BI TON V T IN

A. KIN THC C BN I. Kin thc v t in + nh ngha: T in l mt h hai vt dn t gn nhau. Mi vt dn gi l mt bn ca t in. Khong khng gian gia 2 bn t c th l chn khng hay l b chim bi mt cht in mi no + nh ngha v t in phng: L mt h gm 2 tm kim loi phng c kch thc ln, t i din nhau v song song vi nhau

+ nh ngha in dung ca t in: Thng s c trng cho kh nng tch in ca t in v c gi l in dung ca t in, k hiu l C

C=

c n v l Fara (F)

+ Cng thc tnh in dung ca t in phng:

C= l

(trong S l phn din tch i din ca 2 bn, d l khong cch gia 2 bn v hng s in mi) II. Kin thc v mch t

Trong thc t mun c t in vi in dung thch hp hay mun c hiu in th cn thit ta phi ghp cc t in thnh b t in. C 2 cch ghp c bn l: ghp song song v ghp ni tip + Ghp song song:

+ Ghp ni tip:

B. phng php chung 1. Nghin cu v s thay i in dung ca t in phng + Khi a mt tm in mi vo bn trong t in phng th chnh tm l mt t phng v tong phn cp phn in tch i din cn li to thnh mt t iin phng. Ton b s to thnh mt mch t m ta d dng tnh in dung. in dung ca mch chnh l in dung ca t khi thay i in mi. + Trong t in xoay c s thay i in dung l do s thay i in tch i din ca cc tm. Nu l c n tm th s c (n-1) t phng mc song song. 2. Bi ton v mch t in ch yu l tnh in tch v hiu in th tong t in trong mch C th vch ra chin lc gii loi bi ton ny nh sau: 2.1. Quy c du in tch trn cc tm t in 2. 2. Phn tch mch in v vch k hoch gii 2.2.1. Nu mch ch gm cc t cha tch in th vit s mch, cn c vo s tch dn in dung t mch nh n mch ln c hiu in th cho (hay phi tm) ri li t in tch ca mch tnh dn n in tch v hiu in th ca tng t. 2.2.2. Nu mch gm nhiu on mch c t in, in tr, ngun in mc ni tip th: Tnh xem trong mch c dng in khng: Nu c dng in th: Tm cng dng in trong cc on mch. T cng dng in ny tnh hiu in th hai u on mch Dng cng thc q = Cnt tnh in tch trong t in.

Nu khng c dng in th: - Vit phng trnh in tch cho tong on mch (1) - Vit phng trh in tch cho cc tm ni vi mt nt theo quy tc: Tng in tch m ca cc tm ni vi mt nt th bng tng in tch dng ca cc tm ni vi nt (2) Thay phng trnh (1) vo phng trnh (2) tnh hiu in th hai u on mch. Sau thay hiu in th tnh c vo phng trnh (1) tnh in tch cc t in. Ch : Trong trng hp mch c nhiu nt th tnh in th tng nt bng cch chn in th ti mt nt no bng 0. 2.2.3. Nu cc t in c tch in ri mi mc vo mch hay c mt s bin i no v mch th cn phI vch ra mt chin lc gii khc: + Tnh in tch cc t in trc khi c s bin i + Vit phng trnh ca nh lut bo ton in tch cho cc tm trc v sau khi ni vi nhau vo mt nt. + Vit phng trnh hiu in th hai u on mch cha cc t in Phi hp hai phng trnh gii bi ton.

C. Mt s bi ton p dng

V d 1: Mt t in phng c in dung C0. Tm in dung ca t in khi a vo bn trong t mt tm in mI c hng s in mi , c din tch i din bng mt na din tch mt tm, c chiu dy bng mt phn ba khong cch hai tm t, c b rng bng b rng tm t, trong hai trng hp sau:

Bi gii:

a) i vi hnh (a) s c ba t in

Ba t ny c mc theo s : (C1 nt C2) // C3

- T in C1 in mi , c din tch i din l S/2 c khong cch gia 2 tm bng d/3 c in dung : C1 = - T in C2 l t khng kh c din tch i din S/2, khong cch gia 2 tm bng 2d/3

v c in dung: C2 = - T in C3 l t khng kh c din tch i din l S/2, khong cch gia 2 tm bng d v c in dung:

C3 =

T ta tnh c C = C0

b) i vi hinh (b) c 5 t c mc theo s : C3// (C2 nt C1 nt C4) // C5 - T C3 l t khng kh c din tch i din l S3 , khong cch gia 2 tm l d3 = d, c

in dung C3= - T C4 l t in khng kh c din tch i din l S4, khong cch gia 2 tm l d4, c

in dung C4= - T C1 l t in mi c din tch i din l S1 v khong cch gia 2 tm l d1, c in

dung C2 = - T C2 l t in khng kh c din tch i din l S2, khong cch gia 2 tm l d2, c

in dung C2=

- T C5 l t khng kh c din tch i din l S5,

khong cch gia 2 tm l d, c in dung C5 = Trong S1 = S2 =S4

T ta cng d dng tnh c C = C0 Nhn xt: - Vi mi v tr ca tm in mi trong t in th in ung ca b t s khng thay i - Vi nhng bi ton ny hc sinh phn ln l cha hnh dung cc t c ghp nh th no V d 2: Cho mch t nh hnh, bit: C1 = 6 F, C2 =4 F, C5 = 2 F. Hy tnh in dung ca b Bi gii: Du in tch trn cc tm ca t in c quy c nh trn hnh v: Gi in tch ca b t l q, th q = q1 + q3 = q2 + q4 F, C3 = 8 F, C4 = 5

in dung ton mch khi l: C = Chn in th ti nt B bng 0: VB = 0 Phng trnh in tch ti cc nt l: Nt C : q1 = q2 + q5 Nt D : q4 = q3 + q5 (1) (2) VA = U

Phng trnh in tch ca tng t in = 6U 6VC (3) = 4VC (4)

q1 = C1(VA VC) q2 = C2 (VC VB)

q3 = C3 (VA VD) = 8U 8VD q4 = C4( VD - VB) = 5VD q5 C5(VC VD) = 2VC -2VD

(5) (6) (7)

Gii h gm 7 phng trnh trn ta c: VC =

VD =

T ta rt ra c :

q1 =

v q3 =

q=

C=

Nhn xt : Hc sinh cha thnh tho vic chn in th ti mt nt no bng 0 , vit phng trnh in tch cho tng nt v cng vic gii h cn han ch

V d 3: Cho mach t nh hnh, bit cc t in c cn in dung l C. Hy tnh in tch cc t in Bi gii: Du in tch ca cc tm t c quy c nh trn hnh. Chn in th ti nt C bng 0: VC = 0 Ta c : VD VC = E2 VD = E 2

- p dng phong trnh in tch cho cc on mch ta c: q1 = C = CVA + CE1 (1) (2) (3)

q2 = C(VC - VA) = - CVA q3 = C(VD - VA) = CE2 - CVA

q4 = C

(4)

- p dng phong trnh in tch cho cc tm ni vi nt A ta c: q1 = q2 + q3 + q4 (5)

Gii h cc phng trnh trn ta c:

VA =

Thay gii tr VA vo cc phng trnh (1) n (4) ta c:

q1 = C

q2 = - C

q3 = C

q4 = C

Nhn xt: Phn ln hc sinh s gp lng tng khi gp nhng bi ton tng t nh bi trn (Nhng bi ton m trong mch t c nhiu ngun). Khi ta xem ngun nh mt dy ni v phng trnh in tch cho cc tm ni vi mt nt no c vit bnh thng (Xem phng trnh (5) ca v d 3 th cc bn s hiu c). Mt iu ng ch na l vic quy c du ca cc tm t l tu , nu kt qu cui cng c gi tr m th du trn cc tm t s c i li. V d 4: em tch in cho t in C1 = 3 F n hiu in th U1 = 300V, cho t in C2 = 2 F n hiu in th U2 = 220V ri: a) Ni cc tm tch in cng du vi nhau b) Ni cc tm tch in khc du vi nhau c) Mc ni tip hai t in (hai bn m c ni vi nhau) ri mc vo hiu in th U = 400V. Tm in tch v hiu in th ca mi t trong tong trng hp trn.

Bi gii: - in tch ca cc t trc khi mc thnh mch in: q1 = C1U1 = 900 C, a) Khi ni cc tm cng du vi nhau (hnh a) Coi cc t c mc song song : U1 = U2 q2 = C2U2 = 400 C

p dng nh lut bo ton in tch cho 2 tm a v c : q1 + q2 = q1 + q2 =1300 C1U1 + C2U2 = 1300 3U1 + 2U2 = 1300 = 260V q1 = 780 C, q2 = 520 C U1 = U2

b) Khi ni cc tm khc du vi nhau:

U1 = U2

- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch cho 2 tm a v d : q1 + q2 = q1 - q2 = 500 C1U1 + C2U2 = 500 3U1 + 2U2 = 500 q1 = 300 C, c) Khi mc ni tip cc t in Gi s in tch cc tm t in c du nh hnh v U1 + U2 = U = 400V (1) U1 = U2 = 100V q2 = 200 C

p dng dnh lut bo ton in tch cho 2 tm b v d - q1 + q2 = - q1 - q2 = -1300 - C1U1 + C2U2 = - 1300 - 3U1 + 2U2 = -1300 T (1) v (2) ta c U1 = 420V, q1 = 1260 C, (2)

U2 = - 20V q2 = -40 C