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ANDEHIT

Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 1. Cng thc tng qut : R(CHO)m, m 1. R c th l H hoc gc hirocacbon v c bit c hp cht OHC CHO trong m = 2, R khng c. Anehit no, mch thng mt ln anehit c CTPT: CnH2n+1 - CHO vi n 0. 2. Cu to phn t ng phn c th do: + Mch C khc nhau. + V tr cc nhm chc. + ng phn vi xeton v ru cha no. V d: Anehit C3H7 - CHO c cc ng phn

3. Cch gi tn a) Tn thng dng: Gi theo tn axit hu c tng ng. V d. H - CHO : anehit fomic. CH3 - CHO : anehit axetic. b) Danh php quc t: Thm ui al vo tn hirocacbon no tng ng (v s C). V d. H - CHO : metanal CH3 - CHO : etanal. CH2 = CH - CH2 - CHO : butenal. Tnh cht vt l Nhit si ca anehit thp hn ca ru tng ng v gia cc phn t anehit khng c lin kt hiro. tan trong nc gim dn khi tng s nguyn t C trong phn t. Tnh cht ho hc 1. Phn ng oxi ho

a) Phn ng trng gng: Tc dng vi AgNO3 trong NH3. b) Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 v nc feling:

Cc phn ng ny l cc phn ng c trng nhn bit anehit. c) Vi oxi khng kh c mui Mn2+ xc tc: 2. Phn ng cng a) Cng hp H2: Phn ng kh anehit thnh ru bc nht. b) Cng hp HX:

3. Phn ng trng hp anehit: C nhiu dng. * To polime:

4. Phn ng trng ngng : Gia anehit fomic v phenol to thnh polime phenolfomanehit. 5. Nu gc R cha no, anehit d dng tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng trng hp. V d (Phn ng cng y tri vi quy tc Maccpnhicp). iu ch Tch H2 khi ru bc nht. Oxi ho m du ru bc nht. Hp nc vo axetilen c anehit axetic. Thu phn dn xut th 2 ln halogen: Gii thiu mt s anehit 1. Fomanehit HCHO L cht kh, c mi xc, tan nhiu trong nc. Dung dch 37 - 40% gi l fomon dng nhiu trong y hc. iu ch: Trc tip t CH4.

Fomanehit c dng lm cht st trng, ch to nha phenolfomanehit. 2. Anehit axetic CH3 - CHO L cht lng, tan nhiu trong nc, nhit si = 52,4oC, b oxi ho thnh axit acrilic, b kh thnh ru anlylic.

iu ch bng cch tch nc khi glixerin.

BI TP V ANHIT XETON

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

s' CH 4 + Cl2 CH 3Cl + HCl


t CH 3Cl + NaOH loang CH 3OH + NaCl
o

t CH 3OH + CuO HCHO + Cu + H 2O

t HCHO + 4 Ag ( NH3 ) 2 OH ( NH4 ) 2 CO3 + 4 Ag + 6 NH3 + 2 H2 O


o

Mn HCHO + O2 HCOOH

2+

HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H 2 O


t 2 HCOONa HCHO + Na2CO3
xt 2 HCHO CH 2 CHO |
o

8.

OH
9. 10.
2 6 HCHO C6 H12 O6

Ca ( OH )

Cc oxit nito CH 4 + O2 HCHO + H 2O 600o C

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

C2 H 5 Cl + 2Na + Cl C 2H 5 C 4H 10 + 2NaCl
Cracking C4 H10 CH 4 + C3 H 6 600o C
lm lanh nhanh 2CH 4 C2 H2 + 3H2 1500o C

HgSO4 C2 H 2 + H 2O CH 3CHO 60 80o C

1 Mn 2+ CH 3CHO + O2 CH 3COOH 2

CH 3COOH + NaOH CH 3COONa + H 2O


vi ti CH 3 COONa + NaOH CH 4 + Na2CO3 to

18.

19.

20.

CH 3 CHO + 2 Cu ( OH ) 2 + NaOH CH 3COONa + Cu 2O +3 H 2O

Pd C2 H 2 + H 2 C2 H 4 1 PdCl2 / CuCl2 C2 H 4 + O2 CH 3CHO 500o C 2

21.

C3 H 7 CH SO3 Na + NaOH C3H 7CHO + H 2O + Na 2SO3


|

OH
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
Ni C3 H 7CHO + H 2 C3H 7CH 2OH

5C3 H 7CH 2OH + 4 KMnO4 + 6 H 2 SO4 5C3 H7 COOH + 4 MnSO4+ 2 K2 SO4+ 11H2 O

C3 H 7COOH + NaOH C 3H 7COONa + H 2O


Vi ti C3 H 7 COONa + NaOH C 3H 8 + Na 2CO 3 to

Cracking C3 H 8 C2 H 4 + CH 4
H C2 H 4 + H 2O C2 H 5OH 280o C men giam C2 H 5OH + O2 CH 3COOH + H 2O
+

2CH 3 COOH + Ca ( CH 3COO) 2 Ca + H 2


o

30.

t ( CH 3COO ) 2 Ca CH3 C CH3 + CaCO3 P

OH
| |

31.

xt CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 + H 2O P

OH
DN XUT HALOGEN CT Chung: R-X; RX2, RX3,

O
PHENOL Cht n gin: C6H5OH ANCOL R(OH)x

TCHH 1. Phn ng th halogen bng nhm OH: + NaOH Ankyl-X Ankyl-OH t 0 ,( NaX )
t CH3CH2CH2X + NaOH CH3CH2CH2OH + NaX + HOH Anlyl-X Anlyl-OH t 0 ,( HX )
0

TCHH 1. Tnh axit: + NaOH C6H5OH C6H5ONa +H2O + CO2 + H 2O C6H5ONa C6H5OH + NaHCO3 2. Phn ng th H vng benzen: OH + Br2 (dd) OH Br

TCHH 1. Phn ng th H trong nhm -OH a. P chung ca ancol: x R(OH)x + Na R(ONa)x + H2 2 b. P ring ca glixerol: Lm tan Cu(OH)2 to dung dch mu xanh da tri 2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 CH2 OH HO HO CH2
+ 2H 2O

CH2=CHCH2-X + NaOH t0 CH2=CHCH2OH + NaX + NaOH loang Phenyl-X khng p t0 C6H5-X Vinyl-X
loang

Br
+

HBr

CH O Cu CH2 OH

O CH CH2

C6H5-X hoc CH2=CH-X ch tc dng c trong iu kin NaOH c, c t0, P cao. Br-C6H4-CH2Br + NaOH long t0 Br-C6H4CH2OH + NaBr Br-C6H4-CH2-Br + NaOH c, d t 0 , Pcao NaO-C6H4CH2OH + NaBr + H2O 2. P tch HX + KOH CH3-CHBr-CH2CH3 e tan ol CH3CH=CH-CH3 + KBr +H2O Quy tc Zaixep 3. P vi Mg (ete khan): ete khan R-X + Mg R-Mg-X R-Mg-X RH R-Mg-X R-COOH
1.CO2 2. H + + HOH ROH

Br 2,4,6-tribrom phenol ( trng)

3. nh hng qua li gia nhm 2. P th nhm OH: H 2 SO4 (-OH) v gc (-C6H5) trong phn C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O 1700 H 2 SO4 t C6H5OH: CH3CH(OH)-CH2CH3 1800 C CH3CH=CH-CH3 + H2O *C6H5OH + NaOH Quy tc Zaixep C6H5ONa + H2O C2H5OH + NaOH khng p H 2 SO4 2C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5 + H2O 1400 C 3. P oxi ha: a. P chy: *C6H5OH + 3Br2 (dd) 3n + 1 C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr CnH2n+1OH + O2 C6H6 + Br2 (dd) khng p 2 nCO2 + (n+1) H2O Nhn xt: *C6H5OH + HCl khng p nCn H 2 n+1OH = nH 2O nCO2 C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O b. Oxi ha bi CuO, t0: + CuO Ancol bc I Anehit t0
+ CuO Ancol bc II Xeton t0 + CuO Ancol bc III khng p t0

IU CH: T hirocacbon as CH4 + Br2 CH3Br + HBr CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2Br-CH2Br


Fe C6H6 + Br2 C6H5Br + HBr

IU CH: T benzen + CH 2 =CH CH 3 C6H6 H+


2 C6H5CH(CH3)2 2. H 2 SO4 C6H5OH + CH3COCH3

1.O ( kk )

IU CH: T anken hoc dn xut halogen + HOH CnH2n CnH2n+1OH H 2 SO4loang


t R-X + NaOH R-OH + NaX
0

ANEHIT

XETON

AXIT CACBOXYLIC

R(CHO)x HCH=O; CH3CHO; O=CH-CH=O;

R(CO)xR1 hoc R(CO)x CH3COCH3; CH3COCH=CH2 C6H5-CO-CH3;

R(COOH)x HCOOH; CH3COOH HOOC-COOH;

TCHH 1. P cng: Ni ,t 0 RCH=O + H2 RCH2OH Ancol bc I RCH=O + HCN RCH(CN)OH 2. P oxi ha: a. Vi dd Br2, dd KMnO4: Anehit lm mt mu dd Br2, dd KMnO4 iu kin thng RCHO + Br2 + H2O RCOOH + 2HBr 3RCHO + 2KMnO4 + KOH 3RCOOK + 2MnO2 + 2H2O b. Vi AgNO3 / NH3: RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH RCOONH4 + 3NH3 + H2O + 2Ag HCHO + [Ag(NH3)2]OH (NH4)2CO3 + NH3 + H2O + 4Ag R(CHO)x + 2x[Ag(NH3)2]OH R(COONH4)x + 3xNH3 + xH2O + 2x Ag Ch : [Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]OH RCHO 2Ag [Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]OH HCHO 4Ag [Ag ( NH 3 )2 ]OH R(CHO)x 2xAg

TCHH 1. P cng: Ni ,t 0 RCOR1 + H2 RCH(OH)R1 Ancol bc II RCOR1 + HCN CN R C OH R1 2. P oxi ha: Xeton: -Khng lm mt mu dd Br2 -Khng lm mt mu dd KMnO4 k thng -Khng trng bc. * Khi un nng vi dung dch KMnO4 / H+ ,xeton b gy mch cacbon nhm -CO- to thnh hn hp cc axit cacboxylic VD: + KMnO4 CH3COCH3 H + ,t 0 CH3COOH + HCOOH 3. P th gc hirocacbon: VD: CH3-CO-CH3 + Br2 CH 3COOH CH3-CO-CH2Br + HBr

TCHH 1. Tnh axit: -in li trong dd, lm qu tm ha . -P vi: baz, oxit baz, mui ca axit yu hn, kim loi trc H -Lin kt hiro lin phn t bn hn so vi ancol nn t0s cao hn. 2. P to thnh dn xut axit: H 2 SO4 d RCOOH + HOR1 t0 RCOOR1 + H2O Este
2 5 2RCOOH (RCO)2O ( H 2O ) Anhirit ca RCOOH

PO

3. P gc hirocacbon: a. Th gc no: VD: + Cl2 , xt P CH3CH2COOH ( HCl ) CH3CHClCOOH Th cacbon b. P th gc thm: + HONO2 C6H5-COOH H 2 SO4 d ( H 2O ) COOH NO2 Axit m-nitrobenzoic

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