Tm hiu cng ngh kt ni mng WAN

Mc tiu ca bi hc ny l im qua mt s cng ngh ni mng WAN ph bin hin nay. Trong bi ny, cha ni g n thc hnh, v chng ta s lm lab trong bi tip theo. Sau y l cc cng ngh mang WAN:

1. Knh quay s (dial-up)

u tin, cng l cng ngh xa nht, l cng ngh kt ni qua mng in thoi, bng cch quay s, theo kiu quay s in thoi. M hnh mng ca n m t nh sau:

in thoi truyn thng s dng cp ng kt ni t my in thoi ca thu bao n tng i mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN Public switched telephone network). Tn hiu truyn i trn ng truyn ny l tn hiu tng t bin i lin tc truyn ting ni. Do , ng truyn ny khng ph hp vi tn hiu s nh phn ca my tnh. Modem ti u pht phi thc hin iu ch tn nh phn sang tnh hiu tng t ri mi a tn hiu xung ng truyn. Modem ti u thu gii iu ch tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu nh phn nh ban u. c im vt l ca ng truyn v kt ni PSTN khin tc ca tn hiu b hn ch. Gii hn trn khong 33 kb/giy. Tc ny c th tng ln khong 56 kb/giy nu tn hiu c truyn trc tip qua mt kt ni s.

2. ISDN

Cc ng trung k ca PSTN c thay i t tn hiu tng t phn knh theo tn s sang tn hiu s phn knh theo thi gian (TDM). Bc tip theo l mch vng ni b kt ni t tng i n thu bao cng truyn tn hiu s. Do , ng truyn ny c dung lng cao hn. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) l kt ni s TDM. Kt ni ny s dng cc knh B (Bearer) 64 Kb/giy truyn thoi hoc d liu v mt knh bo hiu D (Delta) dng thit lp cuc gi v nhiu mc ch khc. Giao tip tc c bn BRI ISDN cung cp hai knh B 64 Kb/giy v mt knh D 16Kb/giy ph hp cho c nhn, gia nh v cc cng ty nh. Nu nhu cu ln hn na th chng ta c giao tip PRI ISDN. PRI cung cp 23 knh B 64 Kb/giy v mt kenh im 64 Kb/giy Bc M, tng tc bit ln ti 1.544Mb/giy. Chu u, Australia v nhiu ni khc trn th gii, ISDN PRI cung cp 30 knh B v mt knh D, tng tc bit ln ti 2,048Mb/giy. Kt ni T1 c tc PRI Bc M, kt ni E1 c tc PRI quc t. Knh im BRI khng c tn dng ht kh nng v n chc s dng iu khin cho 2 knh B. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cho php knk D truyn d liu tc thp, v d nh kt ni X.25 vi tc 9,6 kb/giy. i vi mng WAN nh th kt ni BRI ISDN l mt kt ni l tng . BRI c thi gian thit lp cuc gi nh hn mt giy, knh B 64 kb/giy cung cp dung lng ln hn mt kt ni tng t vi modem. Nu nhu cu dung lng cao hn th knh B th 2 sc kch hot cung cp tc 128 kb/giy. Mc d nh vy vn cha ph hp cho truyn video nhng cng cho php thc hin cng lc nhiu cuc i thoi cng vi cc lung lu lng khc.

3. ng truyn thu ring (leased line)

Khi cn phi c mt kt ni dnh ring c nh th s dng ng truyn thu ring vi dung lng c th ln ti 2,5 Gb/giy.Mt kt ni im-n-im thit lp mt ng truyn WAN t v tr ca thu bao thng qua mng ca nh cung cp dch v n im ch. n truyn imn-im ny thn c thu t nh cung cp dch v nn c gi l ng truyn thu ring. ng truyn thu ring c th c cung cp vi nhiu mc dung lng khc nhau. Gi c ph thuc vo mc bng thng yu cu v khong cch gia hai im kt ni. ng nhin, gi thu mt ng truyn ring im-n-im s cao hn nhiu so vi cc ng chia s khc nh Frame Relay. i khi chi ph cho ng thu ring qu cao so vi nhu cu m ta s dng c. Chi ph ny s hiu qu hn nu cc kt ni ny c s dng ni nhiu v tr trung tm.

Dung lng c nh c u im l khng c thi gian tr v nghn mch gia hai im cui, ph hp cho nhiu ng dng nh thng mi in t.

thc hin kt ni thu ring ta cn phi c CSU/DSU v ng truyn t nh cung cp dch v, router phi c cng Serial, mi cng tng ng vi mt kt ni.

4. X.25
Do ng truyn thu ring c chi ph cao nn cc nh cung cp dch v gii thiu mng chuyn mch gi s dng ng truyn chia s gim bt chi ph. Mng chuyn mch gi u tin l mng X.25. X.25 cung cp tc bit thp, dung lng chia s qua dch v chuyn mch hoc c nh. X.25 l mt giao thc lp Mng v cc thu bao c cung cp mt a ch mng. Khi c yu cu t mt tp hp cc a ch, mch o SVC s c thit lp, mi SVC c phn bit bng mt a ch s knh. Cc gi d liu c dn nhn theo ch s knh ny, da vo cc gi d liu c truyn n ng a ch mng ch. Trn mt kt ni vt l c th thit lp nhiu knh truyn. Thu bao c th kt ni vo mng X.25 bng kt ni thu ring hoc bng kt ni quay s. Mng X.25 cng c th cung cp knh truyn c nh PVC cho cc thu bao.

Cng ngh X.25 t lu khng cn c s dng rng ri. Frame Relay thay th cho X.25

5. Frame Relay.
Do nhu cu bng thng ngy cng cao v yu cu thi gian chuyn mch gi nhanh hn, nh cung cp dch v gii thiu Frame Relay, Frame Relay cng hot ng nh X.25 nhng c tc cao hn, ln n 4 Mb/giy hoc hn na. Frame Relay c mt s c im khc vi X.25. Trong , im khc bit quan trng nht l: Frame Relay l giao thc n gin hn, hot ng lp lin kt d liu thay v lp Mng. Frame Relay khng thc hin iu khin lung v kim tra li. Do , thi gian tr do chuyn mch frame gim i. Hu ht cc kt ni Frame Relay u l kt ni PVC, ch khng phi l SVC. Kt ni t mng ca khch hng vo mng ca nh cung cp dch v thng l kt ni thu ring hoc cng c th l kt ni quay s nu nh cung cp dch v c s dng ng ISDN, Knh D ISDN c s dng thit lp kt ni SVC trn mt hay nhiu knh B. Gi cc Frame Relay c tnh theo dung lng kt ni v dung lng tho thun trn cc PVC.

Frame Relay cung cp kt ni chia s c bng thng truyn c nh, c th truyn c c ting ni. Frame Relay l mt chn la l tng cho kt ni gia cc LAN. Router trong LAN ch cn mt cng vt l, trn cu hnh nhiu kt ni o VC. Kt ni thu ring kt ni vo mng Frame Relay kh ngn nn chi ph cng tng i hiu qu khi ni gia cc LAN.

6. ATM
Cc nh cung cp dch v nhn thy nhu cu cn phi c cng ngh cung cp mng chi s c nh vi thi gian tr thp, t nghn mch v bng thng cao. Gii php ca h chnh l ATM (Asychronous Transfer Mode) vi tc 155 Mb/giy. So vi cc cng ngh chia s khc nh X.25, Frame Relay th s mng WAN ATM cng tng t. ATM l mt cng ngh c kh nng truyn thoi, video v d liu thng qua mng ring v mng cng cng. ATM c xy dng da trn cu trc t bo (cell) ch khng da trn cu trc frame. Gi d liu c truyn i trn mng ATM khng c gi l frame m gi l t bo (cell). Mi t bo ATM lun c chiu di c nh l 53 byte. T bo ATM 53 byte ny cha 5 byte phn ATM header, tip theo sau l 48 byte ca phn d liu. Tt c cc t bo ATM u c kch thc nh, c nh nh nhau. Do , khng c cc gi d liu khc ln hn trn ng truyn, mi t bo u khng phi ch lu. Thi gian truyn ca mi gi l nh nhau. Do , cc gi n ch cch nhau u n, khng c gi no n qu chm so vi gi trc. C ch ny rt ph hp cho truyn thoi v video v nhng tn hiu ny vn rt nhy cm vi vn thi gian tr.

ATM cung cp c kt ni PVC v SVC mc d PVC c s dng nhiu hn trong WAN. Cng nh cc cng ngh chia s khc, ATM cho php thit lp kt ni o trn mt kt ni vt l.

7. DSL
Digital Subscriber Line DSL l mt cng ngh truyn bng rng s dng ng truyn hai dy xon ca h thng in thoi truyn d liu vi bng thng ln n thu bao dng dch v. K thut truyn bng rng ghp nhiu di tn s khc nhau trn cng mt ng truyn vt l truyn d liu xDSL bao gm cc cng ngh DSL nh sau:

Knh truyn thoi chun trn ng dy in thoi nm trong di tn 300 Hz n 3,3 KHz. Nh vy, di tn s 4 KHz c dnh truyn thoi trn ng dy in thoi. Cng ngh DSL s dng di tn cao hn 4 KHz truyn ti d liu. Bng cch ny thoi v d liu c th c truyn ti song song ng thi trn cng mt ng truyn.

8. Cable modem
Cp ng trc c s dng rng ri trong cc thnh ph truyn tn hiu truynhnh. H thng mng c xy dng da trn h thng cp ng trc ny c bng thng cao hn so vi h thng mng trn cp ng in thoi.

Cable modem thc hin truyn d liu hai chiu tc cao, s dng cp ng trc trong h thng mng cp truyn hnh. Mt s nh cung cp dch v cn cam kt tc truyn d liu cao gp 6,5 ln ng thu ring T1. Tc ny cho php truyn c nhanh chng mt lng ln thng tin s bao gm video clip, audio Lng thng tin cn phi mt 2 pht nu ti bng ng truyn ISDN BRI th by gi ch mt 2 giy thng qua kt ni cable modem. Mt kt ni cable modem c dung lng c th ln n 30 40 Mb/giy trn knh truyn 6 MHz. ng truyn ny nhanh gn gp 500 ln so vi ng truyn modem thng (56 Kb/giy).