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CHNG 2 C S L THUYT V CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN ..................

2
2.1.

M U ....................................................................................................................... 2

2.2.

H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL, TH VECTOR V TH V HNG............. 3

2.3.

BC X CA DNG IN NGUYN T ............................................................... 5

2.4.

CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN.................................................................. 9

2.5.

BC X CA VNG IN NGUYN T ............................................................. 12

2.6.

BC X T CC PHN B DNG BT K ....................................................... 14

Bi tp v nh ...................................................................................................................... 16

CHNG 2 C S L THUYT V CC
THNG S C BN CA ANTEN
2.1. M U
nh ngha: Anten l mt cu trc c lm t nhng vt liu dn in tt c
thit k c hnh dng v kch thc sao cho c th bc x sng in t theo mt kiu
nht nh mt cch c hiu qu.
Nguyn l hot ng: Dng in thay i theo thi gian trn b mt anten gy ra
bc x sng in ( Hnh 2.1)

/2

a. t=T/4

b. t=T/2

Hnh 2. 1 Bc x in t trng ca anten dipole

Anten l mt cu trc m dng thay i theo thi gian v c cung cp t mt


ngun thch hp qua ng truyn hoc ng dn sng, c th b kch thch vi bin
ln. Thng thng cc anten thng c cu to n gin v kinh t. anten bc x
sng in t hiu qu th ln ca anten phi khng nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng.
Mt loi anten rt tiu biu l anten na sng, c cu to gm hai thanh vt dn, mi
thanh c chiu di bng bc sng v c ni vi ng truyn ti im gia.
Nu xc nh c phn b dng trn b mt anten th ta c th tnh ton c
ln ca bc x in t trng. Bi ton chnh ca l thuyt v k thut anten l xc nh
phn b dng in J trn b mt anten sao cho trng bc x tha mn cc iu kin
bin trn anten. Thng thng ta c th dng cc cng c ton hc gii gn ng bi
ton ny.
T c trng tuyn tnh ca h phng trnh Maxwell c th xc nh c phn b
trng tng khi bit phn b trng ca phn t dng. y chnh l cch tip cn

tnh ton trng bc x t mt anten. Nh vy cc phng trnh Maxwell, th vector v


th v hng l nhng cng c ton hc ch yu gii bi ton v Anten.
Chng 2 s trnh by v cc phng trnh Maxwell, p dng th vector, th v
hng v cc cng c ton hc khc gii h phng trnh Maxwell cho mt ngun
cho trc cng nh tnh ton trng bc x ca dng in nguyn t.
Phn tip theo trnh by cc thng s c bn ca anten bao gm: kiu bc x,
rng tia, h s nh hng, li v in tr bc x.
Phn cui cng tp trung vo cc phn t bc x c bn nh: phn t dng in
nguyn t, vng in nguyn t, dng t nguyn t v vng t nguyn t.

2.2. H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL, TH VECTOR V


TH V HNG
i tng ch yu ca l thuyt v k thut anten l kho st s bc x v thu trng
iu ha ~ e t. Dng in v trng s c biu din di dng cc vector m thnh
phn ca chng l cc s phc gm phn thc v phn o.
V d in trng c biu din di dng:

E(r) = (r)ax + (r)ay + (r)az

(2.1)

Khi trng thc c dng:

E(r,t)=Re (r)e

(2.2)

Cc phng trnh Maxwell dng vi phn c vit di dng:


= B

= D
+ J
H

(2.3b)

= 0
B

(2.3d)

=
D

Trong ,

(2.3a)

J =

E: vector cng in trng, V/m


: Vector cm ng in, C/m2
D

: Vector cng t trng A/m


H
: Vector cm ng t, n v, T
B
3

(2.3c)

(2.3e)

Trong mi trng chn khng,

D = 0 E
Vi

= 109 /36 (F/m)

B = 0 H

(2.4a)
(2.4b)

0 = 4107 (H/m)

T phng trnh (2.3a), (2.3b) v (2.4) ta c:

E = 02 E 0J

(2.5)

Vi = (0 0 )1/2 l s sng ca khng gian t do.

Nh vy theo phng trnh (2.5), in trng c th tm trc tip khi bit phn b dng.
v th v
Trong thc t c th n gin ha bi ton bng cch s dng th vector A
hng .

bng zero, do ta c th biu din B

T phng trnh (2.3d), ta c divergence ca B


di dng:

= A
B

(2.6)

l t th vector v A
= 0
Vi A

Thay (2.6) vo phng trnh (2.3a) ta c:


= 0
+ A
E

(2.7)

=
E + A

(2.8)

= A
0 H

(2.9)

Theo tnh cht ca vector th bt c vector no c zero curl u c th c biu din


di dng gradient ca mt hm v hng:

Ly curl hai v ca phng trnh (2.6) ta c:

= A 2 A
0 H

(2.10)

0 0 E + 0J = A 2 A

(2.11)

+ 02 A
= 0J + ( A
+ 0 0 )
2 A

(2.12)

Thay (2.3b) vo (2.10),

Thay (2.8) vo (2.11), ta c:

n gin ta chn:
= 0 0 ( iu kin Lorentz)
A

(2.13)

S dng iu kin Lorentz cho (2.12), ta c:

2 A + 02 A = 0J

(2.14)

Nu s dng (2.8) v (2.13) cho (2.3c), ta s thu c h phng trnh tng t h


phng trnh (2.14) i vi th v hng .

2 + 02 =

(2.15)

(2.15)S dng iu kin Lorentz cho (2.8), ta c:


( A)
= A
E

0 0

(2.16)

Trong trng hp ngun l dng in thng ch c thnh phn song song vi trc z,
= z , khi Az l nghim ca phng trnh v hng:
= z th
2 + 02 = 0

(2.17)

2.3. BC X CA DNG IN NGUYN T


Dng in nguyn t l l mt dng in thng rt mnh, rt ngn (l) so vi bc
sng v c hng song song vi trc z c t ti gc ta nh biu din trn hnh
2.2.

Hnh 2. 2 Dng in nguyn t trong h ta cu

Nh vy th vector ch c thnh phn theo phng (z) v l nghim ca phng trnh


(2.17):
2 + 02 = 0

Trong Jz=I/S, vi S l tit din ca phn t dng. Chnh v phn t dng c th tch
V=Sl cc nh nn ta c th coi phn t dng l mt ngun nh x ti mt im gc
ta . Chnh v ngun i xng cu do Az ch l hm ca r, khong cch t ngun
n im kho st bc x in t.
Do phng trnh (2.17) c th vit di dng ( vi r0)
1

t Az =/r, th

= 2
2
2

( 2

)+ 02 = 0

(2.18)

v phng trnh (2.18) s tr thnh:

+ 02 = 0

(2.19)

y l phng trnh dao ng iu ha n gin.


Phng trnh ny c hai nghim: 1 0 v 2 0 , vi C1 v C2 l cc hng s.

V nghim th hai biu din phng trnh truyn sng c hng v pha ngun nn
khng th l phng trnh sng ca bc x in t xut pht t phn t ngun t ti
gc ta vi r = 0. Nh vy, chn nghim ban u v tnh ti bin thi gian th thu
c
(, ) = 1 0 +
6

(2.20)

Vi k0=/c v c=(00)-1/2 l vn tc nh sng trong khng gian t do, ta c:

(, ) = 1 ()

(2.21)

y l phng trnh sng bc x vi tr pha k0r v thi gian tr r/c.


Nh vy nghim ca Az c dng:
= 1

(2.22)

tnh C1 cho ngun l dng in nguyn t, tch phn 2 v ca phng trnh (2.17)
trong th tch hnh cu c bn knh r0 rt nh.
V 2 = V = S

(nh l divergence)

= ( ar ) 2 sin

= 02 V 0 V

(2.23)

V ta chn r0 rt nh v Az l hm t l nghch vi r do tch phn khi ca Az rt


nh v c th b qua. Tch phn khi ca Jz chnh l Il.
Ta c:

ar =

lim

0 0 0

= (1 + 0 )1

0
2

(1 + 0 0 )1 0 0 sin = 41 = 0
0

1 = 4 0

l:
Nh vy li gii cui cng ca A

A = 0
az
4

(2.24)

(2.25)

Th vector c dng sng mt cu lan truyn ra ngoi khng gian vi bin gim t l
nghch vi khong cch r. Cc mt ng pha chnh l mt cu c tm l gc ta ni
t ngun v c bn knh r.
Vn tc pha chnh l vn tc nh sng c, v c=(00)-1/2

Bc sng : 0 =

2
0

= /2 =

T kt qu ca th vector (2.25), ta c th tm biu thc ca trng bc x bng cch s


dng (2.6) v (2.16).
Trc ht biu din th vector A theo cc thnh phn trong h ta cu:
0

A = 0
(ar cos a sin)
4
7

(2.26)

:
S dng (2.26) cho phng trnh (2.6) tm t trng H
H
= 1 A = sin (0 + 12 ) 0 a

(2.27)

:
S dng (2.16) hoc (2.3b) tm in trng E

A
= 1 H
= A

0 0

= ar + a

Trong ,

0 cos 0 1
(
+ ) 0
20 2 3

0 sin 02
40

0
2

3 ) 0

(2.28)

(2.29)

khu xa:
Nh vy khu xa (r0), ta c th b qua cc thnh phn c cha 1/r2 v 1/r3, trng
bc x s c dng:
0

E = 0 0 sin
a
4
0

H
= 0 sin
a
4

(2.30a)
(2.30b)

Nh vy khu xa trng bc x ch c thnh phn ngang, in trng v t trng


vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng ( sng TEM). T s bin
gia cng in trng v t trng chnh l tr khng sng ca khng gian t do

0 , 0 = ( 0 )1/2
0

Di dng vector, in trng v t trng quan h vi nhau theo cng thc:


= 0 ar H

E
H
= 0 ar E

Vi 0 = Z01

(2.31a)
(2.31a)

v t trng H
u ph thuc vo sin do trng khng
C cng in trng E
c tnh i xng cu.
Vector poynting phc:

E H
= 0 2 02 sin2
2
2 r2
1

(2.32)

Nh vy khu xa, vector poynting phc c dng thun thc, c hng trng vi hng
lan truyn. Cng sut bc x gim t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch t ngun
r2 .
khu gn:
Khi r < 0, cc phn c cha 1/r2 v 1/r3 trong (2.27) v (2.29) chim u th v to ra
trng phn ng khu gn v tnh thun o ca vector poynting.
Khi k0r rt nh, 0 1, trng khu gn s c dng:
= sin
H
a
4 2

(2.33a)

1
0 sin
1
= 0 2cos
E
1
+

+
1
+
a
r
2
2
4

4

1

V k0r1, ta c th thay 1 +

tng in tch v :

bng

(2.33b)

. Ta cng c th s thay I=jQ, vi Q l

0 (0 /0 )1/2
=
=
0
0
(0 /0 )1/2

Phng trnh (2.23b) s tr thnh:

= 3 [2cosar + sina ]
E
4
0

(2.33c)

Nh vy phn b trng khu gn ca phn t dng in tng t nh phn b trng


tnh ca mt dipole in. Mc d trng khu gn khng ng gp vo cng sut bc
x m ch lin quan n s tch t nng lng khu gn, nhng cn c tnh n khi
tnh tr khng ca anten.
Ta c th tm biu thc ca vector Poynting phc bng cc biu thc biu din cng
in t trng. Phn thc ca vector Poynting lin quan trc tip n bc x in t
trng cho bi biu thc (2.32).

2.4. CC THNG S C BN CA ANTEN


Bc x ca mt dng in nguyn t (dipole nguyn t) cn gi l bc x lng cc.
Phn ny s gii thiu cc thng s c bn ca anten dng m t cc c trng c
bn ca anten. Trong phn ny chng ta s kho st cc thng s c bn ca bc x t
phn t dng in.
Kiu bc x: Phn b tng i ca cng sut bc x nh l hm ca hng bc x
trong khng gian.

i vi bc x ca dng in nguyn t, khu xa vector Poynting c dng


thun thc v c biu din bi biu thc (2.32). Do cng sut bc x chnh l
phn thc ca vector Poyting v t l thun vi sin2 . Kiu bc x ca dipole nguyn
t c biu din trong hnh (2.3). Hnh (2.3a) biu din mt 3 chiu ca kiu bc x.

Thng thng kiu bc x thng c biu din trong mt phng hai chiu. C
hai mt phng quan trng l mt E v mt H. Mt E cha vector cng in
trng E v hng bc x cc i. Mt H cha vector cng t trng H v hng
bc x cc i. Kiu bc x trong mt E v mt H ca dng in nguyn t c biu
din trong hnh (2.3b) v (2.3c).
Tia na cng sut: tia gia cc im m cng sut bc x bng mt na cng sut bc
x cc i
rng tia na cng sut: gc to bi hai tia na cng sut trong mt phng E hoc
mt phng H.
i vi bc x ca dng in nguyn t, rng tia na cng sut trong mt E bng
900. Trong mt phng H khng tn ti gc na cng sut.
Cng bc x: cng sut bc x trong mt n v gc c (gc khi). Cng bc
x c tnh bng tch ca vector Poynting vi bnh phng khong cch.
i vi dng in nguyn t, cng bc x U c dng:
=

1
H
= 0 2 02 sin 2
= 2 2 ReE
32

Vi Pr l cng sut bc x ton phn, l gc c (gc khi).

10

(2.34)

(a) Mt 3 chiu

90o

H
x

(b) Mt E

(c) Mt H
Hnh 2. 3 Kiu bc x ca dipole nguyn t

H s nh hng: Cc anten thng khng bc x ng u theo mi hng. S thay


i ca cng bc x theo hng trong khng gian c m t bi hm h s nh
hng D(,). H s nh hng c nh ngha bng t l gia cng bc x v
cng bc x trung bnh.

(, ) = =
0

= 4

(2.35)

V d: Tnh h s nh hng ca dipole nguyn t.


Trc tin ta tnh cng sut bc x ton phn.
Thay d = sin vo biu thc (2.34),
= =

0 2 02
322

0 0 sin2 sin

0 2 02
12

(2.36)
(2.37)

Thay (2.34) v (2.37) vo (2.35) :


3

(, ) = 2 sin2

11

(2.38)

H s nh hng cc i: l thng s c trng cho kh nng tp trung nng lng


bc x theo mt hng cho trc ca anten
H s nh hng cc i ca dng in nguyn t t gi tr Dmax=3/2 khi =900.

Hiu sut ca anten: l t l gia cng sut bc x v cng sut ton phn t vo
Anten.

(2.39)

Thng thng hiu sut ca anten c gia tr gn bng 1.


li: c nh ngha tng t nh h s nh hng nhng thay cng sut bc x
bng cng sut ton phn t vo anten.
(, ) =

= 4

= (, )

(2.40)

li ca mt anten l mt thng s biu th y hn cho c tnh bc x ca anten


so vi h s nh hng v n khng ch biu th n thun c tnh nh hng ca
anten m cn biu th s tn hao trn anten.
H s EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) c tnh bng tch s gia cng sut
ton phn t vo anten li cc i ca anten.
=

(2.41)

in tr bc x: l in tr tng ng tiu th cng mt lng cng sut nh bc x


ca anten khi dng cung cp l nh nhau.
in tr bc x ca dng in nguyn t:
= /2||2 =

0 2 02
6

= 802 ( )2
0

(2.42)

Vi Z0=120, k0=2/0

V d: dipole nguyn t: l = 1m, f = 1MHz (0 = 300m), Rr = 0.0084

Nh vy in tr ca dipole nguyn t l rt nh do kch thc ca dipole nguyn t


cng rt nh so vi bc sng.

2.5. BC X CA VNG IN NGUYN T


Xt vng in nguyn t c bn knh r0 (r00), cng dng in I, t trong mt
phng xy vi trc ca vng in song song vi trc z nh biu din trong hnh (2.4). Do
bn knh ca vng in rt nh so vi bc sng nn c th xem vng in nguyn t

12

nh mt ngun im t ti gc ta . Vng in nguyn t ny tng ng vi mt


dipole t vi:
M
= 02 az

(2.43)

r0

Ir0d

Hnh 2. 4 Vng in nguyn t trong mt phng xy

Th vector ca phn t dng Ir0d:

dA = 0 4
(ay cos ax sin ) 0

(2.44)

Vi R = 2 + 02 20 sin( +
Th vector ton phn:

A = 2 0 0 (ay cos ax sin ) 0


0
4

(2.45)

Tnh tch phn trn ta thu c kt qu cui cng:


2

A = 0 0 0 sin 0 a
4

(2.46)

khu xa: Vi = 02
Cng t trng:

H
= 1 A = 0 sin 0 a

Cng in trng:

13

(2.47a)

= 0 ar H
= 0 0 sin 0 a
E
4

(2.47b)

Trng bc x ca vng in nguyn t c dng ging vi dng ca trng bc x ca


dng in nguyn t. khu xa vector cng in trng v vector cng t
trng ch c phng ngang, chng vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng
truyn sng.
Cng sut bc x ton phn ca vng in nguyn t:
2

= 2 Re 0 0

2 0 04 2 2
=

16 2 0 0

2 0 04
12

(2.48)

in tr bc x ca vng in nguyn t:
4
6 r0
(2.49)
Rr = 320
0
V d: Vng in nguyn t c r0 = 10cm hot ng ti bc sng 1MHz c

in tr bc x Rr= 3,8.10-3 (rt nh).

in tr bc x ca vng in nguyn t c gi tr rt nh do hiu sut bc x khng


cao nhng ph tn hiu rng. tng in tr bc x, ta c th tng s vng dy. Nu
dng N vng dy th in tr bc x s tng ln N2 ln. Anten vng thng dng lm
anten thu cho radio.

2.6. BC X T CC PHN B DNG BT K


Xt th tch V vi phn b dng J( ) trong hnh 2.5 . Phn t dng J( ) ng
gp vo th vector mt lng :

0 J (r )dV ' jk R
e
4R

(2.50)

Vi

R = r r'

* Vng xa:

R r ar r '

14

(2.51)

z
r

d
ar

J
y

d = r R = r ar
x
Hnh 2. 5 Phn b dng bt k

Ta c th thay R bng r i vi bin v s dng biu thc (2.51) cho s bin i v


pha. Th vector tm c c dng:

A(r ) =

0 e jk r
J ( r ) e jk

4r V
0

0 ar r

dV '

(2.52)

Thay (2.52) vo (2.6) v (2.28), ta c th tm c trng bc x khi ch tnh n


cc s hng cha 1/r

jk0 Z 0e jk0r
E=
4r

[a J
r

( r)

ar J ( r ) e jk0 ar r dV '

(2.53a)

H = Y0 ar E

(2.53b)

Khi dng in I phn b trn ng cong C, th PT(2.53) tr thnh

jk0 Z 0 e jk0 r
E (r ) =
4r

[(a

a )ar a I (l ' )e jk0 ar r ' dl '

(2.54)

Vi a l vector n v dc theo C theo hng ca dng in


* Tng qut :

E (r ) =

jk 0 Z 0 e jk0r
f ( , )
4r

Vi (,) : hm phng hng ca trng bc x.

15

(2.55)

Bi tp v nh
1. Hy tm rng tia na cng sut ca cc anten c cng bc x cho bi cc biu
thc di y vi 0 90, 0 360
(a) U ( ) = cos

(b) U ( ) = cos 2
(c) U ( ) = cos ( 2 )
(d) U ( ) = cos 2 ( 2 )
2. Hy tnh h s nh hng, h s nh hng cc i, li v li cc i ca cc
anten c cng bc x chun ha cho bi cc biu thc di y bit hiu sut ca
anten l 90%.
(a) U ( ) = cos 2
(b)

U ( ) = cos 3

(c)

U ( ) = sin

(d)

(0 /2, 0 2 )

(0 /2, 0 2 )

(0 , 0 2 )

U ( ) = sin sin

(0 , 0 )

(0 , 0 )

(e) U ( ) = sin sin 2

3. Tnh in tr bc x ca mt dipole nguyn t c chiu di bng 1/500 bc sng.


4. Tnh in tr bc x ca vng in nguyn t c bn knh vng in r0=5cm v hot
ng bc sng 5MHz. Nu dng 10 vng dy th in tr bc x ca anten thay i
th no so vi trng hp ch c mt vng dy?
5. Hy s dng phng trnh (2.53b) v (2.54)
tnh trng bc x (cng in trng E,
cng t trng H) khu xa ca mt anten
dipole na sng (hnh 2.6) c phn b dng cho
bi biu thc:

0/4

I ( z ) = I 0 cos(k0 z ) ( 0 / 4 z 0 / 4 )

-0/4

Hnh 2. 6 Anrten dipole na sng

16

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