Tom Tat Kien Thuc Toan 10

GIO KHOA & PHNG PHP GII TON 10
GV: NGUYN THANH NHN 1 : 0987. 503.911

Chng I: MNH - TP HP

MNH & MNH CHA BIN

1. Mnh :
Mnh l mt khng nh ng hoc sai. Mnh khng th va
ng va sai.
V d: i) 2 + 3 = 5 l mnh ng.
ii) 2 l s hu t l mnh sai.
iii) Mt qu ! khng phi l mnh
2. Mnh cha bin:
V d: Cho mnh 2 + n = 5. vi mi gi tr ca n th ta c mt ng hoc sai.
Mnh nh trn c gi l mnh cha bin.
3. Ph nh ca mnh :
Ph nh ca mnh P k hiu l P . Nu mnh P ng th P sai,
P sai th P ng.
V d: P: 3 l s nguyn t
P : 3 khng l s nguyn t
4. Mnh ko theo:
Mnh nu P th Q c gi l mnh ko theo. K hiu
P Q .
Mnh P Q ch sai khi P ng v Q sai.
V d: Mnh
2 2
3 2 ( 3) ( 2) < < sai
Mnh 3 2 3 4 < < ng
Trong mnh P Q th:
P: gi thit (iu kin c Q)
Q: kt lun (iu kin cn c P)
V d: Cho hai mnh :
P: Tam gic ABC c hai gc bng 60
0

Q: Tam gic ABC l tam gic u.
Hy pht biu mnh P Q di dng iu kin cn, iu kin .
i) iu kin cn: tam gic ABC c hai gc bng 60
0
th iu kin cn l tam gic
ABC l tam gic u
ii) iu kin : tam gic ABC l tam gic u th iu kin l tam gic ABC c
hai gc bng 60
0

5. Mnh o Hai mnh tng ng.
Mnh o ca mnh P Q l mnh Q P .
Ch : Mnh P Q ng nhng mnh o Q P cha chc ng.
Nu hai mnh P Q v Q P u ng th ta ni P v Q l hai mnh tng ng
nhau. K hiu P Q
6. K hiu , -:
: c l vi mi (tt c)
-: c l tn ti (c mt hay c t nht mt)
7. Ph nh ca v -:
* Mnh ph nh ca mnh
( )
, x X P x e l
( )
, x X P x - e
* Mnh ph nh ca mnh
( )
, x X P x - e l
( )
, x X P x e
Ghi nh:
- Ph nh ca l -.
- Ph nh ca - l .
- Ph nh ca = l = .
- Ph nh ca > l s.
- Ph nh ca < l >.
V d: P: : 0 n Z n - e <
: " : 0" P n Z n e >
P DNG MNH VO SUY LUN TON HC

1. nh l v chng minh nh l:
- Trong ton hc, nh l l mt mnh ng. Nhiu nh l c pht biu
di dng
( ) ( )
, x X P x Q x e (1)
Trong
( ) ( )
, P x Q x l nhng mnh cha bin, X l mt tp hp
no .
- Chng minh nh l dng (1) l dng suy lun v nhng kin thc ng
bit khng nh rng mnh (1) l ng, tc l cn chng t rng vi mi
x thuc X m P(x) ng th Q(x) ng.
C th chng minh nh l dng (1) mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip.
* Php chng minh trc tip gm cc bc:
- Ly x thy thuc X m P(x) ng;
- Dng suy lun v nhng kin thc ton hc ng bit ch ra rng Q(x) ng.
* Php chng minh phn chng gm cc bc:
- Gi s tn ti
0
x X e sao cho
( )
0
P x ng v
( )
0
Q x sai, tc l mnh (1) l mt mnh
sai.
- Dng suy lun v nhng kin thc ton hc ng bit ch ra iu mu thun.
2. iu kin cn, iu kin :
Cho nh l dng:
( ) ( )
" , " x X P x Q x e (1).
- P(x) gi l gi thit v Q(x) gi l kt lun ca nh l.
- nh l (1) cn c pht biu di dng:
+ P(x) l iu kin c Q(x), hoc
+ Q(x) l iu kin cn c P(x).
3. nh l o, iu kin cn v :
Xt mnh o ca nh l dng (1) l
( ) ( )
, x X Q x P x e (2).
Mnh (2) c th ng, c th sai. Nu mnh (2) ng th n c
gi l nh l o ca nh l (1), lc (1) gi l nh l thun.
nh l thun v o c th vit gp li thnh mt nh l dng:
( ) ( )
, x X P x Q x e (3).
Khi ta ni: P(x) l iu kin cn v c Q(x) (hoc ngc li).
Ngoi ra ta cng c th ni P(x) khi v ch khi (nu v ch nu) Q(x)
TP HP

I. TP HP:
- Tp hp l mt khi nim c bn ca ton hc.
- Cho tp hp A. Phn t a thuc tp A ta vit a A e . Phn t a khng thuc
tp A ta vit a A e .
1. Cch xc nh tp hp:
a) Cch lit k: L ta lit k tt c cc phn t ca tp hp.
V d:
{ }
1, 2,3, 4, 5 A =
b) Cch nu tnh cht c trng: Ch ra tnh cht c trng ca cc phn
t ca tp .
V d:
{ }
2
: 2 5 3 0 A x R x x = e + =
Ta thng minh ho tp hp bng mt ng cong khp kn gi l
biu Ven.
2. Tp hp rng: L tp hp khng cha phn t no. K hiu C.
Vy: : A x x A = C - e
3. Tp con: ( ) A B x x A x B c e e

Ch : i) , A A A c
ii) , A A Cc
iii) , A B B C A C c c c
4. Hai tp hp bng nhau: ( ) A B x x A x B = e e
II. CC PHP TON TRN TP HP
1. Php giao:
{ }
/ A B x x A va x B = e e
B
A
Ngc li:
x A
x A B
x B
e
e

e

2. Php hp:
{ }
/ A B x x Ahoac x B = e e
Ngc li:
x A
x A B
x B
e
e

e

3. Hiu ca hai tp hp:
{ }
\ / A B x x Ava x B = e e
Ngc li: \
x A
x A B
x B
e
e

e

4. Phn b: Khi A E c th E\A gi l phn b ca A trong E. K hiu:
A
C B.
Vy:
E
C A = E\A khi A E c .

A
B

III. CC TP HP S:
Tp s t nhin:
{ }
0,1, 2, 3, 4,... N = ;
{ }
*
1, 2, 3, 4,... N =
Tp s nguyn:
{ }
...., 2, 1, 0,1, 2,... Z =
Tp cc s hu t: / , , 0
m
Q x m n Z n
n

= = e =
`
)

Tp s thc: k hiu R, gm cc s hu t v cc s v t. Tp s thc
c biu din bng trc s.
Quan h gia cc tp s: c c c N Z R.

+ Cc tp con thng dng ca R:

-
+ 0
Ch : Cch biu din php hp, giao, hiu ca 2 tp hp trn trc s:
V trc s, biu din cc s l bin ca tt c cc tp hp ln trc s theo th t t nh
n ln. Sau biu din ln lt tng tp hp theo qui tc sau:
Php hp: Mun ly hp ca hai tp hp A v B. T m bn trong ca hai tp hp,
phn t m chnh l hp ca hai tp hp.
Php giao: Mun ly giao ca hai tp hp A v B. Gch b phn bn ngoi ca tp A, ri
tip tc gch b bn ngoi ca tp B. phn khng gch b chnh l giao ca hai tp
hp A v B.
Cch tm hiu (a;b) \ (c;d): T m tp (a;b) v gch b tp (c;d). Phn t m khng
b gch b l kt qu cn tm.
S GN NG V SAI S

1. S gn ng:
Trong o c, tnh ton ta thng khng bit c gi tr ng ca cc
i lng ta ang quan tm m ch bit c gi tr gn ng ca n.
2. Sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i:
a) Sai s tuyt i:
Gi s a l gi tr ng ca mt i lng v a l gi tr gn ng ca
a . Gi tr a a phn nh mc sai lch gia a v a. Ta gi a a l sai s
tuyt i ca s gn ng a v k hiu l
a
, tc l:
a
a a =
Trn thc t nhiu khi ta khng bit a nn khng th tnh c chnh
xc
a
. Tuy nhin, ta c th nh gi c
a
khng vt qu mt s dng
no .
* Nu
a
d s th: a a d d a a d a d a a d s s s s s +
Khi ta qui c vit: a a d =
Nh vy khi vit: a a d = ta hiu s ng a nm trong on
; a d a d ( +

V vy, d cng nh th sai lch cng t i.
b) Sai s tng i:
Sai s tng i ca s gn ng a, k hiu l
a
, l t s
a
a
. Tc l:
a
a
a
= .
Nu a a d = th
a
d s do :
a
d
a
s
Nu
d
a
cng nh th cht lng ca php o c hay tnh ton cng
cao.
Ngi ta thng vit sai s tng i di dng phn trm.
3. S qui trn:
Nguyn tc qui trn s:
* Nu ch s ngay sau hng qui trn nh hn 5 th ta ch vic thay th ch s v cc ch s
bn phi n bi s 0.
* Nu ch s ngay sau hng qui trn ln hn hay bng 5 th ta thay th ch s v cc ch s
bn phi n bi 0 v cng thm 1 n v vo ch s hng c qui trn
Ch :
1. Khi qui trn s ng a n mt hng no th ta ni s gn ng a nhn c l chnh xc n
hng .
2. Nu kt qu cui cng ca bi ton yu cu chnh xc n hng 10
n
th trong qu trnh tnh
ton, kt qu ca cc php tnh trung gian ta cn ly chnh xc t nht n hng
( )
1
10
n +
.
3. Cho s gn ng a c chnh xc d (tc l a a d = ). Khi c yu cu qui trn s a m
khng ni r qui trn n hng no th ta qui trn s a n hng cao nht m d nh hn 1 n v
ca hng .
4. Ch s chc v cch vit chun ca s gn ng:
a) Ch s chc:
Cho s gn ng a ca s a vi chnh xc d. trong s a, mt ch s
c gi l ch s chc (hay ng tin) nu d khng vt qu na n v ca
hng c ch s .
* Nhn xt: Tt c cc ch s ng bn tri ch s chc l ch s chc. tt c cc ch s ng
bn phi ch s khng chc u l ch s khng chc.
b) Dng chun ca s gn ng:
Trong cch vit a a d = , ta bit ngay chnh xc d ca s gn ng a.
Ngoi cch vit trn, ngi ta cn qui c dng vit chun ca s gn ng v
khi cho mt s gn ng di dng chun, ta cng bit c chnh xc ca
n.
* Nu s gn ng l s thp phn khng nguyn th dng chun l dng m
mi ch s ca n u l ch s chc.
* Nu s gn ng l s nguyn th dng chun ca n l .10
k
A , trong A l
s nguyn, k l hng thp nht c ch s chc
( )
N k e
Ch : Vi qui c v dng chun ca s gn ng th hai s gn ng 0,14 v 0,140 vit di
dng chun c ngha khc nhau. S gn ng 0,14 c sai s tuyt i khng vt qu 0,005 cn
s 0,140 c sai s tuyt i khng vt qu 0,0005.
5. K hiu khoa hc ca mt s:
Mi s thp phn khc 0 u vit c di dng .10
n
, trong :
1 10, n Z s < e . Dng nh th c gi l k hiu khoa hc ca s .
Ngi ta thng dng k hiu khoa hc ghi s rt ln hoc s rt b.
Chng II. HM S BC NHT V BC HAI.

I CNG V HM S

1. Khi nim v hm s:
a) Hm s:
Cho mt tp hp khc rng D c R.
Hm s f xc nh trn D l mt qui tc t tng ng mi s x thuc
D vi mt v ch mt s, k hiu l f(x); s f(x) gi l gi tr ca hm s f ti
x.
Tp D cn gi l tp xc nh (hay min xc nh), x gi l bin s hay
i s ca hm s f.
ch r k hiu bin s, hm s f cn c vit l
( )
y f x =
b) Hm s cho bng biu thc: Cho hm s
( )
y f x = , khi ta ni hm s
c cho bng biu thc f(x).
* Tp xc nh ca hm s:
Ta qui c rng: Khi cho hm s bng biu thc y = f(x), nu khng
ni g thm th tp xc nh ca hm s y = f(x) l tp hp tt c cc gi tr ca
x biu thc y = f(x) c ngha (hay l gi tr ca biu thc f(x) c xc
nh). K hiu l: D
Vy: Tp xc nh
{ }
/ ( ) D x R y f x co ngha = e =
* Tp xc nh ca cc hm s thng gp:
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
- = c ngha ( ) 0 Q x =
( ) y P x - = c ngha ( ) 0 P x >
( )
( )
P x
y
Q x
- = c ngha ( ) 0 Q x >
( ) ( ) y P x Q x - = + c ngha
( ) 0
( ) 0
P x
Q x
>

>

- Cc hm a thc nh: y = ax
2
+ bx + c, y = ax + b,... c tp xc nh
l R.
c) th ca hm s: Cho hm s y=f(x) c TX l D.
th (C) ca hm s l tp hp cc im
( ) ( )
, M x f x trn mt
phng ta Oxy vi x D e . Vy
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
, , C M x f x y f x x D = = e
Lu khi gii ton: im thuc th ta ca im phi tha mn phng
trnh ca th.
2. S bin thin ca hm s:
Ta k hiu K l mt khong, na khong hay on. Ta c:
* Hm s y = f(x) gi l ng bin (hay tng) trn K nu:
1 2 1 2 1 2
, : ( ) ( ) x x K x x f x f x e < <
* Hm s y = f(x) gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn K nu:
1 2 1 2 1 2
, : ( ) ( ) x x K x x f x f x e < > .
Nhn xt:
- Nu mt hm s ng bin trn K th trn th ca n i ln t tri sang phi.
- Nu mt hm s nghch bin trn K th trn th ca n i xung t tri sang phi.
* Phng php kho st s bin thin ca hm s
B
1
: Ly
1 2 1 2
, , . x x K x x e =
B
2
: Lp t s:
2 1
2 1
( ) ( ) f x f x
T
x x

B
3
: Nu t s T > 0 th hm s tng trn K.
Nu t s T < 0 th hm s gim trn K.
3. Tnh chn l ca hm s:
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn D.
* Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s chn nu
( ) ( )
x D x D
f x f x
e e

* Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s l nu
( ) ( )
x D x D
f x f x
e e

* Phng php chng minh hm s chn, hm s l.
B
1
: Tm tp xc nh D ca hm s.
B
2
: Chng minh tp D l tp i xng (cn c/m: x D x D e e )
B
3
:Tnh f(-x).
Nu f(-x) = f(x) th hm s l hm s chn.
Nu f(-x) = - f(x) th hm s l hm s l.
* Lu : Hm s c th khng chn khng l.
4. th ca hm s chn v hm s l:
* th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung.
* th ca hm s l i xng qua gc to .
HM S y = ax + b

1. Hm s bc nht:
( )
0 y ax b a = + =
a. Tp xc nh D = R.
b. S bin thin:
- Nu a > 0 hm s ng bin trn R
- Nu a < 0 hm s nghch bin trn R
c. th: th l ng thng khng song song, khng trng vi hai
trc to v ct trc Ox ti ; 0
b
A
a
| |
|
\ .
, Oy ti B(0; b).
* Ch :
- a c gi l h s gc ca ng thng.
- Nu gi l gc to bi ng thng y=ax+b v chiu dng ca trc Ox th tan a = .
- Nu a>0 th ng thng y=ax+b nghing v bn phi.
- Nu a< 0 th ng thng y=ax+b nghing v bn tri.
- Cho hai ng thng
( ) ( )
: , ' : ' ' d y ax b d y a x b = + = + . Ta c:
+
( ) ( )
'
/ / '
'
a a
d d
b b
=

+
( ) ( )
'
'
'
a a
d d
b b
=

=

+
( )
d ct
( )
' ' d a a =
+
( ) ( )
' . ' 1 d d a a =
2. Hm s y = b
- Tp xc nh D = R
- Hm s hng l hm s chn.
- th l ng thng song song vi trc honh v ct trc tung ti
im (0; b).
3. Hm s y x =
- Tp xc nh D = R.
- Hm s y x = l hm s chn. th i xng qua trc tung.
- Hm s ng bin trn khong
( )
0; + v nghch bin trn khong
( )
; 0
Bng bin thin:
x 0 +
y
+ +

0

th:

x
y
1

HM S BC HAI
1. nh ngha:
Hm s bc hai l hm s cho bng biu thc c dng
2
y ax bx c = + = , trong a, b, c l nhng s thc v 0 a = .
2. th ca hm s bc hai:
- Tp xc nh D = R
- th l ng parabol c nh ;
2 4
b
I
a a
| |

|
\ .
, nhn ng thng
2
b
x
a
= lm trc i xng, c b lm quay ln khi a > 0, quay xung khi a <
0.
3. S bin thin ca hm s:
Nu a > 0 th hm s nghch bin trn khong ;
2
b
a
| |

|
\ .
v ng
bin trn khong ;
2
b
a
| |
+
|
\ .

Nu a < 0 th hm s ng bin trn khong ;
2
b
a
| |

|
\ .
v nghch bin trn
khong ;
2
b
a
| |
+
|
\ .

Bng bin thin:
x

2
b
a
+
y
+ +

4a

a > 0
x

2
b
a
+

y

4a

- -
4. Dng ton:
Dng 1: V th hm s bc hai:
- Cc bc v th ca hm s bc hai:
+ Xc nh nh ca parabol: ;
2 4
b
I
a a
| |

|
\ .

+ Xc nh trc i xng v hng b lm ca parabol.
+ Xc nh mt s im c th ca parabol, chng hn: giao im ca parabol
vi hai trc ta v cc im i xng vi chung qua trc i xng.
+ Cn c vo tnh i xng, b lm v hnh dng parabol ni cc im
li.
Dng 2: Lp phng trnh parabol (P) tha iu kin K:
Bc 1: Gi s parabol (P) c phng trnh (P):
( )
2
0 y ax bx c a = + + =
Bc 2: Da vo iu kin K xc nh a, b, c.
Trong bc ny ta thng c cc iu kin thng gp sau:
* im
( ) ( )
2
0 0 0 0 0
; A x y P y ax bx c e = + +
* (P) c nh
( )
( )
0
0 0
0 0
2
;
4
b
x
a
I x y
y f x
a
= =

* (P) c gi tr cc i (hoc cc tiu) bng
0
y
a < 0
0
0
4
a
y
a
<
hoc
0
0
4
a
y
a
>

* (P) t gi tr cc i (hoc cc tiu) ti im c honh bng
0
x
0
0
2
a
b
x
a
<
hoc
0
0
2
a
b
x
a
>

* (P) nhn ng thng
0
x x = lm trc i xng
0
2
b
x
a
=
Chng III. PHNG TRNH & H PHNG TRNH

I CNG V PHNG TRNH

I. Khi nim phng trnh.
1. Phng trnh n x l mnh c dng f(x) = g(x) (1)
Nu hai hm s
( ) ( )
, y f x y g x = = ln lt c tp xc nh l
,
f g
D D , th
f g
D D D = gi l tp xc nh ca phng trnh (1).
Nu c s
0
x D e sao cho f(x
0
) = g(x
0
) th x
0
c gi l mt nghim
ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x).
Gii phng trnh l ta tm tt c cc nghim ca n.
Phng trnh khng c nghim ta ni phng trnh v nghim.
Ch : Cc nghim ca phng trnh (1) chnh l honh cc giao im ca th cc hm s
( ) ( )
& y f x y g x = = . Phng trnh (1) cng gi l phng trnh honh giao im
ca th cc hm s
( ) ( )
& y f x y g x = = .
2. iu kin ca phng trnh: L iu kin ca n x hai v ca
phng trnh c ngha.
* Ch : Khi gii phng trnh, vic tm tp xc nh ca phng trnh i khi cn kh
hn vic gii phng trnh , nn khi gii ta ch cn ghi iu kin ca phng trnh l
. Khi gii xong ta ch vic thay nghim vo iu kin loi nghim ngoi lai i.
3. Phng trnh cha tham s: L phng trnh ngoi n x cn c cc ch
s khc xem nh l hng s v c gi l tham s.
V d: x
2
+ 2x m = 0. Vi m l tham s.
4. Phng trnh tng ng: Hai phng trnh c gi l tng ng
nu chng c cng tp nghim (k c tp rng)
K hiu:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
f x g x f x g x = =
Ch : Khi mun nhn mnh hai phng trnh c cng tp xc nh D v tng ng vi nhau,
ta ni Hai phng trnh tng ng trong iu kin D
5. Php bin i tng ng:
Cc php bin i khng lm thay i tp nghim ca phng trnh
c gi l cc php bin i tng ng
* Php cng (tr): f(x) =g(x) f(x) h(x) = g(x) h(x)
Cng hoc tr vo hai v ca phng trnh vi biu thc h(x) m
khng lm thay i iu kin ca phng trnh th ta c phng trnh mi
tng ng.
* Php nhn (chia): f(x) =g(x) f(x).h(x) = g(x).h(x)
f(x) =g(x)
( )
( )
( )
( )
f x g x
h x h x
= vi h(x) 0 =
Nhn hoc chia vo hai v ca phng trnh vi biu thc h(x) 0 =
m khng lm thay i iu kin ca phng trnh th ta c phng trnh
mi tng ng.
Ch : Php chuyn v:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x h x g x f x g x h x + = = .
6. Phng trnh h qu:
Cho hai phng trnh: f(x) = g(x) (1) f
1
(x) = g
1
(x) (2)
Phng trnh (2) c gi l phng trnh h qu ca phng trnh (1)
nu tp nghim ca phng trnh (2) cha tp nghim ca phng trnh (1). K
hiu: (1) (2)
* Lu : i) Khi bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh th ta c phng trnh h qu ca phng
trnh cho.
ii) Khi gii phng trnh m dn n phng trnh h qu th phi th li nghim vo
phng trnh ban u loi nghim ngoi lai.
PHNG TRNH
BC NHT V BC HAI MT N

1. Gii v bin lun phng trnh: ax + b = 0 (1)

0 (1) ax b + =
H s Kt lun
0 a =
(1) c nghim duy nht
b
x
a
=
a=0
0 b =
(1) v nghim
0 b =
(1) nghim ng vi mi x
2. Gii v bin lun phng trnh: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (2)
* Trng hp 1: Vi a=0, ta c phng trnh 0 bx c + = , y l phng trnh c
h s c th nn c th kt lun c nghim ca phng trnh (2)
* Trng hp 2: Vi 0 a = , ta tnh bit thc:
2
4 b ac =
+ Nu 0 < : phng trnh (2) v nghim.
+ Nu 0 = : phng trnh (2) c nghim kp
0
2
b
x
a
=
+ Nu 0 > : phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit
1,2
2
b
x
a

=
Kt lun: (ty theo gi tr ca m ta kt lun tp nghim ca phng trnh)
Ch : Ta c th dng

2
0( 0)(2) ax bx c a + + = =
2
' ' b ac A =
Kt lun
' 0 A >
(1) c 2 nghim phn bit
1,2
' ' b
x
a
A
=
' 0 A =
(2) c nghim kp
' b
x
a
=
' 0 A <
(2) v nghim
Ch : Phng trnh trng phng: ax
4
+ bx
2
+ c = 0 ( 0 a = ) c th a v
phng trnh bc hai bng cch t t = x
2
( 0 t > )
3. nh l Viet:
- Cho phng trnh bc hai c hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 ( 0 a = ) c hai nghim x
1
,
x
2
. Khi :
1 2
1 2
b
x x
a
c
x x
a
+ =

- Ngc li nu c hai s u v v m c tng u + v = S, tch u.v = P th u v v l
cc nghim ca phng trnh:
2
0 t St P + = (3)
* Ch :
+ Nu phng trnh (3) c hai nghim
1 2
, t t th
1
2
u t
v t
=
hoc
2
1
u t
v t
=

+ Nu a thc
( )
2
f x ax bx c = + + + c 2 nghim
1 2
, x x th f(x) c th phn tch thnh
( ) ( )( )
1 2
f x a x x x x =
4. Dng ton:
Dng 1: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc i xng gia cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai:
Gi
1 2
, x x l cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
2
0 ax bx c + + = . Ta c
mt s biu thc thng gp nh sau:

*
( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 x x x x x x S P + = + =
*
( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 x x x x x x x x S PS + = + + =
*
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1
x x
S
x x x x P
+
+ = = *
2 2
2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2
x x
S P
x x x x P
+

+ = =
Dng 2: Tm h thc lin h gia cc nghim khng ph thuc vo tham s (gi s l
m):
Bc 1: Tm iu kin ca m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
1 2
, x x
0
0
a

>

Bc 2: p dng nh l Vit ta c
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
x x f m
x x g m
+ =

Bc 3: Kh m t h trn ta c h thc cn tm.
Dng 3: S dng nh l Vit xt du cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai:
( )
2
0 0 ax bx c a + + = =
* Nu 0
c
P
a
= < phng trnh c hai nghim tri du
1 2
0 x x < <
* Nu
0
0 P
>
>
phng trnh c hai nghim cng du.

* Nu
0
0
0
P
S
>
>
>
phng trnh c hai nghim dng

1 2
0 x x < s
* Nu
0
0
0
P
S
>
>
<
phng trnh c hai nghim m

1 2
0 x x s <
PHNG TRNH V H PHNG TRNH
I. Phng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i:
Cc dng c bn: i) A B = , ii) A B =
Cch gii 1: Dng nh ngha tr tuyt i b tr tuyt i:
0
0
A ne u A
A
A ne u A
>
=

<

Cch gii 2: Bnh phng hai v dn n phng trnh h qu. Khi gii xong
phi th li nghim loi nghim ngoi lai.
Cch gii 3: Dng cng thc:

II. Phng trnh cha n di du cn:
Cc dng c bn: i) A B = , ii) A B =
Cch gii 1: Bnh phng hai v dn n phng trnh h qu. Khi gii xong
phi th li nghim loi nghim ngoi lai.
Cch gii 2: Dng cng thc:

III. Phng trnh v h phng trnh bc nht nhiu n:

A B
A B
A B
=
=

=

0 B
A B
A B
A B
>
= =

-
0 ( 0) A hoa c B
A B
A B
> >
=

=

-
2
0 B
A B
A B
>
=

=

1. Phng trnh bc nht hai n: ax + by + c = 0 (2). Trong a, b, c l
cc h s, a v b khng ng thi bng 0.
Cp (x
0
;y
0
) c gi l nghim ca phng trnh (2) nu chng
nghim ng phng trnh (2).
2. H hai phng trnh bc nht hai n:
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ =
+ =
.
Cch gii: C 3 cch:
1. Dng phng php cng i s.
2. Dng phng php th.
3. Dng nh thc:
t
1 1
2 2
a b
D
a b
= ,
1 1
2 2
x
c b
D
c b
= ,
1 1
2 2
y
a c
D
a c
=
* Nu 0
x y
D D D = = = th h c v s nghim
* Nu 0, 0 0
x y
D D hoac D = = = th h v nghim.
* Nu 0 D = th h c 1 nghim
x
y
D
x
D
D
y
D

3. H ba phng trnh bc nht ba n:
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
a x b y c z d
a x b y c z d
a x b y c z d
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

Cch gii:Kh dn tng n s a h phng trnh trnh v dng tam gic:
1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
a x d
a x b y d
a x b y c z d
=
+ =
+ + =
(pp Gausse)
4. H phng trnh gm mt bc nht v mt bc hai i vi 2 n:
V d:
2 2
3 4
2 4
x x y y
x y
+ + =
+ =

Cch gii:
- T phng trnh bc nht ta rt mt n theo n kia ri th vo phng trnh bc hai
ta c phng trnh bc hai mt n.
- Gii phng trnh bc hai ta tm c nghim, thay nghim va tm vo phng trnh
bc nht ta tm c nghim ca n cn li.
5. H phng trnh i xng loi 1:
Dng: L h phng trnh m khi thay x bi y v y bi x th mi phng trnh
ca h khng thay i.
V d:
( )
2 2
8
6
x x y y
xy x y
+ + + =
+ =

Cch gii:
- t
S x y
P xy
= +
, thay vo h phng trnh ta c h phng trnh mi theo n S,

P. Gii h ny ta tm c S,P.
- x,y khi l hai nghim ca phng trnh
2
0 X SX P + = (nu c)
* Ch : Nu (x;y) l mt nghim th (y;x) cng l mt nghim.
6. H phng trnh i xng loi 2:
Dng: L h phng trnh m khi thay x bi y v y bi x th phng trnh ny
ca h s tr thnh phng trnh kia ca h, v ngc li.
V d:
2
2
2 3
2 3
x y
y x

Cch gii:
- Tr tng v hai phng trnh ta c phng trnh mi.
- Phn tch phng trnh mi thnh dng
( ) ( )
( )
. ; 0
; 0
x y
x y f x y
f x y
=
=

=
.
- Kt hp vi 1 trong 2 phng trnh ca h ta c mt h mi n gin hn ri gii.

Chng IV: BT NG THC & BT PHNG TRNH.
I. Bt ng Thc:
1. Bt ng thc c dng: A > B, A < B, , A B A B > s .
2. Bt ng thc h qu: Nu mnh A B C D < < ng th ta ni
BT C < D l BT h qu ca BT A < B.
3. Bt ng thc tng ng: Nu BT A < B l h qu ca BT C < D
v ngc li th ta ni hai BT tng ng nhau. K hiu: A B C D < < .
4. Cc tnh cht:
Tnh cht
Tn gi
iu kin Ni dung

a b va b c a c < < <
Bc cu

a b a c b c < + < +
Cng hai v bt ng thc
vi mt s
c > 0
a b ac bc < <
Nhn hai v bt ng thc
vi mt s.
c < 0
a b ac bc < >

a bva c d a c b d < < + < +

Cng hai bt ng thc
cng chiu
a > 0, c> 0
a b va c d ac bd < < <
Nhn hai bt ng thc
cng chiu
n nguyn dng
2 1 2 1 n n
a b a b
+ +
< >
Nng hai v ca bt ng
ln mt ly tha.
2 2
0
n n
a b a b < < >
A > 0
a b a b < <
Khai cn hai v ca mt bt
ng thc.

3 3
a b a b < <

5. Bt ng thc Csi: Cho hai s a v b khng m:
Ta c: 2 a b ab + > . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.
6. Cc h qu:
1
) 2, 0 i a a
a
+ > >
ii) Cho hai s x > 0, y > 0. Nu x + y khng i th x.y ln nht khi v ch khi
x = y.
iii) Cho hai s x > 0, y > 0. Nu x.y khng i th x + y nh nht khi v ch khi
x = y.
7. Bt ng thc cha gi tr tuyt i:

) 0, ,
) , 0
) hoac , 0
)
i x x x x x
ii x a a x a a
iii x a x a x a a
iv a b a b a b
> > >
s s s >
> s > >
s + s +

8. Cc phng php chng minh BT:
i) Dng nh ngha: Mun chng minh A > B th ta cn chng minh: A
B > 0.
ii) Phng php chng minh tng ng:

1 1 2 2
......
n n
A B A B A B A B > > > > .
Trong : A > B l bt cn chng minh
A
n
> B
n
l bt ng bit.
iii) Dng cc bt ng thc bit: BT Csi, BT cha gi tr tuyt
i
II. Bt phng trnh v h bt phng trnh mt n:
1. Khi nim bt phng trnh mt n:
Bt phng trnh n x c dng: f(x) < g(x),
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) f x g x f x g x f x g x s > > . Trong f(x) v g(x) l nhng biu
thc cha x.
2. iu kin ca bt phng trnh: l iu kin ca n x hai v f(x) v
g(x) u c ngha.
TX: D =
{ }
/ ( ), ( ) x R f x g x co ngha e
3. H bt phng trnh mt n: L h gm mt s bt phng trnh n x
m ta phi tm nghim chung ca chng.
Mi gi tr ca x ng thi l nghim ca tt c cc bt phng trnh
ca h c gi l mt nghim ca h bt phng trnh cho.
Phng php gii h bt phng trnh: Gii tng bt phng trnh
ri ly giao ca cc tp nghim.
4. Bt phng trnh tng ng: Hai bt phng trnh (h bpt) c gi
l tng ng nhau nu chng c cng tp nghim. K hiu:
5. Cc php bin i tng ng: Cho bt phng trnh P(x) < Q(x) c
TX D.
a) Php cng (tr): Nu f(x) xc nh trn D th:
P(x) < Q(x) P(x) + f(x) < Q(x) + f(x)
b) Php nhn (chia):
i) Nu f(x) > 0, x D e th: P(x) < Q(x) P(x).f(x) < Q(x).f(x)
ii) Nu f(x) < 0, x D e th:P(x) < Q(x) P(x).f(x) > Q(x).f(x)
c) Php bnh phng: Nu P(x) 0 > , Q(x) 0, x D > e th:
P(x) < Q(x) P
2
(x) < Q
2
(x)
6. Cc ch khi gii bt phng trnh:
i) Khi bin i hai v ca bt phng trnh th c th lm thay i iu kin ca bt
phng trnh. V vy, tm nghim ca bt phng trnh ta phi tm cc gi tr ca x tho mn
iu kin ca bt phng trnh v l nghim ca bt phng trnh mi.
VD: Gii bpt:
5 2 3 4 3 3
1
4 4 6
x x x x +
> .
ii) Khi nhn (chia) hai v ca bt phng trnh vi biu thc f(x) ta cn lu v du ca
f(x). Nu f(x) nhn c gi tr dng ln m th ta phi ln lt xt c hai trng hp. Mi trng
hp dn n mt h bt phng trnh.
iii) Khi gii bt phng trnh c n mu ta quy ng mu nhng khng c b mu
v phi xt du biu thc tm tp nghim
VD: Gii bpt:
1
1
1 x
>

iv) Khi gii bt phng trnh P(x) < Q(x) m phi bnh phng hai v th phi xt hai
trng hp:
TH1: P(x) v Q(x) u khng m th ta bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh.
TH2: P(x) v Q(x) u m th ta vit P(x) < Q(x) - Q(x) < - P(x) ri bnh phng
hai v ca bt phng trnh mi.
VD: Gii bpt:
2
17 1
4 2
x x + > +
III. Du ca nh thc bc nht:
1. Nh thc bc nht: L biu thc c dng: f(x) = ax + b. trong a, b l
cc hng s ( 0 a = ).
2. Du ca nh thc bc nht f(x) = ax + b:
Bng Xt Du:
x

b
a
+
f(x) = ax + b
a > 0 - 0 +
a < 0 + 0 -
Quy tc: Phi cng Tri tri.
3. Phng php lp bng xt du ca nh thc:
B
1
: Tm nghim ca nh thc.
B
2
: Lp bng xt du.
B
3
: Kt lun v du ca nh thc.
4. Du ca mt tch, mt thng cc nh thc bc nht:
Phng php xt du: Tm nghim tng nh thc c mt trong biu thc. Lp
bng xt du chung cho tt c cc nh thc c mt trong biu thc. T ta suy
ra c du ca biu thc.
VD: Xt du biu thc:
(4 1)( 2)
( )
3 5
x x
f x
x
+
=
+

5. p dng vo vic gii bt phng trnh:
a) Bt phng trnh tch, bt phng trnh cha n mu:
Phng php gii:
B
1
: a bt phng trnh v dng f(x) > 0 hoc f(x) < 0.
B
2
: Lp bng xt du ca biu thc f(x).
B
3
: Da vo bng xt du kt lun nghim ca bt phng trnh.
VD: Gii bt phng trnh:
a)
(4 1)( 2)
0
3 5
x x
x
+
>
+
b)
1
1
1 x
>

* Ch : y ta cng cn c mt phng php xt du ring n gin m hiu qu hn
6. Bt phng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i:
Ch :
2
2
ne u 0
)
ne u 0
) ,
) , 0
) hoac , 0
A A
i A
A A
ii A A A
iii x a a x a a
iv x a x a x a a
>
=

<
=
s s s >
> s > >

Phng php gii:
Phng php: Dng nh ngha kh tr tuyt i.
B
1
: Lp bng xt du ca biu thc trong du gi tr tuyt i.
B
2
: Da vo bng xt du kh du gi tr tuyt i v gii bt phng trnh
trn tng min xc nh ca bt phng trnh.
B
3
: Nghim ca bt phng trnh l hp cc tp nghim trn tng min xc
nh.

Phng php: Dng cng thc.
7. Bt phng trnh cha n trong cn bc hai:
( ) ( ) , 0 f x a a f x a a s s s >

( )
( ) 0
( )
f x a
f x a a
f x a
s
> >
>

2 2
A B A B s s

2 2
0 B
A B
A B
>
s

s

2 2
0
0
B
A B B
A B
s
> >
>


IV. Du ca tam thc bc hai:
1. Tam thc bc hai i vi x c dng: f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c ( 0 a = ).
2. Du ca tam thc: Cho tam thc f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c ( 0 a = ) c
2
4 b ac =
TH1: Nu 0 < :
Bng xt du:
x
+
f(x) Cng du vi a vi mi x R e
TH2: Nu 0 =
Bng xt du:
x

2
b
a
+
f(x) Cng du vi a 0 Cng du vi a
TH3: Nu 0 >
Bng xt du:
x x
1
x
2
+
f(x) Cng du vi a 0 Tri du vi a 0 Cng du vi a
Phng php xt du tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c ( 0 a = ).
*
2
0
0
0
B
A
A B
B
A B
<
>
>

>
>

*
2
0
0
B
A B A
A B
>
< >
<

*
0 A
A B
A B
>
<

<

B
1
: Tnh v tm nghim ca tam thc (nu c)
B
2
: Lp bng xt du ca biu f(x)
B
3
: Kt lun du ca tam thc.
VD: Xt du cc tam thc sau:
a. f(x) = -x
2
+ 3x - 5
b. f(x) = 2x
2
- 5x + 2
c. f(x) = 9x
2
- 24x + 16
d. f(x) = (2x -5)(3 - 4x)
e. f(x) =
2
2
2 1
4
x x
x

f. f(x) = (x
2
+ 3x 4)(-3x - 5)
* Ch : Khi xt du mt thng cn xc nh iu kin phn s c ngha.
3. Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n:
Dng: f(x) > 0, f(x) < 0, ( ) 0; ( ) 0 f x f x s > vi f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c ( 0) a =
@ Cch gii:
B
1
: a bt phng trnh v mt trong cc dng f(x) > 0,
f(x) < 0, ( ) 0; ( ) 0 f x f x s > .
B
2
: Lp bng xt du biu thc f(x).
B
3
: Nhn nghim ng vi du ca bt phng trnh.
VD: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
a. 2x
2
- 5x + 2 > 0 b. 9x
2
- 24x + 16 > 0
c. x
2
+ x +2 0 s d. x
2
+ 12x + 36 0 >
e. x
2
+ 12x + 36 0 s f. (2x -5)(3 - 4x) > 0
g. (x
2
+ 3x 4)(-3x - 5) 0 > h.
2
2
2 1
0
4
x x
x

s

4. Cc ng dng ca tam thc bc hai:
Cho tam thc f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c ( 0) a = c
2
4 b ac =
o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c hai nghim 0 >
o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim kp 0 =
o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 v nghim 0 <
o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c hai nghim tri du
0
0
a
P
=

<

o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c hai nghim cng du
0
0
a
P
=

>

o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c hai nghim m
0
0
0
0
a
S
P
>

<
>

o Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c hai nghim dng
0
0
0
0
a
S
P
>

>
>

o f(x) > 0
0
0
a
x
>

<
f(x) > 0
0
0
a
x
>

s

o f(x) < 0
0
0
a
x
<

<
f(x) s 0
0
0
a
x
<

s

o f(x) > 0 v nghim f(x) 0 x s
0
0
a
<

o f(x) > 0 v nghim f(x) 0 x <
0
0
a
<

<

o f(x) < 0 v nghim f(x) 0 x >
0
0
a
>

o f(x) s 0 v nghim f(x) 0 x >
0
0
a
>

<

Chng V: THNG K

I. BNG PHN B TN S & TN SUT.
1. Gi s dy n s liu thng k cho c k gi tr khc nhau ( k n s ). Gi x
i
l
mt gi tr bt k trong k gi tr . Ta c:
S ln xut hin gi tr x
i
trong dy s liu cho c gi l tn s
ca gi tr , k hiu l n
i
.
S
i
i
n
f
n
= c gi l tn sut ca gi tr x
i
.
2. Gi s dy n s liu thng k cho c phn b vo k lp (k<n). Xt lp
th i (i = 1, 2, 3,,k) trong k lp , ta c:
S n
i
cc s liu thng k thuc lp i c gi l tn s ca lp .
S
i
i
n
f
n
= c gi l tn sut ca lp th i.
Ch :Trong bng phn b tn sut, tn sut c tnh di dng t s phn trm.
II. BIU .
1. Cch v biu tn sut, tn s hnh ct.
a/ Cch v biu tn sut hnh ct.
m t bng phn b tn sut ghp lp v trnh by cc s liu thng k,
c th v biu tn sut hnh ct nh sau:
Chn h trc ta vung gc Oxy vi n v trn trc honh Ox ca du
hiu X c nghin cu, n v trc tung Oy l 1%. th cn i, i khi phi ct
b mt on no ca trc honh (hoc ca trc tung). Trn trc honh, t cc
khong c cc mt biu din cho cc mt ca cc lp bng phn b tn sut ( di
ca cc khong bng b rng ca cc lp). Ta gi cc khong v cc lp ny tng
ng vi nhau. Ly cc khong lm cnh y, v cc hnh ch nht c di ca cc
ng cao bng tn sut ca cc lp tng ng v nm v pha chiu dng ca trc
tung. Cc hnh ch nht va v c lp thnh mt biu tn sut hnh ct.
b/ Cch v biu tn s hnh ct tng t.
2. Cch v ng gp khc tn sut, tn s.
a/ Gi tr i din.
Trong bng phn b ghp lp, ta gi s trung bnh cng ca hai mt
lp th i l gi tr i din ca lp , k hiu l c
i
.
b/ Cch v ng gp khc tn sut.
Cng c th m t bng phn b ghp lp bng cch v ng gp khc tn
sut nh sau:
Trn mt phng ta Oxy (h ta Oxy ni trn), xc nh cc im
( )
;
i i
c f i = 1, 2,,k, trong ci v fi ln lt l gi tr i din, tn sut ca cc lp
ca bng phn b (gm k lp). V cc on thng ni im
( )
;
i i
c f vi im
( )
1 1
;
i i
c f
+ +
, i = 1, 2,,k 1, ta thu c mt ng gp khc, gi l ng gp khc
tn sut.
c/ Cch v ng gp khc tn s tng t.
3. Biu hnh qut:
B1: V ng trn, xc nh tm ca n.
B2: Tnh cc gc tm ca mi hnh qut theo cng thc a
0
=f.3,6 (trong f
l tn sut)
III. S TRUNG BNH CNG. S TRUNG V. MT
1. S trung bnh cng (hay s trung bnh)
x l s trung bnh cng ca cc s liu thng k.
a/ Trng hp bng phn b tn s, tn sut:
( )
1 1 2 2
1
...
k k
x n x n x n x
n
= + + +
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f x f x f x = + + + trong n
i
,
f
i
ln lt l tn s, tn sut ca gi tr x
i
, n l s cc s liu thng k
1 2
...
k
n n n n + + + =
b/ Trng hp bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp:
( )
1 1 2 2
1
...
k k
x n c n c n c
n
= + + +
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f c f c f c = + + + trong c
i
, n
i
,
f
i
ln lt l gi tr i din, tn s, tn sut ca lp th i, n l s cc s liu
thng k
1 2
...
k
n n n n + + + =
2. S trung v:
nh ngha: Gi s c mt mu gm n s liu c sp xp theo th t khng
gim.
Nu n l mt s l th s liu ng th
1
2
n +
(s liu ng chnh gia)
gi l s trung v.
Nu n l mt s chn, ta ly s trung bnh cng ca hai s liu ng
th
2
n
v
2
n
+1 lm s trung v. S trung v, k hiu l
e
M
3. Mt:
Khi nim: Mt ca mt bng phn b tn s l gi tr c tn s ln nht v
c k hiu l M
O
.
IV. PHNG SAI V LCH CHUN:
1. Cng thc tnh phng sai:

* Trng hp bng phn b tn s, tn sut:
Trong ,
i i
n f ln lt l tn s, tn sut ca gi tr ;
i
x n l cc s liu thng
k (n= n
1
+n
2
+ +n
k
); x l s trung bnh cng ca cc s liu cho.
* Trng hp bng phn b tn s, tn sut ghp lp:

2
x
s =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
...
k k
n x x n x x n x x
n
(
+ + +
(

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f x x f x x f x x = + + +
2
x
s =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
...
k k
n c x n c x n c x
n
(
+ + +
(

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f c x f c x f c x = + + +
Trong , ,
i i i
c n f ln lt l gi tr i din, tn s, tn sut ca gi tr
;
i
x n l cc s liu thng k (n= n
1
+n
2
+ +n
k
); x l s trung bnh cng ca
cc s liu cho.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn chng minh c cng thc sau:
2 2 2
( )
x
s x x = trong

2
x l trung bnh cng cc bnh phng s liu thng k, tc l

(i vi bng tn s, tn sut)

(i vi bng tn s, tn sut ghp lp)
2. lch chun.
2
x x
s s =
Phng sai
2
x
s v lch chun
x
s u c dng nh gi mc
phn tn ca cc s liu thng k (so vi s trung bnh cng). Nhng khi
cn ch n n v o th ta dng
x
s , v
x
s c cng n v vi du hiu c
nghin cu.
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
...
k k
x n x n x n x
n
= + + +
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f x f x f x = + + +
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
...
k k
x n c n c n c
n
= + + +
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
k k
f c f c f c = + + +
Chng VI: LNG GIC
TM TT KIN THC
1. v radian:
( )
0
180 ( ) rad = ;
0
1
180
= (rad);
0
180
1( ) rad
| |
=
|
\ .

2. Cc h thc c bn:
*
( )
sin
tan cos 0
cos
= = ; *
( )
cos
cot sin 0
sin
= =
*
2 2
sin cos 1, + = ;
*
2
2
1
1 tan ,
2 cos
k k
| |
+ = = + e
|
\ .
Z
*
2
2
1
1 cot ( , )
sin
k k
+ = = eZ
* tan . cot 1 ,
2
k
k

| |
= = e
|
\ .
Z .
3. Cc h qu cn nh:

sin( 2 ) sin ; cos( 2 ) cos
tan( ) tan ; cot( ) cot
k k
k k

+ = + =
+ = + =

tan xc nh khi ,
2
k k Z
= + e
cot xc nh khi , k k Z = e
1 sin 1
1 cos 1
s s
s s


Du cc gi tr lng gic:
Gc phn t
GTLG

I

II

III

IV
sino
+ + -
coso
+ - +
tano
+ +
coto
+ +

4. Cc cung lin kt:
a. Cung i: v

b. Cung b: v

c. Cung ph: v
2

d. Cung sai km nhau : v +

sin( ) sin ; cos( ) cos

= =
= =

cos( ) cos ; sin( ) sin

= =
= =

sin cos ; cos sin
2 2
tan cot ; cot tan
2 2

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

sin( ) sin ; cos( ) cos

+ = + =
+ = + =

e. Cung hn km nhau
2
: v
2
+

5. Cc cng thc bin i:
a. Cng thc cng:

Lu :
a. Khi tnh GTLG ca cc gc khng c bit ta phn tch gc thnh tng, hiu ca
hai gc c bit ri dng cng thc cng.
b. Khi c/m ng thc lng gic trong tam gic ta thng dng tnh cht:
,
2 2 2 2
A B C
A B C

+ = + = sau dng cng thc cng v cung lin kt
c/m.
b. Cng thc nhn i:

sin cos ; cos sin
2 2
tan cot ; cot tan
2 2

| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .

- sin(a b) = sina cosb cosa sinb
- cos(a b) = cosa cosb ) sina sinb
- tan(a b) =
tan tan
1 tan tan
a b
a b
)

- cot(a b) =
1 tan tan
tan tan
a b
a b
)

- sin2a = 2 sina cosa
- cos2a = cos
2
a sin
2
a = 2cos
2
a 1 = 1 2sin
2
a
- tan2a =
2
2tan
1 tan
a
a
; cot2a =
2
cot 1
2cot
a
a

c. Cng thc h bc:

Lu :
* Dng c bit:
A = cosa.cos2a.cos4acos2na (1)
B = sina.cos2a.cos4acos2na (2)
Cch tnh:
- Nhn hai v ca (1) vi sina v hai v ca (2) cho cosa.
- Dng cng thc
1
sin . cos sin2
2
a a a = nhiu ln.
- Cui cng c th dng lin kt rt gn.
* Khi c/m hay rt gn mt ng thc, biu thc lng gic ta thng chn mt
gc chun, i cc gc khc v gc chun bng cng thc nhn i. Sau
dng h thc c bn lm bi.
* Khi tnh GTLG ca mt gc khng c bit, ta nhn i gc c gc
c bit sau dng cng thc nhn tnh.
d. Cng thc bin i tch v tng:

e. Cng thc bin i tng v tch:

cos
2
a =
1 cos2
2
a +
; sin
2
a =
1 cos2
2
a
; tan
2
a =
1 cos2
1 cos2
a
a
+

cosa.cosb =
1
[cos( ) cos( )]
2
a b a b + +
sina.sinb =
1
[cos( ) cos( )]
2
a b a b +
sina.cosb =
1
[sin( ) sin( )]
2
a b a b + + .

f. Gi tr lng gic ca cc cung c bit:
Gc
0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
0
6

2
3

3
4

5
6

sin 0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
3
2

2
2

1
2

0
cos 1
3
2

2
2

1
2

0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1
tan 0
1
3

1
3
||
3

1
1
3

0
cot
||
3

1
1
3

0
1
3

1
3
||

- sinA + sinB = 2sin cos
2 2
A B A B +

- sinA sinB= 2cos sin
2 2
A B A B +

- cosA + cosB = 2cos cos
2 2
A B A B +

- cosA cosB = 2sin sin
2 2
A B A B +

- tano tan| =
sin( )
cos . cos

; ,
2
k k

| |
= + e
|
\ .
Z

Chng I: VECT
CC NH NGHA

1. xc nh mt vect cn bit mt trong hai iu kin sau:
- im u v im cui ca vect.
- di v hng.
2. Hai vect a
,
v b
,
c gi l cng phng nu gi ca chng song song
hoc trng nhau.
Nu hai vect a
,
v b
,
cng phng th chng c th cng hng hoc
ngc hng.
3. di ca mt vect l khong cch gia im u v im cui ca vect
.
4. a
,
= b
,
khi v ch khi a b =
, ,
v a
,
, b
,
cng hng.
5. Vi mi im A ta gi AA
,
l vect khng. Vect khng c k hiu l
0
,
v quy c rng 0 0 =
,
vect 0
,
cng phng v cng hng vi mi
vect.
Cc dng ton v phng php gii
Dng 1: Xc nh mt vecto, s cng phng v hng ca hai vecto.
@ Phng php:
- xc nh vecto 0 a =
, ,
ta cn bit a
,
v hng ca a
,
hoc bit
im u v im cui ca a
,
. Chng hn,vi hai im phn bit A v
B ta c hai vecto khc vecto 0
,
l AB va BA
, ,

- Vecto a
,
l vecto khng khi v ch khi a
,
= 0 hoc a AA =
, ,
vi A l
im bt k.
Dng 2: Chng minh hai vect bng nhau.
@ Phng php: chng minh hai vecto bng nhau ta c th dng mt trong
ba cch sau:
*
a b
a b
a va b cu ng hng
=

=
`
)
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
* T gic ABCD l hnh bnh hnh AB DC va BC AD = =
, , , ,
.
* Nu , a b b c th a c = = =
, , , , , ,

TNG V HIU CA HAI VECTO
1. nh ngha tng ca hai vecto v quy tc tm tng.
- Cho hai vecto ty a va b
, ,
. Ly im A ty , dng
, AB a BC b = =
, , , ,
. Khi a b AC + =
, , ,
.
- Vi ba im M, N v P ty ta lun c: MN NP MP + =
, , ,
(quy tc 3
im)
- T gic ABCD l hnh bnh hnh, ta c: AB AD AC + =
, , ,
(quy tc
hnh bnh hnh).

2. nh ngha vecto i.
* Cho vect a
,
. Vect c cng di v ngc hng vi a
,
c gi l vect
i ca vect a
,
, k hiu l a
,
.
* Mi vect u c vect i, chng hn vect i ca AB
,
l BA
,
, ngha l
AB BA =
, ,

* Vect i ca 0
,
l 0
,
.
3. nh ngha hiu ca hai vecto v quy tc tm hiu.
( )
a b a b = +
, , , ,

Quy tc ba im i vi php tr vect: Vi ba im bt k O, A, B ta c
AB OB OA =
, , ,
.
Lu :
A
B
D
C

Dng 1: Tm tng ca hai vecto v tng ca nhiu vecto.
@ Phng php: Dng nh ngha tng ca hai vecto, quy tc ba im, quy tc
hnh bnh hnh v cc tnh cht ca tng cc vecto.
Dng 2: Tm vecto i v hiu ca hai vecto
@ Phng php:
- Theo nh ngha, tm hiu a b
, ,
, ta lm hai bc sau:
- Tm vecto i ca b
,
.
- Tnh tng
( )
a b +
, ,

- Vn dng quy tc OB OA AB =
, , ,
vi ba im O, A, B bt k.
Dng 3: Tnh di ca , a b a b +
, , , ,

@ Phng php:
u tin tnh , a b AB a b CD + = =
, , , , , ,
. Sau tnh di cc on
thng AB v CD bng cch gn n vo cc a gic m ta c th tnh c
di cc cnh ca n hoc bng phng php tnh trc tip khc.
Dng 4: Chng minh ng thc vecto.
@ Phng php:
Mi v ca mt ng thc vecto gm cc vecto c ni vi nhau bi
cc php ton vecto. Ta dng quy tc tm tng, hiu ca hai vecto, tm vecto
i bin i v ny thnh v kia ca ng thc hoc bin i c hai v ca
ng thc c hai v bng nhau. Ta cng c th bin i ng thc vecto
cn chng minh tng ng vi mt ng thc vecto c cng nhn l
ng.
- I l trung im AB 0 IA IB + =
, , ,
.
- G l trng tm tam gic ABC 0 GA GB GC + + =
, , , ,

TCH CA VECTO VI MT S.
1. nh ngha: Cho s 0 k = v vecto 0 a =
, ,
.Tch ca vecto a
,
vi s k l mt
vecto, k hiu l ka
,
, cng hng vi a
,
nu k > 0, ngc hng vi a
,
nu k
< 0 v c di bng k a
,
.
2. Cc tnh cht. , ; , a b h k e
, ,
R , ta c:

1. Hai vecto , 0 a b v i b =
, , , ,
cng phng khi v ch khi c s k
a kb =
, ,
. Cho hai vecto a va b
, ,
cng phng, 0 b =
, ,
. Tm s k
a kb =
, ,
v khi s k tm c l duy nht.
2. p dng:

Dng 1: Xc nh vecto ka
,
.
@ Phng php: Da vo nh ngha vecto ka
,

* ka k a =
, ,
.
- Nu k > 0, ka va a cunghng
, ,
.
( )
k a b ka kb + = +
, , , ,
;
( )
h k a ha ka + = +
, , ,
;
( )
( )
h ka hk a =
, ,
;
( )
1. ; 1 a a a a = =
, , , ,

0. 0, a a =
, , ,
; 0 0, k k = e
, ,
R
- Ba im phn bit A, B, C thng hng AB kAC =
, ,
vi s k xc
nh.
- I l trung im ca on thng AB 2 , MA MB MI M + =
, , ,
.
- G l trng tm tam gic ABC 3 , MA MB MC MG M + + =
, , , ,

- Nu k < 0, ka va a ng ch ng
, ,
.
* 0 0, k k = e
, ,
R 0. 0, a a =
, , ,

*
( )
1. ; 1 a a a a = =
, , , ,

Dng 2: Phn tch (biu th) mt vecto theo hai vecto khng cng phng.
@ Phng php:
a/ phn tch vecto x OC =
, ,
theo hai vecto khng cng phng
a OA va b OB = =
, , , ,
ta lm nh sau:
- V hnh bnh hnh OACB c hai nh O, C v hai cnh OA v OB
ln lt nm trn hai gi ca , OA OB
, ,
. Ta c: ' ' x OA OB = +
, , ,

- Xc nh s h ' OA hOA =
, ,
. Xc nh s k ' OB hOB =
, ,
. Khi
x ha kb = +
, , ,
.
b/ C th s dng linh hot cc cng thc sau:
* AB OB OA =
, , ,
, vi ba im O, A, B bt k.
* AC AB AD = +
, , ,
nu t gic ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
Dng 3: Chng minh ba im thng hng, hai ng thng song song.
@ Phng php: Da vo cc khng nh sau:
- Ba im phn bit A, B, C thng hng AB va AC
, ,
cng
phng AB kAC =
, ,
.
- Nu AB kCD =
, ,
v hai ng thng AB v CD phn bit th AB //
CD.
Dng 4: Chng minh cc ng thc vecto c cha tch ca vecto vi mt s.
@ Phng php:
- S dng tnh cht tch ca vecto vi mt s.
- S dng cc tnh cht ca: ba im thng hng, trung im ca mt
on thng, trng tm ca tam gic.
Dng 5: Xc nh v tr ca mt im nh ng thc vecto.
@ Phng php: S dng cc khng nh v cc cng thc sau:
- 0 AB A B =
, ,
;
- Cho im A v cho a
,
. C duy nht im M sao cho AM a =
, ,

-
1 1
, AB AC B C A B AB A A = =
, , , ,

H TRC TA
1. Trc v di i s trn trc:
- Cho im A v B trn trc
( )
; O e
,
. Khi c duy nht s a sao cho
AB ae =
, ,
. Ta gi a l di i s ca vecto AB
,
i vi trc
cho v k hiu: a AB =
,
.
- Nu AB
,
cng hng vi e
,
th AB AB = , cn nu AB
,
ngc hng
vi e
,
th AB AB = .
- Nu hai im A v B trn trc
( )
; O e
,
c ta ln lt l a v b th
AB b a =
2. Ta ca mt vecto, ca mt im trn mt phng ta Oxy:

3. Ta ca cc vecto u v +
, ,
, u v
, ,
, ku
,

Cho
( )
1 2
; u u u =
,
,
( )
1 2
; v v v =
,
. Khi :

*
( )
; u x y u xi y j = = +
, , , ,

* M(x;y) OM xi y j = +
, , ,
vi O l gc ta .
* Cho hai im
( ) ( )
; ;
A A B B
A x y va B x y = , ta c:
( )
;
B A B A
AB x x y y =
,

-
1 1 2 2
( ; ) u v u v u v + = + +
, ,

-
1 1 2 2
( ; ) u v u v u v =
, ,

-
1 2
( ; ), ku ku ku k = e
,
R
-
1 2 2 1
c.phng 0 u v u v u v =
, ,

4. Ta trung im ca on thng. To trng tm ca tam gic:
a) Cho
( )
;
A A
A x y ,
( )
;
B B
B x y v
( )
;
I I
I x y l trung im ca on thng AB.
Ta c:
2
2
A B
I
A B
I
x x
x
y y
y
+
=

b) Cho tam gic ABC c
( )
;
A A
A x y ,
( )
;
B B
B x y ,
( )
;
C C
C x y , Ta c to
trng tm
( )
;
G G
G x y ca tam gic ABC c tnh theo cng thc:
3
3
A B C
G
A B C
G
x x x
x
y y y
y
+ +
=
+ +

Dng 1: Tm ta ca im v di i s ca mt vecto trn trc
( )
; O e
,
.
@ Phng php: Cn c vo nh ngha ta ca im v di i s ca
vecto.
- im M c ta a OM ae =
, ,
vi O l im gc.
- Vecto AB
,
c di i s l m AB AB me = =
, ,
.
- Nu M v N c ta ln lt l a v b th MN b a =
Dng 2: Xc nh ta ca vecto v ca im trn mt phng ta Oxy.
@ Phng php: Cn c vo nh ngha ta ca moat vecto v ta ca
mt im trn mt phng ta Oxy.
- tm ta ca vecto a
,
ta lm nh sau: V vecto OM a =
, ,
Gi hai
im
1 2
M va M ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca M trn Ox v
Oy. Khi
( )
1 2
; a a a =
,
trong
1 1 2 2
, a OM a OM = = .
- tm ta ca im A ta tm ta ca vecto OA
,
. Nh vy A c
ta l (x;y) trong
1 2
, x OA y OA = = ; A
1
v A
2
tng ng l
chn ng vung gc h t A xung Ox v Oy.
- Nu bit ta ca hai im A, B ta tnh c ta ca vecto AB
,

theo cng thc:
( )
;
B A B A
AB x x y y =
,
.
Dng 3: Tm ta ca cc vecto ; ; . u v u v k u +
, , , , ,

@ Phng php:
Tnh theo cc cng thc ta ca ; ; . u v u v k u +
, , , , ,

Dng 4: Chng minh ba im thng hng, hai ng thng song song bng ta
.
@ Phng php: S dng cc iu kin can v sau:
- Ba im phn bit A, B, C thng hng AB kAC =
, ,
.
- Hai vecto , 0 a b =
, , ,
cng phng . co so k e a k b =
, ,

Dng 5: Tnh ta trung im ca mt on thng, ta trng tm ca tam
gic.
@ Phng php: S dng cc cng thc sau:
- Ta trung im ca mt on thng bng trung bnh cng cc ta
tng ng ca hai u mt.
- Ta ca trng tm tam gic bng trung bnh cng cc ta tng
ng ca ba nh.
Chng II: TCH V HNG CA HAI VECTO
V NG DNG
1. nh ngha.
Vi mi gc o (
0 0
0 180 s s ) ta xc nh mt im M trn na
ng trn n v sao cho
xOM = v gi s im M c to
0 0
( ; ) M x y .
Khi ta nh ngha:

* sin ca gc o l y
0
, k hiu
0
sin y = ;
* csin ca gc o l x
0
, k hiu
0
cos x = ;
* tang ca gc o l
0
0
0
( 0)
y
x
x
= , k hiu
0
0
tan
y
x
= ;
* ctang ca gc o l
0
0
0
( 0)
x
y
y
= , k hiu
0
0
cot
x
y
= ;
Cc s sino, coso, tano, coto c gi l cc gi tr lng gic ca gc .
Ch : + Nu l gc t th cos<0, tan<0, cot<0.
+ tan ch xc nh khi
0
90 = , cot ch xc nh khi
0
0 = v
0
180 =
2. Cc h thc lng gic.
0
0
0
0
sin sin(180 )
cos cos(180 )
tan tan(180 )
cot cot(180 )
a a
a a
a a
a a
=
=
=
=

3. Gi tr lng gic ca cc gc c bit.

Gi tr
lng gic
0
(0
0
)
6

(30
0
)
4

(45
0
)
3

(60
0
)
2

(90
0
)

(180
0
)
sino 0
1
2

2
2

3
2

1 0
coso 1
3
2

2
2

1
2
0 - 1
tano 0
1
3

1
3

0
coto

3
1
1
3

0

4. Gc gia hai vecto.
Cho hai vect a
,
v b
,
u khc vect 0
,
. T mt im O bt k ta v
OA a =
, ,
v OB b =
, ,
. Gc
AOB vi s o t 0
0
n 180
0
c gi l gc gia
hai vect a
,
v b
,
. Ta k hiu gc gia hai vect a
,
v b
,
l
( )
, a b
, ,
. Nu
( )
, a b
, ,
=90
0
th ta ni rng a
,
v b
,
vung gc vi nhau, k hiu l a b
, ,
hoc
b a
, ,
.
5. Tch v hng ca hai vecto:
a/ nh ngha: Cho hai vect a
,
v b
,
khc vect 0
,
. Tch v hng ca a
,
l
mt s, k hiu l . a b
, ,
, c xc nh bi cng thc sau:
( )
. cos , a b a b a b =
, , , , , ,

Trng hp t nht mt trong hai vect a
,
v b
,
bng vect 0
,
ta quy c :
( 0 ab =
,,
)
Ch :
* Vi a
,
v b
,
khc vect 0
,
ta c: . 0 a b a b =
, , , ,

* Khi a b =
, ,
tch v hng . a a
, ,
c k hiu l
2
a
,
v s ny c gi l bnh phng v
hng ca vect a
,

b/ Cc tnh cht ca tch v hng:
Vi ba vect a
,
, b
,
, c
,
bt k v mi s k ta c:
* . . a b b a =
, , , ,
(tnh cht giao hon)
*
( )
. . a b c a b a c + = +
, , , , , , ,
(tnh cht phn phi)
*
( ) ( ) ( )
. . . . ka b k a b a kb = =
, , , , , ,

*
2
. 0 0 a a a a = = =
, , , , ,

c/ Biu thc to d ca tch v hng:
Trong mt phng to
( )
; , O i j
, ,
cho hai vect
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
,
,
1 2
( ; ) b b b =
,
. Khi tch v hng . a b
, ,
l
1 1 2 2
. a b a b a b = +
, ,

* Nhn xt: Hai vect
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
,
,
1 2
( ; ) b b b =
,
khc vect - khng vung gc vi
nhau khi v ch khi
1 1 2 2
0 a b a b + =
1 1 2 2
0 a b a b a b + =
, ,

d/ di ca vect: Cho
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
,
, khi :
2 2
1 2
a a a = +
,

e/ Gc gia hai vect:
Cho
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
,
,
1 2
( ; ) b b b =
,
u khc vect - khng, khi :
( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
.
cos ,
. .
a b a b
a b
a b
a b a a b b
+
= =
+ +
, ,
, ,
, ,
f/ Khong cch gic hai im:
Khong cch gia hai im ( ; )
A A
A x y v ( ; )
B B
B x y c tnh theo
cng thc:
2 2
( ) ( )
B A B A
AB x x y y = +
6. Cc h thc lng trong tam gic:
a/ nh l c sin:
Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC=a, CA=b, AB=c, ta c:

H qu:
2 2 2
cos
2
b c a
A
bc
+
= ;
2 2 2
cos
2
a c b
B
ac
+
= ;
2 2 2
cos
2
a b c
C
ab
+
=
@ p dng: Tnh di ng trung tuyn ca tam gic.
Cho tam gic ABC c cc cnh BC=a, CA=b, AB=c. Gi , ,
a b c
m m m ln
lt l di cc ng trung tuyn ln lt v t cc nh A, B, C ca tam
gic. Ta c:

b/ nh l sin: Trong tam gic ABC bt k vi BC=a, CA=b, AB=c v R l bn
knh ng trn ngoi tip, ta c: 2
sin sin sin
a b c
R
A B C
= = =
c/ Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic:
-
2 2 2
2 . cos a b c b c A = +
-
2 2 2
2 . cos b a c a c B = +
-
2 2 2
2 . cos c a b a b C = +
-
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
a
b c a
m
+
=
-
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
b
a c b
m
+
=
-
2 2 2
2
2( )
4
c
a b c
m
+
=

Dng 1: Tnh gi tr lng gic ca mt s gc c bit.
@ Phng php:
- Da vo nh ngha, tm tung
0
y v honh
0
x ca im M trn na
ng trn n v vi gc
xOM = v t ta c cc gi tr lng gic:

0 0
0 0
0 0
sin ; cos ; tan ; cot
y x
y x
x y
= = = = .
- Da vo tnh cht: Hai gc b nhau c sin bng nhau v c csin, tang,
ctang i nhau.
Dng 2: Chng minh cc h thc v gi tr lng gic.
@ Phng php:
- Da vo nh ngha gi tr lng gic ca mt gc
( )
0 0
0 180 s s .
- Da vo tnh cht ca tng ba gc ca moat tam gic bng 1800.
- S dng cc h thc:

2 2
sin 1
sin cos 1; tan ; tan
cos cot

+ = = =
Dng 3: Cho bit mt gi tr lng gic ca gc , tm cc gi tr lng gic
cn li ca .
@ Phng php:
-
1 1 1
. . .
2 2 2
a b c
S a h b h c h = = =
-
1 1 1
sin sin sin
2 2 2
S ab C bc A ca B = = =
-
4
abc
S
R
=
- S pr =
- ( )( )( ) S p p a p b p c =
- S dng nh ngha gi tr lng gic ca gc v cc h thc c bn lin h
gia cc gi tr nh:

Dng 4: Tnh tch v hng ca hai vecto.
@ Phng php:
- p dng cng thc ca nh ngha:
( )
. cos , a b a b a b =
, , , , , ,
.
- Dng tnh cht phn phi:
( )
. . a b c a b a c + = +
, , , , , , ,
.
Dng 5: Chng minh cc ng thc v vecto c lin quan n tch v hng.
@ Phng php:
- S dng tnh cht phn phi ca tch v hng i vi php cng cc vecto.
- Dng quy tc ba im i vi php cng hoc tr vecto.
Dng 6: Chng minh s vung gc ca hai vecto.
Dng 7: Biu thc ta ca tch v hng v cc ng dng: tnh di ca
mt vecto, tnh khong cch gia hai im, tnh gc gia hai vecto.
@ Phng php:
- Cho hai vecto
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; ; a a a va b b b = =
, ,
. Ta c:

1 1 2 2
. a b a b a b = +
, ,
.
- di vecto:
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
,
, khi :
2 2
1 2
a a a = +
,
.
- Gc gia hai vecto
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
,
,
1 2
( ; ) b b b =
,
l:

( )
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
.
cos ,
. .
a b a b
a b
a b
a b a a b b
+
= =
+ +
, ,
, ,
, , .
2 2
2 2
2 2
sin cos
sin cos 1; tan ; cot
cos sin
1 1
1 tan ; 1 cot
cos sin

+ = = =
+ = + =

- Khong cch gia hai im ( ; )
A A
A x y v ( ; )
B B
B x y c tnh theo cng
thc:
2 2
( ) ( )
B A B A
AB x x y y = +
Dng 8: Tnh mt s yu t trong tam gic theo mt yu t cho trc (trong
c t nht l mt cnh).
@ Phng php:
- S dng trc tip nh l csin v nh l sin.
- Chn cc h thc lng thch hp i vi tam gic tnh mt s yu t trung
gian cn thit vic gi ton thun li.
Dng 9: Gii tam gic.
@ Phng php: Mt tam gic thng c xc nh khi bit ba yu t. Trong cc bi
ton gii tam gic, ngi ta thng cho tam gic vi ba yu t nh sau:
- Bit mt cnh v hai gc k cnh (g, c, g).
- Bit mt gc v hai cnh k gc (c, g, c).
- Bit ba cnh (c, c, c).
tm cc yu t cn li ca tam gic ngi ta thng s dng cc nh l c sin, nh
l sin, nh l tng ba gc ca mt tam gic bng 1800 v c bit c th s dng cc
h thc lng trong tam gic vung.
Chng III:PHNG PHP TA
TRONG MT PHNG
PHNG TRNH NG THNG
1. Phng trnh tham s.
- Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng
( )
A i qua im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y v c vecto ch phng
( )
1 2
; u u u =
,
l:
0 1
0 2
x x tu
y y tu
= +
= +

- Phng trnh ng thng
( )
A i qua im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y v c h s
gc k l:
( )
0 0
y y k x x =
- Nu
( )
A c vecto ch phng
( )
1 2
; u u u =
,
vi
1
0 u = th h s gc
ca
( )
A l
2
1
u
k
u
=
- Nu
( )
A c h s gc k th
( )
A c vecto ch phng l
( )
1; u k =
,

2. Phng trnh tng qut.
- Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng
( )
A i qua im
( )
0 0 0
; M x y v c vecto php tuyn
( )
; n a b =
,
l:

( ) ( )
0 0
0 a x x b y y + =
Hay ax + by + c = 0 vi
0 0
c ax by =
- ng thng
( )
A ct Ox v Oy ln lt ti A(a;0) v B(0;b) c
phng trnh theo on chn l:
( )
1 , 0
x y
a b
a b
+ = =
* Ch : Mi lin h gia VTCP v VTPT ca cng mt ng thng: Nu
( )
; n a b =
,
l 1 VTPT
th VTCP l
( )
; u b a =
,
hoc
( )
; u b a =
,

3. V tr tng i ca hai ng thng:
Xt 2 ng thng
1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c + + = ;
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c + + = . To
giao im ca
1
,
2
l nghim ca h phng trnh :
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
0
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ + =
+ + =

(I). Ta c cc trng hp sau :
a) H (I) c mt nghim (x
0
;y
0
), khi
1
ct
2
ti M
0
(x
0
;y
0
)
b) H (I) c v s nghim, khi
1
trng
2

c) H (I) v nghim, khi
1
//
2
.
Ch : Nu
2 2 2
, , 0 a b c = th :
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
*
* / /
*
a b
cat
a b
a b c
a b c
a b c
a b c
A A =
A A = =
A A = =

4. Gc gia hai ng thng :
Cho 2 ng thng :
1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c + + = c vecto php tuyn
1
n
,
v
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c + + = c vecto php tuyn
2
n
,
.
t
( )
1 2
, = khi :
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos cos ,
a a b b
n n
a b a b
+
= =
+ +
, ,

Ch :
+
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 n n a a b b + =
, ,

+ Nu
1
v
2
c phng trnh y=k
1
x+m
1
v y= k
2
x+m
2
th
1 2 1 2
1 k k = .
5. Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng.
Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng thng c phng trnh ax+by+c=0 v
im M
0
(x
0
;y
0
). Khong cch t im M
0
n ng thng , k hiu l d(M
0
,
), c tnh bi cng thc:
( )
0 0
0
2 2
,
ax by c
d M
a b
+ +
=
+

Dng 1: Vit phng trnh tham s (PTTS) ca ng thng.
@ Phng php: vit PTTS ca ng thng ta thc hin cc bc sau:
- Tm VTCP
( )
1 2
; u u u =
,
ca ng thng .
- Tm mt im
( )
0 0
; M x y thuc .
- Phng trnh tham s ca l:
0 1
0 2
x x tu
y y tu
= +
= +

Ch :
- Nu c h s gc k th c VTCP
( )
1; u k =
,
.
- Nu c VTPT l
( )
; n a b =
,
th c VTCP
( ) ( )
; ; u b a hoac u b a = =
, ,

Dng 2: Vit phng trnh tng qut (PTTQ) ca ng thng.
@ Phng php: vit PTTQ ca ng thng ta thc hin cc bc sau:
- Tm VTPT
( )
; n a b =
,
ca ng thng .
- Tm mt im
( )
0 0
; M x y thuc .
- Vit phng trnh theo cng thc:
( ) ( )
0 0
0 a x x b y y + =
- Bin i v dng: ax + by + c = 0
Ch :
- Nu ng thng cng phng vi ng thng d: ax+by+c=0 th c PTTQ:
ax+by+c=0.
- Nu ng thng vung gc vi ng thng d: ax+by+c=0 th c PTTQ: -
bx+ay+c=0.
Dng 3: V tr tng i ca hai ng thng.
@ Phng php: xt v tr tng i ca hai ng thng
1 1 1 1
: 0 a x b y c + + = ;
2 2 2 2
: 0 a x b y c + + = ta xt cc trng hp sau :
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
*
* / /
*
a b
cat
a b
a b c
a b c
a b c
a b c
A A =
A A = =
A A = =

- To giao im ca
1
,
2
l nghim ca h phng trnh :
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
0
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ + =
+ + =

- Gc gia hai ng thng
1
v
2
c tnh bi cng thc :
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos ,
a a b b
a b a b
+
=
+ +
. .
Dng 4: Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng.
@ Phng php:
- tnh khong cch t im M0(x
0
;y
0
) n ng thng :
0 ax by c + + = ta dng cng thc:
( )
0 0
0
2 2
,
ax by c
d M
a b
+ +
=
+
.
PHNG TRNH NG TRN
1. Phng trnh ng trn:
Phng trnh ng trn tm I(a;b), bn knh R l :
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b R + =
- Nu
2 2
0 a b c + > th phng trnh
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = l
phng trnh ca ng trn tm I(a;b), bn knh
2 2
R a b c = + .
- Nu
2 2
0 a b c + = th ch c mt im I(a;b) tha mn phng trnh
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + =
- Nu
2 2
0 a b c + < th khng c im M(x;y) no tha mn phng
trnh
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + =
2. Phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn:
- Cho im M
0
(x
0
;y
0
) nm trn ng trn (C) tm I(a;b). Gi l tip tuyn
vi (C) ti M
0
c phng trnh:
( )( ) ( )( )
0 0
0 x a x a y b y b + =
Dng 1: Nhn dng mt phng trnh bc hai l phng trnh ng trn. Tm
tm v bn knh ng trn.
@ Phng php:
Cch 1:
- a v phng trnh v dng:
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = . (1)
- Xt du biu thc:
2 2
m a b c = + .
- Nu m > 0 th (1) l phng trnh ng trn tm I(a;b), bn knh:
2 2
R a b c = + .
Cch 2:
- a phng trnh v dng:
( ) ( )
2 2
x a y b m + = . (2)
- Nu m > 0 th (2) l phng trnh ng trn tm I(a ;b), bn knh R m = .
Dng 2: Lp phng trnh ng trn.
@ Phng php:
Cch 1:
- Tm ta tm I(a ;b) ca ng trn (C).
- Tm bn knh R ca (C).
- Vit phng trnh (C) theo dng :
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b R + = (1)
Ch :
- (C) i qua A, B
2 2 2
IA IB R = = .
- (C) i qua A v tip xc vi .thng ti A
( )
, IA d I = A .
- (C) tip xc vi hai .thng
1
v
2

( ) ( )
1 2
, , d I d I R A = A = .
Cch 2 :
- Gi phhng trnh ca ng trn (C) l
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = . (2)
- T iu kin ca bi a n h phng trnh vi ba n s l: a, b, c.
- Gii h phng trnh tm a, b, c th vo (2) ta c phng trnh ng trn
(C).
Dng 3: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn.
@ Phng php:
Loi 1: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M0(x0;y0) thuc ng trn (C).
- Tm ta tm I(a;b) ca (C).
- Phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) ti M0(x0;y0) c dng:
( )( ) ( )( )
0 0
0 x a x a y b y b + = .
Loi 2: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca vi (C) khi cha bit tip im: Dng iu
kin tip xc xc nh : tip xc vi ng trn (C) tm I, bn knh R
( )
, d I R A =
PHNG TRNH NG ELIP
1. nh ngha.
nh ngha: Cho hai im c nh F
1
, F
2
v mt di khng i 2a ln hn
F
1
F
2
. Elip l tp hp cc im M trong mt phng sao cho: F
1
M+F
2
M=2a
Cc im F
1
v F
2
gi l cc tiu im ca elip. di F
1
F
2
=2c gi l tiu c
ca elip.
2. Phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E).
* Cho elip (E) c cc tiu im F
1
(-c,0), F
2
(c;0). im M thuc elip khi v ch
khi MF
1
+MF
2
=2a.
2 2
2 2
( ; ) ( ) 1
x y
M x y E
a b
e + = (1), trong b
2
=a
2
-c
2
.
Phng trnh (1) gi l phng trnh chnh tc ca elip.
3. Cc thnh phn ca elip (E) l:
- Hai tiu im:
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c .
- Bn nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 A a A a B b B b .
- di trc ln:
1 2
2 A A a = .
- di trc nh:
1 2
2 B B b = .
- Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
Dng 1: Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca mt elip khi bit cc thnh phn
xc nh elip .
@ Phng php:
- T cc thnh phn bit, p dng cng thc lin quan ta tm c phng
trnh chnh tc ca elip.
- Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca elip theo cng thc:
2 2
2 2
( ) 1
x y
E
a b
+ =
- Ta c cc h thc:
- 0 < b < a.
- c
2
=a
2
-b
2
.
- di trc ln:
1 2
2 A A a = .
- di trc nh:
1 2
2 B B b = .
- Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
- MF
1
+MF
2
=2a.
- Ta c ta cc im c bit ca elip (E).
- Hai tiu im:
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c .
- Bn nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 A a A a B b B b .
Dng 2: Xc nh cc thnh phn ca mt elip khi bit phng trnh chnh tc
ca elip .
@ Phng php:
Cc thnh phn ca elip
2 2
2 2
( ) : 1
x y
E
a b
+ =
- di trc ln nm trn Ox:
1 2
2 A A a = .
- di trc nh nm trn Oy:
1 2
2 B B b = .
- Hai tiu im:
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c vi
2 2
c a b =
- Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
- Bn nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 A a A a B b B b .
- T s 1
c
a
< (tm sai ca (E))
- Phng trnh cc ng thng cha cc cnh ca hnh ch nht c s l:
; x a y b = = .
PHNG TRNH NG HYPEBOL
1. nh ngha.
nh ngha:
Cho hai im c nh F
1
, F
2
c khong cch F
1
F
2
=2c. Hypebol (H) l
tp hp cc im M trong mt phng sao cho:
1 2
| FM F M| 2a = , trong a
l s dng nh hn c.
Cc im F
1
v F
2
gi l cc tiu im ca hypebol. di F
1
F
2
=2c
gi l tiu c ca hypebol.
2. Phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol (H).
* Cho hypebol (H) c cc tiu im F
1
(-c,0), F
2
(c;0). im M thuc hypebol
khi v ch khi |MF
1
-MF
2
|=2a.
2 2
2 2
( ; ) ( ) 1
x y
M x y E
a b
e = (1) (a>0, b>0),
trong
2 2 2
b c a =
Phng trnh (1) gi l phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol.
3. Cc thnh phn ca hypebol (H) l:
- Hai tiu im:
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c .
- Bn nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 A a A a B b B b .
- di trc thc:
1 2
2 A A a = .
- di trc o:
1 2
2 B B b = .
- Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
Dng 1: Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca mt hypebol khi bit cc thnh phn
xc nh hypebol .
@ Phng php:
- T cc thnh phn bit, p dng cng thc lin quan ta tm c phng
trnh chnh tc ca hypebol.
- Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol theo cng thc:
2 2
2 2
( ) 1
x y
H
a b
=
- Ta c cc h thc:
- a,b>0.
- c
2
=a
2
+b
2
.
- di trc thc:
1 2
2 A A a = .
- di trc o:
1 2
2 B B b = .
- Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
- |MF
1
-MF
2
|=2a.
- Ta c ta cc im c bit ca hypebol (H).
- Hai tiu im:
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c .
- Bn nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 A a A a B b B b .
Dng 2: Xc nh cc thnh phn ca mt hypebol khi bit phng trnh chnh
tc ca hypebol .
@ Phng php:
Cc thnh phn ca hypebol
2 2
2 2
( ) : 1
x y
H
a b
=
- di trc thc nm trn Ox:
1 2
2 A A a = .
- di trc o nm trn Oy:
1 2
2 B B b = .
- Hai tiu im:
( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c vi
2 2
c a b =
- Tiu c:
1 2
2 FF c =
- Bn nh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 , ; 0 A a A a B b B b .
- T s 1
c
e
a
= > (tm sai ca (H))
- Phng trnh cc ng thng cha cc cnh ca hnh ch nht c s l:
; x a y b = = .
- Phng trnh cc ng tim cn l:
b
y x
a
=

Tom Tat Kien Thuc Toan 10

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GIO KHOA & PHNG PHP GII TON 10

GV: NGUYN THANH NHN 1 : 0987. 503.911

phng trnh c hai nghim cng du.

phng trnh c hai nghim dng

phng trnh c hai nghim m

, thay vo h phng trnh ta c h phng trnh mi theo n S,

xOM = v t ta c cc gi tr lng gic:

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