Mch chnh lu

Mt mch chnh lu l mt mch in bao gm cc linh kin in - in t, dng bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu. Mch chnh lu c th c s dng trong cc b ngun cung cp dng in mt chiu, hoc trong cc mch tch sng tn hiu v tuyn in trong cc thit b v tuyn. Phn t tch cc trong mch chnh lu c th l cc it bn dn, cc n chnh lu thy ngn hoc cc linh kin khc. Khi ch dng mt it n l chnh lu dng in xoay chiu, bng cch kha khng cho phn dng hoc phn m ca dng sng i qua mch in, th mch chnh lu c gi l chnh lu na chu k hay chnh lu na sng. Trong cc b ngun mt chiu ngi ta hay s dng cc mch chnh lu nhiu it (2 hoc 4 it) vi cc cch sp xp khc nhau c th bin i t xoay chiu thnh mt chiu bng phng hn trng hp s dng mt it ring l. Trc khi cc it bn dn pht trin, ngi ta cn dng cc mch chnh lu s dng n in t chn khng, n chnh lu thy ngn, cc dy bn dn a tinh th seleni. Cc my thu thanh v tuyn u tin, ngi ta gi l cc my tinh th, dng mt si "ru mo" hoc mt kim nhn tip xc nh vo mt im trn mt khi tinh th galena (sunpht ch) to ra mt it tip im, hoc mt b tch sng tinh th. Trong h thng sy t kh, cc b pht hin la c th dng. Hai in cc trong mt v bc kn c th sn sinh ra dng in v c th chnh lu c mt dng in xoay chiu, nhng ch khi chng nhn thy ngn la.

Mch chnh lu na sng

Mt mch chnh lu na sng ch mt trong na chu k dng hoc m c th d dng i ngang qua it, trong khi na kia s b kha, ty thuc vo chiu lp t ca it. V ch c mt na chu k c chnh lu, nn mch chnh lu na sng c hiu sut truyn cng sut rt thp. Mch hnh lu na sng c th lp bng ch mt i t bn dn trong cc mch ngun mt pha.

Chnh lu ton sng

Mch chnh lu ton sng bin i c hai thnh phn cc tnh ca dng sng u vo thnh mt chiu. Do n c hiu sut cao hn. Tuy nhin trong mch in khng c im gia ca bin p ngi ta s cn n 4 it thay v mt nh trong mch chnh lu na sng. iu ny c ngha l u cc ca in p ra s cn n 2 it chnh lu, th d nh 1 cho trng hp im X dng, v 1 cho trng hp im X m. u ra cn li cng cn chnh xc nh th, kt qu l phi cn n 4 it. Cc it dng cho kiu ni ny gi l cu chnh lu.

B chnh lu ton sng bin i c 2 na chu k thnh mt in p u ra c mt chiu duy nht: dng (hoc m) v n chuyn hng i ca dng in ca na chu k m (hoc dng)ca dng sng xoay chiu. Na cn li s kt hp vi na kia thnh mt in p chnh lu hon chnh. i vi ngun xoay chiu mt pha, nu dng bin p c im gia, ch cn 2 it ni u lng vi nhau (ngha l anode-vi-anode hoc cathode-vi-cathode)c th thnh mt mch chnh lu ton sng.

Mt mch chnh lu dng n chn khng thng dng s dng mt n c 1 cathode v 2 anode trong cng mt v bc; Trong trng hp ny, 2 it ch cn mt bng chn khng. Cc n 5U4 v 5Y3 l nhng th d thng dung nht cho kiu mch ny.

Chnh lu ton sng dng n chn khng 2 a - nt. Mch in ba pha cn n 6 it. Thng thng cn 3 cp, nhng khng phi cng loi vi it i s dng trong chnh lu mt pha ton sng. Thay vo ngi ta dng cp it ni tip vi nhau (cathode ni vi Anode. Thng th cc it i s c b tr ra 4 chn, c th ty { u ni cho mch chnh lu ton sng mt pha, hay mch cu mt pha v ba pha.

Chnh lu ba pha cu. Hu tht cc thit b pht sinh ra dng in xoay chiu (nh my pht in xoay chiu) u pht ra in ba pha. My pht in trn xe t c 6 it lp kiu chnh lu cu ba pha chnh lu thnh dng in mt chiu, np in cho bnh c quy.

Tht thot nh sng.

Khuyt im ca cc mch chnh lu l tht thot t nh sng u vo n nh sng u ra, gy ra bi in p ngng ca it. in p ny xp x 0,7 vn i vi it thng, v 0,1 vn i vi it Schottky. Cc mch chnh lu na sng, c mch chnh lu ton sng c 2 cun dy, s c tht thot nh sng bng in p ri trn mt it. Cc mch chnh lu cu s c in p tht thot bng in p ri trn 2 it. iu ny c th thy tht thot ny s ng k i vi nhng mch c in p cung cp rt b. Hn na, v cc it khng th dn khi in p di in p ny, mch ch c th cho dng in i qua trong mt phn ca na chu kz. V th s c mt phn nh in p bng 0 xut hin xen k vi cc on c in p.

San bng in p ra ca mch chnh lu

C hai mch chnh lu na sng v ton sng u c nhc im l n thay i theo dng ca sng u vo, m khng cung cp in p khng i. to ra mt dng in p mt chiu u n t ng ra ca b chnh lu, cn phi c mt mch "san bng", cn gi l mch lc. Mch lc n gin nht dng mt t tch in, hay t lc hoc t san bng t vo u ra ca mch chnh lu. Mch ny vn cn lu li mt t thnh phn in p xoay chiu (gn sng) v in p khng hon ton bng phng. Kch thc ca t in th hin tnh kinh t. i vi mt ti cho sn, t in cng ln cng lm gim gn sng, nhng li lm tng gi thnh, v lm tng dng in nh trn th cp ca cun dy th cp my bin p v mch cp ngun cho n. Trong nhng trng hp c bit, nhiu b chnh lu ni vo im phn phi ngun, s gy kh khn cho s bo m dng hnh sin ca in p. Vi mt h s gn sng cho trc, ln ca t lc s t l vi dng in ti, t l nghch vi tn s chnh lu, v s lng cc nh ca dng sng trong mi chu k. Dng in ti v tn s ngun cp thng ngoi tm kim sot ca ngi thit k mch chnh lu nhng s lng nh trong mi chu k li c th iu khin c bng cch chn s chnh lu thch hp.

Mch chnh lu bn sng cho 1 in p nh trn mi chu k, v th thng ch s dng cho cc ng dng c dng in nh. Mch chnh lu ton sng mt pha cho 2 nh trn mi chu k, v y l cch tt nht cho mch chnh lu mt pha. i vi chnh lu ba pha, c n 6 nh trn mi chu k v c th cao hn nu ta s dng cc bin p thch hp trc b chnh lu nhm tng s pha ln. lm gim gn sng hn na, ngi ta dng mt b lc c u vo t in v mt cun cm lc. i khi cng c th kt hp t lc vi cun cm v t lc pha sau, sao cho in p ra tng i u n. Cun dy ny s cp in khng ln i vi thnh phn gn sng. Nu dng in ti ph thuc nhiu vo mc gn sng ca ngun, c th dng mt b n p thay cho cc t lc c ln. C hai u gim gn sng v ngn chn s thay i ca in p ra theo in p ngun v theo dng ti. ==B chnh lu tng i in p====d Mt mch chnh lu na sng on gin c th lp rp theo 2 kiu vi cc tnh ca 2 it i khng nhau mt kiu ni cho ra in p dng, v mt kiu ni cho ra in p m. Nu kt hp c 2 kiu ny cng vi hai b lc san bng c lp, c th t c in p ra xp x bng 2 ln in p nh ca mch xoay chiu. iu ny cng c th c c bng cch ni bin p c im gia cho php mi mch in l mt mch cp ngun ring. Mt bin th khc ca mch ny l dng cc t in ni tip nhau lm mch san bng dng ng ra ca cu chnh lu. Sau t mt kha chuyn mch t im gia ca hai t in n mt trong cc u AC ng vo. Khi kha ny m, mch hot ng nh mt mch chnh lu cu bnh thng. Nhng khi ng kha, n s hot ng nh mt mch nhn i in p. Ni cch khc, c th to ra in p mt chiu khong 320V mt cch d dng t bt k ngun no cp cho cc mch n p kiu ng ct.

ng dng
ng dng c bn nht ca mch chnh lu l trch xut thnh phn in mt chiu hu dng t ngun xoay chiu. Thc tra hu ht cc ng dng in t s dng ngun in mt chiu, nhng ngun cung cp li l dng in xoay chiu. V th cc mch chnh lu c s dng bn trong mch cp ngun ca hu ht cc thit b in t. Mch bin i in mt chiu t in p ny sang in p khc s phc tp hn. Mt trong nhng phng php i t in mt chiu sang in mt chiu l: u tin chuyn t mt chiu thnh xoay chiu, (dng mt mch nghch lu)sau a qua my bin p thay i in p, v cui cng l chnh lu li thnh in mt chiu. Cc mch chnh lu cng c ng dng trong mch tch sng cc tn hiu v tuyn iu bin bin . Tn hiu c th cn hoc khng cn khuch i trc khi tch sng. Nu tn hiu nh qu, phi s dng cc it c in p ri rt thp. Trong trng hp ny cc t v in tr ti phi la chn cn thn cho ph hp. Tr s t in thp qu s lm cho sng cao tn lt sang u ra. Chn cao qu, n c th np y v gi nguyn in p c np.

in p ra ca mt mch chnh lu ton sng vi cc thyristor c iu khin. Cc mch chnh lu cng c s dng cp in c cc tnh cho my hn in. Cc mch nh th ny i khi thay th cc it trong cu chnh lu bng cc Thyristor. Cc mch ny s c in p ra ph thuc vo gc kch mi.

Chnh lu cng sut cao

Cc n chn khng, cc dy chnh lu - xt kim loi v cc i - t bn dn thch hp cho di ng dng t c mi - li - am - pe n hng nghn am - pe trong mi linh kin n l. Mt vi gii php c in hp dn c ngh v s dng trc khi pht minh ra cc linh kin in t ny. Th d nh b bin i t in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu trong cc tu ha, ngi ta c th dng b chnh lu ng b. N gm c mt ng c ng b ko mt dy cc in ti nng. ng c ny s phi quay ng thi gian vi tn s in xoay chiu, v lm chuyn mch cc tip im ngay khi dng in hnh sin gim xung n 0. Cc tip im khng phi chuyn mch dng cao, nhng phi bo m phi chu ng c dng ti ln khi ang ng cung cp ngun cho cc ng c ko u my. Ngy trc, nhng b rung s dng cho cc mch cp ngun mt chiu in p cao t bnh c quy thng bao gm mt b tip im th hai thc hin chnh lu ng b pha in p cao. Tronh nhng nm gn y, ngi ta thit k nhng b chnh lu ng b s dng cc tranzito MOSFET, n c th chnh lu vi in p thun rt thp v c nhng u im khc tr thnh cc b chuyn mch vi tc rt cao. Cc b chnh lu ng b bn dn hin nay c s dng rng ri trong cc khi cp ngun s dng in p rt thp, khi m in p ri trn linh kin chnh lu c th c th gy nn nhng nhiu long khng chp nhn c trn in p ra. Mt s dng chnh lu khc c s dng trong truyn dn dng in mt chiu in p cao, v cc ng dng cng nghip khc trong nhng nm 1909 n 1975 s dng nhng b n chnh lu thy ngn cn gi l cc n van h quang thy ngn. Linh kin ny c th t trong mt bng thy tinh hay ng kim loi.Mt in cc, cathode, c ngp trong bu thy ngn di y n. C mt hay nhiu thanh than ch tinh khit cao gi l anode c lp pha trn bu. C th c mt s in cc ph mi v duy tr dng h quang. Khi c h quang gia bu thy ngn v in cc than, s c mt dng m in t chy Cathode n anode do hi thy ngn b ion ha, nhng khng th theo chiu ngc li. Linh kin ny c th dng cng sut n hng trm kilo watt v c th dng chnh lu ngun xoay chiu su pha.Cc n chnh lu thy ngn sau ny c thay th bng cc it bn dn k t nhng nm gia ca thp nin 70.

Cc n cng sut ln ni ting c lp t cc d n truyn dn in p cao mt chiu Manitoba Hydro Nelson River Bipole vi nh mc n hng triu kilowatt v 450.000 vn. Mt dng chnh lu th ba, mt b ng c - mt pht in hoc mt b bin i quay, khng phi l mt b b chnh lu theo ng ngha. y mt ng c xoay chiu c kt ni c hc vi mt my pht in mt chiu. My pht in mt chiu s to ra trong cun dy ca n dng in xoay chiu nhiu pha. Mt b c gp chuyn mch v bin i dng in xoay chiu ny thnh mt chiu u ra, hoc mt my pht on cc, cho ra trc tip dng in oay chiu m khng cn n c gp. Cc b ny c th cho ra n hng nghn am- pe vi in p t hng chc n hng trm vn.

C bn: Mch chnh lu v n p

1 Mch chnh lu in xoay chiu
1.1 B ngun trong cc mch in t . Trong cc mch in t ca cc thit b nh Radio -Cassette, mlpy, Ti vi mu, u VCD v v chng s dng ngun mt chiu DC cc mc in p khc nhau, nhng ngoi zc cm ca cc thit b ny li cm trc tip vo ngun in AC 220V 50Hz, nh vy cc thit b in t cn c mt b phn chuyn i t ngun xoay chiu ra in p mt chiu , cung cp cho cc mch trn, b phn chuyn i bao gm :

Bin p ngun : H th t 220V xung cc in p thp hn nh 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V v v Mch chnh lu : i in AC thnh DC. Mch lc Lc gn xoay chiu sau chnh lu cho ngun DC phng hn. Mch n p : Gi mt in p c nh cung cp cho ti tiu th

S tng qut ca mch cp ngun. 1.2 Mch chnh lu bn chu k . Mch chnh lu bn chu k s dng mt Diode mc ni tip vi ti tiu th, chu k dng => Diode c phn cc thun do c dng in i qua diode v i qua ti, chu k m , Diode b phn cc ngc do khng c dng qua ti.

Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu bn chu k. 1.3 Mch chnh lu c chu k Mch chnh lu c chu k thng dng 4 Diode mc theo hnh cu (cn gi l mch chnh lu cu) nh hnh di.

Mch chnh lu c chu k .

chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha di m) dng in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti => qua diode D4 v u dy m chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u dy trn m, di dng) dng in i qua D2 => qua Rti => qua D3 v u dy m. Nh vy c hai chu k u c dng in chy qua ti.

2 Mch lc v mch chnh lu bi p

2.1 Mch lc dng t in. Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp nh, nu khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny cha th dng c vo cc mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc t lc c tr s t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode chnh lu.

Dng in p DC ca mch chnh lu trong hai trng hp c t v khng c t

S trn minh ho cc trng hp mch ngun c t lc v khng c t lc. Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia , v vy in p thu c c dng nhp nh. Khi cng tc K ng, mch chnh lu c t C1 tham gia lc ngun , kt qu l in p u ra c lc tng i phng, nu t C1 c in dung cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng, t C1 trong cc b ngun thng c tr s khong vi ngn F .

Minh ho : in dng ca t lc cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng.

Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti hoc ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k so vi cng xut ca bin p th in p DC thu c l DC = 1,4.AC

2.2 Mch chnh lu nhn 2 .

S mch ngun chnh lu nhn 2

tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta phi dng hai t ho cng tr s mc ni tip, sau u 1 u ca in p xoau chiu vo im gia hai t => ta s thu c in p tng gp 2 ln. mch trn, khi cng tc K m, mch tr v dng chnh lu thng thng . Khi cng tc K ng, mch tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2, v kt qu l ta thu c in p ra tng gp 2 ln.

3 Mch n p c nh
3.1 Mch n p c nh dng Diode Zener.

. Mch n p to p 33V c nh cung cp cho mch d knh trong Ti vi mu

T ngun 110V khng c nh thng qua in tr hn dng R1 v gim trn Dz 33V ly ra mt in p c nh cung cp cho mch d knh Khi thit k mt mch n p nh trn ta cn tnh ton in tr hn dng sao cho dng in ngc cc i qua Dz phi nh hn dng m Dz chu c, dng cc i qua Dz l khi dng qua R2 = 0

Nh s trn th dng cc i qua Dz bng st p trn R1 chia cho gi tr R1 , gi dng in ny l I1 ta c I1 = (110 33 ) / 7500 = 77 / 7500 ~ 10mA Thng thng ta nn dng ngc qua Dz 25 mA

3.2 Mch n p c nh dng Transistor, IC n p . Mch n p dng Diode Zener nh trn c u im l n gin nhng nhc im l cho dng in nh ( 20mA). c th to ra mt in p c nh nhng cho dng in mnh hn nhiu ln ngi ta mc thm Transistor khuych i v dng nh s di y.

Mch n p c Transistor khuych i

mch trn in p ti im A c th thay i v cn gn xoay chiu nhng in p ti im B khng thay i v tng i phng. Nguyn l n p : Thng qua in tr R1 v Dz gim c nh in p chn B ca Transistor Q1, gi s khi in p chn E n Q1 gim => khi in p UBE tng => dng qua n Q1 tng => lm in p chn E ca n tng , v ngc li Mch n p trn n gin v hiu qu nn c s dng rt rng di v ngi ta sn xut cc loi IC h LA78.. thay th cho mch n p trn, IC LA78.. c s mch nh phn mch c mu xanh ca s trn.

IC n p h LA78..

IC n p LA7805

LA7805 IC n p 5V LA7808 IC n p 8V LA7809 IC n p 9V LA7812 IC n p 12V

Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi rp IC trong mch th U in > Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc dng. 3.3 ng dng ca IC n p h 78.. IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b ngun , nh B ngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu, trong my tnh

ng dng ca IC n p LA7805 v LA7808 trong b ngun u VCD

4 Mch n p tuyn tnh (c hi tip)

4.1 S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

S khi ca mch n p c hi tip . * Mt s c im ca mch n p c hi tip :

Cung cp in p mt chiu u ra khng i trong hai trng hp in p u vo thay i hoc dng tiu th ca ti thay i, tuy nhin s thay i ny phi c gii hn. Cho in p mt chiu u ra c cht lng cao, gim thiu c hin tng gn xoay chiu.

* Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch.

Mch ly mu s theo di in p u ra thng qua mt cu phn p to ra ( Ulm : p ly mu) Mch to p chun => gim ly mt mc in p c nh (Uc : p chun ) Mch so snh s so snh hai in p ly mu Ulm v p chun Uc to thnh in p iu khin. Mch khuch i sa sai s khuch i p iu khin, sau a v iu chnh s hot ng ca n cng xut theo hng ngc li, nu in p ra tng => thng qua mch hi tip iu chnh => n cng xut dn gim =>in p ra gim xung. Ngc li nu in p ra gim => thng qua mch hi tip iu chnh => n cng xut li dn tng => v in p ra tng ln =>> kt qu in p u ra khng thay i.

4.2 Phn tch hot ng ca mch ngun c hi tip trong Ti vi en trng Samsung in p u vo cn gn xoay chiu in p u ra bng phng

Mch n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi Samsung en trng . * ngha cc linh kin trn s .

T 2200F l t lc ngun chnh, lc in p sau chnh lu 18V , y cng l in p u vo ca mch n p, in p ny c th tng gim khong 15%. Q1 l n cng xut ngun cung cp dng in chnh cho ti , in p u ra ca mc n p ly t chn C n Q1 v c gi tr 12V c nh . R1 l tr phn dng c cng xut ln ghnh bt mt phn dng in i qua n cng xut. Cu phn p R5, VR1 v R6 to ra p ly mu a vo chn B n Q2 . Diode zener Dz v R4 to mt in p chun c nh so vi in p ra. Q2 l n so snh v khuych i in p sai lch => a v iu khin s hot ng ca n cng xut Q1. R3 lin lc gia Q1 v Q2, R2 phn p cho Q1

* Nguyn l hot ng .

in p u ra s c xu hng thay i khi in p u vo thay i, hoc dng tiu th thay i. Gi s : Khi in p vo tng => in p ra tng => in p chn E n Q2 tng nhiu hn chn B ( do c Dz gim t chn E n Q2 ln Ura, cn Ulm ch ly mt phn Ura ) do UBE gim => n Q2 dn gim => n Q1 dn gim => in p ra gim xung. Tng t khi Uvo gim, thng qua mch iu chnh => ta li thu c Ura tng. Thi gian iu chnh ca vng hi tip rt nhanh khong vi giy v c cc t lc u ra loi b, khng lm nh hng n cht lng ca in p mt chiu => kt qu l in p u ra tng i phng. Khi iu chnh bin tr VR1 , in p ly mu thay i, dn n Q2 thay i , dn n Q1 thay i => kt qu l in p ra thay i, VR1 dng iu chnh in p ra theo mun .

4.3 Mch ngun Ti vi ni a nht.

S mch ngun n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi mu ni a Nht .

C1 l t lc ngun chnh sau cu Diode chnh lu. C2 l t lc u ra ca mch ngun tuyn tnh. Cu phn p R4, VR1, R5 to ra in p ly mu ULM R2 v Dz to ra p chun Uc R3 lin lc gia Q3 v Q2, R1 nh thin cho n cng xut Q1 R6 l in tr phn dng, l in tr cng xut ln . Q3 l n so snh v khuch i p d sai Khuch i in p d sai Q1 n cng xut ngun => Ngun lm vic trong di in p vo c th thay i 10%, in p ra lun lun c nh .