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2.1.
M U ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN.................................................................. 9
2.5.
2.6.
Bi tp v nh ...................................................................................................................... 16
CHNG 2 C S L THUYT V CC
THNG S C BN CA ANTEN
2.1. M U
nh ngha: Anten l mt cu trc c lm t nhng vt liu dn in tt c
thit k c hnh dng v kch thc sao cho c th bc x sng in t theo mt kiu
nht nh mt cch c hiu qu.
Nguyn l hot ng: Dng in thay i theo thi gian trn b mt anten gy ra
bc x sng in ( Hnh 2.1)
/2
a. t=T/4
b. t=T/2
(2.1)
E(r,t)=Re (r)e
(2.2)
= D
+ J
H
(2.3b)
= 0
B
(2.3d)
=
D
Trong ,
(2.3a)
J =
(2.3c)
(2.3e)
D = 0 E
Vi
B = 0 H
(2.4a)
(2.4b)
0 = 4107 (H/m)
E = 02 E 0J
(2.5)
Nh vy theo phng trnh (2.5), in trng c th tm trc tip khi bit phn b dng.
v th v
Trong thc t c th n gin ha bi ton bng cch s dng th vector A
hng .
= A
B
(2.6)
l t th vector v A
= 0
Vi A
(2.7)
=
E + A
(2.8)
= A
0 H
(2.9)
= A 2 A
0 H
(2.10)
0 0 E + 0J = A 2 A
(2.11)
+ 02 A
= 0J + ( A
+ 0 0 )
2 A
(2.12)
n gin ta chn:
= 0 0 ( iu kin Lorentz)
A
(2.13)
2 A + 02 A = 0J
(2.14)
2 + 02 =
(2.15)
(2.16)
Trong trng hp ngun l dng in thng ch c thnh phn song song vi trc z,
= z , khi Az l nghim ca phng trnh v hng:
= z th
2 + 02 = 0
(2.17)
Trong Jz=I/S, vi S l tit din ca phn t dng. Chnh v phn t dng c th tch
V=Sl cc nh nn ta c th coi phn t dng l mt ngun nh x ti mt im gc
ta . Chnh v ngun i xng cu do Az ch l hm ca r, khong cch t ngun
n im kho st bc x in t.
Do phng trnh (2.17) c th vit di dng ( vi r0)
1
t Az =/r, th
= 2
2
2
( 2
)+ 02 = 0
(2.18)
+ 02 = 0
(2.19)
V nghim th hai biu din phng trnh truyn sng c hng v pha ngun nn
khng th l phng trnh sng ca bc x in t xut pht t phn t ngun t ti
gc ta vi r = 0. Nh vy, chn nghim ban u v tnh ti bin thi gian th thu
c
(, ) = 1 0 +
6
(2.20)
(, ) = 1 ()
(2.21)
(2.22)
tnh C1 cho ngun l dng in nguyn t, tch phn 2 v ca phng trnh (2.17)
trong th tch hnh cu c bn knh r0 rt nh.
V 2 = V = S
(nh l divergence)
= ( ar ) 2 sin
= 02 V 0 V
(2.23)
ar =
lim
0 0 0
= (1 + 0 )1
0
2
(1 + 0 0 )1 0 0 sin = 41 = 0
0
1 = 4 0
l:
Nh vy li gii cui cng ca A
A = 0
az
4
(2.24)
(2.25)
Th vector c dng sng mt cu lan truyn ra ngoi khng gian vi bin gim t l
nghch vi khong cch r. Cc mt ng pha chnh l mt cu c tm l gc ta ni
t ngun v c bn knh r.
Vn tc pha chnh l vn tc nh sng c, v c=(00)-1/2
Bc sng : 0 =
2
0
= /2 =
A = 0
(ar cos a sin)
4
7
(2.26)
:
S dng (2.26) cho phng trnh (2.6) tm t trng H
H
= 1 A = sin (0 + 12 ) 0 a
(2.27)
:
S dng (2.16) hoc (2.3b) tm in trng E
A
= 1 H
= A
0 0
= ar + a
Trong ,
0 cos 0 1
(
+ ) 0
20 2 3
0 sin 02
40
0
2
3 ) 0
(2.28)
(2.29)
khu xa:
Nh vy khu xa (r0), ta c th b qua cc thnh phn c cha 1/r2 v 1/r3, trng
bc x s c dng:
0
E = 0 0 sin
a
4
0
H
= 0 sin
a
4
(2.30a)
(2.30b)
0 , 0 = ( 0 )1/2
0
E
H
= 0 ar E
Vi 0 = Z01
(2.31a)
(2.31a)
v t trng H
u ph thuc vo sin do trng khng
C cng in trng E
c tnh i xng cu.
Vector poynting phc:
E H
= 0 2 02 sin2
2
2 r2
1
(2.32)
Nh vy khu xa, vector poynting phc c dng thun thc, c hng trng vi hng
lan truyn. Cng sut bc x gim t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t ngun
r2 .
khu gn:
Khi r < 0, cc phn c cha 1/r2 v 1/r3 trong (2.27) v (2.29) chim u th v to ra
trng phn ng khu gn v tnh thun o ca vector poynting.
Khi k0r rt nh, 0 1, trng khu gn s c dng:
= sin
H
a
4 2
(2.33a)
1
0 sin
1
= 0 2cos
E
1
+
+
1
+
a
r
2
2
4
4
1
V k0r1, ta c th thay 1 +
tng in tch v :
bng
(2.33b)
0 (0 /0 )1/2
=
=
0
0
(0 /0 )1/2
= 3 [2cosar + sina ]
E
4
0
(2.33c)
Thng thng kiu bc x thng c biu din trong mt phng hai chiu. C
hai mt phng quan trng l mt E v mt H. Mt E cha vector cng in
trng E v hng bc x cc i. Mt H cha vector cng t trng H v hng
bc x cc i. Kiu bc x trong mt E v mt H ca dng in nguyn t c biu
din trong hnh (2.3b) v (2.3c).
Tia na cng sut: tia gia cc im m cng sut bc x bng mt na cng sut bc
x cc i
rng tia na cng sut: gc to bi hai tia na cng sut trong mt phng E hoc
mt phng H.
i vi bc x ca dng in nguyn t, rng tia na cng sut trong mt E bng
900. Trong mt phng H khng tn ti gc na cng sut.
Cng bc x: cng sut bc x trong mt n v gc c (gc khi). Cng bc
x c tnh bng tch ca vector Poynting vi bnh phng khong cch.
i vi dng in nguyn t, cng bc x U c dng:
=
1
H
= 0 2 02 sin 2
= 2 2 ReE
32
10
(2.34)
(a) Mt 3 chiu
90o
H
x
(b) Mt E
(c) Mt H
Hnh 2. 3 Kiu bc x ca dipole nguyn t
(, ) = =
0
= 4
(2.35)
0 2 02
322
0 0 sin2 sin
0 2 02
12
(2.36)
(2.37)
(, ) = 2 sin2
11
(2.38)
Hiu sut ca anten: l t l gia cng sut bc x v cng sut ton phn t vo
Anten.
(2.39)
= 4
= (, )
(2.40)
(2.41)
0 2 02
6
= 802 ( )2
0
(2.42)
Vi Z0=120, k0=2/0
12
(2.43)
r0
Ir0d
dA = 0 4
(ay cos ax sin ) 0
(2.44)
Vi R = 2 + 02 20 sin( +
Th vector ton phn:
(2.45)
A = 0 0 0 sin 0 a
4
(2.46)
khu xa: Vi = 02
Cng t trng:
H
= 1 A = 0 sin 0 a
Cng in trng:
13
(2.47a)
= 0 ar H
= 0 0 sin 0 a
E
4
(2.47b)
= 2 Re 0 0
2 0 04 2 2
=
16 2 0 0
2 0 04
12
(2.48)
in tr bc x ca vng in nguyn t:
4
6 r0
(2.49)
Rr = 320
0
V d: Vng in nguyn t c r0 = 10cm hot ng ti bc sng 1MHz c
0 J (r )dV ' jk R
e
4R
(2.50)
Vi
R = r r'
* Vng xa:
R r ar r '
14
(2.51)
z
r
d
ar
J
y
d = r R = r ar
x
Hnh 2. 5 Phn b dng bt k
A(r ) =
0 e jk r
J ( r ) e jk
4r V
0
0 ar r
dV '
(2.52)
jk0 Z 0e jk0r
E=
4r
[a J
r
( r)
ar J ( r ) e jk0 ar r dV '
(2.53a)
H = Y0 ar E
(2.53b)
jk0 Z 0 e jk0 r
E (r ) =
4r
[(a
(2.54)
E (r ) =
jk 0 Z 0 e jk0r
f ( , )
4r
15
(2.55)
Bi tp v nh
1. Hy tm rng tia na cng sut ca cc anten c cng bc x cho bi cc biu
thc di y vi 0 90, 0 360
(a) U ( ) = cos
(b) U ( ) = cos 2
(c) U ( ) = cos ( 2 )
(d) U ( ) = cos 2 ( 2 )
2. Hy tnh h s nh hng, h s nh hng cc i, li v li cc i ca cc
anten c cng bc x chun ha cho bi cc biu thc di y bit hiu sut ca
anten l 90%.
(a) U ( ) = cos 2
(b)
U ( ) = cos 3
(c)
U ( ) = sin
(d)
(0 /2, 0 2 )
(0 /2, 0 2 )
(0 , 0 2 )
U ( ) = sin sin
(0 , 0 )
(0 , 0 )
0/4
I ( z ) = I 0 cos(k0 z ) ( 0 / 4 z 0 / 4 )
-0/4
16