Phuongtrinh LuongGiac

Gip hc sinh t rn luyn Ton Lng gic lp 11
Bin son: Cao Long , trng THPT ng Trn Cn {D: 01236012220} 1/9
I. Phng trnh sin x m = .
iu kin c nghim: 1 1 m .
Ngha l nu 1 m > hoc 1 m < th phng trnh sin x m = v nghim.
Chng hn cc phng trnh sau v nghim :
sin 3 x = ;
5
sin
3
x = ; sin x = ;...
t sin m = (vi 1 1 m ).
Ta c phng trnh
2
sin sin sin
2
x k
x m x
x k

= +
= =

= +

Trng hp gc ; x c o bng n v th ta c cng thc
0
0 0
360
sin sin
180 360
x k
x
x k
= +
=

= +
.
Mt s dng bi tp thng gp.
Dng 1: Gii cc phng trnh n gin vi sin x v gc c bit.
V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh
a)
1
sin
2
x = b)
3
sin
2
x =
Gii:
a)
2
1
6
sin sin sin
2 6
2
6
x k
x x
x k
= +
= =
= +
2
6
5
2
6
x k
x k
= +
= +
( ) k .
b)
2
3 3
sin sin sin
2 3
2
3
x k
x x
x k
= +
| |
= =
|
| |
\
= +
|
\
2
3
4
2
3
x k
x k
= +
= +

Ch :
sin 0 x x k = = ; sin 1 2
2
x x k
= = + ; sin 1 2
2
x x k
= = + .
Bi tp 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a)
2
sin
2
x = b)
2
sin 1 x = c)
3
sin
2
x = d) sin 0 x = .
Dng 2: Gii cc phng trnh n gin vi ( ) sin f x v gc c bit.
Cch gii: ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
sin sin sin
2
f x k
f x m f x
f x k

= +
= =

= +

a)
1
sin 2
2
x = b)
3
sin
3 2
x
| |
=
|
\

Gii:
a)
1
sin 2 sin 2 sin
2 6
x x
| |
= =
|
\
2 2
6
2 2
6
x k
x k
= +

| |
= +
|
\
12
7
12
x k
x k
= +
= +

b)
3
sin sin sin
3 2 3 3
x x
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
2
3 3
2
3 3
x k
x k

= +
= +
2
2
3
2
x k
x k
= +
= +

i vi cc phng trnh dng ny, u tin cc em tnh ( ) f x theo cng thc sau mi rt
x ra v kt lun.
a) sin3 1 x = b)
2
sin 2
4 2
x
| |
=
|
\
c)
3
sin 3
6 2
x
| |
+ =
|
\

Dng 3: Gii cc phng trnh n gin vi ( ) sin f x v gc khng c bit.
Nu 1 1 m th dng my tnh cm tay bm t hp phm Shift, sin, m tnh gc
sao cho sin m = .
Cn lu : My tnh phi ci t radian nh !
V d 3: Vi phng trnh
3
sin
5
x = .
Ta bm Shift sin ( 3: 5) = ta c kt qu nh bn.
Ngha l ( )
3
sin 0, 6435
5
(Ly gn ng)

Vy ta c ( )
3
sin sin sin 0, 6435
5
x x =
0, 6435 2
0, 6435 2
x k
x k

+ +
.
Cch 2:
Biu th gc theo .
Ly kt qu trn mn hnh chia cho ta c kt qu nh sau
Ngha l
0, 643501108
0204832764
=

Hay
0, 6435 205 41
0, 205
1000 200
= = . Suy ra
41
0, 6435
200

Khi t phng trnh
3
sin
5
x = ta c
41
sin sin
200
x
| |

|
\
41
2
200
41
2
200
x k
x k
+ +

Cch 3:
Nu 1 1 m ta c
arcsin 2
sin
arcsin 2
x m k
x m
x m k

= +
=

= +

y, k hiu arcsin m = l mt gc m sin m = .
Theo cng thc trn ta c
3
arcsin 2
5 3
sin
5 3
arcsin 2
5
x k
x
x k

| |
= +
|
\
| |
= +
|
\

Cng thc nghim ny c ly chnh xc bi du =, khc vi hai cch trn ch ly gi tr
gn ng ! Cc em lu nh !
Tuy nhin rt cn lu vi nhng phng trnh v nghim.
Chng hn vi phng trnh sin 2 x = , nhiu hc sinh vit ngay
( )
( )
arcsin 2 2
sin 2
arcsin 2 2
x k
x
x k
= +
= +
.
Kt qu trn hon ton sai v 2 1 m = < nn phng trnh sin 2 x = v nghim.
Nu cc em gii theo cch 1 th khi bm my tnh Shift sin ( 2) th my cho kt qu l
Math ERROR . Chng t khng tn ti gc sin 2 = nn phng trnh ang xt
v nghim.
a)
5 1
sin
4
x

= b)
6 2
sin 2
4 4
x
| |
=
|
\

c) sin3
5
x

= d) ( ) sin 2 0,12 x + =
Dng 4: Gii cc phng trnh n gin dng ( ) ( ) sin sin f x g x =
Cng thc nghim ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
sin sin
2
f x g x k
f x g x
f x g x k

= +
=

= +

y ( ) ( ) , f x g x l cc biu thc cha n x
a) sin 2 sin
3
x x
| |
= +
|
\
b) sin sin 2 0
4 4
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

c) sin cos3 0 x x + =
Gii :
a)
2 2
3
sin 2 sin
3
2 2
3
x x k
x x
x x k
= + +
| |
= +
|
| |
\
= + +
|
\
2
3
2
3 2
3
x k
x k
= +
= +
2
3
2 2
9 3
x k
x k
= +
= +

b) a c phng trnh ny v dng nu ta cn lu mt s cng thc kh du
trc ch sin , l cng thc ( ) ( ) ( )
sin sin g x g x = + {cng thc hn km } hoc
( ) sin sin u u = {cng thc gc i nhau}
Ta c sin sin 2 0 sin 2 sin
4 4 4 4
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
+ + = = +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

sin 2 sin
4 4
x x

| | | |
= + +
| |
\ \
5
sin 2 sin
4 4
x x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \

5
2 2
4 4
5
2 2
4 4
x x k
x x k

= + +

| |
= + +
|
\
6
2
4
3 2
x k
x k
= +
3
2
2
2
3
x k
x k
= +
.
Cch khc: p dng cng thc gc i nhau, ta c
sin sin 2 0 sin 2 sin
4 4 4 4
x x x x
| | | | | | | |
+ + = = +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

sin 2 sin
4 4
x x
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
2 2
4 4
2 2
4 4
x x k
x x k

= +

| |
= +
|
\

3 2
3
2
2
x k
x k
= +
2
3
3
2
2
x k
x k
= +

c) Mt s cng thc chuyn cos thnh sin l cos sin
2
u u
| |
=
|
\
; cos sin
2
u u
| |
=
|
\
{cng
thc gc ph nhau}.
p dng ta c sin cos3 0 x x + = sin cos3 sin sin 3
2
x x x x
| |
= =
|
\

3 2
2
3 2
2
x x k
x x k
= +
= +
2 2
2
3
4 2
2
x k
x k
= +
= +
4
3
8 2
x k
x k
= +
= +
.
a) sin 3 sin 5
3 6
x x
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
b) sin sin 3 0
4 6
x x
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ \

c)
3
sin cos 0
4 4
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
d)
3 5
sin 2 cos 0
4 12
x
| |
+ + =
|
\

Dng 5: Gii cc phng trnh bc cao a v dng n gin
Ch s dng cng thc h bc ( )
2
1
sin 1 cos 2
2
u u = ; ( )
2
1
cos 1 cos 2
2
u u = +
Sau vn dng bin i sau ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
cos cos
2
f x g x k
f x g x
f xx g x k
= +
=

= +

V d 5: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a)
2
1
sin
4
x = b)
2
3
sin
6 4
x
| |
+ =
|
\

c) ( )
2 2
sin 2 sin 0
3
x x
| |
+ =
|
\

Gii:
a) Ta c
2
1
sin
4
x = ( )
1 1
1 cos 2
2 4
x = (nhn 2 vo hai v gin c)
1 1 1
1 cos 2 cos 2 1
2 2 2
x x = = = (rt cos 2x )
cos 2 cos
6
x

= 2 2
6
x k
= +
12
x k
= +
Ch : Khi h bc, th gc s tng gp i. Nh nh !
b)
2
3
sin
6 4
x
| |
+ =
|
\
1 3
1 cos 2
2 6 4
x
( | | | |
+ =
( | |
\ \

3 3 1
1 cos 2 cos 2 1
3 2 3 2 2
x x
| | | |
+ = + = =
| |
\ \
5
cos 2 cos
3 6
x
| |
+ =
|
\

5
2 2
3 6
5
2 2
3 6
x k
x k

+ = +
+ = +
4
12
x k
x k
= +
= +

c) ( )
2 2
sin 2 sin 0
3
x x
| |
+ =
|
\
( )
1 1 2
1 cos 4 1 cos 2 0
2 2 3
x x
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \

2
1 cos 4 1 cos 2 0
3
x x
| |
+ + =
|
\
2
cos 4 cos 2
3
x x
| |
= +
|
\

2
4 2 2
3
2
4 2 2
3
x x k
x x k
= + +

| |
= + +
|
\
3
9 3
x k
x k
= +
= +

a)
2
sin 1
4
x
| |
+ =
|
\
b)
2
1
sin 3
3 2
x
| |
=
|
\

c) ( )
2
cos 2 2sin 1 0 x x + + = d)
3
2 1
sin
3 8
x
| |
+ =
|
\

e)
4
9
sin
16
x = f)
2 2
sin 2 cos 1 0
4
x x
| |
+ =
|
\

Dng 6: Gii cc phng trnh n gin c iu kin, tm nghim trn mt on.
V d 6: Tm cc nghim ca phng trnh
1
sin
3 2
x
| |
=
|
\
trn on
17
;
3 4
(
(

.
Gii:
u tin ta gii phng trnh cho nh cc dng trn (dng 2)
Ta c
1
sin
3 2
x
| |
=
|
\
sin sin
3 6
x
| | | |
=
| |
\ \

2
3 6
2
3 6
x k
x k

= +
= + +
2
6
3
2
2
x k
x k
= +
= +
.
Tm nghim trn on
17
;
3 4
(
(

* Vi 2
6
x k
= + ta c
17
;
3 4
x
(

(

17
2
3 6 4
k

+ ( k )
17
2
3 6 4 6
k

49
2
2 12
k

1 49
4 24
k .
V k nn ta c 0; 1; 2 k k k = = = . Thay vo cng thc 2
6
x k
= + ta c ba nghim
13 25
; ;
6 6 6
x x x

= = =
* Vi
3
2
2
x k
= + ta c
17
;
3 4
x
(

(

3 17
2
3 2 4
k

+ ( k )
3 17 3
2
3 2 4 2
k

11 11
2
6 4
k

11 11
6 4
k .
V k nn ta c 1; 0; 1; 2 k k k k = = = = . Thay vo cng thc
3
2
2
x k
= + ta c bn
nghim l
3 7 11
; ; ;
2 2 2 2
x x x x

= = = =
Kt lun: Trn on
17
;
3 4
(
(

, phng trnh cho c tp nghim
3 13 7 25 11
; ; ; ; ; ;
2 6 2 6 2 6 2
T

=
`
)

Bi tp 6:
Tm cc nghim ca phng trnh sau trn on ch ra
a)
1
sin 2
6 2
x
| |
+ =
|
\
trn on
11
;
2 3
(
(

b) sin 2 sin 0
3
x x
| |
+ =
|
\
trn khong
3
;
2
| |
|
\

Dng 7: Gii cc phng trnh n gin c iu kin rng buc
V d 7: Gii phng trnh
a)
sin 4
0
cos
4
x
x

=
| |
|
\
b)
sin
0
cos 1
x
x
=

Gii:
a) iu kin xc nh: cos 0
4 4 2
x x k

| |
+
|
\
3
4
x k
+
Khi ta c
sin 4
0
cos
4
x
x

=
| |
|
\
sin 4 0 x = 4
4
x l x l
= = , ( ) l .
By gi ta dng ng trn lng gic, biu din cc im ngn ca nghim v iu kin. T
ly nghim ca phng trnh.
Trn ng trn lng gic, im ngn ca cc
cung
4
x k
3
= + gm 2 im D, H ; im ngn
ca cc cung
4
x l
= gm 8 im A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H.
Nh vy cc cung c im ngn D, H l khng
tha iu kin do
3
4
x k
+ .
Suy ra cc cung c im ngn thoa iu kin gm
A, B, C v E, F, G.

Cc cung c im ngn A, C, E, G c biu din bi cng thc
2
x k

= (v cc im
ngn ny hn km nhau mt lng l
2
)
Cc cung c im ngn B, F c biu din bi cng thc
4
x k
= + (v cc im
ngn ny hn km nhau mt lng l )
i chiu vi iu kin ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l
2
x m
= v
4
x m
= + , ( ) m
Ch : C th dng my tnh cm tay i chiu iu kin qua loi nghim s d
dng hn. Cc em thy th no ?
b) iu kin xc nh: cos 1 0 cos 1 2 x x x k .
Khi ta c
sin
0
cos 1
x
x
=
sin 0 x x l = =
Trn ng trn lng gic, im ngn ca cc cung
2 x k = gm 1 im A ; im ngn ca cc cung
x l = gm 2 im A, B.
Nh vy cc cung c im ngn B l khng tha iu
kin do 2 x k .
Suy ra cc cung c im ngn thoa iu kin ch cn B.
Cng thc biu din nghim ca im ngn B l
2 x m = + , ( ) m

i chiu vi iu kin ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l
2 x m = + , ( ) m
Cch khc:
sin
0
cos 1
x
x
=
2
sin 0
sin 0
cos 1 0
cos 1
x
x
x
x
= =

2
cos 1
1 cos 0
cos 1
cos 1
cos 1
x
x
x
x
x
= =
=

2 x m = + , ( ) m .

a)
sin
0
1 cos
x
x
=
+
b)
sin 2
3
0
cos
3
x
x
| |
|
\
=
| |
|
\

p s: a) 2 x m =
b)
2 5
2 ; 2 ; 2
3 3 6
x m x m x m

= + = + = +
Dng 8: Gii cc phng trnh n gin c tham s
iu kin phng trnh ( ) sin f x m = c nghim l 1 1 m .
V d 8: Tm gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim, tm cc nghim .
a) ( )
1
sin 1
1
x
m
+ =
+
b)
2
sin 2 x m = +
Gii:
a) iu kin phng trnh cho c nghim l
1
1 1
1 m

+

1 1
1 1 0
1 1
1 1
1 1 0
1 1
m m
m m

+ +

+

+ +
0
1
2
0
1
m
m
m
m
+

( ]
( ] ( )
1; 0
; 2 1;
m
m

( ] 1; 0 m
(Gii cc bt phng trnh ny ( bc th ba) bng cch lp bng xt du t v mu ri
chn min nghim theo chiu ca bt phng trnh)
Vi mi ( ] 1; 0 m ta c
( )
1
sin 1
1
x
m
+ =
+
1
1 arcsin 2
1
1
1 arcsin 2
1
x k
m
x k
m
+ = +
+ = +
+
1
1 arcsin 2
1
1
1 arcsin 2
1
x k
m
x k
m
= + +
= + +
+

b) iu kin phng trnh c nghim l
2
1 2 1 m +
2 2
2 2
2 1 3
2 1 1
m m
m
m m

+

+

( V
2
0 m nn t ch
2
1 0 m < suy ra m)
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim vi mi m.
C th lp lun gn hn nh sau:
Vi mi m ta c
2 2
0 2 2 1 m m + > suy ra phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi tp 8: Tm gi tr ca m cc phng trnh sau c nghim, tm cc nghim
a) sin
1
m
x
m
=
b)
2
1
sin
1
x
m
=
+

c)
2
sin 1
3
x m
| |
+ = +
|
\
d)
2
2
sin 2
2
x
m
=
+

e)
( )
2
1 sin 1 m x m = + f) ( ) 2 sin 2 m x + =
p s:
a)
1
2
m b) m c) 0 m = d) 0 m =
e) 2 m hoc 0 m f) 0 m hoc 4 m

Yu cu:
- nm vng c kin thc c bn v cc dng phng trnh ny cc em cn nm chc
cc dng t dng 1 n dng 4 v cc dng tip theo. Mi ln lm xong mt dng cn
ch c im ca dng , ghi nh nhng im ring v im chung gia cc dng
t gip mnh ghi nh kin thc c bn cn vn dng.
- C g khng hiu c th lin lc v trao i cng thy trn weblog
http://dcl2012.blogsport.com , hoc l http://caolong.wordpress.com
- C th lin lc qua Yahoo Mail longdocao@yahoo.com.vn (nick: longdocao)
- Chc cc em c nhng nim vui khi tip cn vi chuyn ny.
- Trong qu trnh bin son c th c sai st, mong cc em pht hin, gp thy chnh
sa li. Cm n !

Phuongtrinh LuongGiac

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Gip hc sinh t rn luyn Ton Lng gic lp 11

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