, khu 3 l khu khuch i xung, khu 4 l khu bin p xung. Bng cch tc ng vo ucm c th iu chnh c v tr xung iu khin, tc l iu chnh c gc S cu trc mch iu khin mt Thyritor :
1 2 >1 3 4
ucm ur
SS
Udk
2 t
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n mn hc:
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us= Um.cos t - in p iu khin Uk l in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin theo hai chiu m v dng. Nu t us vo cng o v uk vo cng khng o ca khu so snh th khi us = uk ta s nhn c mt xung rt mnh u ra ca khu so snh khi khu ny lt trng thi. uk = Umcos Do : Khi:
= arccos
U dk Um
Uk = 0 th = Uk = Um Uk = -Um
=0 =
Nh vy khi cho Uk bin thin t Um n Um , ta c th iu chnh c gc bin thin t 0 n . Trn hnh v ng nt t th hin in p anot, catot ca Thyristor t in p ny ngi ta to ra us. Trong s chnh lu in p ph thuc gc iu khin theo quy lut ud = U d 0 cos ,do vi in p ta dng csin th in p chnh lu s ph thuc tuyn tnh vo Uk. y l mt u im ca dng in p ta ny. 5.2 Cu to chc nng cc khi. Tnh ton mch iu khin thng c tin hnh t tng khuch i ngc tr ln. Mch iu khin c tnh xut pht t yu cu v xung m Thyristor.Cc thng s c bn tnh mch iu khin. Unmax = 400(V) in p ngc cc i ca van Dng in nh mc ca van Immax = 1.5(A) nh xung dng in Ipikmax = 160(A) Dng in ca xung iu khin Igmax = 200( A) in p ca xung iu khin Ugmax = 0.8(V) Dng in r Irmax = 200 ( A) St p max caThyristo thi im dn Umax = 1,7(V) du Tc thay i in p = 25(V/s)
dt
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
5.2.1 Khu khuch i xung. Thng thng cc phn t trn mch ng lc lm vic di in p cao trong khi mch iu khin li hon ton nm di in p thp.V vy m bo an ton cho mch iu khin v ngi s dng , mch iu khin phi c cch ly v in vi mch ng lc.Chc nng cch ly c thc hin tng khuych i xung cui cng,l khu truyn xung n cc iu khin ca van .C hai bin php thng c s dng , l cch ly nh bin p xung hoc cch ly nh cc phn t quang (photocoupler) Khu khuch i xung gm hai phn t c bn l Tranzistor v phn t ghp quang nhm thc hin cc chc nng. To xung m Thyristor theo chu k, tc l khu khuch i xung s to ra xung c bin d ln da n cc Thyristor trong mch ng lc. To s ph hp gia in p ca mch to xung v cc iu khin. Phn phi xung n cc Thyristor.
Vcc R1 Vcc R2
R3 T D1
R4
D2
Hnh 5.7 S cu to khu khuch i xung y ta dng phn t ghp quang thay cho bin p xung v cc thng s thit k tng i nh. Khu khuch i gm hai phn: Mch s cp l mch pht tia sng dng diode pht quang (LED) Mch th cp l mch nhn bit tia sng dng photo-tranzistor, photoDarlington transistor, hoc photo-thyristor,photo-triac Mch s cp v mch th cp cch li hon ton vi in tr cch ly khong 1011 Chn loi TLP 632 do Nht Bn ch to c cc thng s: IF = 5mmA, CTR = IC/IF = 50 200% (t s truyn dng),VCEO = 55 V (hnh v s ni chn)
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Chn ngun cung cp cho photo-transistor l Vcc = E = +12V.Vi ngun E=12V,dng mch s cp IF = 5mmA nn ta phi mc thm in tr R1 ni tip vi cc emitor ca Transistor T:
R1 = E 12 = = 2400 =2,4 k I F 5.103
Xt in tr trn photo-transistor, ta chn R1= 2,2 k :in tr hn ch dng colector Mch th cp photo-transistor: Chn dng lm vic IC =200% IF=10mmA>Igmax=200( A) l dng cn thit m thyristor.Vi dng IC ta hon ton c th m c thyristor theo yu cu.Chn ngun cung cp cho photo-transistor l Vcc = E = +12V nn cn phi mc thm in tr R2 hn ch dng vo Transistor ca mch th cp:
R2 = E 12 = = 1200 =1,2 k I C 10.103
gim nh dng vo cc iu khin ta chn in tr hn ch dng iu khin R4= 22 Hot ng ca s : Khi xut hin tn hiu vo Ue (Tn hiu ra ca khu so snh,xung sin ch nht) Ue mc 1 (cao) th Tranzistor m bo ho. Ue mc 0 (thp) th Tranzistor b kha li. R1= 2,2 k :in tr hn ch dng colector R4= 22:in tr hn ch dng iu khin D1: Trit tiu xung m vo cc B D2:ngn chn xung p m c th c Chn : R3= 1 k:in tr hn ch dng vo cc B Tranzisto C = 100nF ,t lc Tn hiu vo ue l mt tn hiu logic( xung sin ch nht).Khi ue bng 1 th transistor T m bo ho, khi ue = 0 th Transistor b kho. 5.2.2. Khu so snh. Khu so snh s dng khuch i thut ton OA2 Khi Udk=us th cho tn hiu pht xung ,ta c : cos =
Us U = arccos( dk ) U s.max U s ,max
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n mn hc:
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* OA2
R
Ud OA2
+Vcc
U2 U1 US
2
U1
Ur
-Vcc
U2
0
(a) U2 +Usat -a a -Usat (b) Ud
U2
0 -Usat
(c)
Hnh 5.5 Phn so snh tn hiu trong khu so snh a, c tnh vo ra khu so snh b, So snh tn hiu c, So snh tn hiu cng du Ch tuyn tnh: U2 = A.Ud (A = 104 105 l h s khuch i in p) thc hin ch ny ta phi c:
Ud Ud > U sat A U sat , Usat = U2 A U sat , -Usat = U2 A
Ch bo ha :
Ud >
y ta so snh hai tnh hiu cng du Ud = Ur - U1 Nn khi Ur < U1 th Ud < U0 , U2 = -Usat Ur > U1 th Ud > U0 , U2 = Usat u ra ca khu so snh ny ta nhn c mt chui xung ch nht dng v m k tip nhau. C th dng mt diode u ra khu so snh loi i xung m. in tr gim dng a vo cng o theo trn in p U1 ln nht:
Sinh vin thc hin:
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
C Vy R =
U1max =
12 = 8,15 V RC
+V
4,7K
10K
2 3
12K
OA1 4 6
2
OA2
7 4 6
Udk 4,7K
5.2.1. Khu ng pha. Trong cc b bin i ph thuc cc Thyritor c iu khin m bi cc xung ti cc thi im, chm pha so vi im chuyn mch t nhin mt gc , gi l gc iu khin. im chuyn mch t nhin c th l cc im in p ngun qua khng hay cc im in p ngun ct nhau.V vy khu u tin trong h thng iu khin l khu ng pha.Khu ny bao gm: My bin p ng pha. B ngun nui mt chiu. Khu tch phn to in p ta ng b us vt trc uAK mt gc
2
B ngun nui mt chiu : Ngun nui l ngun mt chiu cung cp cho cc khu trong mch iu khin.Ngun in p mt chiu dng trong cc mch to xung iu khin thng l ngun in p n nh trc nhng dao ng bt thng ca li in xoay chiu, v vy phi s dng cc mch n p.Trong s ta dng vi mch n p 7812 v 7912, cc thng s chung ca vi mch ny: in p u vo : Uv =735 V in p u ra : IC 7812 c Ura = 12V IC 7912 c Ura = -12V
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
n p 7812 7912
120 120
120 120
Dng in du ra : Ira= 01 A
Ti khu tch phn D1 + C1 7812 +12V C3
BAF
+ D3 7912 C2 C4 -12V
D2
My bin p ng pha: Tnh ton my bin p ng pha: S liu : U1 = 220 V U2 = 12 V I1 = I2 = 2A Cng sut my bin p : T s bin p: K=
U 2 220 = = 18,33 U1 12
S = 12 2 = 24 (VA)
Tnh chn mch t. Tra bng II_2 sch in t cng sut Nguyn Bnh ta chn E20.12 c kch thc:
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
b h c A a 2
Vi:
a = 20 mm h = 50 mm
b = 20 mm H = 70 mm Q = 4,36 cm2 n1 =
U1 = 2066 vng 4, 44 fbmax n1 2066 = = 113 vng k 18,33
4 I1 = 0,9 mm . J1
c = 12 mm A = 80 mm
n2 =
d1 =
= 0,12 mm
Chn t lc: C1 = C2 = 470 F C3 = C4=0,1 F 5.2.2 Khu tch phn: Tn hiu u vo ca khu OA1 l : uv = Umsint
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n mn hc:
in t cng sut
*OA1
R C
U Us UV
2
+
Uv
+Vcc
0
Us
OA1
-Vcc
Hnh 5.4 Phn to hm cosin trong khu so snh Tn hiu u ra ca khu OA1 l : OA1 c nhim v to hm cosin nhanh pha hn in p t ln hai u anot, catot mt gc . Nguyn l to ra hm cosin nh sau:
2
Gi s C0 =0 th:
us =
Chn t = 0 , Um = 12V Chn R = R1 + R2 vi R1 = R2 = 5k C = 0,47F Cc in p us v Udk (in p iu khin mt chiu )l hai i lng vo ca khu so snh. Mi knh iu khin phi dng 2 khuch i thut ton, do ta chn 4 IC loi TL081 do hng TexasInstruments ch to, mi IC ny l 1 khuch i thut ton c s ni chn :(hnh v)
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in t cng sut
V+cc 8 7 6 5
_ +
3 V-cc 4
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