De Tai Nghien Cuu Anh Huong Cua Chat Kich Khang Phong Tru Nam Benh Hai Lua

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Nguyn Th Qunh-Lp BVTV52A
PHN 1. M U
1.1 t vn
La (Oryza sativa L.) l cy lng thc chnh ca hn mt na dn s
th gii, tp trung ti cc nc chu , chu Phi v chu M La tinh. La go
c vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo an ninh lng thc v n nh x
hi. Theo d bo ca FAO (Food and Agricuture Organization), th gii ang
c nguy c thiu ht lng thc do dn s tng nhanh, sc mua lng thc,
thc phm ti nhiu nc tng, bin i kh hu ton cu gy him ha kh
hn, bo lt, qu trnh th ho lm gim t trng la, nhiu nc phi
dnh t, nc trng cy nhin liu sinh hc v s khan him ngun nhin
liu rt cn thit cho nhu cu i sng v cng nghip pht trin. Chnh v
vy, an ninh lng thc l vn cp thit hng u ca th gii hin ti v
trong tng lai.
Vn bnh trn cy la l mt trong nhng vn c nh hng
khng nh ti nng sut v phm cht cy la, trong nhm bnh hi do
nm l mt trong nhng i tng gy hi rt ng quan tm trong sn xut
la.
phng tr nhng bnh ny, cho n nay th bin php ha hc vn
l ph bin. Tuy nhin, bin php ny vn cn nhiu hn ch, mt mt do c
im pht trin ca nm bnh, mt khc do nng dn ch s dng thuc khi
bnh qu nng, ngoi ra bin php ny cn gy nhim mi trng v li
d lng trn nng sn.
Bin php s dng ging khng bnh cng gp tr ngi v nm bnh d
pht sinh ra ni mi ph v tnh khng (Kiyosawa S, 1989; Way v Heong,
1994; Noda v ctv, 1998).
Hin tng kch thch tnh khng bnh lu dn (system acquired
resistanca, SAR), gi tt l kch khng, gip kch thch phn ng t v ca
Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN
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cy chng li bnh hi, c cc nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu t

nm 1933 (Chester, 1933) v n nay cc nh khoa hc cng hiu kh
nhiu v cc c ch ca tnh kch khng (Phm Vn Kim, 2006) vi nhiu kt
qu kh quan. Kch khng l s dng mt tc nhn, c th l vi sinh vt hoc
mt ha cht khng gy nhim mi trng, tc ng ln mt b phn ca
cy thuc ging nhim, qua s kch thch s hot ng ca cc c ch
khng bnh c trong cy kp thi gip cy khng li bnh khi b mm bnh
tn cng.
Trn cy la, cc nghin cu s kch khng gip cy la khng vi
bnh o n c nghin cu v tp trung vo 3 lnh vc: (i) tm ra cc tc
nhn kch khng, (ii) nghin cu cc c ch kch khng ca cc tc nhn c
trin vng trn kha cnh m hc, (iii) nghin cu cc c ch kch khng ca
cc tc nhn c trin vng trn kha cnh sinh hc.
Hin nay nhiu nc trn th gii nghin cu v ng dng cht
khng nh clorua ng v Oxalic Acid v c cc dch chit thc vt, kt hp
vi vic s dng gen khng to hiu qu phng tr bnh nm hi la c
hiu qu hn. Xut pht t nhu cu thc t sn xut chng ti tin hnh
nghin cu ti: Nghin cu nh hng ca cht kch khng phng tr
nm gy bnh hai hat ging lua.
1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu
1.2.1. Mc ch
Xc nh thnh phn bnh nm hi hat ging la thu thp nm 2010 ti
khu vc H Ni v ph cn. Th nghim mt s cht kch khng nhm to
min dch phng chng bnh nm hi hat ging la trong iu kin nh li
va phong thi nghim.
1.2.2. Yu cu
- Xc nh thnh phn bnh nm hi cc mu hat ging la thu thp
nm 2010 ti khu vc H Ni v ph cn.
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- Th nghim mt s cht kch khng nh clorua ng nng

0.05mM, oxalic acid nng 1mM, 2mM, 4mM v Bion nng 200ppm
nhm hn ch mt s nm gy bnh trn ht la.
- Nghin cu nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l ny mm v sc
sng ca m.
- Xc nh hiu qu ca cht kch khng phng tr bnh nm hi ht
ging la.
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PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt
n nay kin thc ca nhn loi tin kh su vo lnh vc min dch
ca thc vt i vi bnh. Bn cnh vic tin rt su vo kha cnh phn t
ca cc gen khng bnh, cc nh khoa hc cn i su dn vo c ch ca s
khng bnh t a ra c bin php kch thch tnh khng bnh t
nhin ca cy trng.
Sau khi tm hiu v c ch khng bnh thc vt ngi ta phn thnh
hai nhm: Nhm c ch thuc v sinh ha hc v nhm c ch thuc cu trc
m hc.
C ch khng bnh thuc v sinh ha hc.
Sau khi b vi sinh vt tn cng gy bnh, ni b xm nhim tit ra
mt lot cc hp cht chng vi sinh vt, cc protein lin quan n bnh, cc
enzim lm gim hot ng ca mm bnh v nhiu cht khc.
V hp cht chng vi sinh vt c th chia ra 2 nhm: Nhm
phytoanticipins v nhm phytoaleuxins. Phytoaleuxins do k ch tit ra
chng li vi mm bnh, trong khi phytoanticipins khng phi do k ch
trc tip tit ra m do s tng tc gia cc cht ca k sinh v k ch to ra.
Hai nhm ny c th tm thy trong cc ging c tnh khng bnh cao.
Bn cnh mt lot cc protein c lin quan n bnh cy cng c
t bo tit ra. Cc protein ny c vai tr lm gim s pht trin ca mm bnh
bng cch tc ng ln vch t bo, mng nguyn sinh cht hoc ln ribosom
ca vi sinh vt. Cc protein ny c xp vo 18 h protein trong 12
protein c bit n vi tn l PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-8, PR-11,
protein bt hot ribosom, protein chuyn ha cht bo nsLTPs, AMPs ,
thionins,... Vai tr ca cc protein ny c tm lc nh sau: PR-2 (-1,3glucanase) c vai tr trong phn hy thnh -1,3glucan v -1,6 glucan ca
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vch t bo vi sinh vt. Hai nhm enzim -1,3-glucanase v chitinase c tc

ng h tr nhau lm tng hiu qu trong s phn hy vch t bo ca mm
bnh.
Bn cnh mt lot cc enzim khc cng c hnh thnh trong t
bo b nm bnh xm nhim vi vai tr chuyn ha cc cht c do mm
bnh tit ra hoc trung ha c tnh ca cc cht do t bo cy tit ra khi phn
ng li mm bnh, cc cht ny khi nng cao c th gy hi cho t bo cy.
Trong c th k n 2 enzim c lin quan n bnh cy nh PAL
(phenylalanine ammonia lyase), peroxidase. PAL c vai tr thc y s sinh
tng hp cc hp cht polyphenol, l cht quan trng trong s chng bnh
ca cy trng. Cn peroxidase c nhiu vai tr trong c vai tr kh H2O2
v vai tr phi hp vi PAL trong vic gip lignin ha vch t bo b tn
cng qua ngn cn c hc s lan ra xa hn ca nm gy bnh. H2O2 c
tch t trong t bo vi nhim v oxy ha cc cht c do nm tit ra, Oxy
ha cc polyphenol lm cho cc polyphenol khng cn c i vi t bo,
nhng H2O2 vi nng cao li gy hi cho t bo. Do Peroxidase lm
gim bt tnh c ca H2O2 i vi t bo k ch.
Bn cnh s ra tng hot tnh ca cc enzim cn xut hin cc tn hiu
do s kch khng gi ln. Cc tn hiu bao gm: salycilic acid, Jasmonic acid
v etylen.
C ch khng bnh thuc v cu trc m hc.
C 4 c ch khng bnh v mt m hc, ty thuc vo 4 cch xm nhp
ca nm gy bnh.
- S to ra lp vch t bo mi chung quanh vt thng bao vy v
ngn cn s xm nhp tip theo ca cc nm c tnh k sinh yu, ch xm
nhp qua vt thng.
- S rn chc ha vch t bo bng cch lignin ha vch t bo b nm
xm nhim.
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- S hnh thnh papillae (vch dy) bn di a p ngn cn s xm

nhp ca nm gy bnh.
- Tch t hp cht phenol a n phn ng t cht ca t bo c lp
nm gy bnh. L phn ng khng bnh mc cao ca thc vt.
* Quan st s thay i ca m nh gi hiu qu ca kch khng
- kho st s tng cng lignin ha vch t bo, ni b mm bnh xm
nhim, s vch t bo pht sng c m di knh hin vi hunh quang:
+ La sau khi ly bnh nhn to 24h v 48h: ct tng on ngn 4 -5
cm sau ty dip lc t bng dung dch ethanol acid acetic (3:1) v tn tr
trong trong lactoglyceron (lactic acid: 1; glyceron: 1; nc ct: 1) mu c
quan st bng dung dch Evans blue 0,01% v quan st di knh hin vi
hunh quang bc sng 400 440 nm.
+ Cc ch tiu c quan st: Di knh hin vi hunh quang, nhng t
bo c phn ng pht sng s c mu vng sng. Cc ch tiu c quan st
bao gm phn trm pht sng n v a t bo, din tch v s vch t bo
pht sng trung bnh trn mi a p v cc mc pht sng ca t bo (+, +
+, +++) ( 2002)
S so snh s liu gia th nghim kch khng v i chng gip
chng ta thy c c ch tng cng lignin ha do kch khng gi ra.
- Kho st s tch t polyphenol
Th nghim nhm kho st phn ng ca t bo thng qua s tng hp
polyphenol. Th nghim c b tr tng t nh th nghim kho st phn
ng pht sng ca t bo c m t phn trn. Mu l c quan st vo
thi im 24, 48, 72, 96h sau khi ly bnh nhn to. Hp cht phenol c
ch th bng mu xanh l cy sau khi l cy c nhum vi Toluidine Blue O
(0,05% ph 6,8) nhit 400C trong 4h quan st di knh hin vi thng.
Ch tiu ghi nhn bao gm s lng a p c s tch t Polyphenol, v din
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tch vng t bo c s tch t polyphenol c tnh theo cng thc tnh din
tch hnh ch nht.
- Kho st s tch t H2O2: B tr th nghim tng t nh cc th
nghim trn. Mu thu thp cc thi im 4h trc khi nm xm nhim v
thi im 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 v 48h sau khi nm xm nhim, sau
nhum vi dung dch 0,05% DAB (3,3 diaminobenzidine, D 8001,
Sigma) Theo phng php ca Thordal Christensen et al. (1997). Ghi nhn
phn trm a p tch t H2O2, din tch vng t bo c s tch t H2O2 v mc
tch t.
* Quan st s gia tng hot tnh ca cc enzim c lin quan n s
kch khng
- S tng cng enzim PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), beta
1,3- glucannase, peroxidase v catalase.
2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng
2.2.1 Khi nim
Kch thch tnh khng bnh thc vt thng c gi tt l kch
khng, l mt phng php gip cho ging cy trng b nhim tr nn c
kh nng khng c bnh mc no sau khi c x l cht kch
khng. Kch khng khng tc ng trc tip n mm bnh m n kch thch
c ch t v t nhin trong m cy. Cht kch khng c th l mt loi vi sinh
vt khng gy bnh, khng mang tnh c i vi cy trng hoc c th l
mt loi ha cht no khng c v khng c tc ng trc tip dit mm
bnh nh ha cht c dung trong nng dc (Phm Vn Kim, 2002). Theo
Tuzun v Kuc (1991) c Ng Thnh Tr v ctv (2004) cho rng s kch
thch tnh khng c tm thy trn 25 loi cy trng khc nhau kh nng
kch khng ca cy c th biu hin v mt cu trc hay sinh ha, c th tc
ng ti ch hay lu dn n cc b phn khc ca cy (Agrios, 1997).
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2.2.2 C ch kch khng.

cy trng, trong t bo cy c cc gen gip t bo cy tit ra cc cht
c kh nng khng li vi mt loi bnh no . Trong iu kin bnh thng,
cc gen ny lun b mt gen c ch nm bn cnh c ch.
Khi ta tc ng cc tc nhn gy kch khng bng cch ngm ht, r,
hay phun ln l, tc nhn ny tc ng ln b mt l, kch thch cc th th
ny to ra tn hiu (l nhng dng ion hay tn hiu in t trong cy) (Steiner,
1995) sau , chuyn tn hiu ny vo nhn ca t bo v tc ng vo gen c
ch, lm cho gen c ch khng cn c ch cc gen gip t bo cy tit ra cc
cht khng bnh. Nh cc cht khng bnh ny m cy trng t nhim bnh
tr thnh khng bnh (Phm Vn Kim, 2002).
2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.
Kch khng ti ch (local induced restance).
Hiu qu kch thch tnh khng ch xy ra ti v tr c x l bi cc
tc nhn kch khng. C nghin cu v hin tng ny rt phong ph trn
nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. X dng cht syringolin tit ra t vi khun
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae kch thch tnh khng ti ch vi nm gy
bnh chy l la Pyricularia oryzae (Waspi. U. v ctv., 2000). Phun
monopotassium phosphat (KH2PO4) 1% ln t kch thch tnh khng vi bnh
phn trng do Leveillula taurica (Reuveni v ctv, 1998).
Kch khng lu dn (systemic acquired resistance: SAR)
Tnh khng khng ch th hin ti v tr c x l bi tc nhn kch
khng m cn truyn n nhng m cy cch xa ni c x l kch khng
(Ryal v ctv, 1996). Nhng tc nhn ny c c tc nhn sinh hc v khng
phi sinh hc. Khi x l kch khng bng bin php ngm ht nhng cy c
kh nng t v khng li cc bnh trn l cng th hin kch khng lu dn.
Kch khng lu dn khc vi kch khng ti ch nhng tn hiu c kh nng
truyn n cc m ca cy khc cch xa im x l kch khng v lm nng
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cao kh nng t v trong cy (Van Loon v ctv, 1998). Manandhar v ctv

(1998) kch thch tnh khng lu dn chng bnh chy l la bng cch s
dng dng nm Pyricularia oryzae khng c tnh v nm Bipolaris
sorokiniana khng nhng lm gim bnh o n m cn lm tng nng sut
la.
2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng
2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc
K thut kch khng tnh khng lu dn trong cy trng l k thut s
dng mt loi vi sinh vt no khng gy hi cho mi trng hoc l mt
ha cht no khng c tc dng dit vi sinh vt gy bnh cng nh khng
gy nhim mi trng nhng c tc dng kch thch cy trng to ra tnh
khng bnh. K thut c nghin cu ng dng thnh cng trn th gii
v trn mt s loi cy trng nh da leo, c chua, la mch, la
(Hammerschmidt at al., 1995; Ozeretskovskaya, 1995; Jorgensen et al., 1990;
Manandhar et al., 1998).
Trn th gii vic nghin cu kch thch tnh khng bnh bt u
nghin cu t nm 1936 (Mauch-Mani v Metraux, 1997; Van loon, 2001)
sau rt nhiu tc gi nghin cu su vo c ch kch khng bnh trn
nhiu loi cy ngn ngy v pht hin ra nhiu tc nhn kch khng khc
nhau. Thng thng mm bnh thuc chng yu i vi ging y, thng to
c phn ng kch khng (Fink v ctv.,1990) v c rt nhiu tc gi s
dng trong nghin cu kch khng. Tuy nhin tc nhn ny ch nghin cu
khng th p dng c, v chng mm bnh ny c th tr nn c i vi
ging khc c ngoi sn xut.
Theo Ebrahim v Schonbeck (1985) c Trnh Ngc Thy (2000)
trch dn cho rng chng nm Erysiphe graminis trn l la mch, sau 2 ngy
cy c tnh khng i vi nm Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei gy bnh phn
trng.
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Theo Ouyang v ctv (1987), x l m bng c t nm Magnaporthe

grisea lm cho hot ng ca enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase v CoA
lyase trong cy tng, gip to tnh khng i vi Magnaporthe grisea.
Theo Sengupta v Sinha (1987), x l ht vi cupric chloride kim sot
tt bnh chy l trong cc ma v khc nhau.
Sawati v ctv (1988), chng Acrocylindirum oryzae vo cy la lm
tng hot ng ca enzyme peroxidase v polyphenol oxydase gip cy c
kh nng hn ch bnh.
Theo Doubrava et al (1988), thy rng oxalic acid c kh nng kch
khng bnh do C.lagenarium trn cy da leo.
Pelcz (1989), chng vo la mch dng nm Erysiphe 75202 khng
c, cy to tnh khng i vi cc dng nm ph bin.
Kunoh v ctv (1989), chng nm Erysiphe pisi vo la mch trc nm
Erysiphe graminis vi khong thi gian 30 pht, 1 gi, 2 gi s lm gim
c ca nm Erysiphe graminis ln lt l 35%, 22% v 5,8%.
Theo Gregerson v Smedegaad (1989) c Ng thnh Tr v ctv
(2004) trch dn thy rng loi nm hoi sinh Cladosporium macrocarpum
cng c kh nng gy kch khng, gip la mc chng li bnh phn trng.
Theo Vilich v Neltrien (1990) c Trnh Ngc Thy (2000) trch
dn, chng hp Erysiphe graminis f.sp avenae v Puccinia coronata f.sp
avenae vo la mch, lm gim c ca nm Erysiphe graminis f.sp
hordei 38%.
Yamada v ctv (1990), s dng methanol trch t ht la m v la
mch chng nm Pyricularia oryzae rt mnh.
Yokoyama v ctv (1991), chng nm Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei vo
cy la mch, lm cy la mch to ra cc papilla bn di a p ca nm
gy bnh, gip chng li s xm nhp ca nm ny.
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Theo Van Peer (1991) do Tuzun v Klopper (1995) trch dn nhn thy,
x l vi khun vng r Pseudomonas sp. Chng WCS 417 ln cy hoa cm
chng, gip cy tng tnh khng chng li bnh ho r.
SA, acetyl salicytic acid (ASA), di-potassium photphate (K2HPO4),
CuCl2, sodium salicylate cng c ghi nhn c kh nng kch khng bnh
chy l la (Manandhar et al 1998, Kloepper et al 1992).
Phun SiO2 dng bt mn (SiO2) cho thy kch khng SAR do gia tng
hot ng ca phn ha t i vi chitin (Schneider v Ulrich, 1994).
Song v ctv (1994), cho rng s dng hai acid bo 11(s), 12(s), 13(s)trihydroxy-(9z,15z)-octadecadienoic acid v 11(R)-hydroxy-12(s), 13(s)epoxy-(9z, 15z)-octadecadienoic acid, phun qua l trc hay sau khi nhim
bnh gip tng tnh khng bnh ca la i vi bnh chy l la v gip gim
bnh hn 50%.
Theo Kristen v ctv do Steiner v Schonbecj (1995) trch dn cho rng,
cc cht chit t bo t Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei c kh nng kch khng
chng li bnh mc sng trn cy la mch.
Hammerschmidt v Kuc (1995), trn cy la mch c x l vi dch
trch thc vt t nhng loi cy c tnh cht dng trong m phm, gip cy
la mch gim hn 90% bnh mc sng.
Theo Arvind v ctv (1995) do Nguyn Minh Kit (2003) trch dn thy
rng khi tim chng vi khun X. campestris pv. oryzae b git cht ln cy
la c tnh nhim vi bnh bc l, 7 ngy sau, ng tim chng li cho cy la
y vi vi khun sng, cy la t ra khng vi bnh.
Salicylic acid (SA) trong cy la v cy thuc l c tng hp t
cinnamic acid qua benzoic acid. Khi tim chng vi khun khng gy bnh
Pseudomonas syrinae D20 hoc chng nm gy bnh Magnaporthe grisae
trong cy th thy c tng quan n tnh khng bnh (Silverman v ctv,
1995).
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Theo Thieron v ctv (1995) cy la c x l bng cht PAL v

cinnamyl-alcoho-dehydrogenase s c tnh khng vi nm Magnaporthe
grisea.
Theo Rajoppan v ctv (1995), x l nickel nitrate trn callus cy la c
tc dng lm tng hot ng ca Phenylalanine amonialyase v peroxidase, s
kch khng i vi bnh bc l la do Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae
SA bo v cy la giai on m chng li bnh o n la (Cai v
Zheng, 1996), v gip cy la mch chng li bnh mc sng.
Phun SA 0,01mM ln l m, th SA kch thch lm cho hai cht
phenylalanine amonialyase (PAL) v peroxidase (POD) hot ng trong cy
tng ln, khi hm lng lignin cng tng ln v tch ly c t
monilactone, l mt cht khng sinh thc vt gip km hm s ny mm
Magnaporthe grisea theo Cai v ctv (1996).
Cai (1996 v 1997) x l m bng salicylic acid (SA) 0,01mM, sau 2
5 ngy th chng bo t nm Magnaporthe grisea ln cy la gip gim bnh
o n la t 24 59%.
Agrios (1997) cho rng, c th x l bng Protein hay glycoprotein
trch t vi khun Pseudomonas solanacearum, lipid trch t nm
Phytophthora infestans, hay polysaccharide t nm kch khng cy trng.
Theo
Krishnamurthy
Gnanamanickam
(1997),
vi
khun
Pseudomonas fluorescens 7 14 v P. patida v14 sng trong m thc vt gy

cm ng h thng khng lm gim bnh m vng.
Theo Manandhar v ctv (1998) cho rng, cy la c chng ln vi
nm Bipolaris sorokiriana khng c, gip cy la gim bnh o n v lm
tng nng sut la.
SA cng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn da leo chng li nm
Colletotrichum v trn la mch chng li bnh phn trng do nm Erysiphe
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graminis f.sp hordei theo Manandhar (1998). Cng theo tc gi ny, K 2HPO4
gy ra tnh khng bnh trn cy da leo, nho v bp.
Theo Manandhar (1998), x l cy la vi cht ferric chioride,
KH2PO4, probenazole v SA th cc cht ny c kh nng lm cho cy la tit
ra cht khng sinh thc vt gy kch khng chng li nm Magnaporthe
grisea.
Manandhar v ctv (1998), ni rng Yoshida (1992) s dng cht
2,6-dichloro-iso-nicotinitinamid l tc nhn lm tng hot ng ca jasmonic
acid trong cy la nhm km hm s pht trin ca bnh chy l la v cho
rng cht ny l cht c kh nng kch khng chng li bnh do nm
Magnaporthe grisea.
H.K. Manandhar (1998) th nghim ferric chloride trong nh li v
ngoi ng rung. Trong iu kin nh li, x l ngm ht vi nng 10
mM, phun ln l (cy m 2 tun tui) vi nng 25mM. Kt qu cho thy
phun ln l hoc ti ln l gim ch s bnh ln lt l 66 40%. Phun ln l
cng lm gim thi c gi 46%, tng trng lng 1000 ht v tng nng sut
17%. Hiu qu kch khng ca ferric chloride cn ty thuc vo cch x l;
ferric chloride cho hiu qu cao nht bng cch phun ln l.
Theo Ishii v ctv (1999) do Ng Thnh Tr v ctv (2004) trch dn cho
rng, acibenzolar-S-methyl c hiu qu kch thch tnh khng trn cy da leo
chng li bnh thn th, bnh gh, bnh g st.
2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc.
2.3.2.1 Nghin cu v s dung cht kich khang.
nc ta, linh vc bnh hai hat ging cy trng nng nghip noi
chung va trn cy lua noi ring cha c i su nghin cu. Trong nhiu
nm qua chu yu chung ta vn i su nghin cu thanh phn bnh hai trn cy
lua cac giai oan sinh trng va phat trin ngoai ng rung. Trong nhng
nm gn y, do s phat sinh gy hai ang k cua mt s loai bnh trn lua
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nh bnh en lep hat, bnh bin mau hat, cung vi s tai tr cua UNDP va
s u t cua Chinh phu thng qua d an VIE/86/002, co s giup cua Vin
Bnh hat ging ca Chinh phu an Mach, mt s c quan nghin cu trong
nc nh Vin Bao v thc vt, Trng ai hoc Nng Nghip Ha Ni ,
Trung tm Khao Kim nghim ging cy trng Trung ng a trin khai iu
tra, giam inh thanh phn va bc u nghin cu mt s bnh nm va vi
khun truyn qua hat ging cua mt s loai cy lng thc, cy thc phm
chung ta a phn lp c thanh phn mt s nm, vi khun trn cac mu hat
ging lua, ng, u tng, rau.
Theo Phm Vn D v ctv (1997) x l m bng cch chng vo cy
m ngun bnh Magnaporthe grisea b lm yu i, 2 ngy sau chng
ngun bnh chy l th la c kh nng gim bnh t 35 38%.
Theo L Thanh Phong, Trnh Ngc Thy, Dip ng Tng, V Bnh Minh
v Phm Vn Kim (1999), s dng ha cht nh ethrel 800ppm, saccharine
0,05mM, Bion 200ppm, natrium silicate 4mM v CuCl2 0,05mM cho hiu qu kch
khng bnh chy l la ko di n 18 ngy sau khi phun ln l la. Ngoi ra, cc
ha cht chitosan glucosamine, napthalence acetic acid 30ppm, KH2PO4 5mM,
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 0,4mM, SA 0,4mM, ascorbic acid 1mM v benzoic
acid cng gy kch khng bnh nhng khng ko di c lu.
Theo Lng Cnh Ph (2000), dch nui cy ca vi khun Flavimonas
oryzuhabitans sau khi c x l ht hoc phun ln l la, gip cy la c
kh nng chng li bnh chy l.
Theo Phm Vn D v ctv (2000), SA, ASA, KH2PO4 v chitosan c
x l 1 v 2 gi trc khi chng bnh vi P.grisea trn 2 ging OM 269 v
OM 1723, cho thy c nh hng n tnh khng lu dn.
Theo Dip ng Tng (2000), s dng acibenzolar-s-methyl kch
khng bnh chy l la khi x l ht, th c th ko di tnh khng n 30
ngy sau khi s.
14
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Tnh khng bnh o n cy la c ghi nhn khi x l ht vi

KH2PO4 20 23mM th khng gy hi n t l ny mm, chiu di r, pht
trin chi v KH2PO4 15mM phun ln l ging la CMK 39 (Khao Dawk
Mali) vo cc ngy 10, 35 v 65 ngy sau khi s th c th lm tng tnh
khng qua vic gim s vt bnh ang pht trin, tng vt bnh trn l v t l
o n c bng (Du et al, 2000).
Theo Trnh Ngc Thy (2000), x l ht la bng cch ngm vi CuCl2
0,05mM, cy la c kh nng kch khng bnh chy l la t 9 24 ngy sau
khi s v khi phun trn l vo 20 ngy sau khi s th lm gim n nh hn
50% t l bnh trn l la v c th ko di n 43 ngy sau khi s.
Trn V Phn v ctv (2000), pht hin ra mt chng nm
Colletotrichum sp. gy bnh trn c lng vc trong rung la ti ng Thp,
khng gy hi cho la v c kh nng kch khng, gip cy la gim bnh o
n t 58 72% so vi i chng.
Clorua ng cn cho thy biu hin kch khng chng li bnh chy l
la khi kho st mc sinh ha (Ng Thnh Tr v ctv, 2001) v m hc
(Hunh Minh Chu v ctv, 2001).
Theo Phm Vn D v ctv (2001), s dng Oxalic acid 1mM, Oxalic
acid + natritetraborac lm tng chiu cao, gim bnh chy l, gim bnh thi
c gi t 50 60% v tng nng sut t 16 20%.
Theo Nguyn Th Thanh Xun v Phm Vn Kim (2001), ngm ht vi
clorua ng v xt b sung vi K2HPO4 hoc Na2SiO3 c kh nng kch khng
bnh chy l n 30 ngy sau khi gieo trong iu kin nh li v ngoi ng
rung.
Ht la c x l vi Na2B4O7 th c kh nng lm gim din tch
bnh trn l t 19 27% trong th nghim nh li v 7% bnh trn bng
th nghim ng rung (Phm Vn D v ctv, 2001).
15
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Theo Trnh Ngc Thy (2001) v Nguyn Hu Anh Nhi (2002), clorua
ng vi nng 0.05mM x l ht, gip gim bnh 60 62% v ko di
hiu qu n 34 ngy sau khi gieo.
Cng theo Trnh Ngc Thy (2001), saccharin, chitosan v glucosamin
phun l cng c tc dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy la.
Trn V Phn (2002), th nghim hiu qu kch khng chng bnh
chy l la ca nm Colletotrichum sp. nng 106 bo t/ml t t 45,2%
- 49,3% so vi i chng.
Nguyn Hu Anh Nhi (2002), cho rng x l ht vi vi khun
Flavimonas oryzihabitans dng 9 E2, nng 108/ml khng nh hng n
s ny mm ca ht la, lm gia tng chiu di ca r, kch thch lu dn
gip cy la chng li bnh chy l, c hiu lc ngay 7 ngy sau khi tn cng
(74,96%) v ko di cho n 28 ngy sau khi tn cng (44,34%).
Nguyn Minh Kit (2003) v Vng Tun Ti (2003), th nghim
kh nng kch khng ca vi khun Flavimonas oryzihabitans trn ng rung
bng cch ngm ht v phun ln l vi clorua ng hoc natrium silicate, kt
qu cho thy gip cy la gim bnh trn l ko di n 55 ngy sau kch
khng.
Theo Nguyn Ngc Tr (2004) khi x l SA (1.000ppm) hon ton bo
v cy t giai on 6 l khi s tn cng ca nm Colletotrichum sp. vi
kh nng bo v t ti 100%.
Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Phm Hong Oanh v ctv (2006), Nguyn
Minh Thy (2006) ghi nhn ba ha cht Salicylic acid (SA, 1.000ppm), CuCl2
(0,05mM) v KH2PO4 (5mM) u c kh nng kch khng bnh thn th trn t.
Phm Hong Oanh, Nguyn Th Khnh Vn v Trn Th Thu Thy
(2009), th nghim kh nng kch khng ca 3 cht l Salicylic acid, CuCl2
v KH2PO4 i ci bnh thn th t Colletotrichum sp., kt qu cho thy trong
3 cht SA cho hiu qu kch khng sm nht v keo di n 144 GSP,
16
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KH2PO4 c hiu qu ko di n 96 GSP, cn CuCl2 c hiu qu ko di n

72 GSP th hin qua phn trm a p to pht sng t bo.
2.3.2.2. Nghin cu v bnh nm hai trn hat ging lua.
Kt qua bc u v kim tra bnh hat ging (Trn inh Nht Dung,
1996) trn 88 mu hat ging thu thp tai Ha Ni, Ha Ty, Nam Ha, Thai
Binh, Ha Bc, Hoa Binh, Lang Sn, Thanh Hoa, Ngh An a phat hin
thy tt ca cac mu u nhim nm bnh, in hinh la cac loai Bipolaris
oryzae (tim la hi la), Alternaria padwickii (chay la la),Fusarium
moliniforme (lua von), Microdochium oryzae (kh u la la) va Sarocladium
oryzae (thi be la la). Trong o cac mu bi nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae la
cao nht vi ty l mu nhim trung binh at 79.5%, ty l hat bi nhim trung
binh la 5.9%, nhim nng nht trn ging lua Mc Tuyn.
Trong 4 mu ging ng thu thp phia Nam cho thy ca 4 mu u co
nm bnh ky sinh, in hinh la 2 loai: Fusarium moliniforme gy bnh mc
hng va Claphalosporium gy bnh phn en vi ty l ging nhim trung
binh la 70.2%, cac mu u tng thu thp phia Nam a phat hin thy ty l
hat ging bi nhim bnh la 34.5%, in hinh la cac loai: Phome sojae (13.0%)
gy bnh thi thn va thi qua, Fusarium semitectum (15.5%) gy bnh thi
r, Macrophominam phaseolina gy bnh en r (8.5%), Cercospora kikuchi
gy bnh m tim hat (5.9%).
Cung theo Trn inh Nht Dung va cng tac vin cho bit: vi 300
mu kim tra trong 2 vu ng Xun nm 1995 1996 va 1996 1997 ai
din cho hn 3000 tn lua ging (chu yu CR203, IR17494 va IR38) a phat
hin c 7 loai nm bnh, trong o co 4 loai phn b ph bin trn cac mu
la: Bipolaris oryzae, Microdochium oryzae, Fusarium moliniforme,
Alternaria padwickii, ty l hat bi nhim bnh cac ging lua tai cac im
iu tra u rt cao, ty l nhim trung binh la 14.4 30% s hat trong cac
mu ging kim tra. Ty l hat ging bi nhim bnh cao nht la cac l hat
17
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ging Quang Nam a Nng, Tha Thin Hu, ring Quang Ngai trong
vu ng Xun nm 1995 1996 ty l hat ging bi nhim ln n 39.5%. Nm
gy bnh tim la (Bipolaris oryzae) xut hin nhiu nht trong cac l hat
ging Quang Ninh (16.6%), Tha Thin Hu (15.9%), Quang Nam a
Nng (7.6%) va Quang Ngai (14.7%).
Kt qua kim tra nm bnh trn mt s l ging lua nhp khu va san
xut tai mt s tinh ven bin phia Bc, duyn hai min Trung (Trn inh
Nht Dung, Nguyn Thi Hoa, Pham Thi Thoa, 1996) cho thy: ty l nhim
bnh tt ca cac l hat ging u rt cao, trung binh t 11.6 51.6% s hat,
trong o cao nht Quang Ninh (51.6%), Thanh Hoa (41.3%), Thai Binh
(37.2%), Nam inh (28.6%), Quang Ngai (27.1%), Tha Thin Hu (25.1%),
Ngh An (21.8%) va Ha Tinh (12.9%). Cac ging bi nhim vi ty l kha cao
o la ging Mc Tuyn (47.7%), cac ging lua thun Trung Quc bi nhim
vi ty l 34.2% va chu yu la nm gy bnh m la.
Kt qua nghin cu bnh trn hat ging lua trong giai oan chuyn i
c cu cy trng min Bc Vit Nam (Nguyn Vn Tut, 1998 1999) a
xac inh c 5 loai nm gy bin mau hat la Bipolaris oryzae, Alternaria
padwickii, Fusarium moniliforme, Microdochium oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani.
Trn cac ging lua Trung Quc a phn lp c 5 loai: Bipolaris oryzae,
Alternaria padwickii, Fusarium moniliforme, Microdochium oryzae va
Sarocladium oryzae.
anh gia mc nhim nm trn mt s l hat ging lua c san
xut Vit Nam, Olga Kongsdal va Pham Thi Thoa (1996) cho bit: mc
nhim nm trn hat ging lua Vit Nam kha cao: 96% s mu kim tra bi
nhim nm Alternaria padwickii, 87% s mu kim tra bi nhim nm
Bipolaris oryzae, 52% s mu kim tra bi nhim nm Microdochium oryzae,
39% s mu bi nhim nm Sarocladium oryzae. Trong o ty l nhim nm
Bipolaris oryzae trung binh la 8.0%.
18
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Cac kt qua kim tra nm bnh nm 2001 (Pham Thi Thoa va CTV,
2001), trong cac l hat ging kim tra, ty l hat bi nhim nm Bipolaris
oryzae cao nht cac mu ging lua thu thp t Nam inh, Thanh Hoa, Ngh
An va Quang Binh, ty l nhim trung binh t 4.57% - 6.67%, a Nng la
14.9%. Cung theo kt qua nay: ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao nht
cac mu hat ging c san xut tai cac Tram, Trai va cac Cng ty ging cy
trng Ngh An, trong khi o cac mu hat lua ging c san xut tai cac nng
h Ngh An co ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae thp hn vi ty l nhim
trung binh la 3.78%.
Kt qua kim tra nm bnh trn mt s mu hat lua ging c san
xut tai cac nng h Hai Dng, Nam inh vu Mua nm 2002 (Trn Thi
Hng va CTV): ty l hat lua ging nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao nht cac
mu thu thp tai Chi Linh Hai Dng vi ty l nhim nm trung binh t 4.4
6.3%. Ty l nhim cao nht trn ging DT10 (17.0%).
Kt qua iu tra thanh phn nm bnh trn hat ging lua Q5 va Khang
Dn vung ng bng Sng Hng (Trn Thi Hng, 2002) cho thy ty l hat lua
ging Khang Dn nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae trung binh la 0.71% va Q5 la
0.9%, ty l truyn bnh sang cy con vn cao nht mu bi nhim nm
Bipolaris oryzae, trung binh la 90%, ty l truyn bnh thp nht la mu bi
nhim nm Microdochium oryzae (30%). Tac gia cung cho bit: hai chi tiu
m va nm bnh co lin quan cht che n nhau va anh hng n cht
lng hat ging kha ro, trong trng hp mt mu cung co hai chi tiu nay
anh hng theo chiu hng bt li se dn n cht lng cy mm giam
ang k.
Kt qua tim hiu mt s loai nm bnh tn tai trn hat ging lua lai
(Hoang Thi Thu Trang, 2000): ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae trung binh
trong 15 mu kim tra trn ging Shan u 63 la 0.47%, Nhi u 63 la 0.6%,
19
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Nhi u 838 la 0.5% va cac mu co ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao a

lam giam ty l nay mm cua hat ging.
Kt qua iu tra thanh phn nm va vi khun trn hat ging mt s
ging lua chinh nm 2001 vung ng bng sng Hng (Bui Thi Khi, 2002)
a phn lp c 19 loai nm va 5 loai vi khun trn hat ging lua san xut
9 vung ng bng sng Hng.
Hat ging bi nhim bnh a lam giam ang k ty l nay mm, nu bi
nhim nng, hat ging co th khng nay mm c, gy thit hai cho san xut
nng nghip. Kt qua anh gia anh hng cua bnh ti ty l nay mm cua hat
ging lua (Pham Thi Hoa, 1997) a thng bao mu ging IR17494 at ty l
nay mm cao la mu co ty l nhim nhe (<10%), mu nhim ng thi ca hai
nm Bipolaris oryzae va Alternaria padwickii vi ty l nhim cao dn n co
ty l cy mm khng binh thng cao.
Trong danh muc thanh phn dich hai trn lua gao nm 1977 a cng b
cho cac nc trn th gii bit: lua gao Vit Nam co 14 loai nm va 1 loai vi
khun.
Kt qua khao nghim va kim nghim hat ging cy trng (Nguyn
c Huy va CTV, 2002) cho bit khi hat ging lua bi nhim nm von
(Fusarium moniliforme) thi x ly bng thuc Cacbendazime 50WP nng
0.3% cho hiu lc phong tr bnh rt tt.
Tom lai cac kt qua iu tra nghin cu bnh hai trn hat ging lua
nc ta a chng to rng cac l hat ging c san xut tai cac tinh trung du,
min nui, cac tinh vung duyn hai ven bin co ty l nhim bnh cao hn so
vi vung ng bng sng Hng va nhng vung co iu kin t ai thun
li cho s sinh trng, phat trin cua cy lua. Cac kt qua thu c chu yu
vn la iu tra thanh phn va ty l hat bi nhim bnh ma cha co cac giai phap
cu th phong tr hoc x ly cac l hat ging bi nhim bnh.
20
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PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP

NGHIN CU
3.1 Vt liu nghin cu
3.1.1 Ging lua:
S dung ging lua Q5 v Khang dn.
3.1.2 Cht kich khang:
Oxalic acid 1mM, oxalic acid 2mM, oxalic acid 4mM, CuCl2 0.05 mM,
Bion 200ppm.
Bng 3.1. Thnh phn cht kch khng thu thp c
Stt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tn cht kch
Nng
khng
thch hp
Giai on x l
Axit Oxalic
1mM
Ht ging, 7 ngy sau cy
ng clorua
0,05mM
Bion
200ppm
Acid Oxalic
4mM
Acid Oxalic
2mM
* Bion
Tn thng phm: Bion
Tn hot cht: Acidbenzolar-S-methyl
21
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Hnh 3.1: Cng thc cu to ca Acidbenzolar-S-methyl

Ngun: Wikimedia Common s
22
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* ng Clorua:
- Cng thc cu to: CuCl2
Hnh 3.2 : Cu trc tinh th ng khan (II) clorua

Ngun: Wikimedia Commons
ng clorua c ng dng trong kch khng rt nhiu bnh hi cy
trng. ng clorua l hot cht chnh trong phn bn l cropsar-3 HCT,
nng 0.05mM cht c kh nng kch thch tnh khng bnh lu dn gip
cy la ging nhim bnh tr nn khng vi bnh o n la. S dng
Cropsar-3 HCT x l ht ging trc khi phun s v phun ln l la vo
25 ngy sau khi s, gip gim bnh o n trn l.
C ch ca hin tng kch khng do cropsar-3 HCT to ra c l
do c s gia tng hot tnh ca cc enzim -1,3 glucanase, chitinnase,
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase, catalase va cn c s gia
tng ligin ha vch t bo l la, ng thi c gia tng s tch ly cht
Polyphenol v Hydrogen peroxide trn vt bnh hn. (Phm vn Kim, Trn
Th Thy, Ng Thnh Tr, Trn V Phn, 2009)
* Oxalic acid
Cng thc phn t: HOOC-COOH (khan)
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Hnh 3.3, 3.4: Dng khan v cng thc cu to ca Oxalic acid.

Ngun: Wikimedia Commons
Acid oxalic v cc mui oxalat c mt kh ph bin trong nhiu loi
thc vt, ng ch l rau mui (Chenopodium album) v chua me t (chi
Oxalis). R hoc l ca i hong (chi Rheum), kiu mch (Fagopyrum
esculentum) cng c lit k nh l c cha nhiu axt oxalic.
Cc loi thc n cha mt lng ng k axt oxalic, theo trt t gim
dn, bao gm: kh (Averrhoa carambola), h tiu (Piper nigrum), mi ty
(Petroselinum crispum), ht cc loi anh tc (cc chi Meconopsis, Papaver,
Romneya, Eschscholzia), thn cy i hong (chi Rheum), rau dn (chi
Amaranthus), rau bina (Spinacia oleracea), mt s th v ging c ci ng
(Beta vulgaris), ca cao (Theobroma cacao), phn ln cc loi qu hch hay
qu mng v cc loi u, . Cm gic c sn ming khi ung sa cha
hng v i hong l do s kt ta ca oxalat canxi gy ra. V th thm ch
c mt lng rt long axt oxalic cng c th nhanh chng "ph v" cazein
tm thy trong nhiu loi sn phm sa.
L ca ch (Camellia sinensis) cng cha mt lng ln axt oxalic so
vi nhiu loi thc vt khc.
ng dng ca Oxalic acid trong nng nghip: c s dng
24
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3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:

Agar, khoai ty, c rt, ng Glucose, cn 70o va mt s hoa cht cn
thit khac.
3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:
- ia petri, que cy, dao ct nm, en cn, panh, ng ong, binh tam
giac, ua thuy tinh, lam kinh, lamen, giy thm (Blotter paper), giy t nay
mm.
- Tu lanh, tu inh n, tu sy, ni hp, kinh hin vi quang hoc, kinh hin
vi soi ni, chu vai
3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:
Mi trng WA, PDA, PCA, PGA.
3.2 ia im nghin cu.
Phong thc tp bnh cy B mn Bnh cy Nng dc Trng ai
hoc Nng nghip Ha Ni.
Cac nghin cu trong nha li c tin hanh tai khu nha li Khoa
Nng hoc Trng ai hoc Nng nghip Ha Ni.
3.3 Ni dung nghin cu.
3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:
- iu tra, giam inh thanh phn nm bnh trn ging lua Q5.
- iu tra, xac inh ty l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii n ty l nay
mm cua mu bi nhim nm.
- Phn lp nm Alternaria padwickii t ging lua Q5 bi nhim nm
Alternaria padwickii, nui cy trn mi trng PDA thu c nm thun.
- Quan sat c im, hinh thai, s phat trin cua nm trn hat va trn
mi trng PDA.
- Khao sat hiu lc cua cht kich khang Bion, CuCl2 0.05mM, Oxalic
acid cac nng 1mM, 2mM, 4mM x ly cac mu hat lua ging, sau o
t trn giy thm xac inh ty l nm Alternaria padwickii sau khi x ly
25
Chuyn tt nghip
thuc. T o xac inh c 1 loai thuc tt nht phong tr nm Alternaria

padwickii phuc vu cho cac nghin cu tip theo.
3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:
- Dung ngun nm Alternaria padwickii a phn lp thun gy bnh
nhn tao ln ging Q5 anh gia kha nng nhim bnh cua ging.
- Gieo cc mu ht ging la Q5 b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii
cc mc nhim khc nhau nh gi s nh hng ca nm trn ht ti sc
sng ca m.
3.4 Phng phap nghin cu.
3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:
3.4.1.1 Phng phap giam inh thanh phn nm bnh, nm Alternaria
padwickii trn mu lua ging va ty l nay mm cua hat lua.
Phng phap giy thm Theo phng phap cua ISTA (International
Seed Testing Association, 1996).
-
Ly 200 hat/mu, chia thanh 8 phn, mi phn 25 hat.
Chun bi ia petri va giy thm:

+ ia petri a c hp kh trung, 8 ia/mu.
+ Giy thm (Blotter paper) trong hp a kh trung.
Ly 3 t giy thm, nhung vao nc sao cho toan b giy thm t u,

sau o t vao hp petri (3 t/hp).
Cach t hat: 25 hat/ia, t thanh 3 vong, vong ngoai 15 hat, vong

gia 9 hat, 1 hat trung tm cua ia, khoang cach gia cac vong cach
u nhau. Sau khi t xong phai ghi ma s mu hoc tn ging, ngay
t va ngay kim tra ln trn mt ia, em toan b s ia hat a t
trong phong nui cy (incubation room), iu kin phong nui cy:
nhit 20oC, anh sang en huynh quang hoc en gn cc tim (near
untraviolet), thi gian chiu sang 12 gi ti xen ke 12 gi sang. Sau 7
ngay nui cy, em kim tra ky tng hat di kinh hin vi soi ni, khi
26
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phat hin thy nm trn hat tin hanh dung kim khu nm, t ln lam
kinh kim tra di kinh hin vi quang hoc.
-
Chi tiu theo doi: tng s hat bi nhim nm Alternaria padwickii trn
tng s hat kim tra, t l nay mm.
3.4.1.2 Phng phap nghin cu va quan sat, m ta c im hinh thai cua

nm Alternaria padwickii:
- Chun bi mi trng PDA:
Thanh phn gm co (cho 1 lit mi trng):
+ Khoai ty: 200 gram
+ Glucose: 20 gram
+ Agar : 20 gram
+ Nc ct: 1000 ml
-
Mi trng PGA:
Thnh phn gm c (cho 1 lt mi trng)

+ Khoai ty: 200 gram
+ Glucose: 20 gram
+ Agar: 20 gram
+ Nc ct: 1000 ml
-
Mi trng PCA (cho 1 lt mi trng)
+ Khoai ty: 20 gram

+ C rt:20 gram
+ Agar: 20 gram
+ Nc ct: 1000 ml
-
Mi trng WA (cho 1 lt mi trng)
+ Agar: 150 gram

+ Nc ct: 1000 ml
-
T cac hat bi nhim nm Alternaria padwickii, tach ly bao t nm

em cy trn mi trng PDA a chun bi, phn lp nm thun, sau o
27
Chuyn tt nghip
cy lai trn mi trng PDA, quan sat s phat trin cua nm trn mi
trng PDA, dung kim khu si nm va bao t nm di kinh hin vi
quang hoc, m ta c im hinh thai cua nm.
-
Cy nm Alternaria padwickii trn cc mi trng trn v theo di s

pht trin ca tn nm sau khi cy 1,2,3,4,5 ngy bng cch o ng
knh ca tn nm trn cc mi trng, t xc nh mi trng thch
hp cho nm sinh trng v pht trin. n v o (mm).
3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.

B tri thi nghim nh sau:
-
Th nghim c b tr theo khi hon ton ngu nhin vi 3 ln lp li

vi 7 nghim thc trn ging la Q5. Trong th nghim, cc cht kch
khng c s dng l Bion (Acibenzolar-S-methyl) 200ppm, Oxalic
acid, ng clorua 0.5 mM. Ha cht c p dng x l theo 2 cch:
ngm x l ht ging trc khi trng, va ngm x l ht ging va
phun ln l giai on 7 ngy sau khi cy. Cc nghim thc c so
snh vi i chng: khng x l kch khng.
Th nghim thc hin trong chu vi, vi ging la Q5.

C: khng x l kch khng (Phun nc).
Cng thc 1 (CT1): Dng Bion ngm ht ging
Cng thc 2 (CT2): Dng Bion ngm ht ging v phun ln cy giai
on 7 ngy sau cy.

Cng thc 3 (CT3): Dng CuCl2 ngm ht ging.
Cng thc 4 (CT4): Dng CuCl2 ngm ht ging v phun ln cy giai
on 7 ngy sau cy
Cng thc 5 (CT5): Dng Oxalic acid ngm ht ging.
Cng thc 6 (CT6): Dng Oxalic acid ngm ht ging v phun ln
cy giai on 7 ngy sau cy.
Mi cng thc nhc li 3 ln, mi ln 30 cy.
28
Chuyn tt nghip
3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di.
T l bnh.(%)
T l cy m bnh thng.(%)
T l cy khe. (%)
T l ny mm. (%)
T l ht nhim nm. (%)
Ch s bnh. (%)
3.5 Phng php x l s liu.

S liu c x l thng k sinh hc theo cc chng trnh sau:
Theo chng trnh IRRISTART 4.0 (Phm Tin Dng, 2003).
Chng trnh Exell
Cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc nghim thc c so snh bng F, t,
LSD, Duncan mc xc sut P = 0,95 ( = 0,05). Cc gi tr a, b, c c
ghi cc gi tr trung bnh c k hiu ch ging nhau th c gi tr ging nhau
v trc nghim Duncan.
3.6 Cng thc tnh ton.
T l bnh:
A
B
T l bnh =
100
A: S ht b bnh
B: Tng s ht iu tra
Ch s bnh:
ab
Ch s bnh = 100
NT
Trong :
: Tng tch s l
a : s lng ht b bnh mi cp
b : tr s cp bnh mi cp tng ng
N: tng s ht iu tra
29
Chuyn tt nghip
T: tr s cp bnh cao nht trong bng phn cp

Bng phn cp bnh:
Cp 0: ht khng b nhim bnh
Cp 1: nm che ph 1-5% din tch ht
30
Chuyn tt nghip
PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN

4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010.
nh gi tnh hnh nhim nm trn ht ging la nm 2010 mt s
vng ln cn ti H Ni, chng ti tin hnh thu thp mu ht ging t tnh
Hng Yn. Kt qu kim tra gim nh nm bnh qua 5 mu phn tch trn
ging Q5 v Khang dn c th hin bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn cc mu la ging
v Thu ng nm 2010.
STT
Tn nm
1
Alternaria padwickii
Ellis
2
Curvularia lunata
Boedjin
3
Tilletia barclayana
Sacc. And Syd
4
Microdochicum
oryzae
Gam. And Haw
5
Sarocladium oryzae
Gam. And Haw
6
Rhizopus ssp.
7
Fusarium
moniliforme Sheldon
8
Bipolaris
oryzae
Shoem
9
Pyricularia oryzae
Cavara
H
Dematiaceae
B
Moniliales
Lp
Hyphomycetes
Dematiaceae
Moniliales
Hyphomycetes
Tilleticeae
Ustilaginales
Hyphomycetes
Tubervulariacae
Hyphales
Hyphomycetes
Moniliaceae
Hyphales
Hyphomycetes
Mucoraceae
Tubervulariacae
Mucorales
Hypocreales
Zygomycetes
Hyphomycetes
Dematiaceae
Moniliales
Hyphomycetes
Moniliaceae
Hyphales
Hyphomycetes
Chng ti xc nh c 9 loi nm bnh xut hin trn ht ging

la trong c nhiu loi c cng b l nm hi trn la nh Alternaria
padwickii, Fusarium moliniforme, Sarocladium oryzae.
31
Chuyn tt nghip
4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong

v Thu-ng nm 2010
Ngoi vic kim tra,gim nh thnh phn nm hi ht ging, chng ti
cn tin hnh kim tra mc nhim nm trn hai ging Q5 v Khang dn.
Kt qu c trnh by bng 4.2
Bng 4.2. T l nhim v mc ph bin ca cc loi nm trn hai
ging Q5 v Khang dn
Alternaria
Q5
T l ht
Mc
nhim
nhim
TB (%)
14.0
+
padwickii
Curvularia lunata
21.8
++
22.4
++
9.7
8.8
+
+
13.3
11.1
+
+
11.1
13.9
4.4
+
+
10.3
22.2
4.3
+
++
STT
3
4
Tn khoa hc
Khang dn
T l ht
Mc
nhim
nhim
TB (%)
12.0
+
5
6
7
Tilletia barclayana
Microdochicum
oryzae
Sarocladium oryzae
Rhizopus ssp.
Fusarium
moniliforme
Bipolaris oryzae
0.9
0.5
Pyricularia oryzae
0.5
0.5
Ghi ch: Rt t (t l ht nhim < 5%)

+
t ph bin (T l ht nhim 5-15%)
++ Ph bin (t l ht nhim 15-30%)

+++ rt ph bin (T l ht nhim >30 %)
32
Chuyn tt nghip
Theo kt qu bng 4.2 cho thy thnh phn nm hi ht ging trn hai
ging Q5 v Khang dn l 9 loi ph bin l: Alternaria padwickii (chy l
la); Curvularia lunata (m nu la); Tilletia barclayana (than en ht);
Microdochicum oryzae (kh u l); Sarocladium oryzae (thi b l);
Rhizopus ssp.; Fusarium moniliforme (la von); Bipolaris oryzae (tim la
hi la); Pyricularia oryzae (o n).
Mc ph bin ca cc loi nm trn 2 ging Q5 v Khang dn c s
khc nhau. T l nhim nm trung bnh ca tng ging l: 0.5-21.8% (trn
ging Q5) v 0.5-22.4% (trn ging Khang dn).
Nm Alternaria padwidkii, Curvularia lunata, Tilletia barclayana xut
hin ph bin c hai ging trn. C hai ging u t thy c s xut hin ca
nm Pyricularia oryzae v Bipolaris oryzae.
Tuy nhin, t l ht nhim nm Alternaria padwickii trn ging Q5 cao
hn so vi trn ging Khang dn, trn ging Q5 l 14.0% vi mc nhim
l ph bin, cn trn ging Khang dn c t l nhim thp hn (12.0%) vi
mc nhim t ph bin.
Khi kim tra, gim nh bnh trn ht trc khi khng nhn thy s
khc nhau gia ht khe v ht b nhim nm bnh. Do vy, nhn bit tng
loi nm hi trn xc nh c mt ca n trn ht hay khng l rt cn thit.
Vi mc ch chng ti tin hnh gim nh tng loi nm bnh trn,
Kt qu c th hin trong bng 4.3.
33
Chuyn tt nghip
Bng 4.3 Kt qu gim nh nm bnh trn ht ging la v Thu ng nm 2010.

STT
Tn khoa hc
1
c im quan st
Alternaria
trn ht
Si nm mc trn b
padwickii
mt ht, mu hi
trng sau chuyn
thnh mu xm xp.
Curvularia
lunata
Cnh bo t mc
thnh tng chm c
t 2-3 bo t tr ln,
khi pht sinh nhiu
ht la b bao ph
bi lp bo t v
cnh bo t mu en.
Tilletia
barclayana
c im
c im trn mi trng
PGA sau 5 ngy nui cy
Tn nm pht trin ta ra,
mng, si nm rt pht trin,
mc lan trn b mt mi
trng.
Ban u mu trng sau hi
xm.
Kch thc tn nm: 3.5 3.5
m.
C hai dng: dng si pht
trin sinh t bo t v dng si
nm km pht trin sinh nhiu
bo t.
Mu xanh m.
Kch thc tn nm: 8.2-8.5
m
Bo t
Cnh bo t
Thng hoc cong,

hnh chy, c cung
di,c 3 5 vch
ngn.
Kch thc: 95-168
11.5-19.5 m.
Mc thnh cm.
Cnh bo t phn
sinh a bo, hi
gy khc, mu
vng nht.
Hnh cong, dng g

vai tru,c 3 vch
ngn, mt t bo
gia phnh to v c
mu m hn.
Kch thc: 18.529.8 9.5-16.6 m
Bo t hnh cu, mu
nu en, c gai dng
Thng hoc cong

ui khi c mu.
a bo, c mu
nu m n en.
Kch thc: 630650 5-9 m.
34
Chuyn tt nghip
Microdochicum
oryzae
Sarocladium
oryzae
Fusarium
moniliforme
Trn ht thy c
nhng m mu
vng cam c n
sng ca bo t, si
nm kt t gn nh
khng pht trin trn
hay xung quanh am
bo t.
Trn b mt ht ph
mt lp mu trng
n trng hng.
Si nm km pht trin.
mt li.
ng knh: 16.323.1 m
T bo hnh trng
khuyt, khng mu,
2u nhn.
Kch thc: 9-14 34.5 m.
Xp mu trng
Bo t khng
Kch thc tn nm: 1-1.2 m mu,hnh tr v trn

2 u.
Kch thc: 3.6-9
0.75-2.5 m.
Tn nm mu hng trng,to
Hnh oval hay elip,
sc t mu hng n tm
c t 3-5 vch ngn,
trn b mt mi trng.
c chn gi.
Kch thc bo t
nh:8-12 2.5-8 m.
Kch thc bo t ln:
32-52 3-4.5 m.
35
Chuyn tt nghip
Nh vy, qua kt qu gim nh trn chng ta thy, tuy c s phong

ph v hnh dng nhng mi loi nm c c im rt ring nhn bit
chng. Nhm nm Alternaria padwickii v Curvularia lunata rt d nhn bit
nh c im u cnh bo t phn sinh hnh thoi, c t 3 5 vch ngn, hi
tht li ch vch ngn mu nu vng nht (Alternaria padwickii) (hnh 4.7),
v BTPS thng c 3 vch ngn, cc t bo bn trong c mu nu m, t bo
gia phnh to khng u lm t bo cong (Curvularia lunata) (hnh 4.8).
HNH NH MT S TRIU CHNG V NGUYN NHN
NM BNH GY HI TRN HT GING LA
Hnh 4.1: Kim nghim bnh nm hi ht ging la Q5

(Ngun: Nguyn Th Qunh)
36
Chuyn tt nghip
Hnh 4.2: Ht nhim nm Alternaria padwickii

Hnh 4.3:Ht nhim nm Tilletia barclayana

37
Chuyn tt nghip
Hnh 4.4: Ht nhim nm Sarocladium oryzae

Hnh 4.5: Ht nhim nm Aspegilus ssp.

38
Chuyn tt nghip
Hnh 4.6: Ht nhim nm Microdochium oryzae

Hnh 4.7: Bo t nm Alternaria padwickii

39
Chuyn tt nghip
Hnh 4.8: Bo t nm Curvularia lunata

Hnh 4.9: Bo t nm Rhizopus ssp.

40
Chuyn tt nghip
Hnh 4.10:Bo t nm Tilletia barclayana

4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh
chy l la Alternaria padwickii
4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca
ging la Q5
Chng ti tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii
n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 thy rng trn cc mu ging khc nhau th
c t l ny mm khc nhau, iu c th hin qua bng 4.4
T s liu bng 4.4 cho thy 2 mu ht 1 v 2 c t l nhim nm thp
hn c (9,5-10,0%) nn c t l CMBT cao (44,5-53,0%), t l CMBBT 11,014,0%. Cn cc mu ging cn li c t l nhim nm cao hn nn t l
CMBT s gim xung thp hn.
41
Chuyn tt nghip
Bng 4.4. nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm

ca ging la Q5
Mu ht
T l
CMBBT
(%)
9,5
53,0
11,0
10,0
44,5
14,0
16,0
39,0
10,5
16,5
29,5
15,0
30,5
15,0
24,0
CMBT: cy mm bnh thng
T l ht
nhim (%)
1
2
3
4
5
Ghi ch:
T l CMBT
(%)
T l KNM
(%)
46,0
41,5
50,5
54,5
61,0
CMBBT: cy mm bt bnh thng

KNM: khng ny mm
Qua bng 4.4 chng t khi ht la b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii
nng s lm gim mnh t l ny mm ca ht, do t l CMBBT v t l
ht KNM s cao.
4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh
sang cy m Q5
Chng ti nghin cu kh nng truyn bnh ca nm sang cy m trn
cc mu ht ging la c ht nhim bnh cc mc t 0-4 v gieo ht 400 ht
mi mc kho st mc nhim bnh trn cy m. Kt qu cho thy ht
ging khng nhim bnh th cy m pht trin bnh thng, ht ging nhim
bnh mc 1 cho t l bnh l 10%, 20% mc 2, 30% mc 3 v
100% mc 4.
Bng 4.5 Kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm sang m Q5
42
Chuyn tt nghip
Mc nhim trn m (%)

T l bnh
Ch s bnh
0
0.0
10
2.95
20
8.7*
50
23.3**
100
43.5***
Cp 0: ht khng b nhim bnh
Mc nhim
trn ht
0
1
2
3
4
Ghi ch:

***: cy cht ngay sau khi ny mm
** : cy cht sau 5 ngy gieo ra t
* : cy cht sau 10 ngy gieo ra t
10% cy con b nhim vi ch s bnh l 2.95%, nhng cy ny vn
pht trin bnh thng, bnh khng lm nh hng n sc sng v tc
pht trin ca cy.
Ht ging khi nhim bnh cp 3, sau khi gieo c t bnh l 30% v
ch s bnh l 23.3%, cy con cht sau 5 ngy gieo ra t. Ht ging nhim
bnh cp 4 cho t l nhim bnh l 100% vi CSB l 43.5%, mt s cy con
cht ngay sau khi ny mm.
4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht
trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii
Mi trng dinh dng l yu t nh hng kh ln n s pht trin ca
nm Alternaria padwickii. tm hiu kh nng pht trin ca nm trn mi
trng nhn to chng ti tin hnh 3 th nghim c trnh by bng 4.6.
Bng 4.6. nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm
Alternaria padwickii nhit 30-35oC
Mi trng
ng knh tn nm trung bnh (mm) sau cy
43
Chuyn tt nghip
nui cy
WA
PGA
PCA
1 ngy
0.00c
5.02ab
2.04bc
2 ngy
3.01c
14.0aab
13.06ac
3 ngy
9.36c
29.55ab
17.65bc
4 ngy
17.17c
48.79ab
27.12bc
5 ngy
21.32c
68.91ab
50.21bc
Biu biu hin nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca

nm A.padwickii
80
WA
PGA
PCA
60
ng knh tn
40
nm (mm)
20
0
1 ngy
2 ngy
3 ngy
4 ngy
5 ngy
Thi gian nui cy
Hnh 4.11: nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin

ca nm Alternaria padwickii.
Qua bng 4.6 chng ti nhn thy: mi trng PGA thch hp cho nm
sinh trng v pht trin. Sau 1 ngy nui cy ng knh tn nm trn mi
trng PGA l 5.02mm, trong khi mi trng WA vn l 0.0mm v
PCA l 2.04mm. Sau 5 ngy nui cy, trn mi trng PGA th ng knh
tn nm l 68.91mm cn WA l 21.32mm,v trn PCA l 50.21mm.
Nh vy, mi trng PGA l mi trng thch hp hn c cho s sinh
trng v pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii.
Hnh 4.12: Curvularia lunata sau 5
Hnh 4.13: Alternaria padwickii sau
44
Chuyn tt nghip
ngy nui cy trn mi trng
5 ngy nui cy trn mi trng
PGA
PGA
4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii

trn ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn
i vi cc cht kch khng c chng ti thu thp trn c
bit ti kh nng tng sc khng ca cy i vi bnh. xc nh c
phng php kch khng c hiu qu chng ti th nghim nhiu phng
php khc nhau. Da vo ti liu thu thp, phng php x l ht ging
bng cht kch khng l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin to tnh
khng lu dn trn cy.
Tuy nhin trc khi a ra kt lun v cht kch khng no c hiu qu
kch khng cao nht v khng nh hng ti t l ny mm ca ht ging la,
chng ti tin hnh thng k mu theo t l % ht nhim nm ca cc ht
ging la thu thp c v cc mu la qua x l mt s cht kch khng.
T nh gi c nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n nm Alternaria
padwickii trn ht. Kt qu c th hin bng 4.7
45
Chuyn tt nghip
Bng 4.7 nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l nhim nm Alternaria

padwickii ca ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn.
Ging
i
chng
22.4a
17.8a
Q5
KD
T l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii (%)

CuCl2
Bion
OA
OA
c
9.2
7.0d
1mM
11.4c
9.2cd
15.4
12.0bc
2mM
16.2b
11.8bc
OA
4mM
17.0b
14.8ab
T l nhim nm A.p
(%)
Biu hiu qu ca cc cht kch khng khi x l ht ging

25
20
15
10
Q5
KD
5
0
C
CuCl2
Bion
OA 1mM
OA 2mM
OA 4mM
Nghim thc
Hnh 4.14 : nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria

padwickii trn cc ging la.
Qua kt qu bng 4.7 chng ti nhn thy: C s khc nhau gia t l
ht nhim bnh cc cng thc x l kch khng v khng x l kch khng,
cc ging khc nhau c t l nhim nm khc nhau, ging Q5 c t l nhim
nm Alternaria padwickii cao hn so vi ging Khang dn.
i vi cc cht kch khng khc nhau khi s dng x l ht ging
th Clorua ng nng 0.05mM l c hiu qu hn c, n lm t l ht
ging nhim bnh gim mnh hn (9.2% trn ging Q5 v 7.0% trn ging
Khang dn) so vi cc cht kch khng cn li.
46
Chuyn tt nghip
4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.

xc nh r nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n sc ny mm
ca ht ging. Cn c vo t l ny mm (t l % mm bnh trng trn tt c
nhng ht kim tra), chng ti tin hnh kim tra 200 ht mi mu v x l
cc cht kch khng. Kim tra sc ny mm bng phng php giy cun. Kt
qu thu c bng 4.8
Bng 4.8 nh hng ca cht kch khng ti t l ny mm
ca ht ging la Q5.
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cng thc
C
Bion
CuCl2
OA 1mM
OA 2mM
OA 4mM
TL MBT
(%)
26.7
31.6
59.6
52.5
41.4
32.6
Ging Q5
TL MBBT
(%)
22.2
19.1
10.1
11.6
16.2
18.0
TL KNM
(%)
51.2
49.3
32.4
36.3
42.4
49.5
Ghi ch: TLCMBT: t l cy mm bnh thng

TLMBBT: T l mm bt bnh thng
TLKNM: T l khng ny mm
T l %
nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l ny mm trn

ht ging la Q5
80
60
TLMBT
TLMBBT
TLKNM
40
20
0
C
CuCl2
Bion
OA 1mM
OA 2mM
OA 4mM
Nghim
Hnh 4.15: nh hng ca cht
kchthc
khng n t l ny mm
ca ging la Q5.
47
Chuyn tt nghip
Kt qu bng 4.9 cho thy: cc cng thc x l cht kch khng

khc nhau c t l ny mm khc nhau v t l ht bt bnh thng v ht
khng ny mm khc nhau.
Ht sau khi c x l bng dung dch kch khng Clorua ng
0.05mM v OA 1mM s cho t l CMBT cao hn c (59.6% v 52.5%) v t
l CMBBT cng thp nht (10.1% v 11.6%). Trong khi , x l bng OA
2mM, OA 4mM v Bion 200ppm th TLCMBT thp ( 41.4%, 32.6% v
31.6%) cn t l CMBBT li qu cao (16.2%, 18.0% v 19.1%).
4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m
Mun nh gi chnh xc nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh
nng sng ca mm chng ti tin hnh xc nh ch tiu nh hng ca cc
cht kch khng n sc sng ca mm thng qua xc nh chiu di r v
chiu di mm. Ch tiu ny c xc nh khi ht ging la x l kch
khng c t trong giy cun ti m. Sau 7 ngy xc nh mm bnh
thng v o chiu di r v chiu di mm. Kt qu o chiu di r v mm
ca cc nghim thc x l kch khng v khng x l kch khng trn ht
ging la cc ging khc nhau bng 4.9.
Bng 4.9: nh hng ca cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin
ca cy m
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cng thc
i chng
Bion
CuCl2
OA 1mM
OA 2mM
OA 4mM
Q5
CDR (mm)
99.93
38.2
110.4
95.77
33.93
90.17
CDM (mm)
30.33
7.3
46.97
55.1
6.53
39.3
48
Chuyn tt nghip
Ghi ch:
CDR: chiu di r sau 7 ngy m.

CRM: chiu di mm sau 7 ngy m.
Chiu di (mm)
nh hng ca cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin

ca cy m
150
100
CDR
CDM
50
0
C
CuCl2
Bion
OA 1mM
OA 2mM
OA 4mM
Nghim thc
Hnh 4.16: nh hng ca cht kch khng n sc sng ca mm

Qua kt qu bng 4.9, Chng ti nhn thy chiu di r tt c cc
cng thc u ln hn chiu di thn tt c cc cng thc. T biu ta
nhn thy ch c nghim thc x l kch khng bng Clorua ng l c hiu
qu lm tng chiu di r v chiu di mm (110.4mm, 46.97mm). Cc
nghim thc khc u lm gim chiu di r v chiu di mm. Gim c bit
nghim trng l nghim thc khi x l kch khng bng OA 2mM (33.93mm,
6.55mm) so vi i chng gim 3 ln.
Nh vy qua bng 4.9 v 4.10 ta thy rng khi x l kch khng ht
ging la th cc cht kch khng c nh hng nghim trng ti t l ny
mm v sc sng ca mm la sau khi ny mm, c bit nghim trng l khi
x l ht ging la bng OA 2mM. Trong 5 cht kch khng m chng ti thu
thp c th ch c Clorua ng l thch hp x l ht ging la. Khi x l
Clorua ng la tng c t l ny mm v sc sng ca mm.
49
Chuyn tt nghip
Hnh 4.17: Mm ht la b cht do nhim nm Alternaria padwickii

Hnh 4.18: Ht la b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii

50
Chuyn tt nghip
PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH

5.1. Kt lun
Qua thi gian thc hin ti nghin cu, chng ti a ra mt s kt
lun nh sau:
1. Thnh phn nm bnh hi ht ging trn hai ging Q5 v Khang dn
thy c s xut hin ch yu ca 9 loi nm. Trong nhiu loi nm

gy hi trn ht ging mc cao l cc loi nm gy bnh nh
Alternaria padwidkii gy bnh chy l la, Tilletia barclayana gy
bnh than en, Sarocladium oryzae gy bnh thi b l
2. Cc loi nm hi ht ging la l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm
gim t l ny mm, gy thi ht v gy cht cy con sau khi ny

mm.
3. Loi nm Alternaria padwidkii c th truyn t ht ging sang cy m.
4. Nm Alternaria padwickii xut hin trn 100% cc mu kim tra, sau
l Tilletia barclayana, xut hin vi tn s thp l nm Bipolaris

oryzae v Pyricularia oryzae.
5. Cht kch khng Clorua ng nng 0.05mM khi x l ht ging
nhim nm Alternaria padwidkii cho hiu qu cao nht

5.2. ngh:
1. Do thi gian thc hin ti ngn, s lng mu kim tra khng nhiu
nn cn tip tc thc hin ti ny mc rng hn v su hn xc
nh y thnh phn v mt nhim cc loi nm bnh trn cc
ging la khc nhau.
51
Chuyn tt nghip
2. Cn nghin cu thm ngha ca nm bnh nh hng n nng sut
ca cy trng v sau v hiu qu kinh t ca cc bin php x l ht

ging trong sn xut.
52
Chuyn tt nghip
TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu Ting Vit
1. L Th Ngc Anh (2007), iu tra thnh phn nm bnh v nghin
cu nm Alternaria padwickii Ellis hi ht ging la nhp khu nm

2007, Lun vn thc s nng nghip, Trng i hc Nng nghip H
Ni.
2. Cc BVTV (1989). Kim dch thc vt kim tra ly mu, Tiu chun
Vit Nam 473-89 (TCVN 473/89)- H Ni.

3. Cc BVTV (1994). Bnh hi la, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
4. Cc BVTV (1995). Phng php iu tra pht hin su bnh hi cy
trng, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.

5. Cc BVTV (1997). Danh sch dch hi trn la go ca Vit Nam, H
Ni.
6. Trn nh Dng (1996). Tnh hnh v bnh ht ging v phng
hng kim tra bnh ht ging Vit Nam, Tp ch Nng nghip v

Cng nghip thc phm s 4/1996.
7. Trn nh Dng (1996). Kt qu iu tra ngun bnh ht ging v
ng Xun 1995-1996 ti mt s tnh ven bin, Tp ch kt qu kho

kim nghim ging cy trng.
8. Trn nh Nht Dng, Phm Th Thoa, Nguyn Th Hoa (1998). Kt
qu kim tra nm bnh truyn qua ht ging la mt s tnh pha Bc

v Duyn hi min Trung 1997-1998, Trung tam kho kim nghim
ging cy trng Trung ng, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni
9. Ng Bch Ho, Nguyn Kim Vn, Trn Nguyn H, ng Lu Hoa
(2005). Nm bnh hi cy trng c im sinh hc v phng php
nghin cu.
10. Nguyn c Huy (2003), Nghin cu nm Bipolaris oryzae gy bnh
tim la hi ht ging v cy la ngoi ng v Xun nm 2003 kt
53
Chuyn tt nghip
qu th nghim phng tr bnh, Lun vn thc s nng nghip,

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni.
11. Bi Th Khi (2002). Thnh phn nm v vi khun trn mt s ging
la chnh nm 2001-2002 vng ng bng sng Hng, Lun vn thc
s nng nghip, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni.
12. Phm Vn Kim, Trn Th Thy, Ng Thnh Tr, Trn V Phin, Eigil
de Neergaard, Tng kt cng tc nghin cu v trin khai ng dng sn

phm kch khng Cropsar-3 HCT qun l bnh o n l la
(Pyricularia Grisea) ti ng bng Sng Cu Long, Hi tho gii thiu
nguyn nhn gy bnh virus mi trn la, mt s k thut v ch phm
mi trong phng tr bnh cy Vit Nam 2009.
13. Phm vn Kim, Kha cnh khoa hc trong nghin cu kch thch tnh
khng bnh ca cy trng, k yu Hi tho quc gia Bnh cy v sinh

hc phn t, ln th 5 - i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.
14. Phm Hong Oanh , Kho St kh nng kch thch ca ba ha cht i
vi bnh thn th trn t thong qua s pht sng t bo. Bo co hi

tho quc gia bnh hi thc vt Vit Nam. NXB Nng Nghip.
15. on Th Thanh Nhn (1996), Gio trnh cy cng nghip. NXB Nng
Nghip.
16. L Lng T v Bi Trng Thy. Mt s nghin cu v bin php s
dng cht kch hot tng kh nng khng bnh ca cy trng, Hi ngh
Khoa hc cng ngh ton quc v BVTV L th 3.
17. ng V Thanh, H Minh Trung (1997). Phng php iu tra bnh
hi cy trng nng nghip, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.

18. Trn Th Thu Thu ; Hunh Minh Chu ; Phm Vn Kim ; H. J.
Lyngs Jorgensen ; E. de Neergaard, Kch thch tnh khng bnh o n

hi la trn kha cnh m hc. K yu Hi tho quc gia Bnh cy v
sinh hc phn t, ln th 5 - i hc Nng nghip I H Ni.
54
Chuyn tt nghip
19. Ng Thnh Tr ; Phm Vn Kim ; Trn V Phn. C ch sinh ho
hc ca tnh kch khng lu dn trong cy la chng li bnh o n

`(Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.) do x l vi clorua ng,
acibenzolar - S - methyl v nm Sporothrix sp. K yu Hi tho quc
gia Bnh cy v sinh hc phn t, ln th 5 - i hc Nng nghip I H
Ni.
20. Nguyn Vn Tut (1996). Nghin cu v xc nh nguyn nhn gy
bnh thi ht bng cc phng php khc nhau, Tp ch BVTV s

4/1994.
21. Nguyn Vn Tut (1997). Phng php chun on v gim nh nm
v vi khun gy bnh hi cy trng nng nghip, NXB Nng nghip,

H Ni.
22. Nguyn Kim Vn v cng s (2004), Thnh phn bnh hi ht ging
mt s cy trng vng H Ni, Tp ch BVTV s 195 (3/2004).

Ti liu Ting Anh
1. Abo, M.E. Sy, A.A (1988),Rice virus diseases, Seed pathology and
microbiology 10, pp.1.
2. OU.S.H (1995), Rice diseases, CAB, Kew.
Ti liu tham kho t internet
1. http://www.caltexmoldservices.com/section/mold_library/alternaria/
2. http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5390551
3. http://luagao.blogspot.com/2009/04/phong-tru-benh-lem-lep-hat-lua
55
Chuyn tt nghip
PH LC
1.1 X l kch khng trn ging Q5
BALANCED ANOVA FOR VARIATE
KK FILE QUYNHN
29/12/** 9:42
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
VARIATE V003 KK
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 CT$
5 532.667
106.533
35.31 0.000 3
2 NL
4 136.867
34.2167
11.34 0.000 3
* RESIDUAL
20 60.3334
3.01667
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
29 729.867
25.1678
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE QUYNHN
29/12/** 9:42
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
MEANS FOR EFFECT CT$
------------------------------------------------------------------------------CT$
OA 4mM
OA 2mM
OA 1mM
Bion
CuCl2
?C
NOS
5
5
5
5
5
5
DF
KK
17.0000
16.2000
11.4000
15.4000
9.20000
22.4000
SE(N=
5)
0.776746
5%LSD 20DF
2.29138
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NL
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NL
1
2
3
4
5
NOS
6
6
6
6
6
KK
16.8333
14.0000
13.0000
18.6667
13.8333
SE(N=
6)
0.709069
5%LSD 20DF
2.09173
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE QUYNHN
29/12/** 9:42
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE
KK
GRAND MEAN
(N=
30)
NO.
OBS.
30 15.267
STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |CT$
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
5.0168
1.7369
11.4 0.0000
|NL
|
|
|
0.0001
|
|
|
|
1.2 X l kch khng trn ging Khang dn

KK FILE KICHK
29/12/** 11: 0
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
VARIATE V003 KK
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB
1
ER
56
Chuyn tt nghip
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 CT$
5 371.500
74.3000
9.75 0.000 3
2 NL
4 280.867
70.2167
9.22 0.000 3
* RESIDUAL
20 152.333
7.61667
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
29 804.700
27.7483
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE KICHK
29/12/** 11: 0
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------CT$
OA 4mM
OA 2mM
OA 1mM
Bion
CuCl2
?C
NOS
5
5
5
5
5
5
KK
14.8000
11.8000
9.20000
12.0000
7.00000
17.8000
SE(N=
5)
1.23423
5%LSD 20DF
3.64095
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT NL
------------------------------------------------------------------------------NL
1
2
3
4
5
NOS
6
6
6
6
6
KK
13.1667
10.3333
7.50000
12.8333
16.6667
SE(N=
6)
1.12670
5%LSD 20DF
3.32372
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE KICHK
29/12/** 11: 0
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
VARIATE
KK
GRAND MEAN
(N=
30)
NO.
OBS.
30 12.100
STANDARD
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
5.2677
2.7598
22.8 0.0001
|NL
|
|
|
0.0002
|
|
|
|
1.2 S pht trin ca nm Alternaria padwickii trn cc mi trng khc nhau

DKTN1 FILE QUYNH
12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
1
Su phat trien cua nam Alternaria padwickii tren cac moi
truong
VARIATE V003 DKTN1
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
DF
57
Chuyn tt nghip
1 CT$
2 38.2424
19.1212
****** 0.000 2
* RESIDUAL
6 .160015E-01 .266692E-02
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
8 38.2584
4.78230
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

DKTN2 FILE QUYNH
12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
2
truong
VARIATE V004 DKTN2
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 CT$
2 222.685
111.343
5.55 0.043 2
* RESIDUAL
6 120.321
20.0536
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
8 343.006
42.8758
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

DKTN3 FILE QUYNH
12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
3
truong
VARIATE V005 DKTN3
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 CT$
2 617.732
308.866
567.38 0.000 2
* RESIDUAL
6 3.26622
.544370
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
8 620.998
77.6248
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DF
58
Chuyn tt nghip

DKTN4 FILE QUYNH
12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
4
truong
VARIATE V006 DKTN4
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 CT$
2 1569.05
784.524
****** 0.000 2
* RESIDUAL
6 3.82059
.636766
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
8 1572.87
196.609
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

DKTN5 FILE QUYNH
12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
5
truong
VARIATE V007 DKTN5
LN
SOURCE OF VARIATION
DF
SUMS OF
MEAN
F RATIO PROB ER
SQUARES
SQUARES
LN
=============================================================================
1 CT$
2 3448.62
1724.31
****** 0.000 2
* RESIDUAL
6 2.64113
.440189
----------------------------------------------------------------------------* TOTAL (CORRECTED)
8 3451.26
431.408
----------------------------------------------------------------------------TABLE OF MEANS FOR FACTORIAL EFFECTS FILE QUYNH
12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
6
truong
------------------------------------------------------------------------------CT$
WA
PGA
PCA
SE(N=
5%LSD
3)
6DF
CT$
WA
PGA
PCA
NOS
3
3
3
NOS
3
3
3
DKTN1
0.000000
5.02000
2.04000
DKTN2
3.01333
14.0067
13.0600
DKTN3
9.36000
29.5467
17.6533
DKTN4
17.1667
48.7933
27.1200
0.298157E-01
0.103137
2.58544
8.94346
0.425977
1.47352
0.460712
1.59368
DKTN5
21.3200
68.9067
50.2067
SE(N=
3)
0.383053
5%LSD
6DF
1.32504
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE QUYNH

12/ 1/** 19: 5
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
7
truong
59
Chuyn tt nghip

VARIATE
DKTN1
DKTN2
DKTN3
DKTN4
DKTN5
GRAND MEAN
(N=
9)
NO.
OBS.
9 2.3533
9 10.027
9 18.853
9 31.027
9 46.811
STANDARD
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
2.1868
0.51642E-01 2.2 0.0000
6.5480
4.4781
44.7 0.0434
8.8105
0.73781
3.9 0.0000
14.022
0.79798
2.6 0.0000
20.770
0.66347
1.4 0.0000
|
|
|
|
60
Chuyn tt nghip
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan rng, s liu va kt qua nghin cu trong
chuyn nay la trung thc va cha c s dung bao v mt
hoc vi nao.
Ti xin cam oan rng, moi s giup cho vic thc hin
lun vn nay a c cam n va thng tin trich dn trong lun vn
c chi ro ngun gc.
Chuyn tt nghip
LI CAM N
hoan thanh tai nay, ngoai s c gng n lc cua ban
thn, ti a nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm, giup nhit tinh
cua thy c, ban be va ngi thn.
Trc tin, ti xin bay to li cam n chn thanh va long bit
n su sc ti c giao PGS.TS Ng Bich Hao a tn tinh chi bao,
giup va ng vin ti trong qua trinh thc hin tai va hoan
thanh ban chuyn nay.
Ti xin gi li cam n su sc ti cac thy, c giao trong
Khoa Nng hoc-ai hoc Nng nghip Ha Ni- nhng ngi a trc
tip giang day, trang bi nhng kin thc b ich trong sut thi gian
va qua.
Cui cung, ti xin gi li cam n chn thanh ti tt ca ngi
thn, bn be, gia inh va nhng ngi lun bn canh ng vin,
giup ti trong qua trinh hoc tp va thc hin tai.
Ha Ni, ngay thang nm 2010
Tac gia thc hin tai:
Nguyn Th Qunh
ii
Chuyn tt nghip
MC LC
PHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1
PHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1
1.1 t vn .....................................................................................................................1
1.1 t vn .........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu........................................................................................................2
1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu............................................................................................................2
1.2.1. Mc ch...............................................................................................................2
1.2.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Yu cu.................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Yu cu.........................................................................................................................2
PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU........................................................................................4
2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt......................................................................................4
2.1 C ch khng bnh thc vt..........................................................................................4
2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng...............................................................7
2.2 S kch thch tnh khng bnh ca cy trng...................................................................7
2.2.1 Khi nim..............................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Khi nim......................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 C ch kch khng.................................................................................................8
2.2.2 C ch kch khng.........................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng...............................................................................................8
2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.......................................................................................................8
2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng................9
2.3 Tnh hnh nghin cu ng dng kch thch tnh khng bnh trn cy trng....................9
2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc..........................................................................9
2.3.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu ngoi nc..................................................................................9
2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc........................................................................13
2.3.2 Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc................................................................................13
PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU....................21
3.1 Vt liu nghin cu....................................................................................................21
3.1 Vt liu nghin cu........................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Ging lua:............................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Ging lua:....................................................................................................................21
3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..................................................................................................21
3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..........................................................................................................21
3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:..................................................................25
3.1.3 Cac hoa cht dung trong nghin cu:..........................................................................25
3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:............................................................................................25
3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:....................................................................................................25
3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...........................................................................................25
3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...................................................................................................25
3.2 ia im nghin cu..................................................................................................25
3.2 ia im nghin cu......................................................................................................25
3.3 Ni dung nghin cu..................................................................................................25
3.3 Ni dung nghin cu......................................................................................................25
iii
Chuyn tt nghip
3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:.....................................................................................25

3.3.1 Nghin cu trong phong:.............................................................................................25
3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:.................................................................................26
3.3.2 Nghin cu trong nha li:.........................................................................................26
3.4 Phng phap nghin cu............................................................................................26
3.4 Phng phap nghin cu................................................................................................26
3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:...............................................................26
3.4.1 Phng phap nghin cu trong phong:.......................................................................26
3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.............................................................28
3.4.2 Phng phap nghin cu trong nha li.....................................................................28
3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ................................................................................................29
3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ........................................................................................................29
3.5 Phng php x l s liu..........................................................................................29
3.5 Phng php x l s liu..............................................................................................29
3.6 Cng thc tnh ton....................................................................................................29
3.6 Cng thc tnh ton........................................................................................................29
PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31
PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31
4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010..................................................31
4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn ht ging la nm 2010......................................................31
4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong v Thu-ng
nm 2010..........................................................................................................................32
4.2 Mc nhim nm ph bin trn ging la Q5 v Khang dn trong v Thu-ng nm
2010......................................................................................................................................32
4.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mt s cht kch khng n bnh chy l la
Alternaria padwickii ........................................................................................................41
Alternaria padwickii ............................................................................................................41
4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5
......................................................................................................................................41
4.3.1 nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5.......41
4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m
Q5.................................................................................................................................42
4.3.2 Kho st kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm gy bnh sang cy m Q5...42
4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca
nm Alternaria padwickii.............................................................................................43
4.3.3 Kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm
Alternaria padwickii.............................................................................................................43
4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht
ging la Q5 v Khang dn..........................................................................................45
4.3.4 nh hng cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn ht ging la
Q5 v Khang dn..................................................................................................................45
4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.............................................47
4.4.5 nh hng cc cht kch khng ti t l ny mm.....................................................47
4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m.................48
4.4 nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n kh nng pht trin ca cy m.....................48
PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51
PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51
iv
Chuyn tt nghip
5.1. Kt lun.....................................................................................................................51
5.1. Kt lun.........................................................................................................................51
5.2. ngh:.....................................................................................................................51
5.2. ngh:.........................................................................................................................51
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53
DANH MC BNG BIU

PHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1
1.1 t vn .........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu............................................................................................................2
1.2.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Yu cu.........................................................................................................................2
2.2.1 Khi nim......................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 C ch kch khng.........................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.......................................................................................................8
3.1 Vt liu nghin cu........................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Ging lua:....................................................................................................................21
3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..........................................................................................................21
Bng 3.1. Thnh phn cht kch khng thu thp c.........................................................21
3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:....................................................................................................25
3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...................................................................................................25
3.2 ia im nghin cu......................................................................................................25
3.3 Ni dung nghin cu......................................................................................................25
3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ........................................................................................................29
3.5 Phng php x l s liu..............................................................................................29
3.6 Cng thc tnh ton........................................................................................................29
PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nm bnh trn cc mu la ging ....................................................31
v Thu ng nm 2010........................................................................................................31
2010......................................................................................................................................32
Chuyn tt nghip
Bng 4.2. T l nhim v mc ph bin ca cc loi nm trn hai ging Q5 v Khang

dn........................................................................................................................................32
Bng 4.3 Kt qu gim nh nm bnh trn ht ging la v Thu ng nm 2010............34
Bng 4.4. nh hng ca nm Alternaria padwickii n t l ny mm ca ging la Q5 42
Bng 4.5 Kh nng truyn bnh t ht ging mang nm sang m Q5.................................42
Bng 4.6. nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria
padwickii nhit 30-35oC..............................................................................................43
Q5 v Khang dn..................................................................................................................45
Bng 4.7 nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l nhim nm Alternaria padwickii ca
ht ging la Q5 v Khang dn............................................................................................46
Bng 4.8 nh hng ca cht kch khng ti t l ny mm .............................................47
ca ht ging la Q5.............................................................................................................47
PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51
5.1. Kt lun.........................................................................................................................51
5.2. ngh:.........................................................................................................................51
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53
vi
Chuyn tt nghip
DANH MC HNH
PHN 1. M U................................................................................................................1
1.1 t vn .........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Mc ch-Yu cu............................................................................................................2
1.2.1. Mc ch.......................................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Yu cu.........................................................................................................................2
2.2.1 Khi nim......................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 C ch kch khng.........................................................................................................8
2.2.3 Cc loi kch khng.......................................................................................................8
3.1 Vt liu nghin cu........................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Ging lua:....................................................................................................................21
3.1.2 Cht kich khang:..........................................................................................................21
Hnh 3.1: Cng thc cu to ca Acidbenzolar-S-methyl....................................................22
Ngun: Wikimedia Commons.............................................................................................22
Hnh 3.2 : Cu trc tinh th ng khan (II) clorua...............................................................23
Hnh 3.3, 3.4: Dng khan v cng thc cu to ca Oxalic acid.........................................24
3.1.4 Dung cu thi nghim:....................................................................................................25
3.1.5 Mi trng nui cy:...................................................................................................25
3.2 ia im nghin cu......................................................................................................25
3.3 Ni dung nghin cu......................................................................................................25
3.4.2 Ch tiu theo di. ........................................................................................................29
3.5 Phng php x l s liu..............................................................................................29
3.6 Cng thc tnh ton........................................................................................................29
PHN 4. KT QU V THO LUN.............................................................................31
2010......................................................................................................................................32
Hnh 4.1: Kim nghim bnh nm hi ht ging la Q5......................................................36
Hnh 4.2: Ht nhim nm Alternaria padwickii...................................................................37
Hnh 4.3:Ht nhim nm Tilletia barclayana.......................................................................37
Hnh 4.4: Ht nhim nm Sarocladium oryzae....................................................................38
Hnh 4.5: Ht nhim nm Aspegilus ssp..............................................................................38
Hnh 4.6: Ht nhim nm Microdochium oryzae.................................................................39
Hnh 4.7: Bo t nm Alternaria padwickii.........................................................................39
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Hnh 4.8: Bo t nm Curvularia lunata..............................................................................40

Hnh 4.9: Bo t nm Rhizopus ssp.....................................................................................40
Hnh 4.10:Bo t nm Tilletia barclayana...........................................................................41
Hnh 4.11: nh hng ca mi trng nui cy n s pht trin ca nm Alternaria
padwickii..............................................................................................................................44
Hnh 4.12: Curvularia lunata sau 5 ngy nui cy trn mi trng PGA........................44
Hnh 4.13: Alternaria padwickii sau 5 ngy nui cy trn mi trng PGA...................44
Q5 v Khang dn..................................................................................................................45
Hnh 4.14 : nh hng ca cc cht kch khng n t l nm Alternaria padwickii trn
cc ging la.....................................................................................................................46
Hnh 4.15: nh hng ca cht kch khng n t l ny mm .....................................47
ca ging la Q5...............................................................................................................47
Hnh 4.16: nh hng ca cht kch khng n sc sng ca mm...............................49
Hnh 4.17: Mm ht la b cht do nhim nm Alternaria padwickii..............................50
Hnh 4.18: Ht la b nhim nm Alternaria padwickii...................................................50
PHN 5. KT LUN V NGH..................................................................................51
5.1. Kt lun.........................................................................................................................51
5.2. ngh:.........................................................................................................................51
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................................53
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT V CC K HIU

A.p : Alternaria padwickii
BVTV: Bo v thc vt
BTPS: Bo t phn sinh
CDR: Chiu di r
CDM: Chiu di mm
CMBT: Cy mm bnh thng
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CMBBT: Cy mm bt bnh thng

CSB: Ch s bnh
KNM: Khng ny mm
STT: S th t
TLB: T l bnh
TB: Trung bnh
ix
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10
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11

De Tai Nghien Cuu Anh Huong Cua Chat Kich Khang Phong Tru Nam Benh Hai Lua

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De Tai Nghien Cuu Anh Huong Cua Chat Kich Khang Phong Tru Nam Benh Hai Lua

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Chuyn tt nghip

Nguyn Th Qunh-Lp BVTV52A

Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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cy chng li bnh hi, c cc nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu t

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- Th nghim mt s cht kch khng nh clorua ng nng

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PHN 2.TNG QUAN TI LIU

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vch t bo vi sinh vt. Hai nhm enzim -1,3-glucanase v chitinase c tc

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- S hnh thnh papillae (vch dy) bn di a p ngn cn s xm

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Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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2.2.2 C ch kch khng.

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cao kh nng t v trong cy (Van Loon v ctv, 1998). Manandhar v ctv

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Theo Ouyang v ctv (1987), x l m bng c t nm Magnaporthe

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Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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Theo Thieron v ctv (1995) cy la c x l bng cht PAL v

Pseudomonas fluorescens 7 14 v P. patida v14 sng trong m thc vt gy

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Nguyn Th Qunh-Lp BVTV52A

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Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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Tnh khng bnh o n cy la c ghi nhn khi x l ht vi

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KH2PO4 c hiu qu ko di n 96 GSP, cn CuCl2 c hiu qu ko di n

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Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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Khoa Nng hc-Trng HNNHN

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Nhi u 838 la 0.5% va cac mu co ty l nhim nm Bipolaris oryzae cao a

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PHN 3. I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP

Ht ging, 7 ngy sau cy

Ht ging, 7 ngy sau cy

Ht ging, 7 ngy sau cy

Ht ging, 7 ngy sau cy

Ht ging, 7 ngy sau cy

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Hnh 3.1: Cng thc cu to ca Acidbenzolar-S-methyl