WCDMA

LI NI U
Nhu cu trao i thng tin l nhu cu thit yu trong x hi hin i. Trong thp k va qua l s bng n ca Internet th trong thp k ti l s bng n ca mng thng tin di ng th h ba 3G v cc dch v mi.Cng vi vic cho php kt ni mi ni, mi lc, Internet cng ch l mt trong nhng kh nng ca mng 3G. 3G mang ti nhiu tin ch, ng dng hn l kh nng di ng cho Internet. Cc dch v mi s xut hin nh nhn tin a phng tin, cc dch v nh v, cc dch v thng tin c nhn, vui chi gii tr, cc dch v ngn hng, thanh ton in ts pht trin mnh. Vit Nam trong nhng nm va qua cng c s pht trin mnh m v thng tin di ng cng nh Internet v tin ti cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba cng v s c nhanh chng trin khai. theo kp xu th chung ca th gii l tin ti mng th h sau 3G v cung cp cc dch v mi, vic nghin cu trin khai, chuyn i sang mng 3G ti Vit Nam l cn thit. i vi nh khai thc mng di ng GSM th ci ch 3G l h thng thng tin di ng CDMA bng rng (W-CDMA) theo chun IMT-2000 Xut pht t nh hng ny, n tt nghip i hc ca em vi ti Nghin cu h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba (3G) W-CDMA v kh nng ng dng Vit Nam trong tng lai nhm tm hiu nhng kin thc v hp chun IMT-2000, cng ngh W-CDMA v h thng thng tin di ng W-CDMA ni chung. t c th xy dng cu trc mng 3G ph hp vi xu hng pht trin ca mng thng tin di ng Vit Nam nht l i vi mng GSM.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
Ni dung gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Gii thiu tng quan v lch s hnh thnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng t 1G, 2G n 3G. Chng 2: Tm hiu v mng thng tin di ng 3G (W-CDMA) trong cp cc tiu chun IMT-2000, cc yu cu v mc tiu thit k h thng v tuyn W-CDMA. K thut tri ph v iu khin cng sut trong h thng W-CDMA. Chng 3: Kh nng ng dng mng thng tin di ng 3G (W-CDMA) Vit Nam trong tng lai, trong gii thiu v cu trc h thng thng tin di ng 2G (GSM) hin ti, cc cu trc h thng theo cc phng n chuyn i t GSM sang W-CDMA. Gii thiu nh hng ln 3G ca Viettel Mobile.
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG

Trong xu th pht trin chung ca x hi hin i th s ra i ca thng tin di ng gip cho con ngi trong vic lin lc vi nhau mi ni, mi lc. V khng dng , khi vic lin lc thoi c p ng tt th nhu cu v cc dch v gia tng trn thng tin di ng nh truy cp Internet, truyn d liu tc cao... bt u pht trin. Chng 1 ca n trnh by v lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca thng tin di ng qua cc th h v nhng vn ch yu ca loi hnh thng tin hin i ny. 1.1. Qu trnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng 1.1.1 S xut hin ca thng tin di ng th h 1G v 2G Vo cui th k XIX, cc th nghim ca nh bc hc ngi Maconi Guglielmo (1874-1937, gii nobel vt l nm 1909) cho thy thng tin di ng c th thc hin gia cc my thu pht xa nhau v di ng. Thng tin di ng lc ch yu s dng m Morse, mi ti nm 1928 h thng v tuyn truyn thanh mi c thit lp, thot tin cho cnh st. n nm 1933 s cnh st Bayone, New Jersey mi thit lp c mt h thng thoi v tuyn di ng tng i hon chnh trn th gii. Thi , cc thit b thng tin di ng rt cng knh, nng hng chc kilogam, y tp m v rt tn ngun do s dng cc n in t tiu th ngun ln. Cng tc trong di tn thp ca bng VHF, cc thit b ny lin lc c vi nhau trong khong cch hng chc dm. Sau , qun i cng dng thng tin di ng trin khai v ch huy chin u c hiu qu. Ni chung h thng thng tin di ng thi ny c cht lng km. Thng tin di ng c a vo s dng rng ri ti M nm 1946, khi n ch c s dng phm vi thnh ph. H thng ny c su knh
s dng cu trc rng vi tn s 150MHz. Mc d, cc khi nim t bo, tri ph, iu ch s, v cc cng ngh hin i khc c bit n hn 50 nm trc y, nhng n nhng nm 1960 dch v in thoi di ng t bo mi xut hin. Cc h thng thng tin di ng u tin ny t c tin ch v c dung lng rt thp. Vo nhng nm 1980, h thng in thoi t bo iu tn song cng s dng k thut truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA. y l h thng s dng cng ngh Analog truyn knh thoi trn sng v tuyn n thu bao di ng hay cn c gi l h thng thng tin di ng th h th nht. (1General 1G). [1,2] Cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo tng t ni ting nht l: H thng di ng tin tin (AMPS), h thng di ng tin tin bng hp (NAMPS), h thng thng tin truy cp ton din (TACS) v h thng NTT. Hn ch ca cc h thng ny l: phn b tn s hn ch, dung lng thp, ting n kh chu, khng p ng c cc dch v mi ca khch hng. Gii php loi b cc hn ch ca h thng 1G trn l chuyn sang s dng k thut thng tin s s dng cc dng a truy nhp mi. Vo cui thp nin 1980, cc h thng th h th 2 (2G) c a vo khai thc s dng cng ngh s a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA. H thng a truy nhp TDMA u tin ra i trn th gii l GSM. GSM c pht trin t nm 1982, CEPT quyt nh vic n nh tn s dch v vin thng chu u bng tn 900 MHz. n nhng nm gia thp nin 1990, a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA tr thnh h thng 2G th hai khi ngi M a ra tiu chun ni a 95 (IS 95) nay gi l cng ngh Cdma one. Vit Nam h thng thng tin di ng c a vo s dng nm 1993, hin nay c ti 6 hng khai thc th trng di ng, c 3 hng khai thc mng GSM l VinaPhone, Mobiphone v Viettel Mobile, cn c 3 hng khai thc mng CDMA l EVNTelecom (in lc), S-Fone Telecom, HaNoi Telecom (HT
Mobile). S cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp dch v ang m ra mt tng lai mi cho th trng thng tin di ng Vit Nam. Song song vi s pht trin h thng thng tin di ng t bo ni trn, cc h thng thng tin di ng hn ch cho mng ni ht s dng my cm tay khng dy s cng c nghin cu pht trin. Hai h thng in hnh cho loi thng tin ny l DECT (Digital Enhanad Curdless Telecom) ca chu u v PHS ca Nht cng c a vo khai thc. Cc h thng thng tin di ng k thut ni trn, s dng phng php a truy nhp TDMA nh GSM (chu u), FPC (Nht), hoc phng php a truy nhp CDMA (IS 95 M) u thuc th h 2G
PDC (Nht Bn) IS - 54 Bng tn Khong cch tn s 800MHz/1,5Gh 50kHz (xen 25kHz) 800MHz k 50kHz (xen k 25kHz) 1,25 MHz IS - 95 900MHz 400kHz (xen 200kHz) k Bc M GSM Chu u
C ch truy nhp
TDMA/FDD
TDMA/FDD
DSCDMA/FDD
TDMA/FDD
C ch m 11,2kbit/giy ho VSEP 5,6kbit/sPSICELPP Phng php iu ch QPSK
13kbit/giy VSELP
8,5kbit/giy 22,8kb/s RPE-PTPQCELP tc LPC 11,4 kbit/s bin thin 4 nc EVSI
QPSK
ng QPSK ng OPQSK
xung: ln:
GMSK
Bng 1.1 Cc thng s c bn ca h thng t bo s
* Ch thch : RPE: M ho d bo kch thch xung u LTP: M ho d bo di hn LPC: M d bo tuyn tnh FDD: Phn chia theo tn s PSI-CEPT: D bo tuyn tnh kch thch m - i ng b m
Cc h thng 2G c nhiu im ni bt nh cht lng thng tin c ci thin nh cc cng ngh x l tng hp s khc nhau, nhiu dch v mi (V d: cc dch v phi thoi), k thut m ho ci tin, dung lng cao hn tng thch tt hn vi cc mng s v pht huy hiu qu di ph v tuyn (Bng 1.1 m t) chuyn vng tr thnh mt phn ca dch v v vng ph song cng ngy cng rng hn, nhng vn phi i mt vi cc vn hn ch v dng lng trn nhiu th trng. 1.1.2 S xut hin ca h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 (3G). Thng tin di ng ngy nay ang tin ti h thng th h th 3 (3G) ha hn dung lng thoi ln hn, kt ni dung lng di ng tc cao hn v s dng cc cng dng a phng tin. Cc h thng vin thng th h (3G) cn cung cp dch v thoi vi cht lng tng i cc h thng hu tuyn v dch v truyn s liu c tc t 144 kbit/s n 2Mb/s. Hin ang c hai h thng tiu chun ho: Mt da trn chun h thng CDMA bng hp IS 95, c gi l CDMA 2000. Chun kia l s kt hp ca cc tiu chun Nht Bn v chu u do d n hp tc th h th 3 (3GPP) t chc. 3GPP ang xem xt tiu chun v tuyn truy nhp v tuyn mt t (UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access). UMTS tiu chun ny c hai s truy nhp v tuyn. Mt trong s sp xp cc cp di tn thng qua ghp song
cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD) thng gi l CDMA bng thng rng WCDMA 1.1.2.1 So snh nh gi cc phng php a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA v CDMA Trc khi xem xt tng lai ca 3G cng cn kho st hot ng ca tng giao din ni trn. Th nht, cc knh ny c ghp cp sao cho mt knh i t trm di ng n trm gc, to iu kin cho lin lc song cng (hnh 1.1 minh ho giao din khng gian vi ng ln ng xung ). Th hai, c mt tp cc knh iu khin hai chiu iu khin cc knh thoi. Cui cng, giao din khng gian cn 1 quy trnh m , cc knh thoi c phn b cho nhiu ngi dng ng thi. Chng ta gi FDMA, TDMA, CDMA l cc phng thc phn b knh ca giao din khng gian.
Hnh 1.1: Tng quan v h thng v tuyn FDMA l phng thc phn b u tin v ra i sm nht. Mt thu bao mun to mt cuc gi s phi nhp s in thoi cn gi v nhn phm
gi. Nu cn dung lng thoi cho t bo, mt cp knh s c phn b cho trm di ng phc v m thoi - mi knh cho mt chiu thoi. Xt trn mt s phn b t bo in hnh, s chiu thoi ti a ca mt t bo bt k l khong 60. R rng l khng th phc v hng triu khch hng vi mt dung lng hn ch nh th. Cc h thng TDMA khc phc vn dung lng knh bng cch chia knh v tuyn n thnh cc khe thi gian v phn b mt khe thi gian cho mi thu bao.V d: H thng TDMA ca Hoa K c 3 khe thi gian trn mi knh trong khi h thng GSM c 8 khe thi gian trn mi knh. s dng cc khe thi gian tn hiu thoi tng t cn c chuyn sang dng s. Mt b m ho thoi gi l Vocoder thc hin cng vic ny. Dung lng c c ban u hi nh song vi vic dng cc vocoder tc bit thp, s knh thoi trn mi knh v tuyn c th c tng ln ng k. Cc h thng CDMA gii quyt vn dung lng theo mt cch hon ton khc. N cng dng vocoder s ho tn hiu thoi nhng khng phn b khe thi gian m gn cho mi chiu thoi mt m duy nht trc khi a ln knh vt l. Qu trnh ny cn c gi l iu ch tp m v tn hiu u ra ca n ging nh tp m nn. Tt nhin l qu trnh ny c c s ton hc ca n xong vic quan st trong thc t cng phn no l gii c cc khi nim. Ta hnh dung, khi ta ang i vo mt khu vc ng ngi, trc ht ta nghe thy cc ging ni. Ta ni ting Vit, ta s nghe thy nhng mu hi thoi bng ting Vit. Cng nh th ngi Php nghe thy ging ni ngi Php, ngi Anh nghe thy ging ni ngi Anh v tng t vi tt c cc th ngn ng trn i, ta c th nghe tng cuc hi thoi nu nh tp m tng th di mt mc ti a no . iu ny c ngha l s ti a cc cuc gi trong h thng CDMA l mt phng trnh ca tp m nn cng vi cc tp m do mi cuc gi to ra. So snh vi TDMA, CDMA c dung lng cao
hn vi cht lng bng hoc tt hn. Trong hn 1 t thu bao in thoi di ng trn Th gii, khong 863,6 triu thu bao s dng cng ngh GSM, 120 triu dng CDMA v 290 triu cn li dung FDMA hay TDMA. Khi chng ta tin ti 3G, cc h thng GSM v CDMA s tip tc pht trin, trong khi FDMA, TDMA s chm dn vo qun lng. Con ng GSM s ti l CDMA bng thng rng (W-CDMA) trong khi CDMA s l CDMA 2000. 1.1.2.2. Hng v 3G trong thng tin di ng.
Hnh 1.2: L trnh pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng ln 3G T thp nin 1990, Lin minh vin thng quc t bt tay vo vic pht trin mt nn tng chung cho cc h thng vin thng di ng. Kt qu l mt sn phm c gi l thng tin di ng ton cu 2000 ( IMT 2000). Con s 2000 c ngha l sn phm ny s c mt vo khong nm 2000, nhng thc t l chm hai, ba nm. Khc vi cc h thng thng tin di ng
th h th nht 1G v th hai 2G th h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba 3G IMT 2000 khng ch l mt b dch v, n c xu th chun ho ton cu, n p ng c m lin lc t bt c lc no v bt c ni u. c nh vy, IMT 2000 to iu kin tch hp mng mt t hoc v tinh. Hn th na IMT 2000 cng cp n Internet khng dy, hi t cc mng c nh v di ng qun l di ng (chuyn vng), cc tnh nng a phng tin di ng, hot ng xuyn mng v lin mng. Nh ni cc h thng 3G cn phi hot ng trn mt di ph rng v cung cp c cc dch v thoi, d liu, a phng tin. i vi mt thu bao di ng hot ng trn 1 siu nh (picocell) tc d liu c th n 2,048 Mb/s. Vi mt thu bao di ng tc chm hot ng trn 1 cc nh (micro cell), tc d liu t 348 Kb/s. Vi mt thu bao di ng trn phng tin giao thng hot ng trn 1 ln (marcocell) tc d liu c th t ti 144 kbit/s. .
Hnh 1.3: Minh ho mi quan h gia cc khu vc dch v khc nhau ca IMT 2000 Mt phn quan trng ca h thng ny l dch v chuyn mch gi d liu. Con ng tin ln 3G t 2G bt u t s ra i ca cc dch v d liu bng n theo gi. [9]
10
1.1.3. T GSM ln 3G trong thng tin di ng Con ng tin ti 3G duy nht ca GSM l CDMA bng thng rng (W-CDMA). Trn th trng chu u, W-CDMA c gi l h thng vin thng di ng ton cu (UMTS). Trong cu trc dch v 3G, cn c bng thng rt ln v nh th cn nhiu ph tn hn. Cc nh cung cp dch v chu u dng hn 100 t USD mua ph tn cho cc dch v 3G, cc nh cung cp dch v khc trn th gii cng phn b ph 3G. M, FCC cha th nhanh chng phn b bt c ph no cho cc dch v 3G. Hoa k c khong 190 MHz ph tn phn b cho cc dch v v tuyn di ng trong khi phn cn li ca th gii ch c phn b 400 MHz. V th c th tin rng s pht trin ln 3G Hoa K s rt khc vi phn cn li ca th gii. n 3G c l cn phi i qua giai on 2,5G. Ni chung 2,5G bao gm mt hay tt c cc cng ngh sau: D liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD), dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS), tc d liu nng cao cho s pht trin GSM hay ton cu (EDGE)
Ch thch *: Tc cao nht trn l thuyt i vi GPRS l 171,2Kbit/s, tuy nhin trn thc t hin nay cha t c tc ny m in hnh ch t c tc trn di 50Kb/s **: Tc cao nht trn l thuyt i vi EDGE l 384Kb/s, tuy nhin trn thc t hin nay ch t c tc ti a l 144Kb/s *** : Tc cao nht trn l thuyt i vi W-CDMA l 2Mb/s, tuy nhin trn thc t hin nay ch t c tc ti a l 384Kb/s
11
Yu thit truyn liu gi
cu GSM b (GSM s liu
CSD GPRS ( Dch v v EDGE(cc tc IMT-2000 s tuyn gi chung ) chuyn d liu nng cao cho s pht trin GSM hay ton cu) CDMA-DS ( WCDMA )
mch knh)
Cc my di Cc my di Cc my di ng Cc my di ng Cc my di ng ng tay cm ng mode n cm tay mi (mt cm tay mi cm tay mi
ch hot ng) khng c kh nng x l s liu
Cc my di ng Cc my cm tay Cc my cm tay cm tay GPRS cho EDGE s lm vic CDMA DS s lm php lm vic trn tc trn mng GSM mng tc s liu GPRS ln ti vic tc ln v mng 3G. Cc my ny c bn ch mng GPRS* v 384kb/s** trn cc ti 2Mb/s*** trn EDGE tc
9,6kb/s, y l cc 9.6Kb/s trn mng hot ng my CSD hai ch GSM y l cc hot ng my CSD ba ch hot ng
h Khng
c Cn lp thm cc Cn thay i c s C s h tng hin gi mi trn nn hn mng chuyn mch knh mng mi
tng thit b
kh nng x modun x l s liu h tng nhiu mng c kt ni vo l s liu gi
Nn
tng Cng hin c
ngh Nn GSM TDMA Cn sa i nn C s h tng CDMA mi d liu gi
cng ngh
GSM TDMS b xung phn x l tng GSM TDMA
Bng 1.2 : Cc h thng thng tin di ng t GSM ln 3G
12
1.1.3.1 D liu chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD ( High Speed Circuit Switched Data ) HSCSD l phng thc n gin nht nng cao tc . Thay v mt khe thi gian, mt trm di ng c th s dng mt s khe thi gian kt ni d liu. Trong cc ng dng thng mi hin nay, thng thng s dng ti a 4 khe thi gian, 1 khe thi gian c th s dng hoc tc 9,6 kbit/s hoc tc 14,4 kbit/s. y l cch khng tn km nhm tng dung lng d liu ch bng cch nng cp phn mm ca mng (d nhin l cc my tng thch HSCSD). Nhng nhc im ln nht ca n l cch s dng ti nguyn v tuyn. Bi y l hnh thc chuyn mch knh, HSCSD ch nh vic s dng cc khe thi gian mt cch lin tc, thm ch ngay c khi khng c tn hiu ng truyn. 1.1.3.2 Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Gii php tip theo l GPRS - ging nh l gii php c nhiu nh cung cp la chn
Hnh 1.4 : Kin trc mng GPRS
13
H thng GSM ban u c thit k tr kt ni chuyn mch knh ti mc giao din v tuyn vi tc ngi dng ln ti 9,6 kbit/s mc giao din cc quy nh trong giai on 2,5G hin nay bao gm c vic h tr dch v kt ni nh hng gi c bit n l dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS. Dch v ny c gng ti u ti nguyn mng v v tuyn. S phn chia nghim ngt gia cc h thng con v tuyn vi cc h thng ph tr ca mng c duy tr cho d cc h thng ph tr ca mng tng thch vi cc th tc truy cp v tuyn GSM. Kt qu l MSC ca GSM khng b nh hng. Vic phn b mt knh v tuyn GPRS l rt mm do, gii hn t 18 khe thi gian ca giao din v tuyn trong mt khung TDMA. Khe thi gian giao din v tuyn c th c chia s linh hot gia cc dch v chuyn mch knh v dch v gi. Tc bit bin i t 9 kbit/s n 150 kbit/s trn mt ngi dng c th tng tc vi mng IP v X25. Cc dch v bn tin ngn (SMS). GPRS c th hot ng theo kiu truyn d liu gin on, cng nh truyn d liu lin tc. Chng ta xem xt tng quan kin trc logic ca GPRS. Hnh v 1.4 l s khi minh ho cu trc mt mng GSM vo giao tip gia cc thnh phn ca mng. Cc dch v GPRS yu cu thm 2 thnh phn ca mng l nt h tr GPRS (Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN). Nh tn gi ca n gi , GGSN hot ng nh l cng gia mng d liu bn ngoi (Packet Data Network) v mng GSM h tr GPRS. GGSN mang thng tin nh tuyn cc gi d liu ti SGSN phc v mt MS c th v n kt ni vi mng bn ngoi thng qua im chun Gi. im ny cng kt ni c xem l mt im chun ch khng phi l mt giao din bi v khng c thng tin c trng no cho GPRS c trao i ti im ny. SGSN c ni ti cc GGSN thuc mng di ng mt t ca n qua giao din Gn v ni cc GGSN thuc mng khc thng qua giao din Gp. Hai
14
giao din ny rt ging nhau, nhng Gp h tr thm chc nng an ninh cn thit cho thng tin gia cc PLMN ( PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t cng cng) GGSN cng giao tip trc tip vi b ng k ch v thng tr qua giao din Gc. Mt SGSN s theo di cc thng tin nh v v thng tin an ninh kt hp vi cc MS trong vng phc v ca n. Mt SGSN giao tip vi cc GGSN v cc SGSN trong cng 1 mng PLMN qua giao din Gn v GGSN ca mng PLNM khc qua giao din Gp. Cc giao din cng thuc gia 1 SGSN v 1 MSC/VLR (giao din Gs) v HLR (SMS IWMSC cho php dch v bn tin ngn ca GSM c truyn qua knh GPRS thay v trn knh SDCCH v SACCH. GPRS h tr cc nt (GGSN v SGCN) ca 1 mng PLMN kt ni vi nhau nh s dng 1 giao thc internet (IP) da trn mng xng sng. GPRS c quan tm v l h thng chuyn mch gi, do n khng s dng ti nguyn v tuyn mt cch lin tc m ch thc hin khi c mt ci g gi i. GPRS c bit thch hp vi cc dch v phi thi gian thc nh: email, lt web. Trin khai h thng GPRS th tn km hn h thng HSCSD. Mng ny cn c cc thnh phn mi, cng nh cn sa i cc thnh phn hin c nhng n c xem l bc i cn thit tin ti tng dung lng v dch v. Mt mng GSM m khng c kh nng GPRS s khng tn ti lu trong tng lai. Vit Nam, c 3 nh cung cp GSM l VinaPhone, MobiPhone v Viettel Mobile cng u trin khai GPRS v u c a s khch hng n nhn v s dng. Tuy nhin, nng lc ca nh cng cp cn hn ch nn vn cha th p ng c ht nhu cu s dng dch v ca khch hng. Cc hng ang ngy cng cng c v pht trin mng hn na p ng nhu cu
15
ca khch hng. V trong tng lai, th h 3G ra i vi nhiu dch v gia tng s lm cho khch hng c nhiu s la chn s dng dch v. 1.1.3.3. Tc d liu nng cao cho s pht trin GSM. (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDGE ). Bc tip theo l ci tin GSM thnh tc d liu nng cao cho s pht trin ca GSM hay ton cu (EDGE), tng tc d liu ln ti 384 kbit/s vi 8 khe thi gian. Thay v 14,4 kbit/s cho mi khe thi gian, EDGE t ti tc 48 kbit/s cho mi khe thi gian. tng ca EDGE l s dng mt phng php iu ch mi c gi l 8PSK. EDGE l mt phng thc nng cp hp dn i vi cc mng GSM v n ch yu cu mt phn mm nng cp trm gc. N khng thay th hay ni ng hn n cng tn ti vi phng php iu ch kho dch ti thiu Gaussian (GMSK) c s dng trong GSM, nn cc thu bao c th tip tc s dng my di ng c ca mnh nu khng cn c cung cp cht lng dch v tt hn. Xt trn kha cnh k thut, cng cn gi li GMSK c v 8PSK ch c hiu qu vng hp, vi vng rng vn cn GMSK. Nu EDGE c s dng cng s kt hp ca EDGE vi HSCSD c gi l ECSD. W-CDMA thc s l mt dch v v tuyn bng rng s dng bng tn 5MHz t ti tc d liu ln ti 2Mbit/s. Hin ti, c chu u v Nht Bn u ang th nghim, trin khai W-CDMA v cng ngh ny ang tin trin nhanh trn con ng thng mi ho. [5] 1.1.4. T IS 95 n CDMA 2000 CDMA khng chuyn sang ngay 3G do thiu ph tn trn th trng Hoa K, th trng Hn Quc th nghim CDMA 2000 trn ph tn 3G
16
ca mnh. Cng nh i vi GSM, Hoa K v phn cn li ca th gii c nhng con ng rt khc nhau i n 3G. CDMA 2000 c cu trc theo cch cho php nhiu mc dch v 3G trn knh IS 95 1,25 MHz truyn thng. Cc dch v ny l CDMA 2000 1xRTT (mt thi c gi l cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn kch thc knh IS 95). Vi cng sut 3G ti a, CDMA 2000 s dng mt knh 3,75 MHz, ln gp ba ln knh truyn thng, gi l 3xRTT.
Hnh 1.5: Cu trc h thng CDMA 1x EV DO
Hnh 1.6: Cu trc h thng CDMA 2000 1X
17
H thng 1xRTT s dng mt s iu ch hiu qu hn tng gp i s lng thu bao v to ra cc knh d liu ln ti 144 kbit/s. Tc ny cho php nh cung cp dch v cho rng mnh ang thc hin 3G. Trong thc t, tc ngi dng s trong khong 50 60 kbit/s. D liu theo s 1xRTT s c chuyn mch gi m bo s dng hiu qu. Tc ln ti 2,4 Mbit/s c th t c bng cch trin khai 1xEVDO tc l dch v ch c d liu khng c thoi trn knh ny. Khi 1xEV-DV, 3xRTT l mt knh 3,75MHz trn ph 5MHz 1,25MHz cn li c dng cho di tn bo v trn v di. C mt s kch bn hot ng cho ph 10MHz, 15MHz v 20MHz. Hnh 1.8 so snh kch thc knh v tc chip ca UMTS v CDMA 1x v 3x
Hnh 1.7: Cu trc h thng UMTS
18
Hnh 1.8: Bng thng v tc chip ca UMTS v cdma 1x, 3xRTT 1.1.5 Nhn xt chung R rng l s c khng ch mt con ng i ti cc h thng v tuyn di ng th h th ba 3G. V cng r rng l IMT 2000 c ng o chp nhn. Tuy nhin, tnh khng tng thch ca cng ngh 3G, vic thiu ph tn, thiu cc ng dng v thit b 3G t ra mt s vn cn gii quyt. T quan im cng ngh, c W-CDMA v CDMA 2000 u s dng cc k thut tri ph rng. Tuy nhin, chng c cu trc knh, m chip, tc chip v th tc ng b ho khc nhau. Cn c thi gian hi ho cc tr ngi cng ngh ny. gii quyt c vn ph trn ton cu s tn km v mt thi gian. Cui cng, cn c nhiu dch v hn na thu ht khch hng. Chng ta thy s ph bin ca email v tin nhn i vi PDA v in thoi di ng. Gi y chng ta cn mt lot cc ng dng a phng tin i hi phi c tc d liu ca 3G. [9,10]
19
1.2 Qu trnh tin ln h thng thng tin di ng 3G Vit Nam. 1.2.1 Thc ti th trng thng tin di ng Vit Nam. Hin nay Vit Nam, th trng vin thng ang c s pht trin rt mnh m c bit l thng tin di ng. Cc nh cung cp ang ngy cng cng c v pht trin h thng ca mnh p ng nhu cu s dng ca khch hng. H b tin ca, cng sc ra u t vo h thng phc khch hng vi mc ch kinh doanh v thu li nhun. Th trng di ng nc ta mi c u t mnh m trong khong 10 nm tr li y, v s khch hng s dng in thoi di ng cng khng ngng tng ln. H tng c s m mng thng tin di ng ang c th ch yu l mng GSM (2G) c nng cp ln 2,5G ( do c GPRS ) ang hot ng tt, c khch hng chp nhn v s dng. V mt kinh t th cc nh cung cp dch v ang trong qu trnh thu hi vn v pht sinh li nhun nn h cng cha mun thay i cng ngh tin ln 3G. V khi h phi u t mi hon ton vo h thng v ri li c qu trnh thu hi vn v kim li nhun trong khi mng 2G, 2.5G ang hot ng tt, vn c khch hng ng h v s dng. Nh vy bi ton v kinh t cng kh c gii quyt. Cn v k thut tin ln 3G l khng kh quan trng l khch hng s n nhn n nh th no. Thc t nc ta hin nay c 3 nh cung cp dch in thoi di ng th h ba 3G s dng cng ngh CDMA l EVN Telecom, S-Fone Telecom, Hanoi Telecom ( HT Mobile ) cng cha c khch hng quan tm s dng nhiu lm do n cha chng t c tnh nng vt tri ca mnh so vi th h GSM ang c s dng rng ri. Tnh ring Vit Nam hin c khong 23 triu thu bao in thoi di ng cho c 6 nh cung cp trong s ny th a phn ngi s dng ch cn
20
lin lc c vi nhau vi cht lng thoi v tin nhn tt l . p ng nhu cu ny ca khch hng th mng GSM ang thc hin kh tt v cc nh cung cp GSM cng khng ngng cng c v pht trin h thng ca mnh. Trong thi gian i thc tp tt nghip em c c hi c n thc tp ti Cng ty in thoi di dng Viettel Mobile, em thy rng cng ty ang c chin lc m rng vng ph sng ca mnh ti nhiu ni nh vng su vng xa, bin gii, hi o v sang tham gia khai thc th trng di ng cc nc Campuchia, Lo. S trm BTS mi c lp t rt nhiu, cht lng phc v i vi khch hng ngy cng c nng cao. Nh vy cho thy rng nhu cu ca khch hng i vi GSM vn ang cn rt mnh m. V trong tng s thu bao di ng th s khch hng c nhu cu s dng cc dch v gia tng cn n bng thng rng nh: truy cp Internet tc cao, Video clip, truyn d liu tc cao chim t l khng cao. Cng chnh v khng th phc v cho mt s t khch hng m nh cung cp phi thay i cng ngh ca mnh c. tin ln 3G th i vi nh cung cp dch v phi thay i cng ngh, phi b tin ra u t mua sm thit b mi cho h thng ca mnh. Cn i vi ngi s dng l khch hng cng phi thay i thi quen s dng, phi mua mi thit b u cui (l chic in thoi di ng th h 3G) cho ph hp vi cng ngh mi. iu ny c l l kh khn nht, thay i thi quen v chp nhn mng mi th cng cn khong thi gian khng phi l ngn. Tuy rng, th h 3G l bc pht trin tt yu ca h thng thng tin di ng, 3G ra i ha hn nhiu tnh nng vt tri nhng cha th ni l hon ton tt hn th h 2G (v pha khch hng). V iu ny cng cn phi c thi gian mi chng minh c.
21
1.2.2 Hng pht trin v kh nng ng dng h thng thng tin di ng 3G Vit Nam S pht trin nhanh chng ca x hi, ca cng ngh thng tin, ko theo nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi pht trin theo, do vy m tin ln 3G l tt yu v Vit Nam khng phi l ngoi l. Vit Nam phi pht trin tin kp vi th gii nht l trong thi i ngy nay - thi i ton cu ho. Thc t l Vit Nam chng ta mi ch tip thu nm bt cng ngh s dng v khai thc cc thit b vin thng. Nn khoa hc k thut ca ta khng cho php ta c th sn xut thit b ring c. Gn nh 100% cng ngh v cc thit b dng trong ngnh vin thng c bit l nhng thit b dng trong thng tin di ng ta phi nhp ca cc hng nc ngoi. Khi m cc nh cung cp thit b thay i cng ngh th ta bt buc phi thay i theo tin kp vi bc pht trin ca th gii v nu khng ta s khng c thit b my mc dng ri s dn n lc hu. Do vy phi bit nm bt thi c, c k hoch chi tit th ta mi c th ch ng trong mi tnh hung. V y chnh l mc tiu ca ngnh Vin thng trong qu trnh hi nhp v pht trin.
22
Kt lun chng 1 Chng 1 ca n gii thiu su v cc vn c bn sau y : Qu trnh lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca thng tin di ng trn th gii qua tng giai on. nh gi, so snh s khc bit v u khuyt im ca cc cng ngh FDMA, TDMA, CDMA s dng cho cc th h 1G, 2G v 3G. Mt vi nhn xt v th trng di ng nc ta hin nay v kh nng tin ln 3G trong tng la.i Nhng ni dung trn l c s tm hiu v mng thng tin di ng th h th ba (3G) W-CDMA, k thut tri ph trong W- CDMA, iu khin cng sut trong W-CDMA, s c trnh by trong chng 2.
23
CHNG 2: MNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH BA (3G) W-CDMA

Qua vic tm hiu v nghin cu qu trnh lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca thng tin di ng chng 1 th chng 2 ca n gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng th h ba (3G) W-CDMA trong nu ln nhng k thut c bn v cng ngh then cht s dng trong W-CDMA. 2.1 Gii thiu chung v h thng thng tin di ng 3G 2.1.1 Mc tiu ca IMT-2000 Nhng n lc trong nghin cu v pht trin c thc hin cho IMT-2000 vi mc ch cung cp cc dch v a phng tin c cht lng cao, tc cao, khai thc mt di rng cc ni dung bao gm thoi, s liu v video trong mi trng di ng. H thng IMT-2000 c cc mc tiu sau: Cc dch v thng tin c nhn nh nng cao hiu sut ph (c nhn ho) Cc dch v thng tin xuyn sut ton cu (ton cu ho) Cc dch v a phng tin qua h thng truyn dn c tc v cht lng cao (a phng tin) Vic s dng bng thng rng hn cho php truyn vi tc cao mt dung lng ln s liu, hnh nh tnh v video bn cnh cc kt ni thoi. Lin minh vin thng Chu u (ITU) t ra cc yu cu i vi h thng truyn dn v tuyn IMT-2000 cung cp cc dch v a phng tin trong nhiu mi trng khc nhau nh m t trong bng 1.2. Tc truyn
24
yu cu l 144 kbit/s trong mi trng di chuyn tc cao, 384 kbit/s khi di chuyn cc tc thp v 2Mbit/s trong mi trng trong nh. Bng 2.1: Cc yu cu i vi h thng truyn dn v tuyn IMT-2000
Trong nh Ngi i b Trong xe t
Tc truyn (kbit/s )
2048
384
144
Hnh 2.1 th hin cc dch v a phng tin trong thng tin di ng do IMT-2000 cung cp trong cc lnh vc kinh doanh, cng cng v c nhn. Mt chic in thoi di ng c th thay th cho nhiu cho nhiu loi giy t ty thn hay l n gip cho vic thanh ton, giao dch, gii tr... u l nhng tnh nng vt tri m 3G s mang li.
Hnh 2.1: Cc dch v a phng tin trong thng tin di ng
25
2.1.2 Chun ha IMT-2000 Nghin cu v IMT-2000 c b phn thng tin v tuyn ca ITU ( ITU-R ) bt u thc hin t nm 1985. Cng vi nghin cu ny, b phn chun ha vin thng ca ITU ( ITU-T ) coi vic nghin cu IMT-2000 l mt nhim v quan trng v tin hnh cc nghin cu v cc giao thc bo hiu lp trn, cc nhn dng, cc dch v, m ha thoi hnh nh Tip theo cc nghin cu ny l cc nghin cu v cc thng s k thut chi tit cho D n i tc th h 3 (3GPP) thc hin v nhng n lc nhm xy dng s thng nht chung gia cc t chc hng ti s pht trin ca mt giao din v tuyn c chun ha. Trc ht, ITU-R lm r nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi giao din v tuyn IMT-2000. Bng 2.1 m t nhng yu cu ny. p li, cc quc gia v t chc c yu cu xut mt giao din v tuyn tha mn cc yu cu ny. Ngoi ITU, cn c cc quc gia, khu vc v cc t chc cng tin hnh cc nghin cu nh ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Businesses) ca Nht v ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard Institude). Kt qu l 10 h thng thng tin mt t v 06 h thng thng tin v tinh c xut ln ITU-R, tt c cc xut ny sau c mt nhm gm nhiu nc v t chc khc nhau nh gi. Sau khi cc h thng ny c xc nhn l tha mn yu cu ca IMT-2000, cc c tnh ch yu ca giao din v tuyn c ci tin trn c s xem xt cc c tnh tn s v tuyn (RF) v cc c tnh bng gc quan trng. Nhng n lc ng thi xy ra nhm to dng c s thng nht gia nhng ngi ch trng xy dng mt giao din v tuyn chun, c th hin trong bn kin ngh v cc thng s c
26
bn thng 3/1999. Nh m t trong hnh 2.2 v 2.3, bn kin ngh a ra cc ni dung lin quan n giao din v tuyn IMT-2000 nh sau: Chun giao din v tuyn bao gm cc cng ngh CDMA v TDMA CDMA bao gm cc phng thc tri ph chui trc tip song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD), phng thc a sng mang FDD v phng thc song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD). Tc chip tng ng ca phng thc tri ph trc tip FDD v a sng mang FDD l 3,84 Mc/s v 3,6864 Mc/s. Nhm TDMA bao gm phng thc sng mang n FDD v phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA)/ TDMA. Mi cng ngh v tuyn ny phi c th hot ng trn hai mng li 3G chnh. V d: phin bn ca GSM v ANSI-41(Vin tiu chun Quc gia M ) Cc khuyn ngh nu cc thng s k thut ca mi phng thc: trong phng thc tri ph trc tip c gi l W-CDMA
Hnh 2.2: Cu hnh giao din v tuyn IMT-2000
27
Giao din v tuyn
IMT-2000 CDMA tri ph trc tip
IMT-2000 CDMA a sng mang
IMT-2000 CDMA TDD
IMT-2000 sng mang n
IMT-2000 FDMA/ TDMA
Kt ni linh hot gia giao din v tuyn v mng li
Mng li
GSM MAP tng cng
ANSI 41 tng cng
C s IP
Hnh 2.3: Kt ni gia cc giao din v tuyn v mng li 2.1.3 Bng tn cho IMT-2000 Bng tn cho IMT-2000 c quy nh ti Hi ngh qun l v tuyn th gii 92 (WARC-92) vo nm 1992. Mt di ph 230 MHz trong bng tn 2GHz ( 1885 - 2025 MHz ; 2110 2200 MHz ) c phn chia cho IMT-2000. Tuy nhin, s bng n nhu cu i vi thng tin di ng v cc xu hng a phng tin trong thng tin di ng khin cho ITU-R d on vo nm 1999 2000 rng bng tn IMT-2000 s tr nn khng trong tng lai gn. c bit s thu bao IMT-2000 s t con s 200 triu thu bao trn ton th gii vo nm 2010, ng thi ITU-R cng nhn thy rng cn phi m bo mt bng tn chung ton cu t c gi thnh thp hn nh vo vic s dng chung cc thit b u cui IMT-2000 trn phm vi ton cu v pht trin cc ch tiu k thut chung cho cc thit b u cui. ITU-R c tnh rng vo nm 2010 s thiu bng thng khong 160MHz cho cc h thng thng tin mt t v 2x 67 MHz cho cc h thng thng tin v tinh trn th gii. p ng d bo ny, Hi ngh thng tin v
28
tuyn th gii 2000 (WRC 2000) xut dnh bng tn 800 MHZ (806 960 MHz), 1,7 GHz (1710 1885 MHz ), v 2,5GHz s dng cho IMT2000 trn th gii trong tng lai. 2.1.4 Cc yu cu v mc tiu thit k i vi h thng thng tin di ng W-CDMA Cc yu cu i vi IMT-2000 bao gm tnh nng linh hot, tnh nng kinh t v kh nng truyn s liu cao. Yu cu hot ng ti thiu v tc truyn dn l 2Mb/s mi trng trong nh, 384Kb/s trong ch i b, 144Kb/s ch di chuyn bng xe. i vi h thng v tuyn, phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng (W-CDMA) l phng php c th thc hin tt cc yu cu nu c xut lm giao din v tuyn. im ng ch ca IMT-2000 l n mang tnh ton cu hn cc chun khc v nhiu n lc nghin cu mnh c tin hnh hp cc chun c tnh cnh tranh khc nhau trong qu trnh chun ha. IMT-2000 c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic pht trin mt giao din v tuyn chung ton cu m bo s chia s cc thit b u cui. W-CDMA c ph chun l mt trong cc giao din khuyn ngh ca t chc Vin thng quc t (ITU), trong n c gi l h thng tri ph trc tip IMT-2000. V cc dch v, mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh l cung cp y cc chc nng a phng tin trong th gii thng tin di ng. Kh nng truyn dn tc cao s bin mc tiu ny thnh kh thi i vi h thng thng tin di ng W-CDMA. Theo IMT-2000, giao din v tuyn v h thng v tuyn phi c kh nng thch nghi vi cc tc truyn s liu khch hng, cung cp ng thi nhiu dch v v p ng c cc dch v chuyn mch gi (Packet Switched) cng nh cc dch v chuyn mch knh (Channel Switch) W-CDMA l mt phng thc hiu qu p ng tt cc yu cu ny.
29
Bng tn s dng theo IMT-2000 l bng tn 2GHz. Do bng tn ny l cao hn so vi bng tn 800MHz s dng trong h thng thng tin di ng th h th hai (2G) nn v mt l thuyt cc c bn knh ln l kh suy hao truyn lan sng. Hn na, cc yu cu v thit k ng truyn cng nghim ngt hn do nhu cu truyn tin ln hn cho cc dch v s liu tc cao lm tng yu cu v cng sut pht. Do , vic xy dng mt h thng c tnh kinh t tr thnh mc tiu quan trng trong k hoch pht trin nhm m bo vng ph sng tng ng vi cng mt s trm gc nh h thng di ng 2G hin c. lm c iu ny i hi phi ng dng nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. 2.1.5 Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn 2.1.5.1 Cc c tnh k thut c bn ca W-CDMA Bng 2.2: Cc c tnh k thut c bn ca W-CDMA
Phng thc truy nhp Phng thc truyn song cng rng bng thng Tc chip Khong cch sng mang Tc s liu di khung s liu M hiu chnh li CDMA tri ph trc tip FDD 5 MHz 3,84 Mc/s 200 kHz ~ 2 Mbit/s 10, 20, 40, 80 ms M turbo, m xon
30
Phng thc iu ch s liu Phng thc iu ch tri ph
ng xung: QPSK, ng ln: BPSK ng xung: QPSK, ng ln: HPSK
H s tri ph (SF) Phng thc ng b gia cc trm gc Phng php m ha thoi
4 ~ 512 D b (cng c th s dng ch ng b) AMR ( 1,95 kb/s 12,2 kb/s )
Ghi ch: AMR: M ha nhiu tc thch ng; BPSK: iu ch hai trng thi; HPSK: iu ch pha hn hp (lai); QPSK: iu ch pha bn trng thi; FDD: song cng phn chia theo tn s. 2.1.5.2 Cu trc ca mng truy nhp v tuyn Mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAN: Radio Access Network) bao gm thit b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC: Radio Network Control ) v nt B, mng ny c ni vi mng li (CN: Core Network) qua giao din Iu. Theo 3GPP, RAN c xem nh mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN). RNC c chc nng qun l cc ti nguyn v tuyn v iu khin nt B, v d nh n thc hin iu khin chuyn giao. Nt B l nt logic c chc nng thu v pht v tuyn, n cn c gi l trm thu pht gc (BTS). Giao din gia nt B v RNC c gi l Iub. Giao din gia cc RNC cng c quy nh vi tn gi l Iur. y l mt giao din logic c th thc hin u ni vt l gia cc RNC. Tuy nhin, cc phng php truyn dn lun phin c th c ng dng nh mt kt ni vt l qua mng li (CN). Nt B ph sng cho mt hoc nhiu . Nu BS c phn chia sector bi cc anten nh hng th mi sector cng c xem nh mt nh. Nt B c kt ni vi thit b thu bao (UE: User Equiment ) qua giao din v tuyn
31
Hnh 2.4: Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn 2.1.6 Cc cng ngh then cht trong W-CDMA 2.1.6.1 S dng ch khng ng b gia cc BS v phn chia m ng xung Ch khng ng b (d b ) c p dng khi khng cn duy tr mt qu trnh ng b chnh xc gia tt c cc BS. N c s dng nhm mc ch m bo d dng trin khai ph kn sng bi cc BS cho c mi trng truyn sng trong nh v ngoi tri. 2.1.6.2 Cu trc hoa tiu Qu trnh tch sng nht qun c s tr gip ca k hiu hoa tiu c p dng khng ch vi ng xung m c vi ng ln. Cc k hiu hoa tiu trong ng xung c ghp theo thi gian vi cc k hiu s liu gim thiu tr cho qu trnh iu chnh cng sut pht TPC (Transmission
32
Power Control) v n gin ho qu trnh thu trong UE. K hiu hoa tiu s dng cho cc knh ring ghp theo thi gian theo ng xung cng c hiu qu trong TPC nhanh ng xung. Mt khc, i vi ng ln cc k hiu s liu c ghp vung pha (I/Q) vi cc k hiu hoa tiu. Hay ni cch khc, chng c iu ch BPSK v c kt hp hai trng thi pha 0 v /2. iu ny lm cho qu trnh truyn dn tc bin thin ng ln c lin tc v khng thay i bt thng. N cng gim thiu h s nh trong dng sng truyn sn v gim bt cc yu cu cho b khuch i pht trong UE. i vi ng xung, CPICH c s dng gii iu ch cc knh chung cng c s dng gii iu ch cc knh ring. Cc k hiu hoa tiu ring c ghp trn knh ring cng l mt gii php hu hiu m bo kh nng m rng, kh nng ng dng cc anten thch nghi v cc cng ngh khc pht trin hn na. 2.1.6.3 Phng php truy nhp gi Khi m truyn gi tr thnh k thut then cht i vi cc dch v 3G th nhiu nghin cu khc nhau c tin hnh trn cc cng ngh truyn. W-CDMA chn gii php s dng h thng c kh nng chuyn i thch ng gia cc knh chung v cc knh ring theo lu lng s liu. Khi lng s liu cn truyn ln th vic n nh knh ring DPCH l hiu qu hn v cng sut s dng l thp hn nh qu trnh TPC. Ngc li, khi lng s liu cn truyn nh v lu lng thay i t bin th s dng mt knh chung s hiu qu hn. Trong phng php ny, h thng s chuyn i thch ng gia cc knh chung v knh ring theo lu lng s liu. Cc phng php khc cng c s dng, bao gm phng php knh chia s (chung) ng xung, trong mt knh ng xung c chia s bi nhiu thu bao. Cc knh ring tc thp c gn vo knh chia s ng xung. Cc knh iu khin vt l (CCH) trn cc knh ring ny thc
33
hin vic iu khin v ch ra thng tin cn gii m knh chia s ng xung. Knh chia s ng xung c tin cy truyn s liu tc cao ng xung mt cch hiu qu. 2.1.6.4 Phn tp truyn dn Mt s cng ngh phn tp truyn dn c nghin cu v sau c p dng nng cao hiu sut gm: phng php phn tp anten pht chuyn mch thi gian (TSTD) v phn tp anten pht da trn m khi thi gian khng gian (STTD) dng vng m - trong khng s dng vng hi tip; v hai phng php ny dng vng kn trong c s dng hi tip. TSTD chuyn i anten pht trong mi khe, ngc li STTD ci thin hiu qu sa li nh vic ngu nhin ha cc li ti im thu bng cch m ha s liu ging nhau v gi ng thi chng ti hai anten pht. Dng vng kn, c p dng vi knh ring s lm gim nh hng ca pha inh bng cch iu chnh pha sng mang pht ra t hai anten theo tn hiu tham chiu phn hi t UE ti im thu. Tm li : IMT-2000 p ng c yu cu theo mc tiu hng ti a phng tin v ton cu ho nh vic ng dng cc cng ngh then cht, hin i ho v thng nht chung trn ton th gii. N chng t c kh nng vt tri so vi h thng thng tin di ng th h 2G v tc truyn s liu cng nh cc dch v gia tng. 2.2 K thut tri ph trong W-CDMA K thut tri ph l k thut quan trng c s dng trong W-CDMA nh vo kh nng bo mt v tnh chng nhiu cao, do vy cn nghin cu su v k thut ny 2.2.1 Gii thiu chung K thut tri ph vi cc h thng thng tin s nguyn thy c pht trin v ng dng trong thng tin nhm cung cp kh nng chng li vic gy nhiu c , che du tn hiu bng cch pht n vi mc cng sut thp, nh
34
lm cho ngi nghe khng mong mun kh pht hin ra c s c mt ca tn hiu trong nn tp m, hoc lm cho nhiu ngi s dng c th truyn qua cng mt knh. Ngy nay, cc k thut tri ph ang c s dng nhm cho php truyn tin tin cy trong mt lot cc ng dng thng mi, bao gm c thng tin trn xe di ng thng tin v tuyn lin s ( interoffice). Cc h thng thng tin tri ph l cc h thng s dng tn hiu c bng tn W rt rng, thng gp hng trm ln tc bit ca h thng nh s dng k thut tri ph tn hiu bng cc tn hiu gi tp PN (Pseudo Noise). Khi ch c mt ngi s dng bng tn tri ph, s dng bng tn ny l khng hiu qu. Tuy nhin trong mi trng nhiu ngi s dng, nhng ngi s dng ny c th s dng chung mt bng tn tri ph v h thng s dng bng tn c hiu qu m vn gi c cc u im ca tri ph. tng ca tri ph trong cc h thng thng tin l da vo nh l Shannon, nh l ny c pht biu nh sau: Vi mt knh c tp m trng cng tnh (AWNG) th tng quan gia dung lng, cng sut v rng di tn cho bi: C = W log 2 ( 1+ S/N ) Trong : C: dung lng ca knh W: rng di tn ca tn hiu S: cng sut tn hiu N: cng sut tp nhiu Nh vy, vi cng dung lng C xc nh. Nh tng W m c th truyn c tn hiu vi t s S/N rt thp, thm ch < 1. iu ny c th t c nh thc hin tri rng ph cn truyn phn pht v nn ph phn thu. Trn c s ny cho php h thng lin lc lm vic tt trong cc iu kin c nhiu mnh, thm ch che giu tn hiu chm vo trong nn nhiu, nh i phng rt kh pht hin c tin tc truyn i. Hn na, nh vic s
35
dng cc dy gi ngu nhin tri ph nn i phng hu nh khng th gii m c thng tin. c im c bn ca h thng thng tin tri ph l ph tn hiu c truyn i rt rng. Tuy vy, khng phi loi h thng thng tin no c ph rng cng l h thng thng tin tri ph. Mt h thng thng tin c gi l h thng tri ph nu n tha mn ba yu t sau: Tn hiu sau khi tri ph c b rng ph ln hn gp nhiu ln so vi b rng ph ban u ca n trc khi tri ph. Vic tri ph c thc hin bi tn hiu tri ph thng gi l m tri ph, m tri ph ny c lp vi d liu v c tc ln hn nhiu ln tc d liu. Tn hiu tri c la chn sao cho to ra mt ph tng cng gn vi ph ca tp m. Qu trnh nn ph c thc hin nh tnh tng quan gia tn hiu thu c v tn hiu gii tri ph l bn sao ng b ca tn hiu tri c s dng phn pht Cc phn t c s ca mt h thng thng tin tri ph c minh ha trn hnh 2.5
Hnh 2.5: M hnh mt h thng thng tin tri ph Chng ta thy rng b m ha v gii m, b iu ch v gii iu ch l cc phn t c bn ca h thng thng tin s truyn thng. Ngoi cc phn t ny, mt h thng thng tin tri ph cn p dng hai b to chui gi
36
ngu nhin nh nhau, mt trong chng giao tip vi iu ch u pht v b kia th giao tip vi b gii iu ch u thu. Hai b ny to ra mt chui nh phn gi ngu nhin hay gi tp PN c s dng ti b iu ch tri tn hiu c pht i v ph v tri ph tn hiu thu c ti b gii iu ch pha my thu. Chui gi ngu nhin PN c to ra my thu phi ng b vi chui PN hm cha trong tn hiu thu c gii tri chnh xc tn hiu thu c c tri ph. Trong mt h thng thc t, vic ng b c thit lp trc khi truyn a thng tin bng cch truyn mt mu bit c nh c thit k sao cho my thu s tch c n vi mt xc sut cao ngay c khi c nhiu. Sau khi vic ng b thi gian ca cc b to chui PN thc hin xong, vic truyn thng tin bt u. Trong ch truyn d liu, my thu thng bm nh thi vi tn hiu thu v gi cho b to chui PN c ng b. S chc nng h thng thng tin tri ph c trnh by trn hnh 2.6. T s d ta thy v tr ca khi tri ph trong h thng thng tin v tuyn. Ph ca tn hiu sau khi c x l s c tri rng n rng bng tn cn thit, sau qua b iu ch chuyn ph ny ti bng tn truyn dn. Tn hiu iu ch c khuch i v pht trn knh truyn dn knh mt t hoc knh v tinh [6] 2.2.2 Phn loi cc k thut tri ph Cn c vo cu trc v phng php iu ch ngi ta phn loi k thut tri ph nh sau: Tri ph chui trc tip (DS Direct Sequence) Tri ph nhy tn (FH Frequency Hopping) Tri ph nhy thi gian (TH Time Hopping) Ngoi ra cn phng php kt hp gia chng chng hn nh FH/DS, TH/FH, TH/DS v DS/FH/TH.
37
Tn hiu s
Nn d liu
M ha sa sai
iu ch
Knh v tinh KCS ng ln Knh truyn Tp m Nhiu
A/D Tn hiu tng t
To chui PN
To sng mang /c
Tp m Nhiu Knh mt t
Knh truyn
Trm thu &pht v tinh
Knh truyn Tn hiu s Gii iu ch
Tp m Nhiu
Gii m
Gii nn
ng xung My thu
Tn hiu tng t
A/D
To chui PN
ng b chui
Hnh 2.6: S chc nng h thng thng tin tri ph Tri ph nhy tn (FH): Thc cht l s dch chuyn tn s c chn theo m. Thnh phn c bn ca h thng l b to m PN v b t hp tn s. Trong tri ph nhy tn (FH) rng bng knh sn c W c chia nh thnh mt s ln cc khe tn s khng ln ln nhau. Trong bt k khong thi gian truyn tin no, tn hiu c truyn u chim mt (hay nhiu hn mt ) khe tn s ni trn. Vic chn khe (hay cc khe) tn s no trong mi mt khong thi gian truyn tn hiu c thc hin mt cch gi ngu nhin theo tn hiu li ra ca mt b to chui PN.
38
Tri ph nhy thi gian (TH): Nguyn l ca h thng ny l mt bn tin c tc dng s Rb c phn phi khong thi gian cn thit c dng truyn bn tin y bng cc h thng thng thng. Trong khong thi gian ny, dng s c gi i theo tng lot ph hp vi s iu khin ca m PN. Tri ph chui trc tip (DS): Trong phng php ny m tri ph PN s tri ph tn hiu sng mang iu ch d liu mt cch trc tip. Phng php ny l dng n gin nht trong k thut tri ph v c s dng rng ri trong thng tin di ng, v tinh v rada. Trong h thng thng tin di ng W-CDMA cng s dng k thut tri ph chui trc tip DS/SS. 2.2.3 Nguyn l tri ph chui trc tip (DS/SS) Nguyn l tri ph chui trc tip l c s cho k thut W-CDMA. Nh ta bit h thng thng tin di ng trc y thng s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA v a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA, nhng ng trc nhu cu v tng dung lng v loi hnh dch v th hai k thut ny gp rt nhiu kh khn. cng l l do ti sao k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m bng rng W-CDMA c coi l k thut thay th trong tng lai. Nguyn l tri ph chui trc tip (DS/SS: Direct Sequence Spectrum Spreading) c th c trnh by nh sau: Gi chui d liu cn c pht i l s(t) c tc l R (b/s) v chui tri ph gi ngu nhin hay gi tp PN l chui chip c(t), (c(t) = 1) c tc Rc (b/s) rt ln hn tc chui d liu s(t) l R. Chui tn hiu bng gc pht sau tri ph l: r1(t) = s(t) c(t) Ph tn hiu bng gc pht sau tri ph l: R1(f) = S(f) * C(f) (2.2) (2.1)
39
Trong S(f) v C(f) ln lt l ph ca tn hiu d liu s(t) v chui chip c(t) Do chui tri ph (chui chip) c tc ln hn rt nhiu tc ca chui d liu, ph ca c(t) l C(f) c rng bng ln hn rt nhiu so vi chui d liu, v vy rng bng tn hiu pht i (b rng ph chim ca R1(f)), l tng rng bng ca c(t) v s(t), s rng hn rng bng ca s(t) rt nhiu ln. s(t) do vy c tri rng v ph vi mt cng sut ph rt thp. my thu, tn hiu thu c c gii tri ph bng cch nhn vi chui chip gii tri l bn sao ng b vi chui chip tri ph phn pht thu li tn hiu d liu truyn i. B qua tc ng ca tp m nhit trng chun cng tnh, xt bng tn gc, tn hiu sau tri ph l: s(t) c(t) = s(t) c(t) c(t) = s(t) 2.2.4 iu ch v gii iu ch tri ph chui trc tip Hai loi iu ch s s c xem xt lin quan vi tri ph, l PSK v FSK. iu ch PSK ni chung c s dng vi tri ph DS l thch hp cho cc ng dng trong s kt hp v pha gia tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu c th duy tr c trn khong thi gian bao trm vi symbol (hay bit). V phng din khc, iu ch FSK ni chung c s dng vi tri ph nhy tn v thch hp cho cc ng dng trong s kt hp pha sng mang khng th duy tr c do c tnh truyn dn ca knh truyn tin bin i theo thi gian. Sau y ta i tm hiu mt s k thut iu ch tri ph chui trc tip (DS/SS). 2.2.4.1 Tri ph DS BPSK (Direct Sequence Binary Phase Keying) Dng n gin nht ca k thut tri ph chui trc tip l iu ch tri ph PSK c s nh hnh 2.6 (2.3)
40
2P
2P
Hnh 2.7: S khi tri ph DS Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch l tn hiu Sm (t) c tn s sng mang 0 , cng sut l P, c iu ch pha bi d liu m(t)vi dch pha m(t): Sm (t) =
2P cos[ 0t + m(t)]
(2.4)
Tn hiu Sm (t) c rng bng thng truyn dn ti thiu l R/n, vi R l tc bit ca d liu m(t), n l s bit thng tin trong mt k hiu: Sm (t) c tri ph bi m tri ph c(t) nh hnh 2.6, cho ra tn hiu pht l: S(t) = Sm (t).c(t) =
2 P c(t ) cos[ 0t + m(t)]
(2.5)
My thu s nhn c tn hiu ny sau mt thi gian tr truyn dn Td cng vi can nhiu v tp m; v gii tri ph qua vic nhn tn hiu thu r(t) vi m tri ph c(t-Td), trong Td l thi gian tr truyn dn do my thu nh gi. Tn hiu sau tri ph s l: x(t) =
2 P c(t Td )c(t T 'd ) cos[ 0t + m(tTd) + ]
(2.6)
trong l pha ngu nhin gy nn bi tp m v nhiu Khi my thu ng b vi my pht hay Td = Td v c(t) l cc bit nh phn 1, th c(t - Td)c(t Td) = 1; biu thc (2.6) tr thnh: x(t) =
2P cos[ 0t + m(tTd) + ]
(2.7)
41
Do ti u ra b gii tri ph, tn hiu Sm (t) c phc hi sai khc tn hiu pht mt gc pha ngu nhin v sau khi Sm (t) c gii iu ch PSK kt hp thng thng s cho d liu m(t) ban u. Trong trng hp iu ch sng mang BPSK vi m(t) l tn hiu nh phn 1 th m(t) s nhn cc gi tr 0 v nn Sm (t) v St (t) s tr thnh: Sm (t) = S(t) =
2 P m(t ) cos 0t 2 P m(t )c (t ) cos 0t
(2.8) (2.9)
Lc ny ch cn s dng b iu ch pha s cn d liu s c cng modun 2 vi m tri ph trc khi a vo b iu ch pha. Khi ny s ca tri ph DS-BPSK c dng nh hnh 2.8
2P
2P
Hnh 2.8: S khi ca DS-BPSK Hnh 2.9 minh ha cc dng sng tn hiu trong trng hp iu ch BPSK c s dng cho c iu ch d liu v iu ch tri ph. Vi hnh a, b, c, d, l cc dng sng d liu, m tri ph, Sm (t) v St (t); hnh 2.9e v 2.9f minh ha trng hp thi gian tr truyn dn Td = 0 nhng m tri ph thu (hnh 2.9e) khng ng pha vi m tri ph pht nn sau gii tri ph (hnh 2.9f) khng phc hi c tn hiu; hnh 2.9g minh ha trng hp thi gian
42
truyn dn Td = 0 v m tri ph thu ng b vi m tri ph pht nn tn hiu sau tri ph (hnh 2.9g) phc hi c l Sm (t).
Hnh 2.9: Cc dng sng trong tri ph DS-QPSK 2.2.4.2 Tri ph DS-QPSK tn dng hiu qu bng tn truyn dn, cc k thut iu ch nhiu mc c s dng. S khi mch tri ph DS s dng iu ch QPSK cn bng nh hnh 2.10 Ti my pht, sng mang c iu ch pha bi d liu m(t): Sm (t) =
2P cos[ 0t + m(t)]
(2.10)
43
(a)
S m (t )
P cos[ 0t +m (t)]
m(t)
iu ch pha
Hybird cu phng
2P sin[ 0t +m (t)]
c1 (t )
S1 (t )
Dao ng
2P cos 0t
c 2 (t )
(b)
c1(t T'd )
2 cos[( 0 + IF )t + ]
x(t)
r (t ) = s (t T ' d )
B chia cng sut

y(t)
Lc r(t) thng di
r(t)
Gii iu m(t) ch pha
c2 (t T'd )
2 sin[( 0 + IF )t + ]
Hnh 2.10: S khi tri ph DS s dng QPSK (a) phn pht ; (b) phn thu Cng sut u ra sau mch Hybird s bng na cng sut vo Sm (t) v tn hiu pht S1 (t) s l: St (t) =
P c1 (t ) cos[ 0t + m (t )] + P c2 (t ) sin[ 0 t + m (t )]
(2.11)
Trong c1(t) v c2(t) l cc m tri ph c gi tr 1. Vi thi gian tr truyn dn l Td th tn hiu thu r(t) s l: r(t) =
P c1 (t Td ) cos[ 0t + m (t )] + P c2 (t Td ) sin[ 0 t + m (t )] (2.12)
44
Tn hiu r(t) s c gii tri ph qua b iu ch QPSK vi cc thnh phn x(t) v y(t) l:
x(t ) = P 2c1 (t Td )c1 (t Td' )cos IF t m (t )
]
(2.13)
+ p 2c 2 (t Td )c 2 (t Td" ) sin[ IF t m (t )]
y (t ) = P / 2c1 (t Td )c1 t Td' sin[ IF t m (t )]
+ P / 2c1 (t Td do my thu nh gi
( ) )c (t T )cos[
2 ' d
IF
t m (t )]
Khi tri ph my thu ng b vi my pht hay thi gian tr truyn dn

c1 (t Td )c1 t Td' = c 2 (t Td )c 2 t Td' = 1
(2.14)
Th tn hiu ra s l:
z (t ) = x(t ) + y (t ) = 2 P cos[ IF t m (t )]
(2.15)
Do ti u ra b gii tri ph, tn hiu S m (t ) c phc hi v sau khi S m (t ) c gii iu ch PSK kt hp s cho d liu m(t) ban u. 2.2.5 ng b trong tri ph DS S ng b ca chui gi ngu nhin my thu v chui gi ngu nhin my pht l yu t c bn nhn ng tn hiu. N cho php my thu nhn ra thng tin hu ch m(t). Hiu qu ca mt h thng tri ph tu thuc vo kh nng my thu to ra mt tn hiu PN (hoc chui) nh l mt bn sao ca tn hiu PN thu c v ng b n vi tn hiu PN thu c. My thu bit tn hiu PN c dng, song n khng bit pha ca tn hiu khi ti my thu. ng b PN thng thng cn c hai bc. Bc th nht c gi l bm, l bc iu chnh th lch pha ca tn hiu PN ti vi tn hiu PN ni vo trong mt khong no , c mt chp hay nh hn. Bc th hai c gi l d tm, thc hin vic iu chnh tinh lm cho sai lch ca hai pha tin ti khng. Nguyn l thu m DS-CDMA c trnh by trn hnh 2.10
45
Gi s tn hiu thu nhn c l:

S1 (t ) = 2 P c(t ) cos( 0 t + m )
(2.16)
Trc qu trnh bm cc chui m tri ph u thu lch pha so vi u pht mt gi tr no , nn tn hiu u ra b nhn c dng:
S 2 (t ) = S1 (t )c(t + )
(2.17)
Hnh 2.11: Nguyn l thu m trong DS-CDMA Tn hiu ny c a qua b lc thng di (BPF) c tn s trung tn
c , di thng rng tng ng vi ph m(t) nhng hp so vi ph ca
c(t). Tn hiu sau b lc di thng a n b tch sng ng bao pht hin gi tr nh ca tn hiu ny. Nu bin sng mang iu ch bi m(t) khng i th tn hiu u ra b tch sng ng bao c gi tr ca hm t tng quan nh sau:
S 4 (t ) = c(t )c(t + ) = Rc ( )
(2.18)
Rc ( ) nhn gi tr cc i ti =0. Bin in p ra ca b tch sng
ng bao ph thuc vo . Nu gi tr in p ra nh hn ngng th c gia tng trong thi gian chip T c . Qu trnh c lp li cho n khi bin
46
in p ra vt qu ngng (tng ng vi 0), th n s chuyn sang qu trnh d tm. S m t qu trnh d tm nh sau:

Rc ( + Tc / 2 )
R c ( Tc / 2)
Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l d tm tr trong DS-CDMA Sau qu trnh bm th chui m PN c c do b to chui gi ngu nhin trong nhnh sm l c(t + Tc / 2) , cn trong nhnh tr l c(t Tc / 2) . Hai tn hiu u ra b tch sng ng bao s tr cho nhau to tn hiu e( ) :
e( ) = Rc ( + Tc / 2 ) Rc ( + Tc / 2 )
(2.19)
Tn hiu ny sau khi qua b lc vng s iu khin qu trnh to chui c(t). Du ca e( ) ch th hng iu chnh ca vic to m. 2.2.6 u im ca k thut tri ph 2.2.6.1 Gim nhiu K t khi ra i, cc h thng thng tin tri ph v ang ngy cng pht trin. Cc h thng ny chng t c tnh u vit ca k thut tri ph, l kh nng chng nhiu cao.
47
Nu ch xt i vi tp m trng chun cng tnh AWGN th tri ph khng c u im lm gim tp m AWGN. Song iu ny khng nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca h thng bi v tp m AWGN phn b ng u v rng v hn trn c di tn vi mc cng sut tn hiu nhiu kh nh. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu c th tri ph c hiu qu tng i cao. iu ny tho mn c yu cu cn t c ban u khi xut ra tng tri ph tn hiu. hiu r c h thng thng tin tri ph c kh nng chng nhiu c nh th no, trc tin ta cn hiu r cc phng thc gy nhiu ca i phng ra sao. Vic gy nhiu ny c thc hin bng hai cch l: a) Gy nhiu ton b bng tn tn hiu ca h thng. Khi thc hin phng php ny th mi to tn hiu ch b gy nhiu vi mt mc nng lng ng u v cng sut tn hiu nhiu khng cao. b) Gy nhiu mt s to tn hiu hoc l gy nhiu ton b di tn tn hiu nhng cng sut nhiu cc to khc nhau. Khi cng sut tn hiu nhiu ti mt to c th t c kh ln. Nhn chung c hai phng php trn u kh hiu qu i vi cc h thng thng tin thng thng. i vi h thng thng tin tri ph, do ph ca tn hiu c tri ra rt rng cho nn vic gy nhiu theo phng php th nht th nng lng ti mi to tn hiu rt nh, kh c th lm nh hng n cht lng ca h thng. Mt iu khc bit nht ca h thng tri ph vi h thng thng tin thng thng l: vi cch gy nhiu chn lc theo to tn hiu th ti my thu ch c tn hiu tri ph mi tng quan vi m tri ph v c khi phc li cn cc tn hiu nhiu tuy c mc cng sut kh ln nhng khi s bin thnh dng tng t nh tp m AWGN v cng sut kh nh. Nh vy ta thy rng bng vic tri ph tn hiu th tc ng ca nhiu c b gim i ng k.
48
2.2.6.2 Gim mt nng lng Vic bo m tnh bo mt ca h thng ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Mt trong nhng yu t phi k n l mt nng lng ca tn hiu. tng tnh bo mt ca h thng, kh nng chng b pht hin v thu trm, th cng sut tn hiu pht i phi rt thp. Th nhng mt nng lng ca tn hiu thp th t s tn hiu trn tp m Eb / N 0 thp theo, iu ny ng ngha vi vic cht lng ca h thng gim. gii quyt vn trn, h thng thng tin tri ph ra i. Trong h thng tri ph, ph ca tn hiu c tri ra trn mt bng tn rt rng. Do mt nng lng ca tn hiu kh thp c th thp hn tp m AWGN v nh vy tn hiu b chm trong tp m nn kh c th pht hin c. Tuy nhin ph ca tn hiu li c khi phc nh vic gii tri ph bng m tri ph, do t s tn hiu trn tp m Eb / N 0 vn c m bo. 2.2.6.3 a truy nhp theo m Khi hnh thnh tng tri ph tn hiu, ngi ta ch mong mun vi mc ch chng nhiu v bo mt cho h thng thng tin. Tuy nhin sau ny ngi ta cn pht hin ra mt tc dng to ln ca tri ph l kh nng a truy nhp ca h thng. y l mt u im thc s hp dn khng ch cho thng tin qun s m c bit l s dng trong thng tin thng mi. Trc y vi mt bng tn nht nh, th ta ch c th p ng cho mt s hn ch ngi s dng. Cn i vi k thut tri ph, v mt l thuyt ta c th p ng cho mt s lng ngi s dng rt ln bng cch phn phi cho mi i tng mt m tri ph ring bit. 2.3 iu khin cng sut trong h thng thng tin di ng IMT-2000 (3G) Trc cc yu cu v dch v mi, nht l cc dch v truyn s liu i hi cc nh khai thc phi a ra cc h thng thng tin di ng mi. Trong bi cnh Lin minh Vin thng Quc t - ITU a ra n tiu
49
chun ho h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba (3G) vi tn gi IMT2000. Trong c hai h thng W-CDMA v cdma-2000 c a vo hot ng trong nhng nm u thp k. Cng nh cc h thng thng tin s dng k thut CDMA khc, nt quan trng nht trong h thng ny l iu khin cng sut nhanh, nghim ngt v n cng n cc phng php iu khin sau y: iu khin cng sut vng h. iu khin cng sut vng kn (gm iu khin cng sut vng trong v iu khin cng sut vng ngoi). iu khin cng sut vng h thc hin nh gi gn ng cng sut ng xung ca tn hiu knh Pilot da trn tn hao truyn sng ca tn hiu ny. H thng s dng k thut W-CDMA th phng php ny ch c s dng thit lp cng sut gn ng khi truy nhp mng ln u. Th tc iu khin cng sut trong lp vt l a) Th tc iu khin cng sut nhanh vng kn Th tc iu khin cng sut nhanh vng kn c k hiu trn cc tiu chun ca h thng mng truy cp v tuyn cho h thng vin thng di ng ton cu (UTRAN: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Terrestrial Radio Ascces Network) l iu khin cng sut vng trong. y l mt th tc rt quan trng trong h thng thng tin di ng s dng k thut CDMA khc phc hiu ng gn-xa ng ln. Thao tc iu khin cng sut nhanh hot ng trn nguyn tc mt lnh trn mt khe, dn n tc lnh l 1500Hz. Nc iu chnh cng sut l 1dB, ngoi ra nhiu nc nh vy c th c s dng v kch c nh hn cng c m phng. Kch thc nh hn m phng bng cch nc 1dB c s dng 2 khe mt ln m phng kch c 0,5dB. Kch c thc s nh hn 0,5dB rt kh thc hin vi mt phc tp cho php, v kh m bo c chnh xc trn mt di rng ln.
50
Tiu chun qui nh chnh xc cho nc iu chnh cng sut 1dB l 0,5dB. Kch c nc thc s khc c quy nh l 2dB. Thao tc iu khin cng sut nhanh c hai trng hp: khai thc vi chuyn giao mm v vi ch nn kt hp vi o chuyn giao. Chuyn giao mm lin quan n vn nhiu trm BS pht lnh iu khin duy tr kt ni n mt u cui, trong khi vi ch nn nh k cc giai on trong dng lnh c cung cp cho u cui. Trong chuyn giao mm vn chnh vi u cui l phn ng vi nhiu lnh iu khin cng sut t nhiu ngun. iu ny c gii quyt bng qui nh khai thc sao cho u cui khng ch kt hp cc lnh m cn xt n c tnh tin cy ca tng quyt nh lnh quyt nh tng hay gim cng sut. Trng hp ch nn, iu khin cng sut s dng kch c bc di hn cho chu k ngn sau khu nn. iu ny cho php nhanh chng hiu chnh gi tr sau gin on trong dng lnh nhanh hn. S cn thit ca phng php ny ph thuc ch yu vo mi trng v khng lin quan n thit b ca ngi s dng UE (User Equipment) tc thp hay di khong gin on truyn dn ngn. T s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR ch cho iu khin cng sut vng kn c thit lp bi iu khin cng sut vng ngoi. pha UE qui nh vic thc hin iu khin cng sut UE. pha mng c th t do hn trong vic quyt nh BS hnh ng th no khi thu c lnh iu khin cng sut, c s BS thng bo cho u cui tng hay gim cng sut. b) Th tc iu khin cng sut vng h My thu MS o cng tn hiu BS theo nguyn tc nu cng tn hiu thu cng mnh th cng sut pht ca MS cng yu.
51
Phng php ny c chnh xc khng cao v chng ta o cng tn hiu tn s ng xung nhng li iu khin cng sut pht tn s ng ln. Tuy khng chnh xc nhng vn c s dng giai on u khi cha c knh lu lng, cha c bit iu khin cng sut.
Hnh 2.13: Lu thut ton iu khin cng sut vng kn ng ln
52
Kt lun chng 2 Ni dung ca chng 2 cp nhng vn sau: Tm hiu h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 (3G) W-CDMA, v mc tiu xy dng h thng, bng tn s dng, chun ho h thng IMT-2000. Cu trc v cc c tnh c bn ca h thng W-CDMA. K thut tri ph chui trc tip (DS/SS) s dng trong W-CDMA v cc u nhc im ca n. y l k thut c bn tng dung lng v m rng h thng. iu khin cng sut trong W-CDMA, y cng l mt yu cu quan trng hng u trong cng ngh W-CDMA Qua vic tm hiu v thu thp cc ti liu k thut c lin quan, chng ny nu ln mt cch khi qut v tng th cu trc mng thng tin di ng 3G, cc vn k thut v cng ngh c s dng trong W-CDMA. Trn c s l thuyt tm hiu chng 1 v 2, chng 3 ca n s tm hiu v thc t qu trnh tin ln 3G Vit Nam trong tng lai, nht l i vi mng GSM tin ln mng W-CDMA.
53
CHNG 3: KH NNG NG DNG MNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H BA (3G) W-CDMA T MNG GSM VIT NAM TRONG TNG LAI
Hin nay, phn ln cc h thng thng tin di ng s dng cng ngh s thit k ti u cho dch v thoi (2G), c phn loi theo k thut a truy nhp vi 2 loi chnh l TDMA (cc h thng GSM, TDMA, PDC) v CDMA (h thng IS-95 A/B). Tuy nhin trong cc cng ngh trn, GSM l ph bin nht vi khong 80% s lng thu bao, trin khai rng ri trn th gii. Ti Vit Nam cc nh khai thc GSM nh Vinaphone, Mobiphone v Viettel ang tin ti cng ngh 3G. Nn vic ci tin h thng 2G v pht trin ln cc cng ngh th h mi xut pht t nhu cu ngy cng gia tng v s dng cc dch v thng tin s liu c nhn l vn thit yu cho cc nh khai thc GSM. Chnh v vy, chng ny trnh by cu trc mng GSM (2G) hin ti v cc yu cu thit k i vi h thng v tuyn W-CDMA (3G) i ln t GSM (2G). 3.1 Cu trc mng GSM (2G) hin ti. H thng GSM c th chia lm ba phn chnh: h thng trm gc BSS, h thng chuyn mch NSS v h thng qun l mng NMS. a s cc chc nng c bit ca h thng GSM c thc hin bi h thng cc trm pht BSS trong vic lin lc vi u cui mobile. H thng trm gc c chia thnh hai khi chc nng: trm pht BTS v b iu khin trm pht BSC. Mt mng GSM dung lng cao thng thng c hng ngn trm BTS. BTS cung cp chc nng thu pht sng v tuyn v bo hiu cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn khc ca mng. Vng ph sng ca mt trm BTS gi l mt Cell. BSC thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch v iu khin cc knh v tuyn cho h thng BSS. BSC n nh knh v tuyn trong ton b thi
54
gian thit lp cuc gi v gii phng ti nguyn khi cuc gi kt thc. Chc nng di ng ch trong ni vng h thng BSS c thc hin bi BSC. Cc chc nng ny lm cho cu trc ca BSC cao hn ca BTS. Thng thng mi BSC iu khin hng chc BTS. Vic chuyn mch gia cc thu bao c thc hin bi trng chuyn mch trong MSC. Mt MSC kt ni vi cc mng khc nh l mng thoi c nh PSTN, mng ISDN, mng s liu gi PSPDN
Hnh 3.1: Cu trc tng qut h thng GSM Mt b s liu logic c gi l b ng k d liu ch, cha ng cc thng tin lin quan n vic ng k ca mi thu bao nh cc dch v v v tr ca thu bao. c th nh tuyn cc cuc gi ti, cc thng tin a ch ca vng khch c cha trong HLR. Mt ngn hng d liu l b ng k d liu khch VLR ph trch vic ghi ch cc ng k yu cu v thng tn v tr ca cc thu bao c tr trong vng phc v ca n. Thm vo b nhn thc thit b EIR c s dng ngn cn vic s dng trm hoc cc my cm tay khng c php.
55
Cuc gi ti my di ng MS c nh tuyn ti tng i MSC cng trong mng di ng cng cng mt t PLMN ca thu bao. Bng cch s dng cc thng tin cha trong HLR v VLR, cuc gi c nh tuyn ti tng i MSC m thu bao ang . Trong khi thu bao ang trong mng ch th tng i MSC ch v MSC cng l ging nhau. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Resister) l ni m thng tin v cc thu bao c lu tr c nh. Chc nng chnh ca HLR l c s d liu v thu bao. B ghi nh v tm tr VLR (Visistor Location Resister) vi chc nng chnh l duy tr bo mt thng tin. AuC duy tr bo mt thng tin v nhn dng thu bao cng vi VLR. EIR duy tr nhn dng thit b di ng lin kt vi thng tin bo mt cng VLR. Tn chung cho trung tm dch v gi node mng tng ng l phn dch v gi tr gia tng (VAS Value Added Service) nh hnh 3.2
Hnh 3.2: Phn cng dch v gi tr gia tng
56
VAS n gin nht cng gm hai loi thit b: trung tm dch v tin ngn (SMSC) v h thng th thoi (VMS). V mt k thut, VAS m bo cung cp mt s loi dch v nht nh bng cch s dng cc giao din chun vi mng GSM v n c th c hoc khng c cc giao din ring ra cc mng khc. Trn quan im pht trin dch v, VAS l bc u tin to danh thu vi cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng GSM
Hnh 3.3:Mng thng minh Khi nim mng thng minh IN (Intelligent Network) c tch hp cng vi mng GSM. V mt k thut, n lm thay i c bn cc phn t ca mng chuyn mch nhm thm vo chc nng IN, ngoi ra bn thn mng IN l mt b phn tng i phc tp. IN c kh nng pht trin dch v hng ti tnh c nhn v nh khai thc mng c th nh IN m bo an ton kinh doanh. V d cc thu bao tr trc hu ht c trin khai nh cng ngh IN. [5]
57
Tm li: So vi nhng kh nng vt tri nh truyn d liu t cao , dung lng h thng ln v chng li nh hng ca can nhiu m mng thng tin di ng th h ba mang li th mng 2G hin ti s khng p ng c. Chnh v vy i ln 3G l tt yu m con ng tin ln 3G t mng GSM l CDMA bng thng rng W-CDMA. 3.2 Kh nng tin ln 3G Vit Nam Lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng tri qua hai th h v ang dn tin sang th h th ba 3G. Vit Nam h thng thng tin di ng pht trin c gn 10 nm nay, lc u ch c 2 nh cung cp dch v ca Tp on Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam VNPT l Vinaphone v Mobiphone n nay th c ti 6 nh cung cp thng tin di ng l Viettel Mobile (Tng cng ty Vin thng Qun i), EVN Mobile (in lc), S-Fone, HT Mobile (H Ni Telecom). S ra i ca Viettel Mobile nh du mt bc ngot ln trong s pht trin cc thu bao di ng Vit Nam. Vi s cnh tranh nhau v gi thnh v cc gi tr gia tng thu ht mt s lng khch hng s dng in thoi ln. Tnh n nay nc ta c khong 23 triu thu bao in thoi di ng (tnh cho c 6 nh cung cp). Tuy c s pht trin mnh m song v gi thnh s dng dch v thng tin di ng nc ta vn cn cao so vi thu nhp trung bnh ca ngi dn. Do vy cc nh cung cp cn phi c chin lc gim gi thnh v nng cao cht lng phc v ca mnh thu ht khch hng nhiu hn na. Cc mng di ng hin nay (GSM&CDMA) c thit k nhm mc ch truyn thoi v cc dch v hng ting ni (Voice Oriented Service) cng p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Sau khi cc mng ny a ra th chnh nhng dch v ph (v d SMS, MMS, EMS, nh v) ch khng phi l cc dch v hng ting ni tr nn ph bin qua cc mng di ng. y khng phi l iu c trng i t trc.
58
Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng v ph bin ca Internet, nhu cu truyn d liu tc cao qua mng di ng tng rt nhanh. iu ny th mng di ng 2G hin ti cha p ng . Do vy cn phi a vo cc mng di ng hin c cc bin php nng cp chng hn nh: D liu chuyn mch gi tc cao HSCSD, Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS. Vic nng cp ny th cc nh cung cp dch v mng GSM l Vinaphone, Mobiphone, Viettel cng th nghim a vo khai thc. Tuy nhin cc nng cp ny ch c kh nng gii hn (v d GPRS ch t tc d liu thc t 50 Kbps hoc HSCSD ch t ti 57,6 kbps). Ngoi ra, chng khng to ra cc dch v trong tc d liu c th thay i c mt cch mm do h tr cc gii php v cht lng dch v (QoS). Vn ln na l vic thiu ti nguyn v tuyn cho cc dch v, cng vi nhu cu v cc mng di ng hiu qu hng d liu (data Oriented), cc ti nguyn v tuyn trong cc vng mt dn c cao bt u c xu hng cn dn. iu ny c bit th hin r nhng th trng di ng trng thnh nh vng thnh ph ng dn (v d t l s dung ti nguyn v tuyn cc nc Bc u l 50% n 80%). Do vy cn ti cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn mi c th gii quyt vn trn. Mng thng tin di ng th h ba 3G ra i s phn no p ng c nhu cu Mng 3G ha hn c trin vng rt ln vi nhiu u im ni tri nh: H tr chuyn vng ton cu (Global Roaming) H tr a phng tin (Voice, data v video) H tr tng dung lng knh v hiu qu ph H tr mng c cu trc IP (v d: Mobile IP) H tr tc d liu cao - 384 Kbps khi thit b di chuyn, - 2Mbps khi khng di chuyn
59
Hnh 3.4: Vin cnh 3G Nhng trin vng ca 3G: Gii tr bng thng tin (Infotainment) Dich v bn tin da phng tin (Multimedia Message Service) Truy cp qua thit b di ng vo Intranet/Extranet Truy cp qua thit b di ng vo Internet Cc dch v da trn c s v tr Cc dch v thoi c km thng tin nh hnh nh hay video (gi chung l Rich Voice )
60
3.3 Cc yu cu v mc tiu thit k i vi h thng W-CDMA. 3.3.1 Mc tiu thit k i vi h thng v tuyn W-CDMA trn c s GSM. C rt nhiu la chn cho php nh khai thc pht trin mng GSM hin c ca mnh (hnh 3.5). Mi la chn u c c im ring m cc nh khai thc mng cn quan tm c s la chn ng n nht.
Hnh 3.5: Ty chn cc phng n chuyn i t GSM Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) GPRS l bc trin khai lm thay i mnh m cu trc mng thng tin vi phn chuyn mch gi trong mng li IP phc v hiu qu cc dch v d liu n tc trung bnh. c th cung cp dch v 3G mt cch y (tc d liu ti 2Mbps) th vic trin khai h thng W-CDMA mi l iu tt yu. iu kin t ra l nh khai thc phi c mt mng GSM rng khp. Chng hn nh Viettel Mobile ngay t u ph sng 64 tnh thnh trn ton quc, y l mt iu kin thun li chnh cho Viettel khi trin khai GPRS. Nhu cu dch v d liu ch yu l cc dch v d liu tc trung bnh (ti 115kbps). H tng mng trin khai l rt ln, nh khai thc mun tn dng ti a h tng hin c cho dch v d liu
61
V k thut, h thng mng truy nhp GSM c gi nguyn v ch cn nng cp phn mm. C th BTS, BSC phi c nng cp phn mm, MS phi c chc nng GPRS, phn h mng li c b sung thm phn chuyn mch gi vi hai nt chnh: nt h tr dch v GPRS (SGSN) v nt h tr cng GPRS (GGSN). Bng cch ny, vi nng cp khng ng k, h thng c th cung cp dch v d liu gi cho thu bao di ng rt thch hp vi cc dch v d liu khng i xng. Nng cao tc d liu cho s pht trin GSM (EDGE) Bn cnh , c mt la chn cho php nh khai thc GSM c th ti u ho vic pht trin ca mnh, l cng ngh EDGE vi nhng ci tin v my thu pht v tuyn (tp trung vo mng ruy nhp v tuyn) cho php cung cp dch v d liu cao hn v tng dung lng h thng m khng lm thay i ln n cu trc mng di ng. tip tc ti u ho h thng GSM ca mnh, nh khai thc c th s dng cng ngh EDGE. Vic quy hoch mng v tuyn s t b nh hng khi trin khai cng ngh EDGE. C th, cc BTS tip tc c s dng, cc nt chuyn mch gi cng khng b nh hng do chc nng c lp vi tc bit ca thu bao. Ton b thay i i vi cc nt chuyn mch ca mng ch l vic nng cp phn mm. Thit k cng cho php u cui EDGE nh gn v gi cnh tranh c. Cc knh truyn dn trong EDGE cng thch hp cho cc dch v GSM v khng c s phn bit gia dch v EDGE, GPRS hay GSM. Xt trn quan im nh khai thc th cc dch v EDGE nn trin khai trc tin cho cc khu vc nng sau m rng dn theo nhu cu c th. Vic nng cp phn cng BSS theo cng ngh EDGE c th quan nim nh nng cp v m rng p ng pht trin thu bao thng thng. Kh nng 3G bng rng c th thc hin tng bc bng cch trin khai dn giao din v tuyn mi 3G trn mng li GSM hin ti. i vi cc nh khai thc c giy php cho bng tn mi 2GHz th c th trin khai IMT-2000 cho cc khu vc ph sng sm do c nhu cu ln nht v
62
cc dch v 3G. u cui hai ch EDGE/IMT-2000 s cho php thu bao thc hin chuyn vng v chuyn giao gia cc h thng. So vi phng n xy dng mng 3G hon ton mi th vic pht trin dn trn mng GSM s nhanh chng v r tin hn. Cc bc trung gian GPRS v EDGE cng c thun li l pht trin tip ln 3G d dng. Thc t, vic tng tc d liu trn giao din v tuyn i hi thit k li phng thc truyn dn vt l, khun dng khung, giao thc bo hiu ti cc giao din mng khc nhau. Nn tu thuc yu cu c th v tc d liu m la chn phng n nng cp h thng nhm tng tc d liu trn giao din A-bis. a truy nhp theo m bng rng (W-CDMA) iu kin trin khai l nhu cu dch v d liu chim phn ln trong lu lng. trin khai mng mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu, h thng phi tng thch ngc vi mng li GSM-MAP ca GSM. H thng bo hiu, u cui di ng c th chuyn vng vi h thng GSM hin c, tuy nhin i hi my cm tay phi c hai ch GSM/GPRS hay GSM/GPRS/W-CDMA. C rt nhiu vn k thut trong vic chuyn i cn c quan tm. p ng chuyn i c 3 bn chun ho mng li ca 3GPP: 3GPP R99 Phng n chuyn i nhm tn dng ti a h tng mng GSM v GPRS hin c. Mng li ca 3G c c phn chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh. Mng truy nhp v tuyn ca 3G c th ni c phn chuyn mch knh ca GSM sau khi c phn b sung cho 3G. Phn mng li vi hai nt mng SGSN v GGSN ca GPRS trc y c s dng li hon ton. Nh vy phng n ny l ph hp cho th trng c c dch v yu cu chuyn mch knh (thoi, hnh) v dch v chuyn mch gi.
63
3GPP R4 Phn gi vi GGSN v SGSN vn c gi nguyn. Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC ca h thng c tch thnh hai phn: phn iu khin chuyn mch v cng a phng tin (thc hin chc nng chuyn mch). Mt b iu khin c th qun l c rt nhiu cng chuyn mch a phng tin. 3GPP R5 y l bin php s dng mng li ton IP, c th c truyn dn trn ATM. Nh vy vai tr ca mng truy nhp v tuyn ch l thnh giao din v tuyn ca 3G. Mng li IP c th tng thch vi bt k cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn no: W-CDMA, cdma2000, EDGEh thng hon ton khng cn phn chuyn mch knh. Thoi cng s c truyn trn IP. Nh vy cng ngh ny s cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo s pht trin ca VoIP. 3GPP R6 ang c tip tc nghin cu khc phc nhng nhc im ca 3GPP R5. 3.3.2 Cc yu cu k thut thc hin chuyn i trn c s h thng GSM iu kin cho chuyn i v cc vn v k thut t ra cho mi bc chuyn i theo giai on trn c s h thng GSM ln 3G s phi k n ba kha cnh chnh c th hin s sau:
Hnh 3.6: Chuyn i chung t 2G ln 3G
64
3.3.2.1 S chuyn i v k thut. S chuyn i v k thut l con ng pht trin ch r phng thc trin khai cc phn t mng v loi cng ngh thc thi k thut . y chnh l bc pht trin trc tip theo cc xu hng chung v cng ngh. Do cc phn t mng l yu t to lp nn mng, nn v mt l thuyt s chuyn i v mt k thut s tng ng vi s pht trin mng. Trong giai on mt, do tnh cht m ca cc giao din c nh ngha trong ch tiu k thut h thng, mng 3G c th c kt hp t nhiu chng loi thit b ca nhiu hng khc nhau. S chuyn i v k thut c th x l c iu ny. Tuy nhin, vi s khc nhau v tc v bc trin khai c th trong mi kt hp ca cc thit b gia cc hng khc nhau v yu cu thch ng vi cc thay i ca ch tiu k thut 3G nn trong nhiu trng hp nu khng xem xt thu o th kt qu c th khng nh mong mun. 3.3.2.2 S chuyn i v dch v. Khc vi chuyn i v mt k thut, s chuyn i dch v da trn nhu cu ca ngi s dng v nhu cu ny c th l thc t hoc ch l tng tng. i khi cc nh khai thc mng v ch to thit b cung cp cc dch v vt qua s k vng ca cc thu bao. R rng nu hai yu t ny khng tng ng th vic kinh doanh cc dch v thng tin di ng s kh khn. 3.3.3.3 S chuyn i v mng. Ch tiu k thut ca GSM m bo tnh m ca cc giao din quyt nh nn thnh phn chun ca h thng GSM. Vi giao din m ny, nh khai thc c th s dng cc thit b mng khc nhau t cc nh cung cp thit b mng GSM khc nhau. Tnh m ca giao din c th hin l n xc nh mt cch nghim ngt cc chc nng h thng thc hin ti giao din, ng thi xc nh r cc chc nng no cho php nh khai thc c th s dng trong ni b mng ti hai pha ca giao din.
65
3.4 Cu trc h thng theo cc phng php chuyn i t GSM. 3.4.1 D liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD) Trong giai on u, thu bao GSM s dng ng truyn d liu chuyn mch gi, i xng vi tc 9,6kbps. Do sc p ca Internet v th in t nn ng truyn d liu di ng tng nhanh, hn na thc t cho thy s pht trin ny b nh gi qu thp ti thi im thit k mng GSM. Hin nay v my k thut c hai gii php sau: Tc ti u m ho knh. Thc hin c vic ny lm tng tc t 9,6kbps ln 14,4 kbps. Lm cho d liu i qua giao din Um nhiu hn bng cch s dng mt vi knh lu lng thay cho mt knh. Gii php ny c gi l chuyn mch knh tc cao HSCSD
Hnh 3.7: Tc ng ca m ho knh v HSCSD Trong mi trng ti u, thu bao HSCSD c th t n tc truyn d liu 40-50 kbps. Gii php k thut ny c hn ch l lng ph ti nguyn
66
v gi cc s cao hn. Vic s dng gii php HSCSD ph thuc rt nhiu vo chnh sch gi ca nh khai thc mng. Mt vn khc l phn ln lu lng d liu v bn cht l khng i xng, in hnh l dng ng truyn tc thp t thit b u cui n mng (ng ln) v dng tc cao cho ng ngc li (ng xung). V mt k thut, giao din chuyn mch knh khng i xng Um khng phi l mi trng truy nhp tt nht cho kt ni d liu. iu ny t ra yu cu phi nng cp mng GSM nhm thch hp hn cho vic truyn d liu mt cch hiu qu. 3.4.2 Dch v v tuyn gi chung ( GPRS) Gii php GPRS yu cu thm hai nt dch v vo mng di ng l SNSG (Serving GPRS Support Node) v GGSN (Getway GPRS Support Node). Bng vic s dng hai nt ny MS c th to lp nn mt kt ni chuyn mch gi qua mng GSM ti mt mng d liu gi bn ngoi, v d mng Internet.
Hnh 3.8: Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS
67
GPRS c kh nng s dng kt ni khng i xng khi c yu cu v do vy ti nguyn mng c th c s dng tt hn. Gii php GPRS l bc k thut nhm cung cp kh nng IP di ng v kh nng Internet cho cc thu bao di ng Cellular. Theo quan im dch v GPRS m u cho bc pht trin nhiu loi dch v chuyn mch gi truyn thng c th c chuyn i v s dng qua cng ngh GPRS thch hp hn cho cc kt ni chuyn mch gi. Mt v d in hnh l WAP(Wireless Access Point ) m tim nng ca n s c khai thc mnh khi s dng GPRS. Khi kt ni, chuyn mch gi c s dng, cht lng dch v QoS l vn c tnh quan trng hng u. V nguyn l GPRS h tr QoS nhng trong thc t th khng nh vy. L do y l lu lng GPRS lun mc u tin th hai trong GSM, ni cch khc ch c cc ti nguyn cha s dng giao din Um mi c dnh lu lng GPRS. R rng khng ai c th m bo lun dnh mt rng bng nht nh cho lu lng GPRS v khng th bit trc lng ti nguyn cha s dng ti giao din Um. 3.4.3 Cng ngh EDGE
Hnh 3.9: Tc ng ca EDGE ln h thng
68
Mt k thut iu ch mi c th c p dng ti giao din v tuyn l 8-PSK sao cho mt k t c th mang 3 bit thng tin v do vy tc s c ci thin ng k. Khi k thut ny c kt hp vi cc k thut m ha knh phc tp, ngi ta c th t c tc d liu 48kb/s so vi 9,6kb/s cho mt knh GSM truyn thng v trong trng hp ny mt bit thng tin chnh lm mt k t ti giao din v tuyn. K thut lm tng tc d liu trn c gi l EDGE nh hnh 3.9. S pht trin ca EDGE c chia lm hai giai on: EDGE giai on mt c bit nh l E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS). Cng nh vy BSS bin i thnh E-RAN (Mng truy nhp v tuyn EDGE). Giai on 1, EDGE xc nh cc phng php iu ch v m ha knh nhm t c tc d liu ln n 384kb/s cho lu lng chuyn mch gi di cc iu kin xc nh. Gi thit y l cc thit b u cui s c 8 khe thi gian ca giao din Um s cho mt ng kt ni, do 8 x 48 kb/s=384kb/s. Ngoi ra, thit b u cui EDGE phi gn BTS s dng tc m ha knh cao hn. EDGE giai on 2 c tn thng mi l E-HSCSD v nhm t c tc truyn d liu trn cc dch v chuyn mch knh. ng trn quan im pht rin mng th ni chung EDGE c c u im v nhc im. u im chnh ca cng ngh ny l c th t c tc truyn d liu gn nh tng ng vi yu cu ph sng vng th ca cng ngh UMTS. Nhc im l tc d liu ny kh t c cho ton b cc thu bao trn ton Cell ph sng. Nu yu cu cho ton b mt vng vi cng ngh EDGE th chc chn s lng Cell ph sng trong vng ny s phi tng ln ng k. Ni cch khc, EDGE l gii php t gi v cng ngh s dng cho mt trng hp. Tng lai ca cng ngh EDGE theo kha cnh ny cn phi c kim chng khi n phi cnh tranh vi cc gii php cng ngh thc s 3G.
69
3.4.4 Mng thng tin di ng W-CDMA (UTRAN 3G) 3GPP R99
Hnh 3.10: Phng n mng 3G (3GPP R99) Hnh 3.10 m t mng 3G trin khai theo ch tiu k thut ca 3GPP R99. 3G a ra phng php truy nhp v tuyn mi W-CDMA v nhng bin th ca n mang tnh ton cu, do tt c mng 3G c th chp nhn vic truy nhp bi thu bao mng 3G bt k. Ngoi tnh ton cu, WCDMA c nghin cu rt d trong phng th nghim v chng t c hiu qu s dng ph tt hn (trong cc iu kin xc nh) v ph hp hn cho vic truyn d liu gi so vi cc truy nhp v tuyn trn c s TDMA. Cng ngh W-CDMA v cc thit b truy nhp v tuyn ca n khng tng thch vi mng GSM, iu gii thch ti sao khi thm WCDMA vo mng li cn thm mt s thnh phn mi nh RNC v BS. Mt
70
khc, trong cc yu cu c bn ca UMTS l kh nng hot ng ng thi GSM/UMTS, v d nh vic chuyn giao gia hai h thng khi truy nhp v tuyn thay i t GSM sang W-CDMA v ngc li trong mt cuc gi. Kh nng ny i hi hai yu cu c th: Th nht, giao din v tuyn GSM phi thay i sao cho c th pht qung b cc thng tin h thng v mng v tuyn W-CDMA ti ng xung. ng nhin mng truy nhp v tuyn W-CDMA cng c th pht qung b thng tin h thng v mng GSM ti ng xung. Th hai, nhm gim thiu chi ph khai thc, cc ch tiu k thut quy nh trong 3GPP cho kh nng m bo cc chc nng lin mng ca h thng cc MSC/VLR 2G nng cp c th x l c truy nhp v tuyn bng rng UTRAN. Mng 3G trin khai theo 3GPP R99 cung cp cc loi dch v ging vi mng 2,5G. Trong giai on ny hu ht cc dch v c chuyn i sang dng gi khi ng dng c yu cu. WAP l mt trong nhng ng c vin thuc loi ny, bi v v bn cht thng tin truyn i th WAP l loi chuyn mch gi. Cc dch v chuyn mch gi chia lm cc nhnh dch v khc nhau. Bc pht trin c th sau 3GPP R99 hin nay cn cha t mc c th m ch c xc nh cc xu hng chung. Cc xu hng chnh l vic tch bit phn kt ni cuc gi, phn iu khin v phn dch v, ng thi yu cu chuyn i mng theo hng hon ton trn c s IP. Trn quan im pht trin dch v, cc bc pht trin ny phi lm cho mng 3G c th cung cp tt cc dch v a phng tin, v d cc dch v kt hp ng thi thoi v hnh nh.
71
3GPP R4
Hnh 3.11: Phng n thc hin 3GPP R4 Trong giai on 3GPP R4 mi ch trin khai vic tch bit phn kt ni cuc gi, phn iu khin v phn dch v cho phn mng li chuyn mch knh. Trong mng li ny, lu lng d liu thu bao s i qua cng a phng tin MGW (Media Getaways) l phn m bo kt ni v cc chc nng chuyn mch khi c yu cu. Ton b qu trnh ny c qun l bi mt MSC Server c nng cp t MSC/VLR. Mt MSC Server c th iu khin nhiu MGW v do vy mng li chuyn mch knh c th m rng d dng. Khi nh khai thc mun tng thm phn dung lng cho iu khin th c th thit lp thm mt MSC Server, ngc li khi mun tng dung lng chuyn mch th thit lp thm cc MGW. Khi thit lp mt mng nh trn th cc bc pht trin v cng ngh v ch tiu k thut s xc nh gii hn tip theo ca mng ny. Khi IPv6 cng c pht trin nhiu trn mng 3G th s kt ni ca mng 3G c
72
th chuyn sang IPv6 ngy cng tng v do vy s lm gim yu cu chuyn i gia IPv4 v IPv6. Trong giai on ny, t trng lu lng gia d liu chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi s thay i ng k. Hu ht lu lng s l chuyn mch gi v mt s dch v chuyn mch knh truyn thng v d nh thoi t nht s mt phn tr thnh gi VoIP. V d mt cuc gi GSM truyn thng c thay bng mt cuc gi VoIP qua MGW m BSS kt ni ti. Trn thc t c nhiu cch trin khai cc cuc gi VoIP song ngi ta s thm cc phng php thng nht x l cuc gi VoIP. Ngoi ra IMS cn ng thi c s dng cho cc dch v a phng tin trn c s IP. ng nhin phn h BSS cng phi c trin khai nng cp s dng IP song thi im cn cha xc nh. 3GPP R5
Hnh 3.12: Phng n 3GPP R5 (ton IP) Trong 3GPP R5 cng ngh s tip tc pht trin v ton b cc lu lng trong mng 3G s l lu lng IP. Ly v d mt cuc gi t thit b u cui ca mng ti mng PSTN th n phi chuyn qua mng 3G theo
73
dng gi v t GGSN, cuc gi VoIP s c nh tuyn qua IMS c cc chc nng chuyn i ti PSTN. Trn quan im ca u cui di ng th mng lun lun ging nhau trong cc giai on pht trin theo cc hnh 3.10, 12, 13. Tuy nhin, trong ni b mng th hu nh mi th thay i. Thay i chnh trc ht l cng ngh truyn ti m trong trin khai 3GPP R99 l ATM v sau ny 3GPP R4 v R5 chuyn sang IP. Do h thng cn phi tng thch ngc nn nh khai thc lun c la chn l s dng cng ngh truyn ti ATM hoc IP, hoc l c gii php cho c hai cng ngh ny. ATM c th mnh l h tr QoS ngay t u, sau cng ngh IP s c c ch bo m QoS trin khai cho khng ch cho ATM m cn cho nhiu loi phn h khc nhau. Sang giai on ny, dch v v mng tr nn quan trng hn l bn thn cng ngh, v do vy loi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn s dng s gim ngha quan trng ca mnh. Tiu chun la chn loi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn s dng l kh nng cung cp bng thng cho cc dch v yu cu. Trong tng lai, cc mng li 3G s c giao din cho mt vi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn, v d nh GSM, EDGE, cdma2000, W-CDMA v WLAN. ng nhin n s t ra nhiu yu cu cho cc nh ch to thit b u cui v yu cu th trng s phi c cc u cui x l c nhiu loi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn. u cui 3G dn dn s tr thnh vt bt ly thn vi nhiu chc nng nh mt in thoi, v, card ID, 3.5 NGN- Mobile v nh hng pht trin ca Viettel Mobile. Trn mng c nh (fixed Network) ang din ra mt qu trnh hi t v cng ngh v dch v gia mng vin thng v Internet da trn k thut chuyn mch gi IP, thut ng NGN (Next General Network)- mng th h sau c nhc n rt nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Mt khc, mng Internet cng ang pht trin tng ngy, t cc modem tc thp, n nay pht trin nhiu phng thc truy nhp tc cao v linh hot hn trong
74
Wireless-LAN thc s l mt thch thc vi mng di ng tuy kh nng di ng cn hn ch v trong tng lai gn l cng ngh WIMAX. ng trc s pht trin ca Internet cng vi cc dch v phong ph mi ca mng c nh, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng khng th tho mn vi mng di ng 2G hin ch c ng dng thoi, nhn tin ngn SMS v mt vi dch v d liu tc thp. Nhiu t chc vin thng ln v cc t chc chun ho quc t c gng a ra mt kin trc mng di ng mi nhm thch ng linh hot vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP, c th p ng tt nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v mi. 3GPP l t chc m v chun ho mng di ng trong th h mi vi vic nghin cu v a ra cc khuyn ngh cho mng di ng trn con ng tin ti s hi t. 3GPP tin hnh cc nghin cu cho cc mng di ng khc nhau nhng u hng ti mt ci ch chung, l mng di ng th h th ba (3G). Mt lot cc khuyn ngh, xut cng c ITU chp nhn trong b tiu chun v 3G (IMT-2000).
Hnh 3.13: Tin trnh pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin di ng v xu th hi t trong tng lai
75
Theo 3GPP, xu hng pht trin ln NGN-Mobile ca mng li mng di ng bt u t R97/98 GPRS; R99 GPRS/UMTS; v hin nay l phin bn cui cng l phin bn R00 (R4/R5). Vi phin bn R00, s xut hin ca phn h IMS cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin di ng hng ti mng NGN-mobile bng mt m hnh chun cho cc dch v hi t d liu v thoi trn IP trong mng di ng. V vy, m hnh ny cn c gi l m hnh All-IP Mobile System.
Hnh 3.14: M hnh mng thng tin di ng R00 (R5) c bao gm phn h IMS Hnh 3.14 trn l mt cch nhn n gin ha v mng NGN-Mobile R00 vi IMS. Mng truy nhp v tuyn RNC m bo kt ni v tuyn t thit b ngi s dng n mng li, n cng cung cp dch v qun l di ng mc thp. Mng li chuyn mch gi PCN (Packet Core Network) cung cp phng tin truyn ti bo hiu v dch v v qun l di ng mc cao. Cn phn h IMS m trch vic iu khin bo hiu cc ng dng, cc
76
phin v vic chuyn i cc dng phng tin. Ngay ti bn trong IMS, cc chc nng trn cng c thc thi trong nhng phn ring bit. Mng thng tin di ng th h th 3 vi s xut hin ca phn h IMS chnh l mng thng tin di ng th h R00 (R5) hay cn gi l mng UMTS PS v HSDPA (High-Speed Data Packet Access). Th h mng ny chnh l nh hng v mt cng ngh ca Viettel mobile trong mng thng tin di ng.
Hnh 3.15: nh hng cng ngh ca Viettel Mobile Vi nh hng nh trn, mng UMTS v HSPDA ca Viettel mang li cc li ch r rng l kh nng cung cp mm do v a dng nhiu loi hnh dch v, c bit l dch v thng tin a phng tin thi gian thc, cc dch v d liu yu cu tc t thp n cao. Sau y l cc li ch c bn ca mng UMTS v HSPDA: Mt mng li duy nht: Mng UMTS v HSPDA c mt mng li da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, tng cng kh nng s dng ti u ti nguyn. c bit, vi c im l mng li s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi, mng UMTS v HSPDA c th s dng chung ton b hoc 1 phn vi mng IP NGN ca Tng cng ty Viettel da trn cng ngh MPLS.
77
Tnh hi t truy nhp: Cho php nhiu loi hnh a truy nhp mng bao gm c di ng v c nh. ng thi vn k tha mng GSM/GPRS2,5 vn c. Dch v a dng: Ngoi cc dch v truyn thng, vi s xut hin ca phn h IMS, mng UMTS v HSPDA cho php pht trin cc loi hnh dch v gia tng, c bit l cc dch v truyn a phng tin trn IP v vi HSDPA, bng thng ng xung c th t ti 14,4Mb/s trn l thuyt. Kin trc m: Cc nh pht trin dch v hay ng dng 3G c th d dng tch hp v tham gia vo vic cung cp dch v mi bng cch s dng cc hm API do mng cung cp.
78
Kt lun chng 3
Trong phm vi ca chng 3 cp n nhng vn sau: Tm hiu v cu trc mng GSM (2G) hin ti ang khai thc v phc v Vit Nam. Vi nhng nhu cu s dng cc dch v a phng tin th i ln 3G l iu tt yu. Cc yu cu v mc tiu thit k i vi h thng thng tin di ng WCDMA. Trong t ra cc yu cu chuyn i chuyn i gia hai h thng mng GSM v W-CDMA. a ra cc m hnh, cu trc h thng theo cc phng php chuyn i t mng GSM sang W-CDMA theo cc chun ca t chc 3GPP. M hnh nh hng pht trin ln 3G ca Viettel Mobile Qua vic nghin cu tm hiu ti liu trong, chng 3 ca n cng a ra con ng pht trin cho h thng thng tin di ng t 2G ln 3G. V kh nng p dng vo mng thng tin di ng Vit Nam l rt c trin vng.
79
KT LUN CHUNG
Sau thi gian tin hnh hc tp, nghin cu v tm hiu cc ti liu chuyn mn c lin quan cng vi s hng dn ch bo nhit tnh ca thy gio hng dn, em hon thnh n theo ng mc tiu ra. Cc kt qu t c ca n bao gm cc ni dung sau: 1. Tm hiu v cu trc mng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA theo chun IMT-2000 c th nghim trin khai trn th gii v Vit Nam. N cho thy c u im ni tri hn hn so vi h thng 2G nh: tc truyn s liu cao hn hn, dung lng cao hn, t b nh hng ca nhiu... 2. Tm hiu v k thut tri ph trong W-CDMA, cc cng ngh WCDMA, iu khin cng sut, tho mn cc yu v cht lng ca h thng 3G. 3. Da trn c s l thuyt v cc m hnh ca 3GPP a ra nh hng pht trin cho h thng thng tin di ng Vit Nam i ln 3G c th i vi mng 2G GSM ln 3G W-CDMA. Tuy ch l nhng vn mang tnh l thuyt nhng hi vng s l mt kin ca em gp phn vo s pht trin chung ca h thng thng tin di ng Vit Nam. Qua y, mt ln na em xin c cm n thy gio i t, PGS,TS Trng Vn Cp v cc thy c gio trong Khoa V tuyn iin t HVKTQS nhit tnh gip em hon thnh n ny. V thi gian c hn, phng tin tm hiu cn thiu thn, cng vi kinh nghim v kin thc bn thn cn nhiu hn ch nn n khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em xin trn trng tip thu nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca cc thy c gio v cc bn cng quan tm ti vn ny.
80

WCDMA

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WCDMA

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LI NI U

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG

C ch m 11,2kbit/giy ho VSEP 5,6kbit/sPSICELPP Phng php iu ch QPSK

8,5kbit/giy 22,8kb/s RPE-PTPQCELP tc LPC 11,4 kbit/s bin thin 4 nc EVSI

Bng 1.1 Cc thng s c bn ca h thng t bo s

Yu thit truyn liu gi

cu GSM b (GSM s liu

Cc my di Cc my di Cc my di ng Cc my di ng Cc my di ng ng tay cm ng mode n cm tay mi (mt cm tay mi cm tay mi

ch hot ng) khng c kh nng x l s liu

kh nng x modun x l s liu h tng nhiu mng c kt ni vo l s liu gi

tng Cng hin c

ngh Nn GSM TDMA Cn sa i nn C s h tng CDMA mi d liu gi

GSM TDMS b xung phn x l tng GSM TDMA

Bng 1.2 : Cc h thng thng tin di ng t GSM ln 3G

Hnh 1.4 : Kin trc mng GPRS

Hnh 1.5: Cu trc h thng CDMA 1x EV DO

Hnh 1.6: Cu trc h thng CDMA 2000 1X

Hnh 1.7: Cu trc h thng UMTS

CHNG 2: MNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH BA (3G) W-CDMA

Hnh 2.1: Cc dch v a phng tin trong thng tin di ng

Hnh 2.2: Cu hnh giao din v tuyn IMT-2000

Giao din v tuyn

IMT-2000 CDMA tri ph trc tip

IMT-2000 CDMA a sng mang

IMT-2000 CDMA TDD

IMT-2000 sng mang n

IMT-2000 FDMA/ TDMA

Kt ni linh hot gia giao din v tuyn v mng li

GSM MAP tng cng

ANSI 41 tng cng

Phng thc iu ch s liu Phng thc iu ch tri ph

ng xung: QPSK, ng ln: BPSK ng xung: QPSK, ng ln: HPSK

H s tri ph (SF) Phng thc ng b gia cc trm gc Phng php m ha thoi

4 ~ 512 D b (cng c th s dng ch ng b) AMR ( 1,95 kb/s 12,2 kb/s )

Knh v tinh KCS ng ln Knh truyn Tp m Nhiu

A/D Tn hiu tng t

Trm thu &pht v tinh

Knh truyn Tn hiu s Gii iu ch

2 P c(t ) cos[ 0t + m(t)]

2 P c(t Td )c(t T 'd ) cos[ 0t + m(tTd) + ]

2 P m(t ) cos 0t 2 P m(t )c (t ) cos 0t

B chia cng sut

Gii iu m(t) ch pha

P c1 (t Td ) cos[ 0t + m (t )] + P c2 (t Td ) sin[ 0 t + m (t )] (2.12)

Khi tri ph my thu ng b vi my pht hay thi gian tr truyn dn

Gi s tn hiu thu nhn c l:

Rc ( ) nhn gi tr cc i ti =0. Bin in p ra ca b tch sng

in p ra vt qu ngng (tng ng vi 0), th n s chuyn sang qu trnh d tm. S m t qu trnh d tm nh sau:

Hnh 2.13: Lu thut ton iu khin cng sut vng kn ng ln

Hnh 3.2: Phn cng dch v gi tr gia tng

Hnh 3.6: Chuyn i chung t 2G ln 3G

Hnh 3.8: Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS

Hnh 3.9: Tc ng ca EDGE ln h thng

3.4.4 Mng thng tin di ng W-CDMA (UTRAN 3G) 3GPP R99

You might also like