Bi 1: Nguyn t ca mot nguyn t A c tng s hat proton, ntron, electron la 48, trong s ht mang in gp hai ln s ht khng mang in.

.Vit cau hnh electron cua nguyen t nguyen to A. Xc nh v tr cua A trong bang he thng tun hon. ( thi tuyn sinh trng C Giao thng vn tai 2004) Bi 2: Cho 3 nguyn t A, B, D (ZA < ZB < ZC). A, B cng mot phn nhm chnh va 2 chu ky kin tip trong bng tun hoan. B, D la 2 nguyn t k cn nhau trong 1 chu k. Tng s proton trong 2 ht nhan A, B la 24. Xc nh A, B, D v v tr cua A, B, D trong bng h thng tun hoan. ( thi e ngh Olympic 30/4/2004 cua trng THPT chuyen Nguyn Du Tnh ak Lak) Bi 3: Mt hp cht cau tao t cation M+ v anion X2-. Trong phan t M2X co tng s ht p, n, e la 140. Trong s ht mang in nhieu hn s hat khng mang in la 44 ht. S khi ca ion M+ ln hn s khi cua ion X2- l 23. Tng s ht trong ion M+ nhiu hn trong ion X2- l 31. a)Vit cau hnh electron cac ion M+ va X2-. b)Xc nh v tr ca M v X trong bng tuan tun hon. (e thi ngh Olympic 30/4/2004 ca trng THPT Mac nh Chi TP H Ch Minh) Bi 4: Hp chat A c to thnh t cation X+ va anion Y-. Phan t A cha 9 nguyn t, gm 3 nguyn t phi kim. Ty l s nguyen t ca mi nguyn t l 2:3:4. Tong so proton trong A l 42 va trong ion Y- cha 2 nguyn t cng chu k, thuc hai phan nhn chnh lin tip. Xc nh cng thc ho hc va gi ten A. ( thi e ngh Olympic 30/4/2004 cua trng THPT chuyen Hoang L Kha Ty Ninh) Bi 5: Hp cht A c cong thc phn t M2X. Tng s ht trong A la 116, trong so hat mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in la 36. Khi lng nguyn t X ln hn M l 9. Tng s 3 loi hat trong X2- nhiu hn trong M+ la 17. a)Xc nh M, X. b)Cho 2,34g hp chat A tc dung vi dd M(NO3)2 thu 2,8662g ket ta B. Xc nh nguyn t lng M. Nguyn to M c 2 ng v Y, Z. Bit tng s khoi l 128, s nguyn t ca ng v Y bng 0,37 s nguyn t ca ng v Z. Xac nh s khoi ca Y, Z. ( thi e ngh Olympic 30/4/2000 cua trng THPT Hung Vng- TP H Ch Minh) Bi 6: Mt hp chat A c cng thc MX2, trong M chim 46,67% ve khi lng. M l mt kim loi, X l phi kim chu k 3. Trong hat nhn M c n p=4, trong hat nhn ca X c n=p.

Tng s proton trong MX2 la 58. Hy xac nh M,X va v tr ca chng trong bang h thng tuan hoan. ( thi e ngh Olympic 30/4/2000-lp 11-Trng THPT Hung Vng TP H Ch Minh) Bi 7: Hp cht A tao thanh t cation R+ v anion Q2-. Mi ion u do 5 nguyn t cua 2 nguyn t tao nn. Tong so proton trong R+ la 11, tng s electron trong Q2- l 50. Xc nh cong thc phan t v gi ten A, bit hai nguyn t trong Q2- thuoc cng mot phan nhom, hai chu k lin tip. ( thi e ngh Olympic 30/4/2000-lp 11-Trng THPT chuyen Trn Hng o-Bnh Thuan) Bi 8: Khi lng phan t cua 3 kim loai A, B, C (u c ho tr II) lp thanh cp s cng co cng sai la 16. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca 3 hat nhan nguyen t 3 nguyn to A, B, C la 120. Hy xac nh cng thc phan t ba mui cacbonat cua ba kim loai trn. Vit phng trnh cho ba mui tren tac dung vi dd HNO3 long. ( thi e ngh Olympic 30/4/2000-lp 11-Trng THPT chuyen tnh Bac Liu) Bi 9: Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyen t ca hai nguyn to M va X lan lt bng 82 va 52. M v X to thnh hp chat MXa, trong phan t c tong so proton bang 77.Xc nh M, X va cng thc phn t ca MXa. (e thi Olympic Hoa hoc ngay 04/11/1998 Tnh Bac Giang) Bi 10: Hai nguyen t A, B to thanh hp cht X. Khi t nng n 800oC, hp chat X to ra n chat A. So electron hoa tr trong nguyen t nguyen to A bang s lp electron nguyn t nguyn to B. S electron hoa tr trong nguyn t nguyn to B bng so lp electron nguyn t nguyn to A, in tch hat nhan nguyn t cua B gap 7 lan cua A. Xc nh A, B v cng thc phan t hp cht X. (e thi Olympic Hoa hoc ngay 04/11/1998 Tnh Bac Giang) Bi 11: X, Y, R, A, B theo th t la 5 nguyen t lin tip trong bng h thong tuan hon. Tng ien tch hat nhan la 90 (X c s in tch hat nhan nh nht). a.Xac nh X, Y, R, A, B. b.Vit cu hnh electron X2-, Y-, R, A+, B2+. So snh bn knh cua chung v giai thch. (e thi Olympic Ho hc Thnh pho a Nang) Bi 12: Ba nguyen t X, Y, Z trong cng mt chu k co tong so hiu nguyen t la 39. S hieu nguyn t cua Y bng trung bnh cng s hiu nguyen t ca X va Z. Nguyen t ca ba nguyn t tren hu nh khng phan ng vi nc nhit thng. a.Xac nh v tr cua cc nguyen t trn trong bng h thng tun hoan, tnh chat c bn v gi ten tng nguyen t. b.So sanh am ien, ban knh nguyn t cua cc nguyen to o.

( thi Hoa hc phan v c va ai cng ngay 30/11/1998 ai hoc quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh Trng THPT Nang khu) Bi 13: a.Tm hai nguyn t A, B hai chu k lin tiep nhau c tng s ien tch hat nhan nguyen t bang 23. b.Bit A, B hai phan nhm chnh lien tip, rt de tac dng vi nhau tao thanh hp cht X. Xc nh nguyen t lng A, B (B c nguyn t lng ln hn A). ( thi Olympic Ho hc Tnh Soc Trng) Bi 14: A v B l 2 nguyen t nam trong 2 phn nhm chnh lin tip, co tong s hat proton la 25. A thuoc nhm VI, n chat A khng tac dng c vi n chat B nhit o thng. a.Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B. b.Xac nh v tr v tnh cht c bn cua A, B trong bang h thng tuan hoan. c.Cho bit cac hp cht c tao ra t A, B; cac hp cht c tao ra t A, B va hidro. Bi 15: Hp cht Z c tao bi 2 nguyen t M v R c cng thc l MaRb. Trong R chim 6,67% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c so hat ntron bng s ht proton cong thm 4, con trong hat nhan nguyen t R c s proton bang s ntron. Tng s ht proton trong phan t ca Z l 84 v a + b = 4. Xac nh M, R v cng thc phan t hp cht Z. Bi 16: Phan t X cu tao t cac ion u c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh hiem Ar. Tng s hat proton, ntron, electron trong phn t la 164. Xac nh X.

Bi 17: Bit tng s hat c bn cua mt nguyn t ca nguyen t ca nguyn t X trong 82 nguyen t u bng tuan hon la: Z + N + E = a Hy trnh bay phng phap bien lun e xac nh nguyen to X. Ap dng bi tap 18, hay xac nh nguyn t X biet: a) a = 13 b) a = 21 c) a = 34 ( Bi tap l thuyet v thc nghim Hoa hc ) Bi 18: X v Y l hai nguyen t nm k tip nhau trong mt phan nhom chnh cabng h thng tun hoan ( dang ngan ). Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn ca chng bang 58. a) Hay vit cau hnh electron ca cac nguyen t X va Y b) T o hay xc nh v tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon. ( Bi tap l thuyt v thc nghim Hoa hc ) Bi 19: A va B l 2 nguyen t nm trong hai phan nhm chnh k tip nhau trong bang tun hoan ( dng ngn ). Biet A thuc nhm VI v tng s ht proton trong hai ht nhn ca A va B la 25, n cht A

tc dung c vi n cht B a) Hay vit cau hnh electron ca A v B b) Xac nh v tr ca A v B trong bng tun hon. ( Bi tap l thuyt v thc nghim Hoa hoc ) Bi 20: Mt hp chat ion cau to t ion M2+ v ion X-. Tng s hat proton, ntron, electron trong phn t MX2 l 186 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn so hat khong mang in l 54 ht. S khi ca ion M2+ nhieu hn trong X l 21. Tng s ht proton, notron, electron trong M2+ nhiu hn trong X l 27 hat. Vit cu hnh electron cua cac ion M2+, X-. Xac nh v tr ca M v X trong bng tun hon. ( Bi tap l thuyt v thc nghim Hoa hc ) Bi 21: Hp chat M c to nn t cation X+ va anion Y 3 - , mi ion u do 5 nguyn t cua hai nguyn to phi kim to nn. Biet tng s proton trong X+ la 11 va trong Y 3 la 47. Hai nguyen t trong Y 3 thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng he thng tuan hoan va c s th t cch nhau 7 n v. a) Hay xac nh cong thc phan t cua M. b) M t bn cht cac kien kt trong phan t M. ( Bi tap l thuyt v thc nghim Hoa hc ) Bi 22: Mot nguyn t R c 3 ong v X, Y ,Z ; bit tng s cac ht c bn ( n, p, e ) trong 3 ng v bang 129, so ntron ng v X hn ng v Y mot ht. ng v Z c so proton bng s ntron. a) Xac nh in tch ht nhn nguyn t va khi lng cua 3 ong v X, Y, Z b) Bit 752,875 . 1020 nguyen t R co khi lng m-gam. Ty le nguyen t cac ong v nh sau: Z : Y = 2769 : 141 v Y : X = 611 : 390 Xc nh khoi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca R va tnh m. ( Bi tap l thuyt va thc nghim Hoa hoc ) Bi 23: C 3 nguyn t A, B, C vi ZA < ZB < ZC ( Z la in tch ht nhn). Bit: Tch ZA.ZB.ZC = 952 T s ( ZA + ZC ) / ZB = 3 Nguyn t C c electron cui cng ng vi b 4 s lng t: n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, mS = a) Vit cau hnh electron ca C. Xac nh v tr cua C trong bang h thng tuan hoan t suy ra nguyn t C b) Tnh ZA, ZB. Suy ra nguyn t A, B c) Xac nh trng thi vat l cua hp cht vi Hir ca A, B, C. giai thch s khac nhau gia cac trng thai ny. d) Hp cht X tao bi 3 nguyen t A, B , C c cng thc ABC. Vit cong thc cau to cua X v goai tn X. e) trang thi lng, X co tnh dn ien. Cho biet X c hnh thnh bng lin kt g? ( Bi tap l thuyet v thc nghim Ha hoc ) Bi 24: a) Trong mt nguyn t trung hoa in co 6 electron, khi lng nguyn t bng 12 vC. Tnh s proton, ntron trong nguyn t . b)Trong mt nguyn t, tng s hat mang in l 26, khi lng hat nhan l 27 vC. Tnh s proton, ntron, v khi lng cua nguyen t . ( Bi tap nang cao hoa hoc )

Bi 25: Mt nguyn t khi mt bt electron bin thanh ion dng. Khi nhan thm electron bien thanh ion am. Tri tuyt i ca in tch ion bang ng so electron ma nguyn t mat i hay nhn thm. Cho hai ion R4+ va R4. S ntron trong hai ion ny eu bng 14. s electron trong ion R4+ bng 10. Hy vit k hiu ht nhn cua hai ion . Tnh s electron trong nguyn t trung ho ien R v trong ion R4. ( Bi tap nng cao ho hc ) Bi 26: Mot nguyen t k hiu l R c tng s cc ht proton, ntron, electron bang 24. a) Vit k hiu ht nhn cua nguyen to va gi tn nguyn t , b) Vit cu hnh electrpn cua nguyen t va ca ion R2 . c) Cho biet trong nguyn t co bao nhiu obital c electron chim gi. ( Bi tap nng cao ho hc ) Bi 27: Cho hai nguyen t A va A c so khi ln lt bng 79 v 81. Hiu so gia s ntron va so electron trong nguyen t A l 9 cn trong nguyen t B l 11 a) Cho biet A v A c phai l ng v vi nhau hay khng? b) Nu trn ln hai loai nguyen t A v A theo t l la: th tap hp cac nguyen t thu c c khi lng nguyen t trung bnh bng bao nhiu? c) Tap hp cc nguyn t c phai l mt nguyen t ho hc hay khong. Nu la mt nguyn t th nguyn to chim v tr no trong bang HTTH? ( Bi tap nng cao ho hc ) Bi 28: Cho hp cht c dang MX , M l kim loai X l phi kim . Tng p , n , e trong MX la 96. Trong to ht mang ien ln hn tng s ht khng mang in l 16 . Tng s ht trong X ln hn tng s hat trong M la Tng s ht trong ht nhn X ln hn tng s hat trong hat nhan M la. 1.Xc nh s th t ca X , M .Gi tn MX 2.Vit phng trnh ieu ch MX. Bi 29: C 5 nguyn to A , B , C , D , E lin tip nhau trong bang tun hoan nguyn to (c sap xp theo c tang dan ca s th t bit rang tng s hieu nguyen t ca chng l 90 . Xc nh nguyn t . Bi 30: C 2 nguyn t X , Y m s th t ca X > Y so pX > pY 8 ht. Mt khc tong p , n , e ca X la 54 trong tng s hat mang ien ln hn hat khong mang in 1,7 ln . Hay gi ten X , Y Bi 31: Cho hp chat MX3 trong M la kim loai v X l phi kim. Phan t MX3 c tng s p, n , e l 196 trong tng s hat mang ien nhiu hn s hat khong mang ien l 60. S hat mang in trong M nh hn s ht trong l 8. 1.Xc nh s th t ca M v X . Gi tn MX3 2.Vit mt so phng trnh ieu ch MX3 Bi 32: C 2 nguyn t A ,B nam hai nhm lin tip c tng proton trong ht nhn l 25 ma trong zA < zB thuoc nhom VI A 1. Gi ten A va B

Vit cng thc cac oxit cha ng thi Hydro A va B Bi 33: C 2 nguyn t A va B biet hiu s v s proton trong ht nhan bng 6. Tong s proton va s notron c v B la 92 . Xc nh s th t z cua A , B ma zA > zB 1.Gi tn A, B 2.Nu r v tr cua A , B tren bang h thng tun hoan v nu ln tnh chat ging v khac nhau v cu tao v. Bi 34: Tnh t s khi lng nguyn t c x proton, y notron v x electron vi khi lng hat nhan cua nguyen . Rt ra kt lun . Bi 35: C 3 nguyn to A , B , C cung trong phn nhm chnh A va ca 3 nguyn t ny u thuc 3 chu k lin tip. Tng hat p ca A , B , C bng 70. Gi tn cc nguyn to A , B , C. Bi 36: Cho ion am AB32- c tng e bang 32 trong A cng nh B c s p bng s n . Goi tn cc nguyen t A , B Gii thch s hnh thanh ion A va B DANG II: Bi toan v bn knh nguyn t. Bi 1: Hay trnh bay ( co gii thch ) chieu hng bin thin tun hon v: + Bn knh nguyn t + Bn knh ion ( Bi tap l thuyt v thc nghim Ha hoc ) Bi 2: Tnh bn knh gn ng cua cc nguyen t Fe v Na, bit rng ty khi ca hai kim loi nay ln lt bng 7,87 va 0,97 (g/cm3). Bit rang trong tinh th kim loai khng gian trng chim 26% th tch. ( Bi tap nng cao hoa hc ) Bi 3: 1) Gia ban knh hat nhan (R) va so khi (A) ca nguyen t c mi lien h nh sai: R = 1,5 1013 A1/3 cm. Tnh khi lng ring cua ht nhan. 2) Nguyen t Zn c bn knh RZn = 1,35 . 1010 m. Khi lng nguyen t bng 65 vC. a} Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t Zn ( dZn ). Biet : 1vC = 1,66 . 1024(g) . b} Thc te hau nh ton b khi lng nguyn t tp trung vao ht nhn vi Rhn = 2.1015 m. Tnh khi lng ring cua ht nhn nguyen t Zn. ( Hng dn gii nhanh bi tap hoa hc ) Bi 4: Tnh ban knh nguyn t gn ung cua Fe v Au 200C, bit nhit khi lng ring dFe = 7,87 g/cm3 v dAu = 19,32 g/cm3. Gi thit rang trong tinh th cua cc nguyn t Fe hay Au la nhng hnh cau chim 75% th tch tinh th, phan cn lai l khe rng gia cac qu cu. Cho khi lng nguyen t cua Fe la 55,85 v cua Au la 196,97. Bi 5: Mt nguyn t c bn knh v khi lng ring lan lt la 1,44 va 19,36 g/cm3. Trong thc t cc nguyn t ch chim 74% th tch cua tinh th, cn lai l phan rong. a)Tnh khi lng rieng trung bnh cua nguyn t. Suy ra khi lng mol nguyn t.

b) Nguyen t c 118 ntron va khi lng mol nguyn t bang tng khi lng proton va ntron. Tnh s proton. Bi 6: Tnh bn knh gan ng cua nguyn t Canxi. Biet th tch cua 1 mol canxi la 25,87cm3 ( trong ti th kim loi canxi cac nguyn t canxi c xem c dang hnh cau , chim 74% th tch tinh the, cn lai l cc rng ) Bi 7: Nguyen t Zn c bn knh r = 1,35.10-10m c khi lng nguyn t bng 65 vc. a.Tnh khi lng ring cua nguyn t Zn b.Thc t hu nh toan b khi lng nguyn t tp trung vao ht nhn vi ban knh r = 2.10-15m . Tnh khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyen t km Bi 8: Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ung ca Fe 200C bit nhit o khoi lng ring cua Fe l 7,87 g/cm3 vi gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyen t Fe l nhng cu hnh chim 75% th tch tinh th , phn cn li la khe rng gia cac qu cu . Cho khi lng nguyn t ca Fe l 55,85 . Bi 9: Cho ac ca mang tinh th lc phng la 74,05%. Tnh bn knh gan ung cua Mg 200C bit nhit Mg c khi lng ring la 1,74 g/cm3 . Bit rang Mg c mng tinh th lc phng , gia thit nguyn t c dang hnh cu v xep kht ben nhau . Bi 10: Nu tha nhn rang nguyen t Ca , Cu u c dng hnh cu , sap xep c kht bn canh nhau th th tch chim bi cc nguyen t kim loai ch bng 74% so vi ton th khi tinh th . Hy tnh bn knh nguyn t Ca , Cu ( theo n v ) biet khoi lng ring ktc ca chng eu th rn tng ng l 1,55g/cm3 , 8,9g/cm3 v khoi lng nguyen t Ca l 40,08 vC , Cu la 63,546 vC . Bi 11: Tnh ban knh gan ng cua nguyn t Cu , bit khoi lng ring cua Cu la 8,93g/cm3 va khi lng nguyn t ca Cu = 63,5 vC . Mat khac , th tch tht chim bi cc nguyen t ch bng 74% ca tinh th , cn lai l cac khe trng . Bi 12: So snh c giai thch bn knh cc vi ht sau : a . Na+ , Mg2+ , Al3+ , F - , O2 b . K+ , Ca2+ , Sc3+ , Cl - , S2

Bi tp 1 1. un nng mt axit a chc c cng thc (C4H3O2)n (trong n < 4) vi mt lng d hn hp A gm hai ru u c cng thc chung l CmH2m + 2O (c mt H2SO4c), c mt hn hp B gm cc cht hu c cng chc. Khi un nng p (gam) A 1700C (c mt H2SO4 c) c V lt hn hp kh hai olefin ng ng k tip nhau. Cho p (gam) A tc dng ht vi Na thu c x (lt) H2; nu t chy ht p (gam) A c y (lt) CO2. a. Vit CTCT ca axit, bit rng axit khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom. b. Cho bit trong hn hp B c th c nhng cht g? 2. a. Lp biu thc tnh x v y theo p v V. b. Khi p = 2,24 gam, V = 0,784 lt, hy xc nh CTCT ca hai ru, bit rng khi cho hi ru qua bt Cu nung nng to ra sn phm u c kh nng cho phn ng trng gng. c. Tnh % v khi lng cc cht trong A (theo s liu cu 2b)

(Cho cc th tch kh o ktc; gi thit hiu sut cc phn ng u 100%) Bi tp 2 Cho 800 gam t n tc dng ht vi nc ta thu c 100 lt C2H2 27,30C v 2,464 atm. 1. Tnh % khi lng ca canxi cacbua trong t n. 2. Ly 1/2 lng C2H2 trn cho hp nc ( 700C, c mt HgSO4) ta c sn phm A. Chia A thnh hai phn bng nhau: Mt phn kh bng H2 (c mt Ni, t0) thu c cht B; Mt phn oxi ha bng O2 (c mt Mn2+) thu c cht D. Cui cng cho B tc dng vi D khi c mt H2SO4 c, ta thu c sn phm E. Tnh khi lng E, bit hiu sut ca cc phn ng hp nc, kh, oxi ha, este ha u bng 80%. 3. Ly 1/2 lng C2H2 trn un nng vi than hot tnh (6000C) ta thu c hn hp kh gm C2H2 v kh sn phm, trong kh sn phm chim 75% th tch. a. Tnh hiu sut phn ng. b. Lm lnh kh sn phm ti nhit phng th thu c bao nhiu ml cht lng (d = 0,8 gam/ml) Bi tp 3 Cho 50 ml dung dch A gm axit hu c R-COOH v mui kim loi kim ca axit tc dng vi 120 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,125M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch B. trung ha Ba(OH)2 d trong B, cn cho thm 3,75 gam dung dch HCl 14,6%, sau c cn dung dch thu c 5,4325 gam mui khan. Mt khc, khi cho 50 ml dung dch A tc dng vi H2SO4 d, un nng thu c 1,05 lt hi axit hu c trn (o 136,50C; 1,12 atm). 1. Tnh nng mol ca cc cht tan trong A. 2. Tm cng thc ca axit v ca mui. 3. Tnh pH ca dung dch 0,1 mol/l ca axit tm thy trn, bit in ly = 1%. Bi tp 4 Mt hn hp A gm axit hu c X v este Y ca axit hu c n chc. Cho A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. Chng ct hn hp sn phm th thu c 9,3 gam mt hp cht hu c B v 39,4 gam hn hp mui khan. Cho cht B tc dng vi Natri d thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc). Cho B tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 thu c dung dch c mu xanh lam. em ton b hn hp mui khan trn nung vi vi ti xt thu c mt cht kh D duy nht (hirocacbon) c th tch 8,96 lt 27,30C v 1,1 atm. 1. Xc nh CTCT ca B, bit MB < 93 vC. 2. Tnh s mol ca X, Y trong A. 3. Xc nh CTCT ca X, Y. Bi tp 5 Hai cht hu c A, B (cha C, H, O) u c 53,33% oxi theo khi lng. Khi lng phn t ca B gp 1,5 ln khi lng phn t ca A. t chy ht 0,04 mol hn hp A, B cn 0,10 mol O2. Mt khc, khi cho s mol bng nhau ca A v B tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH th lng mui to ra t B gp 1,1952 ln lng mui to ra t A. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Tm CTCT ca A v B.

Hn hp X gm FeS, FeS2, CuS tan va ht trong dung dch cha 0,33 mol H2SO4 c sinh ra 0,325 mol kh SO2 v dung dch Y. Nhng thanh Fe nng 50 gam vo Y, phn ng xong thy thanh Fe nng 49,48 gam v thu c dung dch Z. Cho Z phn ng vi HNO3 c, d sinh ra kh NO2 duy nht v cn li dung dch E. Cho E bay hi ht c m gam mui khan. Hy tm gi tr ln nht c th c ca m.