MC LC

Phn I

TM HIU V NC THI XI M
I.
-

Cng ngh x l b mt (xi m):

Cng ngh x l b mt (xi m) thng bao gm cc cng on sau: B mt ca vt liu cn m phi c lm sch lp m c bm dnh cao v khng c khuyt tt. lm sch b mt trc ht phi ty ra lp m bo qun trn b mt bng cch ty ra vi dung mi hu c hoc vi dung dch kim nng. Dung mi thng s dng l loi hydrocacbon c clo ho nh tricloetylen, percloetylen. Dung dch kim thng l hn hp ca xt, soda, trinatri photphat, popyphotphat, natri silicat v cht hot ng b mt (to nh). Hot ho b mt ca vt liu m bng cch nhng chng vo dung dch axit long (H2SO4, HCl), nu m vi dung dch cha xianua (CN) th chng c nhng vo dung dch natri xianua. Giai on m c tin hnh sau , dung dch m ngoi mui kim loi cn cha axit hoc kim i vi trng hp m c cha xianua.

Sau tng bc, vt liu m u c trng ra vi nc. Mt s dung dch m c cc thnh phn ch yu sau: o Dung dch ch: axit + mui ch (II) dng borflorua hoc silicoflorua. o Dung dch ch- thic: axit, mui ch, thic (II) dng borflorua. o Dung dch ng hun: dung dch xianua trong ng nm trong phc xianua v thic trong phc hydroxo. Ngoi ra dung dch cn cha xianua t do (NaCN). o Dung dch cadmi: axit + cadmi dng mui sunfat. Thng dng hn l dung dch cadmi dng phc xianua v xianua t do. o Dung dch crm: axit crmic v axit sunfuric. o Dung dch vng: dung dch xianua, vng nm trong phc NaAu(CN)2 v xianua t do. C th s dng phc vng-sunfit. o Dung dch ng: axit + ng sunfat hoc ng borflorua. o Dung dch ng xianua (phc) v xianua t do, dung dch ng dng polyphotphat v mui amoni. o Dung dch niken: mui niken sunfat, clorua v axit yu (axit boric) hoc dung dch niken trn nn ca axit amonisulfonic. o Dung dch bc: dung dch bc xianua hoc dung dch bc thisunfat. o Dung dch km: phc km xianua v xianua t do hoc km sunfat, clorua vi axit boric hoc mui amoni lm cht m.
2

Dy chuyn cng ngh chung ca cng ngh xi m:

Vt cn m

Lm sch c hc

Bi, g

Dung mi

Mi nhn, nh bng
c

Bi kim loi

Ty du, m

Hi dung mi Nc thi cha du m

NaOH, HCl, H2SO4

Lm sch bng ho hc v in ho

Hi, axit Axit, kim

Cht lm bng NiSO4 H3BO3 M crm M Niken

Zn(CN)2 ZnCl2 ZnO

NaCN NaOH H3BO3

H2SO4 NaCN

CuSO4 Cu(CN)2

Axit Mui Au Mui Ag M vng

M km

M ng

Cr6+

Ni2+ , axit

CN , Zn , axit

2 +

Cu2+ , axit

CN-, axit

H2SO4 CrO3

Mt v d v cng ngh xi m ph tng xe p v xe my thnh ph H Ch Minh: Nguyn liu ngm HCl thng quay NaOH mi ct nu NaOH (ty b mt) m Niken m Crm ly tm sy kh thnh phm.

Dy chuyn m

L m

B m

II.

Lu lng v thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi:

Nc thi t xng xi m c thnh phn a dng v nng v pH bin i rng t rt axit 2-3, n rt kim 10-11. c trng chung ca nc thi ngnh m l cha hm lng cao cc mui v c v kim loi nng. Tu theo kim loi ca lp m m ngun nhim c th l Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, v cng tu thuc vo loi mui kim loi c s dng m nc thi c cha cc c t nh xianua, sunfat, amoni, crmat, Cc cht hu c t c trong nc thi xi m, phn ch yu l cht to bng, cht hot ng bmt nn BOD, COD thng thp v khng thuc i tng x l. i tng x l chnh l cc ion v c m c bit l cc mui kim loi nng nh Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, Nc thi nn tch ring thnh 3 dng ring bit: - Dung dch thi m c t cc b nhng, b ngm. - Nc ra thit b c hm lng cht bn trung bnh (mui kim loi, du m v x phng, - Nc ra long
4

an ton v d dng x l, dng axit crmic v dng cyanide nn tch ring. Cht gy nhim nc thi xi m c th chia lm vi nhm sau:
o

o o cacbonat v photphat
o

Cht nhim c nh cyanide CN-, Cr (VI), F-, Cht nhim lm thay i pH nh dng axit v kim Cht nhim hnh thnh cn l lng nh hydroxit, Cht nhim hu c nh du m, EDTA

Cc cuc kho st cho thy cc qu trnh trong ngnh x l kim loi kh n gin v tng t nhau. Ngun cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t qu trnh lm mt, lau ra v t chy du. X l kim loi i hi mt s ho cht nh axit sunfuric, HCl, xt, lm sch b mt kim loi trc khi m. Th tch nc thi c hnh thnh t cng on ra b mt, lm mt hay lm trn cc b mt kim loi kh ln, gy nhim ngun nc v nh hng n sc kho cng ng. Bng: Thnh phn nc thi c s xi m ph tng xe gn my (CEFINEA, 1996) Ch tiu n v Nc thi Ni Nc thi m Nc thi Cr ngm NaOH pH 5.47 3064 11.49 TDS mg/l 502 82.3 2370 Cl mg/l 100 24 58 SO4mg/l 400 25 38 Alk mgCaCO3/l 60 0 1513 Ni mg/l 286 4.3 Cr mg/l 39.6 Bng trn cho thy nc thi nhim ch yu do cc cht kim, axit v kim loi nng Crm v niken.

III. nh hng ca nc thi ngnh xi m n mi trng v con ngi:

1. nh hng n mi trng:
-

L c cht i vi c v thc vt nc Tiu dit cc sinh vt ph du, gy bnh cho c v bin i cc tnh cht l ho ca nc, to ra s tch t sinh hc ng lo ngi theo chiu di chui thc n. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cho thy, vi nng ln, sinh vt c th b cht hoc thoi ha, vi nng nh c th gy ng c mn tnh hoc tch t sinh hc, nh hng n s sng ca sinh vt v lu v di. nh hng n ng ng dn nc, gy n mn, xm thc h thng cng rnh. nh hng n cht lng cy trng, vt nui canh tc nng nghip, lm thoi ho t do s chy trn v thm ca nc thi. nh hng n h thng x l nc thi, cn tch ring nu khng s nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt khi thc hin x l sinh hc. 5

2. nh hng n con ngi:

Xi m l ngnh c mt gy nhim mi trng cao bi hi ha cht, nc thi c cha cc ion kim loi nng, kim loi c nh hng ti sc khe con ngi gy nn nhiu cn bnh kh cha, nguy him ti tnh mng. Nc thi t cc qu trnh xi m kim loi, nu khng c x l, qua thi gian tch t v bng con ng trc tip hay gin tip, chng s tn ng trong c th con ngi v gy cc bnh nghim trng, nh vim lot da, vim ng h hp, eczima, ung th,... Trong khun kh ca n ny ch ch trng vo tnh cht gy nhim mi trng ca nc thi xi m do c tnh ca Crm.
3. c tnh ca Crm:

Mc d Crm tn ti nhiu trng thi khc nhau, ch c Cr(III) v Cr(VI) gy nh hng ln n sinh vt v con ngi. a. ng xm nhp v o thi: Crm xm nhp vo c th theo 3 ng: h hp, tiu ha v qua da. Cr(VI) c c th hp thu d dng hn Cr(III) nhng khi vo c th Cr(VI) s chuyn thnh dng Cr(III). D xm nhp vo c th theo bt c ng no, Crm cng c ha tan trong mu nng 0.001mg/ml, sau c chuyn vo hng cu v s ha tan hng cu nhanh hn 10-20 ln. T hng cu, Crm c chuyn vo cc t chc v ph tng. Crm gn vi Sidero filing albumin v c gi li phi, xng, thn, gan, phn cn li th qua phn v nc tiu. T cc c quan ph tng, Crm li c ha tan dn vo mu, ri c o thi qua nc tiu t vi thng n vi nm. Do nng Crm trong mu v nc tiu bin i nhiu v ko di. b. Tc ng n sc kho: Qua ngin cu ngi ta thy Crm c vai tr sinh hc nh chuyn ha glucose, protein, cht bo ng vt hu nh. Du hiu ca thiu ht Crm ngi gm c gim cn, c th khng th loi ng ra khi mu, thn kinh khng n nh. Tuy nhin vi hm lng cao Crm lm gim protein, axit nucleic v c ch h thng men c bn. Cr(VI) c hn Cr(III). IARC xp Cr(VI) vo nhm 1, Cr(III) vo nhm 3 i vi cc cht gy ung th. Ht th khng kh c nng Crm (v d axit crmic hay Cr(III) trioxit) cao (>2g/m3) gy kch thch mi lm chy nc mi, hen suyn d ng, ung th (khi tip xc vi Crm c nng cao hn 100-1000 ln nng trong mi trng t nhin). Ngoi ra Cr(VI) cn c tnh n mn, gy d ng, l lot khi tip xc vi da. c. Nng gii hn: US. EPA gii hn nng ti a cho php ca Cr(VI) v Cr(III) trong nc ung l 100 g/l.

Quy nh ca SHA v nng ca Crm trong khng kh ti ni

6

lm vic l:

Gii hn tip xc ngh nghip cho ngy lm vic 8 gi, tun lm vic 40 gi l 500 g/m3 i vi Crm tan trong nc v 1000 g/m3 i vi Crm kim loi v mui khng tan. o Nng ca Crm trioxit (axit crmic) v cc hp cht ca Cr(VI) trong khng kh ti ni lm vic khng cao hn 52 g Cr(VI)/m3 cho ngy lm vic 10 gi, tun 40 gi.
o NIOSH xem tt c hp cht Cr(VI) c tim nng gy ung th ngh nghip v

a ra gii hn nng tip xc l 1 g Cr(VI)/m3 cho ngy lm vic 10 gi, tun 40 gi.

IV.

Hin trng nhim mi trng do cng nghip xi m ti Vit Nam:

Kt qu cc nghin cu gn y v hin trng mi trng nc ta cho thy, hu ht cc nh my, c s xi m kim loi c quy m va v nh, p dng cng ngh c v lc hu, li tp trung ch yu ti cc thnh ph ln, nh H Ni, Hi Phng, TP.HCM, Bin Ho (ng Nai) ... Trong qu trnh sn xut, ti cc c s ny (k c cc nh my quc doanh hoc lin doanh vi nc ngoi), vn x l nhim mi trng cn cha c xem xt y hoc vic x l cn mang tnh hnh thc, chiu l, bi vic u t cho x l nc thi kh tn km v vic thc thi Lut Bo v mi trng cha c nghim minh. Nc thi m thng gy nhim bi cc kim loi nng, nh crm, niken ... v pH thp. Phn ln nc thi t cc nh my, cc c s xi m c trc tip vo cng thot nc chung ca thnh ph m khng qua x l trit , gy nhim cc b trm trng ngun nc. Kt qu kho st ti mt s nh my c kh H Ni cho thy, nng cht c c hm lng cc ion kim loi nng, nh crm, niken, ng ... u cao hn nhiu so vi tiu chun cho php; mt s c s m in tuy c h thng x l nc thi nhng cha ch trng y n cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh x l iu chnh cho ph hp khi c tnh ca nc thi thay i. Ti TP.HCM, Bnh Dng v ng Nai, kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi ca cc nh my, c s xi m in hnh c 3 a phng ny cho thy, hu ht cc c s u khng t tiu chun nc thi cho php: hm lng cht hu c cao, ch tiu v kim loi nng vt nhiu ln tiu chun cho php, COD dao ng trong khong 320 - 885mg/lt do thnh phn nc thi c cha cn sn, du nht ....

Hn 80% nc thi ca cc nh my, c s xi m khng c x l. Chnh ngun thi ny v ang gy nhim nghim trng n mi trng nc mt, nh hng ng k cht lng nc sng Si Gn v sng ng Nai. c tnh, lng cht thi cc loi pht sinh trong ngnh cng nghip xi m trong nhng nm ti s ln n hng ngn tn mi nm. iu ny cho thy cc khu vc nhim v suy thoi mi trng nc ta s cn gia tng nu khng kp thi a ra cc bin php hu hiu.
7

Phn 2

LA CHN V XUT PHNG PHP V CNG NGH X L

I.

Gii thiu cc phng php v cng ngh x l nc thi xi m:

Phng php x l nc thi xi m ph bin nht l dng phng php ho hc ri n trao i ion, phng php chng ct, phng php in thm tch. Chn phng php no l tu ch tiu kinh t - k thut cho php, iu kin mi trng a phng, yu cu, mc ch dng li hoc thi thng ra mi trng Chn phng php no cng phi bo m cht lng mi trng theo TCVN 5945- 1995.

1.

Phng php kt ta:

Qu trnh kt ta thng c ng dng cho x l nc thi cha kim loi nng. Kim loi nng thng kt ta dng hydroxit khi cho cht kim ha (vi, NaOH, Na2CO3,) vo t n gi tr pH tng ng vi ho tan nh nht. Gi tr pH ny thay i tu theo kim loi. ho tan nh nht ca Crm pH 7.5 v km l 10.2. ngoi gi tr , hm lng ho tan tng ln. Khi x l kim loi, cn thit x l s b kh i cc cht cn tr qu trnh kt ta. Th d nh cyanide v ammonia hnh thnh cc phc vi nhiu kim loi lm gim hiu qu qu trnh kt ta. Cyanide c th x l bng chlorine ho-kim, ammonia c th kh bng phng php chlorine ho im un (breakthrough point), tch kh (air stripping) hoc cc phng php khc trc giai on kh kim loi. Trong x l nc thi cng nghip, kim loi nng c th loi b bng qu trnh kt ta hydroxit vi cht kim ha, hoc dng sulfide hay carbonat. Mt s kim loi nh arsenic hoc cadmium nng thp c th x l hiu qu khi cng kt ta vi phn nhm hoc st. Khi cht lng u ra i hi cao, c th p dng qu trnh lc loi b cc cn l lng kh lng trong qu trnh kt ta. i vi Crm VI (Cr6+), cn thit tin hnh kh Cr6+ thnh Cr3+ v sau kt ta vi vi hoc xt. Ho cht kh thng thng cho x l nc thi cha Crm l ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), sodium-meta-bisulfit, hoc sulfur dioxit. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), sodium-meta-bisulfit c th dng rn hoc dung dch. SO2 dng kh nn trong cc bnh chu p. Qu trnh kh hiu qu trong mi trng pH thp. V vy cc ho cht kh s dng thng l cc cht mang tnh axit mnh. Trong qu trnh kh, Fe2+ s chuyn thnh Fe3+. Nu s dng meta-bisulfit hoc sulfur dioxit, ion SO32- chuyn thnh SO42-. Phn ng tng qut nh sau:
8

Cr6+ + Fe2+ + H+ Cr3+ + Fe3+ Cr6+ + Na2S2O3 (hoc SO2) + H+ Cr3+ + SO42Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3 Trong phn ng oxy ho kh, ion Fe2+ phn ng vi Cr6+, kh Cr6+ thnh Cr3+ v oxy ho Fe2+ thnh Fe3+. Phn ng xy ra nhanh hn pH nh hn 3. Axit c th c thm vo t pH thch hp. S dng FeSO 4 l tc nhn kh c im bt li khi lng bn sinh ra kh ln do cn Fe(OH) 3 to thnh khi cho cht kim ho vo. thu c phn ng hon ton, cn thit phi thm lng FeSO4 d, khong 2.5 ln so vi hm lng tnh ton trn l thuyt. Lng axit cn thit cho qu trnh kh Cr6+ ph thuc vo axit ca nc thi nguyn thu, pH ca phn ng kh v loi ho cht s dng. X l tng m (batch treatment) ng dng c hiu qu kinh t, khi nh my xi m c lu lng nc thi mi ngy 100m3/ngy. Trong x l tng m cn dng hai loi b c dung tch tng ng lng nc thi trong mt ngy Qngy. Mt b dng x l, mt b lm y. Khi lu lng 100m3/ngy, x l theo m khng kh thi do dung tch b ln. X l dng chy lin tc i hi b axit v kh, sau qua b trn cht kim ho v b lng. Thi gian lu nc trong b kh ph thuc vo pH, thng ly ti thiu 4 ln so vi thi gian phn ng l thuyt. Thi gian to bng thng ly khong 20 pht v ti trng b lng khng nn ly 20m3/ngy. Trong trng hp nc ra c hm lng crm thay i ng k, cn thit c b iu ho trc b kh gim thiu dao ng cho h thng chm ho cht.

2.

Phng php trao i ion:

Phng php ny thng c ng dng cho x l nc thi xi m thu hi Crm. thu hi axit crmic trong cc b xi m, cho dung dch thi axit crmic qua ct trao i ion resin cation (RHmnh) kh cc ion kim loi (Fe, Cr3+, Al,). Dung dch sau khi qua ct resin cation c th quay tr li b xi m hoc b d tr. Do hm lng Crm qua b xi m kh cao (105-120kg CrO3/m3), v vy c th trao i hiu qu, nn pha long nc thi axit crmic v sau b sung axit crmic cho dung dch thu hi. i vi nc thi ra, u tin cho qua ct resin cation axit mnh kh cc kim loi. Dng ra tip tc qua ct resin anion kim mnh thu hi crmat v thu nc kh khong. Ct trao i anion hon nguyn vi NaOH. Dung dch qua qu trnh hon nguyn l hn hp ca Na2CrO4 v NaOH. Hn hp ny cho chy qua ct trao i cation thu hi H2CrO4 v b xi m. Axit crmic thu hi t dung dch hon nguyn c hm lng trung bnh t 4-6%. Lng dung dch thu c t giai on hon nguyn ct resin cation cn phi trung ho bng cc cht kim ho, cc kim loi trong dung dch kt ta v lng li b lng trc khi x ra cng.

3.

Phng php in ha:

Da trn c s ca qu trnh oxy ho kh tch kim loi trn cc in cc nhng trong nc thi cha kim loi nng khi cho dng in mt chiu chy qua. Phng
9

php ny cho php tch cc ion kim loi ra khi nc m khng cn cho thm ho cht, tuy nhin thch hp cho nc thi c nng kim loi cao (> 1g/l)

4.

Phng php sinh hc:

Da trn nguyn tc mt s loi thc vt, vi sinh vt trong nc s dng kim loi nh cht vi lng trong qu trnh pht trin khi nh bo ty, bo t ong, to, Vi phng php ny, nc thi phi c nng kim loi nng nh hn 60 mg/l v phi c cht dinh dng (nit, phtpho,) v cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit khc cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt nc nh rong to. Phng php ny cn c din tch ln v nc thi c ln nhiu kim loi th hiu qu x l km.

II.
1.
THNG S Lu lng pH Oil Cr3+ Cr6+

xut cng ngh:

c im thnh phn nhim ca nc thi:
N V m3/ngy mg/l mg/l mg/l NC THI 30 4 34-65 55-73 40-52 NC THI SAU X L 30 6-9 Vt <1.0 <0.1

Yu cu u ra ca nc thi t tiu chun thi loi B.

2.

S cng ngh:

FeSO4 NaOH H2SO4 Thit b vt du m Nc thi H thu gom B iu ha B phn ng+ lng kt hp B cha trung gian

Sn phi bn

Thit b trao i ion

Nc sch

10

3.

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t nh my xi m c thu gom li ti h thu gom. Nc thi tip tc c bm sang b iu ho lu lng, ti y nc thi s n nh v lu lng, ng thi c loi b lng du m do b tr kt hp thit b vt du m vi thi gian lu nc l 5h. Sau nc thi c a sang b phn ng v lng kt hp. Ti y trc tin chm dung dch H2SO4 h pH xung cn 2.1-2.3 (l pH to iu kin cho qu trnh oxy ha Cr6+), sau chm FeSO4 nhm oxy ho lng Cr6+ thnh Cr3+, khuy trong 5-10 pht vi tc khong 8 vng/pht, ngng khuy v yn trong 5-10 pht cho phn ng xy ra. Sau chm dung dch NaOH to kt ta Cr(OH)3, khuy trong 5-10 pht, tc khuy nh khi chm FeSO4, sau gim tc khuy cn 20 vng/gi thc hin lng. Qu trnh lng xy ra trong vng 4 gi. Phn nc trong qua 3 van x xung b cha v c bm qua thit b trao i ion (ct trao i ion) nhm x l nt nhng ion cn st li sau b phn ng v lng. Nc ra t ct trao i ion l nc sch t tiu chun thi loi B, c a n ngun tip nhn.

11

Phn 3:

TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH N V

Cc thng s ca nc thi theo bi: THNG S Lu lng pH Oil Cr3+ Cr6+ N V m3/ngy mg/l mg/l mg/l NC THI 30 4 34-65 55-73 40-52 NC THI SAU X L 30 6-9 Vt <1.0 <0.1

1.

H thu gom:
-1.00

-2.80

a.

Nhim v:

Mc ch l ni thu gom nc thi v mt ni tin cho vic x l, gip cc cng trnh sau khng phi thit k m su di t. b. Hnh dng-kch thc: H thu gom c thit k hnh ch nht, t m di t, ming h cch mt t khong 1m. Vt liu xy dng: b tng ct thp. Thnh h dy 10cm. 12

Thi gian lu nc trong h thu gom ti thiu l 15-20 pht. Chn thi gian lu nc l t = 20 pht Th tch h thu gom: V = Q*t = 30*
o o o o
20 = 0.417(m3) 60 x 24

Kch thc h c xy dng nh sau: Cao: H = 1.5m Chiu cao bo v: Hbv = 0.3m Tng chiu cao: 1.8m Di: L = 0.56m o Rng: B = 0.5m

Th tch thc ca h: V = 1.8*0.56*0.5 = 0.5(m3)

2.

B iu ho:
Ma thokh y i

+ 1.2

+ 0.00

-1.00

a.

Nhim v:

Nc thi thng c lu lng v thnh phn cc cht bn khng n nh theo thi gian trong mt ngy m. S dao ng ny nu khng c iu ho s nh hng n ch cng tc ca trm x l nc thi, ng thi gy tn km nhiu v xy dng c bn v qun l. Do vy, lu lng nc thi a vo x l cn thit phi iu ho nhm to cho dng nc thi vo h thng x l gn nh khng i, khc phc nhng kh khn cho ch cng tc do lu lng nc thi dao ng gy ra v ng thi nng cao hiu sut x l cho ton b dy chuyn. b. Hnh dng-kch thc:
13

B iu ho t sau h thu gom, nhn nc thi bm trc tip t h gom, t na chm na ni trn mt t. Do ch c nhim v chnh l iu ho lu lng nn khng cn c thit b khuy trn nhng c b tr h thng thi kh tuyn ni du m. Din tch b mt b kh nh, do ta ch cn vt du bng phng php th cng. Vt liu xy dng: b tng ct thp. Thnh b: 10cm V khng c s dng nc ca nh my, chng ta ch tnh chn s b b iu ho. Chn thi gian lu nc ca b iu ho l 5 gi. Th tch b l: V = Q*t = 30*
o Cao: H = 1.9m o Chiu cao bo v: Hbv = 0.3m o T ng chi u cao 2.2m
5 = 6.25(m3) 24

Hnh dng b iu ho l b dng vung, kch thc b:

o Cnh y: B = 1.8m c. Th tch thc: V = 2.2*1.8*1.8 = 8.7(m3) Thit b vt du m: Du m thng nh hn nc v ni ln trn mt nc. Nc thi sau x l khng c ln du m mi c php cho chy vo cc thu vc. Hn na, nu x l sinh hc, nc thi ln du m khi vo x l sinh hc s lm bt cc l hng vt liu lc, phin lc sinh hc v cn lm hng cu trc bn hot tnh trong aeroten. Do vy ngi ta cn n thit b vt du m. y b iu ha ta b tr h thng thi kh tuyn ni du m, vt du bng dng c th cng.

3.

B phn ng v lng kt hp:

a.

Nhim v:

Do chn cch x l theo m nn kt hp hai chc nng phn ng v lng vo chung mt b. Chc nng ca b l oxy ho lng Cr6+ thnh Cr3+, nng pH, to kt ta Cr(OH)3, cui cng l thc hin qu trnh lng. b. M t: Do lu lng kh nh Q = 30m3/ngy nn ta chn cch x l theo m. Chia lm 4 m, mi m c th tch 7.5m3, x l trong vng 5 gi. Trc tin chm dung dch H2SO4 h pH xung thch hp t chm FeSO4 thc hin oxy ho lng Cr6+ thnh Cr3+, khuy trong 5-10 pht vi tc khong 8 vng/pht, ngng khuy v yn trong 5-10 pht cho phn ng xy ra. Sau chm dung dch NaOH to kt ta Cr(OH)3, khuy trong 5-10 pht, tc khuy
14

nh khi chm FeSO4, sau gim tc khuy cn 20 vng/gi thc hin lng. Qu trnh lng xy ra trong vng 4 gi. B c thit k dng tr trn, y nghing v tm gc 600. Trong b b tr h thng cnh khuy thc hin qu trnh phn ng v lng. y b c ng x bn, trn thn b thit k 3 van x nc. B c bng chn ng trn mt t. Vt liu xy dng: thp khng r, thn b dy 5mm.

+ 3.450

The khog g p n 5

+ 0.600

0.000

c.

Tnh ton kch thc b: Din tch b mt cn thit l: S=

V 7.5 = 3.75 (m2) = H 2
4 * 3.75

Dung tch cha nc ca b l 7.5m3. Chn chiu cao phn cha nc l Hn = 2m.

ng knh b: D=
4*S

= 2.185(m)

Ly ng knh b l D = 2.2m y b nghing v tm 600 so vi phng thng ng. Chiu cao ca phn chp nghing: Hc =

D * cos600 = 2

2.2 1 * = 0.55(m) 2 2

Chn chiu cao an ton trn mt thong l H = 0.3m d. Tng chiu cao b l: H = Hat + Hn + Hc = 0.3+2+0.55 = 2.85(m) B phn truyn ng:
15

B phn truyn ng bao gm: Mt khuy Trc khuy Cnh khuy Chn cnh khuy loi turbin 6 cnh phng. Cnh khuy lm bng thp khng r. ng knh cnh khuy:
2 3 2 3 Dk = D = *2.2 = 1.47 1.65 (m) 3 4 3 4

Ly ng knh cnh khuy Dk = 1.5m

Chiu rng cnh khuy: q=

Dk 1.5 = = 0.3(m) 5 5 Dk 1.5 = = 0.375(m) 4 4

Chiu di cnh khuy: d=

B dy cnh khuy:

s = 0.5cm pha u v nh dn n 0.2cm phn ui cnh. Mt khuy t tm b, trn gin lm vic. Trc khuy t trng vi trc tm ca b, cnh khuy cch y b mt on bng ng knh cnh khuy (1.5m). Vy chiu di trc khuy l lk = 2.85-1.5 = 1.35(m)
e.

Sn cng tc: 16

Cu thang ln sn cng tc: t nghing 600 so vi mt t, di khong 4.2m. Tay vn cao 0.8m. C cc thanh chn dc. Sn cng tc: rng 0.6m, gm 2 thanh ging nhau t i xng qua tm mt b. Mt sn cu to t cc khung thp 20mm*20mm*5mm, chiu ngang khung hn cc thanh thp 14a50. Hng ro trn sn cng tc: cao 0.8m, di xp x 2.3m, c cc thanh chn dc v mc ch an ton.
f.

ng x bn:

Lm bng thp khng r 140, c van iu chnh lu lng theo lng bn x ra. ng c hn ni vi phn ui chp nghing ca b, c hn dnh tm thp tng cng. ng b tr ngang chy thng ra sn phi bn. Cui ng ni vi on ng mm d phn phi bn ra b mt sn phi bn.

T e t c h a g g p n n Hd h a n n

5
V nx u a ab n

g.

Van x nc: 17

Van x nc lm bng thp khng r, 49. Gm 3 van b tr trn thn b, van c hn dnh vo thn, c ming thp m tng cng. Khi thc hin x nc, m van trn cng trc, khi mt nc h xung dn, m ln lt van th 2 v th 3. o Van 1: cch mt nc 0.6m o Van 2: cch van 1 khong 0.7m o Van 3: cch van 2 khong 0.7m 3 van ny x nc ra b cha trung gian.

h. Tnh ton ha cht: Gi s hiu sut ca ton qu trnh l H = 90%.

Khi chm FeSO4: phn ng xy ra theo t l nh sau: + 3Fe2+ 0.003 Cr3+ 0.001 + 3Fe3+ 0.003

Cr6+ S mol 0.001 Xt trn 1 lit dung dch:

S mol FeSO4 l 0.003 mol Trn l thuyt lng FeSO4 l: 0.003*152 = 0.456 g/l = 0.456 kg/m3 Xt trn c m: lng FeSO4 l 0.456*7.5 = 3.42 (kg/m) Chm d 120% thc t lng FeSO4 chm vo l: 3.42*120% = 4.104 (kg/m)
18

Lng FeSO4 cn thit trong 1 ngy l: 4.104*4 = 16.416 (kg/ngy)

Hiu sut qu trnh l 90% Sau phn ng:

o Cr6+ d: 0.0001 mol/l ng vi 0.0052 g/l o Cr3+ trong dung dch = lng sinh ra + lng c sn = 0.0009*52+0.073 =

0.1198 (g/l) ng vi 0.0023 mol/l

o Fe3+ sinh ra: 0.0027 mol/l ng vi 0.1512g/l

Khi chm NaOH: Cr3+ 0.0023 0.00207 + 3OH- 0.0069 0.00622 Cr(OH)3 0.0023 0.00207

H=90%

Lng NaOH chm vo c m l: 0.0069*40*7.5*120% = 2.488 (kg/m) Lng NaOH cn thit trong 1 ngy l: 2.488*4 = 9.952 (kg/ngy)

Thc t khi phn ng xy ra khng hon ton, c hiu sut th lng NaOH cn thit ch l: 1.866 (kg/m)

Sau phn ng NaOH d 2.488-1.866 = 0.622 kg/m ng vi Lng Cr(OH)3 sinh ra:
3+

0.00138 mol

0.00207*103*7.5 = 1.6 (kg/m) Ion Fe tip tc phn ng vi OH- d trong dung dch to ra kt ta Fe(OH)3theo hiu sut 90%: Fe3+ 0.00046 0.00414 + 3OH- 0.00138 0.001242 Fe(OH)3 0.00046 0.000414

H=90%

Lng Fe(OH)3 sinh ra l: 0.000414*107*7.5 = 0.33 (kg/m)

Do phn ng lun lun khng hon ton nn cc ion li tip tc xy ra, tuy nhin vi lng rt nh nn ta dng phn tnh ton ti y. Vy sau 1 m, lng kt ta sinh ra l: 1.6+0.33 = 1.93 (kg/m) Lng kt ta sinh ra trong 1 ngy l: 1.93*4 = 7.72 (kg/ngy) Gi s m ca bn ti l 3%, khi lng ring = 1200 kg/m3
19

khi lng bn l

7.72 = 258 (kg/ngy) 3% 258 = 0.215 (m3/ngy) 1200

Th tch bn sinh ra l:

i. ng bm ha cht:

B tr 2 ng bm ha cht, mt ng chm dung dch FeSO4, ng cn li chm NaOH. ng ng 49, xut pht t bm t di mt t, chy dc b st theo thnh b. ui ng t ngang, song song vi mt nc trong b.

4.

B cha trung gian:

a. Nhim v: B cha nc trung gian t sau b phn ng, bn cnh b phn ng thu nc sch t 3 van x. b. M t- Tnh ton kch thc: B cha vung, t m xung di t, na chm na ni, ming b cao hn mt t khong 1m. B cha c thi gian lu nc l 5 gi. Th tch b c thit k ln cha th tch nc sch x ra t 1 m phn ng, tc l 7.5m3.

20

+ 0.90

-1.40

Kch thc b: o Cao: H = 2m o Chiu cao an ton trn mt thong: Hat = 0.3m o Tng chiu cao b l 2.3m o Cnh y vung: B = 1.94m

Th tch thc ca b: V = 2.3*1.94*1.94 = 8.66(m3)

Vt liu xy dng: b tng ct thp.

5.

Ct trao i ion:
a. Gii thiu: Trao i ion l 1 qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion vi ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (cht trao i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc. Cc cht trao i ion c th l cc cht v c hoc hu c c ngun gc t nhin hay tng hp nhn to. Qu trnh trao i ion gm 4 giai on: trao i ion, ra ionit khi cc tp cht, ti sinh ionit (dung dch axit/kim) v ra ionit khi dung dch ti sinh. K thut trao i ion ng dng x l ngun nc thi cha ion vi mc ch: phc hi nc s dng, thu hi cc ion kim loi, ti s dng cc thnh phn quan tm. b. Tnh ton:
21

Hu ht qu trnh trao i ion xy ra trong ct trao i ion. Ct trao i ion t ngay sau b cha nhm hon thin qu trnh x l nc.
+ 4.00

Tc th tch ca cht lng l: Q=

7. 5 = 1.5(m3/gi) 5

tR l thi gian tip xc theo tng rng (empty bed contact time), t R thng nm trong khong 1.5-7.5 pht.

Tc dng chy vF l gi tr nghch o ca tR. Chn tR = 3 pht Th tch tng nha l: VR = Q*tR = 1.5*3 = 4.5(m3) Chu k hot ng c tnh theo cng thc: t=
aR * vR Q * aS

aR: l dung lng hot ng ca nha (l/l), aR = 0.9-1.4 (cationit), chn aR = 1.2l/l aS l dung lng trao i ca ion trong dung dch (l/l), a S = 1.8-2.0, chn aS = 1.8 l/l

t = 2 (h)

Kch thc ct

Chiu cao ct thng bng 1.4 n 2 ln so vi chiu cao tng nha. Chn gi tr 1,5

Chn chiu cao tng nha l 1.5m, vy chiu cao ct l

22

1.5*1.5 = 2.25 (m)

ng knh ct: d = 1.95m

6.

Sn phi bn:

a. -

Nhim v:

Bn cn ca nh my x l c a sang thit b lm kh cn nhm mc ch: Gim khi lng vn chuyn ra bi thi Cn kh d a i chon lp hay ci to t hn cn nc. Gim lng nc bn c th ngm vo nc ngm bi thi t gy mi kh chu v t c tnh

C nhiu loi thit b lm kh cn (sn phi bn, my lc cn chn khng, my lc p bng ti, my p cn ly tm,). Trong trng hp ny, ta s dng sn phi bn vi tiu ch tit kim chi ph, ph hp vi lng bn sinh ra trong 1 ngy khng nhiu. b. M t-Tnh ton: Sn phi bn chia thnh tng , kch thc mi ph thuc vo cch b tr ng xe vn chuyn bn ra khi sn phi v xa khi xc bn t phi ln xe. S lm vic ng thi ph thuc vo lu lng bn x ra hng ngy, dy bn cn lm kh, thi gian ca mt chu k phi. y v thnh phi bn lm bng b tng ct thp m bo cch ly hon ton dung dch bn vi mi trng t xung quanh.

Th tch bn sinh ra 1 ngy l V = 0.215 m3.

23

m u vo ca bn l 97%, m sau khi c lm kh l

25%. Khi lng ring bn t l 1200 kg/m3, khi lng ring bn kh l 1600kg/m3. Chn thi gian phi bn l 3 tun, tc 21 ngy.

Gi s chiu cao bn 25% l 8cm sau 21 ngy. 1 m2 sn phi c lng cn l:

G = V* k*Ps V: th tch ca phn sn c din tch l 1m2 V = 1*0.08 = 0.08(m3) k: khi lng ring bn kh k = 1400kg/m3 Ps: m ca bn sau khi phi Ps = 0.25 G = 0.08*1600*0.25 = 32 kg/21 ngy

Lng bn cn phi trong 21 ngy: 7.72*21 = 162.12 kg Din tch sn phi:

162 .12 = 5.07 m2 32

Tng din tch sn phi tnh c din tch ng bao quanh, h thu nc, trm bm a nc v khu x l:

5.07*150% = 7.6 m2 V din tch kh nh, lng bn sinh ra l khng ln nn ta ch thit k mt phi bn. Kch thc phi bn l 3m x 2.5m. Chiu su sn phi bn: H = h1+h2+h3+h4 h1: dy y b tng = 200mm h2: b dy lp si = 200mm h3: b dy lp ct = 200mm h4: chiu cao cha bn + chiu cao an ton = 200mm H = 800mm

24

Phn 4:

TNH TON CHI PH

Do thi gian cng nh kinh nghim thc t c hn, bi n ny cha thc hin c vic tnh ton chi ph ca trm x l trn. Tuy nhin, qua tm hiu hin trn trang web ca Ch cng ngh v thit b Vit Nam thuc B Khoa hc v Cng ngh c cho bn H thng x l nc thi nh my xi m kim loi vi c im v gi thnh nh sau: M s: VN90 600 Tn CN/TB cho bn: H thng x l nc thi nh my xi m kim loi, nh my sn xut mc vit theo m hnh hp khi t ng Nc c CN/TB cho bn: VN Vit Nam Ch s phn loi SPC: 90: Dich v v sinh, x l v rc thi M t qui trnh CN/TB: - Nc thi c iu chnh pH thch hp trc khi vo ngn trn v ngn phn ng. Ti ngn trn, ho cht thch hp c a vo phc v cho qu trnh phn ng tip theo. Sau giai on phn ng, kim loi nng c trong nc thi xi m c tch dng kt ta ngn lng. Phn nc thi c tip tc i sang thit b tuyn ni p lc tch loi cc cht l lng c t trng nh, khng th lng. Nc thi trong c lng ln 2, sang thit b hp th tch trit cc cht to mu trc khi thi ra h thng cng chung ca thnh ph. - Cng sut: t 5 - 300 m3/ngy m. - t tiu chun Vit Nam. - Cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut khc: Gi thnh x l 1 m3 nc thi: 2.000 ng 2.500 ng. Yu cu k thut trong vn hnh lp t: Lnh vc p dng: 61: Cng ngh ho cht. Cng nghip ho cht 7025: Nc thi, lm sch v s dng nc thi 87: Bo v mi trng u im ca CN/TB: - Gi c ph hp. - Thit b theo m hnh hp khi, c th tho rp tng cm. - Nc thi sau x l t yu cu v cht lng Mc pht trin: Thng mi ho Hnh thc ng k: Nhn hiu thng mi
25

Nm ng k: None Phng thc chuyn giao: Hnh thc cung cp: Cho gi tham kho: Gi bn thit b: 90 triu/h x l 5 m3/ngy m Ph o to: 5 triu Ph t vn k thut: 10 triu Nh vy thit b c cho bn trn c cng ngh khng hon ton ging cng ngh m chng ta thit k trn, nhng c kh nhiu iu tng t. Chng ta c th da vo c on chi ph. Mt cng ngh khc cng c cho bn trn trang web Ch cng ngh v thit b Vit Nam thuc S Khoa hc v Cng ngh, tuy nhin cha cung cp gi thnh, chng ti xin a ra nghin cu phn cng ngh:

CNG NGH MICRO-CELL X L NC THI M KIM LOI (CR 6+, CU 2+, NI 2+

M s ca cng ngh thit b: VN03TMSH0099 Ngy gii thiu cng ngh thit b: 14/05/2004 Ngy cp nht cng ngh thit b: 14/05/2004 Xut x: Vietnam Phn loi SPC: Dch v x l cht thi, rc thi Lnh vc p dng: X l mi trng M t tm tt cng ngh thit b Nc thi --> chn rc --> iu ha --> iu chnh pH --> thit b kh micro-cell --> iu chnh pH --> lng/lc --> TCVN 5945 (B) Bn thi cha Fe2O3, CuO, NiO c x l bng: Sn phi bn hoc My lc bn CN/TB duoc ap dung: X l nc thi cng nghip c cha kim loi nng u im ca CN/TB - Khng cn tch dng nc thi ( thng dng Cr 6+ phi x l ring) nn h x l n gin, gn hn - Gim chi ph c bn t nht 50% - Ch cn kim sot mt thng s cng ngh l pH nn vn hnh rt n gin - Chi ph vn hnh thp
26

Mc pht trin ca thit b cng ngh s dng sn xut th (quy m pilot). s dng sn xut quy m cng nghip. thng mi ha. Yu cu k thut trong vn hnh, lp t Nng lng in: 3 - 6kw (ph thuc vo phng php tip xc) Nh xng, t ai: 120 m2 Nguyn liu: Phoi st, H2SO4, vi, "xc tc" A,B Phng thc chuyn giao CN/TB Patent B quyt License o To T vn k thut Cha kha trao tay Theo tha thun ca khch hng Hnh thc cung cp CN/TB Bn trc tip theo hp ng Theo n t hng Qua tng i l i l c quyn i l bn l Qua im tip th SP/DV KH-CN ti: 79 Trng nh Qun 1, TP.H Ch Minh Thi gian v hnh thc bo hnh Thit b cng trnh: 1 nm Cng ngh: vnh vin

27

Phn 5:

KT LUN V KIN NGH

Ngy nay cht lng cuc sng con ngi ang c nng cao rt nhiu nh vo s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut vi nhiu ngnh sn xut c y mnh. Kinh t pht trin cng lm ny sinh nhiu nhu cu vt cht ca con ngi, t cc ngnh cng nghip khng ngng c pht minh v a vo hot ng sn xut. Nhng cng t pht sinh ra mt vn mi m con ngi cn gii quyt. l vn mi trng. Vn ngy cng ln hn v hin nay mc bo ng. Chnh v th vic cn bng gia kinh t v mi trng l bi ton kh cn s hp tc tham gia ca tt c mi ngi trn th gii. Xi m l mt trong nhng ngnh sn xut thit yu nhng gy ra s nhim mi trng. Hin nay, ngy cng nhiu phn xng xi m c m ra nhm p ng nhu cu th trng. Th nhng hu nh cc nh qun l ch quan tm n vn li nhun trong khi rt xem nh, hoc gn nh khng h lu tm n vn mi trng. Cc phn xng xi m khng b tr cc cng trnh x l nc thi m thi thng ra ngoi mi trng. Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, hn 80% nc thi ca cc nh my, c s xi m khng c x l. Chnh ngun thi ny v ang gy nhim nghim trng n mi trng nc mt, nh hng ng k cht lng nc sng Si Gn v sng ng Nai. c tnh, lng cht thi cc loi pht sinh trong ngnh cng nghip xi m trong nhng nm ti s ln n hng ngn tn mi nm. iu ny cho thy cc khu vc nhim v suy thoi mi trng nc ta s cn gia tng nu khng kp thi a ra cc bin php hu hiu. Trong ni b n ny cha c iu kin tnh ton c th chi ph xy dng v vn hnh trm x l trn. Tuy nhin cn nhn mnh rng, d chi ph ban u c th l ng k nhng li ch mi trong m n em li v lu di l rt ln v rt ng u t. Chnh v vy vic thuyt phc cc nh qun l thy c tm quan trng ca vic bo v mi trng cng nh lm mi ngi dn ni chung hiu iu l mt cng vic m cc nh mi trng hc cn hng ti.

28

29

30

31

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trnh Xun Lai Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh trong h thng x l nc thi Nh xut bn Xy dng 2. thi. Nguyn Phc Dn Tp bi ging K thut x l nc

3. L Vn Ct Hp ph v trao i ion trong k thut x l nc v nc thi 4. Nam NXBXD 5. cng trnh 6. NXBKH&KT B Xy dng Tuyn tp Tiu chun xy dng ca Vit B Xy dng TCVN: Thot nc bn ngoi mng li v Hong Vn Hu - Thot nc - tp 2: X l nc thi -

7. Lng c Phm Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc NXBGD 8. Syed R.Qasim, Edward M.Moley, Guang Zhu Water Works Engineering: Planning, Design & Operation. 9.
10.

Integrated Solid Waste S tay x l nc 1 & 2

32