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Chng 1: Tng Quan Vt Liu.

I.Tnh cht c bn ca ht nano bc. I.1. Tnh cht hnh thi.
Ht bc kim loi thng c cu trc tinh th kiu mng lp phng tm mt (hnh 1.1), vi thng s ca c s l: a = 4.08, b = 4.08 , c = 4.08 , = 90, = 90, = 90 [5,14,15]. Cc nguyn t c b tr ti 8 nh ca hnh lp phng tng ng vi ta (000), (100), (110), (010), (001), (101), (111), (011); v 6 nguyn t b tr tm ca 6 mt ca c s tng ng c ta (1/2 0 1/2), (1 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1 1/2), (0 1/2 1/2), (1/2 1/2 0), (1/2 1/2 1). T ta c s nguyn t trong 1 c s l: 6*1/2+8*1/8=4. Ngoi ra, ht bc cn tn ti c cu trc lc gic [7, 17, 18]. Gin nhiu x tia X ca ht bc c cu trc lp phng tm mt (hnh 1.2) xut hin cc nh c trng v tr 38.140, 44.340, 65.540, 77.470 tng ng vi cc mt phng mng (111), (200), (220), (311) [6].
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc lp phng tm mt.

Hnh 1.2. Gin nhiu x tia X ca ht bc c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm mt [6].

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Nhm khng gian ca ht bc c cu trc lp phng tm mt v lc gic ln lt l P63/mmc(nhm 194) v Fm -3m (nhm 225). Nhiu cng trnh thc nghim cng b v ph tn x Raman ca ht bc, tu iu kin ch to m trn ph xut hin cc nh tn x s sng khc nhau. c bit ng ch l hin tng tng cng tn x c ngun gc t hin tng cng hng plasmon b mt.

I.2. Tnh cht hnh thi

tha mn nguyn l nng lng cc tiu, ty iu kin ch to m ht bc c th sp xp vi nhau theo cc kiu khc nhau (hnh 1.3) v hnh thnh nn nhiu hnh dng ca ht bc nh: hnh cu (sphere), que (rod), a phng (plate), tam gic (triangle), dy (wire), lp phng (cubic), dng hoa (flower), ht go (rice)...

Hnh 1.3: Cc kiu sp xp khc nhau ca ht bc [8].

Hnh dng hay gp nht ca ht bc l hnh cu vi ng knh t vi ti vi chc nanmt. Hnh 1.4 trnh by nh TEM ca ht bc ch to bng phng php ha kh [6]. Gc bc xut pht t mui bc nitrt, c kh bng cht kh thng dng l NaBH4. Qu trnh kh ht bc din ra trn nn micells gm (18-3(OH)18/n-heptane + 1-butanol/H2O) v ht bc sinh ra c phn tn trn nn ny. Vi mi trng phn tn c hot tnh b mt tt nh vy, ht bc hnh thnh di dng hnh cu c ng knh trung bnh 7nm v c s phn tch r rng.

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Hn h 1.4: nh TEM ca ht bc kh t mui bc nitrt bng NaBH4 phn b trong micell ca germini. Kch thc trung bnh ca cc ht l 7nm [6].

Dy nano bc c ch to bng cch kh mui bc nitrt vi ethylenglycol (EG) trong mi trng c cha polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [8]. PVP ng vai tr li bt gi cc tc nhn iu khin tc pht trin ca cc mt phng mng khc nhau, do tinh th c pht trin mt cch d hng trong mt mi trng c tnh ng hng cao, to iu kin dy nano pht trin (hnh 1.5).

Hnh 1.5: nh TEM ca dy nano bc ch to trn nn PVP[8].

Hnh 1.6: nh TEM ca a bc [8] c kch thc 283nm ch to vi CTAB (a) v m hnh xp cc phn t CTAB ln b mt ht bc (b).

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a nano [8] vi chiu dy 20 30nm v cnh 40 300nm cng ch to thnh cng bng cch kh bc trong mi trng hot ha b mt l CTAB. Do s hp th cc phn t CTAB mt phng mng (111) l tt hn so vi cc mt khc nn nhng phn t CTAB bao bc ht bc theo mt phng ny v to thnh a (hnh 1.6). Ht bc c dng hnh lp phng [8] c ch to bng cch kh bc nitrt trong mi trng c cha PVP (hnh 1.7). Cc khi hp c cnh c 175nm v c th thay i theo nng mui bc hay t s mol PVP so vi mui bc. Ht bc vi hnh dng ca bng hoa [9] c ch to bng cch kh bc nitrt vi axt acbic (hnh 1.7).

Hnh 1.7: nh TEM ca ht bc c dng hnh lp phng [8] v hnh bng hoa [9].

I.3. Tnh cht quang Hin tng cng hng plasmon b mt Hin tng cng hng plasmon b mt l hin tng cc ht nano kim loi hp th mnh nh sng kch thch khi tn s ca nh sng kch thch cng hng vi tn s dao ng plasma ca cc in t dn trn b mt ht kim loi (surface plasmon resonance, SPR).

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Hnh 1.8. Qu trnh dao ng tp th ca cc in t trn b mt ht kim loi, tng ng vi mt lng cc in dao ng [10].

Di tc dng ca in trng ca sng nh sng chiu ti, cc in t trn b mt ht kim loi s phn b li lm cho chng b phn cc in to thnh lng cc in (hnh 1.8). Tng tc ca cc lng cc in ny vi in trng ca sng nh sng gy ra hin tng cng hng trn [10, 20]. Hm in mi phc Vi mong mun thng nht in trng v t trng thnh mt trng thng nht, trng in t, Maxwell xy dng thnh cng h phng trnh m t tnh cht ca trng ny [28, 31]. T cc phng trnh ca Maxwell chng ta xy dng c phng trnh sng tt dn: E =
2 E E + . 2 2 c t 0 c 2 t

dn in c trng cho dn in ca mi trng, v hng s in mi c trng cho tnh cht in mi ca n. Ly nh Fourier ca cng in trng v cm ng in l E( ) v D( ) tha mn:
E (t ) =
+

E ()e

it

D (t ) =

D()e

it

Khi , hai nh Fourier ny lin h vi nhau theo cng thc

D () = 0() E () .

Hm c trng cho tng tc ca nh sng vi vt liu l

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hm in mi phc () = 1 ()+ i 2 (). y ta thy c s lin h cht ch gia tnh in mi v dn in ca mi trng [28]. Chit sut phc c trng cho mi trng:
~ ~ n = = n + i.

L thuyt Mie v hin tng plasmon cng hng L thuyt Mie c a ra vo nm 1908, xem xt tng tc ca cc ht dn in hnh cu trong mt mi trng ng nht vi vct cng in trng [10]. L thuyt Mie gii mt trong s cc phng trnh ca Maxwell m t tng tc ny. Ngy nay, l thuyt ny vn gi vai tr quan trng trong nghin cu cc ht nano kim loi v tnh n gin, v c li gii chnh xc cho phng trnh Maxwell. Trong tnh ton ca Mie, hm c trng cho tng tc - hm in mi - c coi l hm ca hai i s: bn knh R ca cc qu cu v tn s gc . Cc kt qu tnh ton ph hp vi cc hiu ng lin quan ti kch thc [10, 20].

Hnh 1.9: S xut hin cc bc x tng ng vi cc dao ng bc cao trong tng tc vi nh sng khi kch thc ht kim loi tng. a) Tng tc ca ht kim loi vi nh sng (ht c kch thc nh hn bc sng nh sng). b) Bc x lng cc. c) Bc x t cc ca ht c kch thc ln.

Khi coi cc ht kim loi c tnh i xng cu, chng ta c th xem xt in trng l mt trng a cc [10, 20] v tm dao ng a cc (hnh 1.9) ca cc ht

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ny trong tng tc vi vct cng in trng ca sng nh sng (lng cc, t cc). Khi ht c kch thc cng ln th s phn cc di tc ng ca in trng cng khng ng nht gia cc phn ca ht kim loi, dao ng bc cao cng tr nn ng k (hiu ng lch chun). Mie gii phng trnh Maxwell vi iu kin nh sng c xt nh sng phng tn x t ht nano hnh cu [10]. Ngoi tr b mt ht, nh sng c coi nh truyn thng trong mi trng ng hng, ng nht. Trong trng hp , phng trnh Maxwell c dng:
2E + k 2E = 0 2H + k 2 H = 0

Khi 1 () = -2m s xut hin nh hp th [7,30], tng ng vi cng hng plasmon b mt (SPR). Trong : m l hng s in mi ca mi trng, 1 l phn thc ca hm in mi ca kim loi. Bc sng ca nh hp th c tnh theo cng thc:
b max = A m B m + C a

vi A, B, C l cc hng s. Khi kch thc ht tng th nh ca ph hp th dch chuyn v pha bc sng di. Trong l thuyt ca Mie, vn cn mt s nhng thiu st, b qua nh hng ca mt s thng s khc ti tnh cht quang ca ht kim loi trong dung dch nh: nh hng ca nng dung dch ti cng hp th (tun theo nh lut Beer Lambert), nh hng ca mi trng ( nht) ti hin tng cng hng quang, hin tng cng hng quang hc khi ht khng c dng hnh cu, Nhng yu t ny cng c nghin cu trn c s thc nghim nhng cha c nhng l thuyt tnh ton thch ng. Tnh cht quang ca kim loi qu v ht bc

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Da trn nhng kt qu ca l thuyt Mie, ta c th gii thch c cc tnh cht c bn v nh hng ca iu kin ch to n tnh cht ca ht kim loi ni chung, ht bc ni ring. Khi ht kim loi c tnh i xng cu, cc phng dao ng l nh nhau v ch cng hng tn s khong 400nm vi ht bc [6-10, 17-19] v khong 530nm vi ht vng [20] (hnh 1.10).

Hnh 1.10. nh Plasmon cng hng ca ht bc (bn tri) v ht vng (bn phi) [3,30].

Hnh 1.11. Ph hp th ca ht bc (a) v vng (b) c hnh dng khc nhau [16, 20].

Nhng nghin cu ca Gans vo hai thp nin u ca th k 20 v thanh kim loi qu ch ra s hnh thnh thm mt nh hp th c cng rt ln bc sng di bn cnh nh plasmon khi chng dng hnh cu [10, 20]. Hnh 1.11 ch ra ph hp th ca ht bc v vng vi cc hnh dng khc nhau. Khi t s kch thc gim (t s gia chiu di v bn knh ca thanh), nh bc sng di b dch gn v nh tng ng vi khi ht kim loi qu dng hnh cu (hnh 1.12).

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Hnh 1.12: S ph thuc ca v tr nh hp th vo t s kch thc ca thanh bc.

Khi ht b dt to thnh hnh phng (plate) nh prism, disk th ph hp th thng xut hin mt nh gn trng vi khi n c dng cu, v thm mt vai c cng rt nh so vi nh hp th chnh s sng ngn hn [16].

Hnh 1.13. S ph thuc ca v tr nh plasmon vo kch thc ht nano theo tnh ton ca MiePlot v ht bc c kh t AgNO3 bng TSC [15].

Ngay c nh hp th chnh cng b dch v pha bc sng di khi kch thc cc ht cu tng. Hnh 1.13 ch ra s tng tuyn tnh ca v tr nh cng hng hp th khi kch thc ht kim loi tng. Mt trong cc phn mm c xy dng tnh ton tng tc gia cc ht nano kim loi vi nh sng l MiePlot, d on tng i chnh xc kt qu thc nghim [15].

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Khi nng dung dch cao hoc mi trng km hot ng b mt, kch thc ht to thnh thng ln, do nh plasmon cng hng b dch v bc sng di [10, 20]. Hin tng cng hng plasmon ny cng xut hin trong ph tn x Raman gy ra tn x Raman tng cng (enhancement Raman scattering) v l c s ng dng trong cng ngh chp nh c phn gii cao. I.4. Tnh dit khun Cu trc v hnh thi ca vi khun Vi khun l sinh vt n bo, c nhiu hnh thi, kch thc v cch sp xp khc nhau. ng knh ca phn ln vi khun nm trong khong 0.2 n 2.0m, chiu di c th khong 2.0 n 8.0m [30]. Nhng hnh dng ch yu ca vi khun l hnh cu, hnh que, hnh du phy, hnh xon, hnh c cung, hnh c si. V d nh trc khun i trng Escherichiacoli (E.Coli) c kch thc 2.50.5m (1 t vi khun E.Coli nng 1mg) v thng c dng hnh que.
Bng 1. So snh cu trc thnh t bo vi khun Gram dng v Gram m [30].

Thnh phn

T l %.wt trong thnh t bo (kh) Gram dng Gram m 5 20 0 20 Cao

Peptidoglycan Axit teicoic Lipoit Protein

30 95 Cao hu nh khng c Khng c hoc rt t

V vi khun c kch thc nh b m thng trong sut, nn rt kh soi ti (quan st trc tip di knh hin vi). Nm 1884, nh vi khun hc an Mch Hans Christian Gram pht minh ra phng php nhum mu Gram [30]. Vi phng php ny, ngi ta chia vi khun lm hai nhm ln l Gram m v Gram dng. Cu to c bn ca t bo vi khun gm c: thnh t bo (cell wall), mng t bo

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cht (cytoplasmic membrane), t bo cht (cytoplasm), th nhn (nuclear body), bao nhy, tin mao, khun mao, bo t [30]. Thnh t bo l lp ngoi cng c bn nht nh duy tr hnh dng t bo, c kh nng bo v t bo. Thnh phn cu to ca thnh t bo rt phc tp, gm c peptidoglycan, axit teicoic, lipoit v protein. Cu trc thnh t bo ca vi khun Gram m v dng l rt khc nhau (bng 1). Peptidoglican (PG) l mt loi polyme xp, kh cng v bn vng, bao quanh mng t bo nh mng li [30]. Cu trc c bn ca peptidoglycan gm c ba thnh phn: N- axetylglucozamin (NAG), axit N axetylmuramic (NAM) v tetrapeptit (Ph lc 1). to thnh mng li cng, tetrapeptit trn mi chui PG lin kt cho vi tetrapeptit trn chui PG khc. Axit teicoic l mt thnh phn c trng ca t bo vi khun Gram dng. Axit teicoic l polime ca ribitol v glixerol photphat lin kt vi PG hoc mng t bo cht (Ph lc 1). Do tch in m, axit teicoic gip cho vic vn chuyn cc ion dng vo, ra t bo d tr photphat. Lipit c cu to t cc ng v axit bo.

Hnh 1.14. Cu trc u v ui ca photpholipit [30].

Mng t bo cht (CM) hay cn gi l mng t bo hay mng cht c chiu dy 4 5nm. CM cu to bi 2 lp photpholipit (PL) v cc protein. Mi phn t PL c cu trc u v ui (hnh 1.14), cha mt u tch in phn cc, ho nc (photphat) v mt ui khng tch in, khng phn cc, k nc (hircacbon).

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Cc PL lm ha lng mng t bo v cho php cc protein di ng t do v rt cn thit cho cc chc nng ca mng. T bo cht (TBC) l mt vng dch keo cha cc cht ha tan trong sut v cc ht nh riboxom (70%.wt) vi khong 80% khi lng riboxom l nc. Trong TBC c protein, axit nucleic, hidratcacbon, lipit, cc ion v c C ch tiu dit vi khun ca ht bc S tn cng vi khun v virt ca cc cht dit khun l do chng tc ng n qu trnh tn ti, sinh trng hay sinh sn ca nhng vi sinh vt ny. C rt nhiu gi thuyt khc nhau v c ch dit khun ca ht bc. Ht bc tn cng v lm ph v cu trc ca mng t bo vi khun do tc ng c hc? Liu c s ph v lin kt ha hc khi xy ra phn ng gia ht bc vi cc v tr cha lu hunh v phtpho trn chui PL ca mng t bo hoc trong cc enzim bn trong t bo? Liu ht bc c kh nng gy bin i mi trng sng ca vi khun lm chng khng cn iu kin sinh trng v pht trin? Tt c nhng gi thuyt trn u ang gy tranh ci. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu chng t ch yu s tn cng ca ht bc n vi khun tp trung vo lp peptidoglycan ca thnh t bo vi khun [5,11 - 113]. Do , ht bc khng c kh nng tn cng n cc t bo ca ng vt bc cao, c bit l con ngi. y l l do khin ht bc c s dng lm tc nhn dit khun. Vi cc vi khun khc nhau, thnh t bo c chiu dy khc nhau, v thnh phn trn mng t bo khc nhau mt s im no khin chng c th d hay kh b tn cng bi cc tc nhn dit khun nh ht bc. Hnh 1.15 l nh chp TEM cho thy s tn cng ca cc nguyn t bc ti mng t bo vi khun E.Coli. Nhiu nghin cu khc cng khng nh s tn cng vo cc enzim bn trong t bo cht ca vi khun qua phn tch sn phm to thnh xung quanh vi khun sau khi n tip xc vi ht bc. Theo Sondi v Salopek Sondi, kh nng dit khun ca ht bc ti cc vi khun Gram m l do s hnh thnh cc pits bn trong thnh

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t bo vi khun [11]. Sau , bc c gom li trong mng t bo lm t bo tr nn thm thu tt tt c cc cht, tc l mt kh nng khng nguyn v s cht. Theo Amro [11], ht kim loi tn cng vo t bo gy ra s hnh thnh cc pits c hnh dng ln xn bn trong mng t bo v thay i kh nng thm thu ca n, v gii phng ra cc phn t lipopolisaccarit v protein. Chng ta c th tin hnh kim tra s tng cng cc axit nucleic v protein trong mi trng nui vi khun [11] qua xc nh s tng cng ca nh hp th (optical density - OD) bc sng khong 260nm v 595nm hoc s thay i ph hp th khi cc yu t vi lng c gii phng khi t bo vi khun. S tn cng vo ADN trong cc enzym ca t bo vi khun cng c th do bc nguyn cht b chuyn ho thnh ion bc v tn cng vo cc v tr cha phtpho ca ADN v c ch hot ng ca enzym.

Hnh 1.15. nh TEM ca t bo vi khun E.Coli khng tip xc vi ht bc (a) v tip xc vi ht bc (b) v hnh nh phng i (c v d).

Danilczuk v cng s khng nh kh nng dit khun ca ht bc l do hnh thnh cc gc t do c gn ht bc (Ag generated free radicals) qua nghin cu ESR ca ht bc [11]. Ion bc cng c chng minh l c kh nng dit khun [13]. C ch dit khun ca ion bc c gii thch l do lc ht tnh in ca cc ion bc mang in tch dng vi thnh t bo mang in tch m. Theo mt nhm nghin cu ca Canada, tc dng dit khun ca ion bc trong mui bc i vi Vibrio cholerae l do s gii phng cc proton dng H+ [13].
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II. Than hot tnh

II.1. S lc v than hot tnh Than hot tnh l 1 cht hp ph c s dng ph bin. N khng phi l mt n cht m c m t nh mt nhm cc cht. Thnh phn cu to chnh ca than hot tnh l cc nguyn t cacbon. to nn vt liu cacbon trong than hot tnh phi nh qu trnh cacbon ha hay cn gi l qu trnh hot ha. Nung vt liu cacbon ti nhit cao nhng di 8000C trong iu kin loi b khng kh, qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh than ha. Qu trnh hot ha c th l qu trnh nhit, vt l , ha hc. Trong sut qu trnh hot ha, trng thi xp ca vt liu cacbon tng ln. S phn b l cng b nh hng bi s tng xp. Than hot tnh c din tch b mt ln (t 500 ti 2500 m2/g). Do din tch b mt ln, than hot tnh c nhiu v tr c kh nng hp th. Cc l trong than hot tnh c phn chia thnh 3 nhm chnh: nhm l nh (d<2nm), nhm l va (2nm<d<5nm) v nhm l ln (d>5nm). [ 23-27] II.2. Cu trc ca than hot tnh II.2.1. Cu trc tinh th Thnh phn ch yu ca than hot tnh l cacbon, ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh cc oxit kim loi, cc oxit ny dng tro v hm lng ca n ph thuc vo nguyn liu ban u. Theo cc nghin cu ca Rnghen th than hot tnh bao gm cc vi tinh th cacbon. Cc vi tinh th ny to thnh lp, mi nguyn t cacbon trng thi lai ha sp2 lin kt vi 3 nguyn t cacbon xung quanh cng nm trn 1 lp. Trong cc lp, cc nguyn t cacbon sp xp thnh hnh 6 cnh, cc vng ny lin kt vi nhau thnh 1 lp v tn. Cc nguyn t cacbon khc lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc Van Der Waals nn than thng mm v s vo thy trn, khong cch gia cc nguyn t cacbon trong cng 1 lp l 1.415 A0 v ln hn so vi lin kt C C (1.39 A0)

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trong vng benzene, lin kt trong than hot tnh l khng n nh ch trong ton tinh th.[27]

Hnh 1.16: Cu trc khng gian ging mng Graphite ca than hot tnh Tuy nhin so vi cu trc mng li tinh th graphite th trong than hot tnh cc lp vi tinh th sp xp ln xn khng c trt t.

Hnh 1.17: Cu trc ca 1 lp than hot tnh

II.2.2. Cu trc xp

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Than hot tnh c c trng bi cu trc xp a phn tn, vi nhiu phng thc phn b th tch l theo kch thc. c tnh cu trc xp ca than hot tnh l cha cc loi l vi kch thc khc nhau, hnh 1.18

Hnh 1.18: Cu trc l xp ca than hot tnh

Theo Dubinin v cc cng s th than hot tnh l cht hp ph xp b c b mt bn trong kh pht trin (600 900 m2/g). Khi cha hot ha, trong than c cha cc tinh th sp xp theo cc hng khc nhau. S sp xp nh vy to ra v s khe h gia cc tinh th, khi hot ha cc tinh th b bo mn v to nn cc mao qun b. Ngoi ra Dubinin cn nghin cu thm v than hot tnh v nhn thy rng cc l xp b c to thnh bi 2 vng khc nhau, l vng gia khe h tinh th v k nt tinh th. Chnh h thng mao qun trong than hot tnh to ra cho chng xp v lm tng b mt bn trong. Nh c b mt bn trong pht trin lm cho than c kh nng hp ph cao. II.2.3. Cu trc b mt Cho n nay cu trc b mt ca than hot tnh vn tip tc c nghin cu, cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng trn b mt than hot tnh c Oxy dng lin kt. Trn b mt than hot tnh lun c mt lng Oxy lin kt ha hc vi cc nguyn t cacbon, ngay c khi gia cng tinh khit nht th than hot tnh cng cha

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t 1 2 % Oxy. Lng Oxy trn b mt khc nhau th tnh cht b mt ca than cng khc nhau. Phc cht ca Oxy v cacbon trn than hot tnh c gi l cc hp cht b mt. Ty theo iu kin v phng php iu ch than hot tnh m lng Oxy tham gia hp cht b mt c th thay i. Theo Dubini v Serpinki, khi hm lng Oxy t 2 3 % th phn c ph bi lp Oxy chim 4 % din tch b mt than hot tnh. Mt s tc gi khc th cho rng hm lng Oxy ln (khong 12%) th phn din tch c ph bi n lp Oxy s chim 19 20 %. Bng phng php chun in th, cc ng tm ra rng trn b mt than c cc nhm chc. Ngy nay nh phng php phn tch ha l hin i ngi ta xc nh c 1 cch nh tnh v xc nh c 1 s nhm chc nh: cacboxyl, hydroxyl, phenol, ekatol Khi hp th nhit thng, trn b mt than hot tnh to thnh cc Oxit b mt mang tnh baz. Do s hydrat ha s to thnh cc nhm hydroxit b mt ( OH ). Cc Oxit b mt c tnh axit c to thnh do s hp th ha hc Oxy trn than hot tnh nhit cao hn ( 350 4500 C ), khi hydrat ha s to thnh cc nhm cacboxyl trn b mt (- COOH). Tnh cht v nng Oxy trn b mt c nh hng ti trng thi hp ph ca than hot tnh. Cc Oxit b mt mang tnh axit to cho b mt hot tnh a nc, biu hin hp ph lng hi nc ln t s P/Ps nh. Cc nghin cu v s oxy ha than hot tnh cho thy khi mc oxy ha tng, hm lng cc nhm (- OH, -COOH) tng v tnh axit ca b mt than cng tng theo mc oxy ha. Ngoi cc nhm chc nu trn, trn b mt than hot tnh oxy ha cn cha cc nhm chc kiu phenol, lacton, quinon Dubinin v Frunkin tip tc nghin cu chi tit b mt than hot tnh v nghin cu v bn cht ca qu trnh tc dng ca than vi Oxy. Cc ng ch ra rng, Oxy c hp th ln than theo 2 c ch chnh, l hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc. Hp ph vt l xy ra t 0 1000 C, nhit hp ph khong 9000 10000 cal/mol. Trong pha kh khng thy xut hin cc oxit ca cacbon. Hp th ha hc xy ra nhit

Lun vn tt nghip cao hc

Khoa Vt L Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin

Nguyn Vn Sn

trn 2000 C, v nhit hp ph khong 20000 cal/mol. Trong pha kh c mt cc oxit ca cacbon (sn phm chy ca than). Trn b mt than hot tnh to thnh cc hp cht c c tnh axit. Trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu cng nh cc kt qu a ra cho thy rng s c mt ca cc oxit trn than hot tnh khng nh hng ti kh nng hp ph vt l i vi cc cht kh hi khng phn cc nhng li lm dch chuyn ng ng nhit hp ph v pha p sut thp. Tri li, kh nng hp ph cc cht kh phn cc ca than hot tnh tng ln r rt nh c tnh axit ca cc cht b mt.

Lun vn tt nghip cao hc