Din n vt l Ninh Hi

1



I. CNG SUT:
Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu: P = UIcos = I
2
R =
2
2
Z
R U
.
- H s cng sut: cos =
Z
R
=
R
U
U

- ngha ca h s cng sut cos
+ Trng hp cos = 1 tc l = 0: mch ch c R, hoc mch RLC c cng hng in (Z
L

= Z
C
) th
P = P
max
= UI =
R
U
2
= I
2
R
+ Trng hp cos = 0 tc l =
2

: Mch ch c L, hoc ch c C, hoc c c L v C m

khng c R th P = P
min
= 0.
- R tiu th nng lng di dng to nhit, Z
L
v Z
C
khng tiu th nng lng ca ngun in
xoay chiu.
* nng cao h s cng sut ca mch bng cch mc thm vo mch cun cm hoc t in
thch hp sao cho cm khng v dung khng ca mch xp x bng nhau cos ~ 1.
i vi cc ng c in, t lnh, nng cao h s cng sut cos gim cng dng
in.

II. C S L THUYT GII BI TON HP EN
1. Cc cng thc.
+ Nu gi s: i = I
0
coset
th hiu in th hai u mch in U
AB
= U
o
cos(et + )
+ Cm khng: Z
L
= eL
+ Dung khng: Z
C
=
C
1
e

+ Tng tr Z =
2
C L
2
) Z Z ( R +
+ nh lut m: I =
Z
U
I
Z
U
0
0
=
+ lch pha gia u v i: tg =
R
Z Z
C L


+ Cng sut to nhit: P = UIcos = I
2
R
H s cng sut: K = cos =
Z
R
UI
P
=
2. Gin vc t
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

2
* C s:
+ V dng in lan truyn vi vn tc c 3.10
8
m/s nn trn mt on mch in khng
phn nhnh ti mi thi im ta coi ln v pha ca cng dng in l nh nhau ti mi
im.
+ Hiu in th tc thi hai u on mch u
AB
= u
R
+ u
L
+ u
C

* Cch v gin vc t
V i khng i nn ta chn trc
cng dng in lm trc gc, gc ti
im O, chiu dng l chiu quay lng
gic.


3. Cch v gin vc t trt
Bc 1: Chn trc nm ngang l
trc dng in, im u mch lm gc
( l im A).

Bc 2: Biu din ln lt hiu
in th qua mi phn bng cc vc t

NB ; MN ; AM ni ui nhau theo nguyn tc: R - i ngang; L - i ln; C - i xung.
Bc 3: Ni A vi B th vc t AB chnh l biu din u
AB

Nhn xt:
+ Cc hiu in th trn cc phn t c biu din bi cc vc t m ln ca cc vc t
t l vi hiu in th hiu dng ca n.
+ lch pha gia cc hiu in th l gc hp bi gia cc vc t tng ng biu din
chng.
+ lch pha gia hiu in th v cng dng in l gc hp bi vc t biu din n
vi trc i
+ Vic gii bi ton l nhm xc nh ln cc cnh v gc ca tam gic da vo cc
nh l hm s sin, hm s cosin v cc cng thc ton hc.
U
A
B
i
+
U
A
N
UL
UC
UR
A
M
B
N
UL
UR
UAB
O
U + L UC
UC
i
+
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

3
DNG 1: Tnh cng sut tiu th bi on mch in xoay chiu
A
B C
b
a
c

Trong ton hc mt tam gic s
gii c nu bit trc ba (hai cnh 1
gc, hai gc mt cnh, ba cnh) trong su
yu t (3 gc v 3 cnh).

lm c iu ta s dng nh l hm s sin hoc Cosin.
+
Si nC
a
Si nB
b
Si n
a
= =
+ a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
- 2bccosA
b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
- 2accosB
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
- 2abcosC





Cch gii:
- p dng cc cng thc:
+ Cng thc tng qut tnh cng sut: cos P UI =
+ Vi on mch RLC khng phn nhnh, c th tnh cng sut bi: P UI = cos
+ H s cng sut (on mch khng phn nhnh): cos
P R
UI Z
= =
Bi tp
T LUN:
Bi 1: Mc ni tip vi cun cm c ri mc vo ngun xoay chiu. Dng vnk c
rt ln o hai u cun cm, in tr v c on mch ta c cc gi tr tng ng l 100V,
100V, 173,2V. Suy ra h s cng sut ca cun cm
Bi gii
Theo bi ra :
Ta c:


H s cng sut ca cun cm:
0
0 0
0
50
cos 0, 5
100
R
LR LR
U
R
Z U
= = = =
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

4
Bi 2: t mt hiu in th xoay chiu c tn s gc vo hai u cun dy c R, L th cng
sut tiu th ca on mch l P
1
. Nu ni tip vi cun dy mt t in C vi
2
2 1 LC = v t
vo hiu in th trn th cng sut tiu th l P
2
. Tnh gi tr ca P
2
Bi gii
Cng dng in trc khi mc t in C:
1
2 2
L
U
I
R Z
=
+

Cng dng in sau khi mc thm t in C l:
2
2 2
( )
L C
U
I
R Z Z
=
+

Do
2
2 1 2
L C
LC Z Z = = Suy ra
2
2 2
( )
L
U
I
R Z
=
+

Suy ra I
2
=I
1
P
2
=P
1

Bi 3 : Cho mt on mch in gm mt bin tr R mc ni tip vi mt t in c in
dung . t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th xoay chiu vi tn s gc
. Thay i R ta thy vi hai gi tr ca th cng sut ca on mch u bng
nhau. Tch bng:
Bi gii
Khi
Khi
V v

Vi:

Bi 4: Cho on mch in xoay chiu RLC mc ni tip. t vo hai u mch mt hiu
in th n nh u = U
o
cos(2tft). V th biu din s bin i ca cng sut tiu th P ca
on mch in khi cho in tr R ca on mch thay i t 0
Bi gii:

Din n vt l Ninh Hi

5
R
O
P
P
max
R = b
+ Cng sut tiu th:
b R
aR
) Z Z ( R
RU
RI P
2 2
C L
2
2
2
+
=
+
= =
+ Ly o hm ca P theo R:
2 2
) b R (
) R b ( a
' P
+

=

P' = 0 R = b
+ Lp bng bin thin:
+ th ca P theo R













TRC NGHIM:
Bi 1: Chn cu ng. Hiu in th gia hai u mt on mch xoay chiu l:
u = 100 2 cos(100tt - t/6)(V) v cng dng in qua mch l i = 4 2 cos(100tt - t/2)(A).
Cng sut tiu th ca on mch l:
A. 200W. B. 600W. C. 400W. D. 800W.
CHN A
Bi 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu RLC mc ni tip, c R l bin tr. t vo hai u on mch
hiu in th xoay chiu c biu thc 120 2 cos(120 ) u t = V. Bit rng ng vi hai gi tr ca
bin tr :R
1
=18O,R
2
=32O th cng sut tiu th P trn on mach nh nhau. Cng sut ca on
mch c th nhn gi tr no sau y: A.144W B.288W C.576W
D.282W
Bi gii
p dng cng thc:
2
1 2
( )
L C
R R Z Z =
1 2
24
L C
Z Z R R = = O
Vy
1
2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2
2
288
( ) ( )
L C L C
U U
P R R W
R Z Z R Z Z
= = =
+ +
CHN
B
R
P'
P
0 b

0 +

P
max
0
0
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

6
Bi 3: Khi t mt hiu in th u = 120cos200t (V) vo hai u on mch gm cun dy c L =
200
R
. Khi h s cng sut ca mch l:
A.
2
2
B.
4
2
C.
2
3
D.
3
3
Bi 4: t mt hiu in th u = 250cos(100 t )V vo hai u on mch gm cun cm c L =
0.75
H
t
v in tr thun R mc ni tip. cng sut ca mch c gi tr P =125W th R c gi
tr
A. 25O
B. 50O
C. 75O
D. 100O
CHN A
Bi 5: Mt mch xoay chiu R,L,C khng phn nhnh trong R= 50O, t vo hai u mch mt hiu
in th U=120V, f=0 th i lch pha vi u mt gc 60
0
, cng sut ca mch l
A. 288W B. 72W C. 36W D. 144W
CHN B
Bi 6: Mt cun cm mc ni tip vi mt t in, t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th
xoay chiu c U=100(V) th hiu in th hai u cun dy l U
1
=100(V), hai u t l
U
2
=
2 . 100
(V). H s cng sut ca on mch bng:
A). .
2
3
B). 0. C).
2
2
. D). 0,5.
CHN C
CHN A


7
Bi 7: Cho on mch RLC, R = 50W. t vo mch u = 100
2
sint(V), bit hiu in th gia
hai bn t v hiu in th gia hai u mch lch pha 1 gc /6. Cng sut tiu th ca mch l
A. 100W B. 100 3 W C. 50W D. 50 3 W
CHN C

Dng 2: nh iu kin R,L,C cng sut t cc tr

Cch gii:
- Da vo cc cng thc c lin quan, lp biu thc ca i lng cn tm cc tr di dng hm
ca 1 bin thch hp
- Tm cc tr bng cc phng php vn dng
+ Hin tng cng hng ca mch ni tip
+ Tnh cht ca phn thc i s
+ Tnh cht ca hm lng gic
+ Bt ng thc Cauchy
+ Tnh cht o hm ca hm s

CC GI TR CC I


Cng sut cc i:

2
2
2 2
L C
U
P = RI = R
R +(Z - Z )

R i:
2 2
2
2 2
L C L C
U U
P = RI =
(Z - Z ) +(Z - Z )
=
+
2
R
R
R
R

P
max
khi
L C
R Z Z =
2
max
2
L C
U
P
Z Z
=

L i:
2
2 2
C
U
P R
R +( - Z )
L
=
Z

P
max
khi
C
- Z
L
Z =0
L
Z =
C
Z P
max
=
2
U
R

C i:
2
2 2
L
U
P R
R +(Z - )
C
=
Z

P
max
khi
C
- Z
L
Z =0
C
Z =
L
Z




8
L
C
K
W
V
~
R
A
Dng bi tp R i:
T LUN:
Bi 1: Cho mch in xoay chiu gm cun dy c
4
r 50 ; L H
10
= O =
t
, v t in c in
dung
4
10
C

=
t
F v in tr thun R thay i c. Tt c c mc ni tip vi nhau, ri t vo
hai u on mch c hiu in th xoay chiu u 100 2 cos100 t(V) = t . Cng sut tiu th trn in
tr R t gi tr cc i khi R c gi tr bng bao nhiu ?
Bi gii
L C
Z 40 ; Z 100 = O = O
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
L C L C L C
U R U U
P
(Z Z ) (Z Z ) (R r) r (R r) (Z Z )
R 2r
R R R R
= = =
+ + +
+ + + +

p dng BT csi:
2 2
2 2 L C
L C
r (Z Z )
R 2 r (Z Z )
R
+
+ > +

Du = xy ra khi
2 2 2 2
L C
R r (Z Z ) 50 60 78.1 = + = + = O
Bi 2:Cho mch in RLC ni tip, trong cun L thun cm, R l bin tr .Hiu in th
hiu dng U=200V, f=50Hz, bit Z
L
= 2Z
C
,iu chnh R cng sut ca h t gi tr ln nht th
dng in trong mch c gi tr l I= . Tnh gi tr ca C, L
Bi gii
P max khi v ch khi:
L C
R Z Z = hay ( 2 )
C L C
R Z doZ Z = =
Khi , tng tr ca mch l 100 2( )
U
Z
I
= = O Hay
2 2
( ) 100 2
L C
R Z Z + =

1 1
100
10
C
C
Z C mF
Z
= O = =
2
2 200
L
L C
Z
Z Z L H

= = O = =
Bi 3: Cho mch in nh hnh v bn, cc dng c o khng nh hng g n mch in.
1. K m: R=R
1
. Vn k ch 100V, Wat k ch 100W, ampe k ch 1,4= 2 A.
a.Tnh R
1
v cm khng cun dy.
b.Cho R bin thin. Cng sut tiu th mch cc i khi R bng
bao nhiu? Tnh h s cng sut ca mch lc .
Bi gii
1.K m: a) U=100(V), P=P
R
=100W, I= 2 A.
P=I
2
R
1
100=( 2 )
2
R
1
R
1
=50()
Z=
I
U
=
2 2
1 L
Z R + =50 2 Z
L
=50 .


9
b) P=I
2
R R
Z
U
2
) ( = =
2 2
2
L
Z R
R U
+
=
R
Z
R
U
L
2
2
+

P
Max
(
R
Z
R
L
2
+ )min . Thy R.
R
Z
L
2
=Z
L
2
=hng s.
Nn (
R
Z
R
L
2
+ )min R=
R
Z
L
2
R=Z
L
=50().
Cos=
Z
R
=
2 50
50
0,7
1. K ng: Z
c
=
C
1
=100().
a) V gin vec t quay Frecnel. t =(
OL O
I I
R
).
Ta c: sin =
OC
OL
OL
OC
U
U
I
I
= (
R O OC
U U = ).

2 2
2 .
OL OC
OC
OL
C
L
OL
OC
U U
U
U
Z
Z
U
U
= = (*).
Mt khc:
2 2
L
2
O O OC
U U U + = , T (*) thay vo ta c: U
L
=U=100(V).
Theo trn: sin = 4 /
2
2
= =
OC
OL
U
U

Nn: I
R
=I
C
=U
c
/
100
= 2 U
L
/
100
= 2 (A).
V I A I I I I
L C L
= = = + = ) ( 2 4
2 2
R
2

b) Watt k ch : P=I
R
2
.R=200W.





10
BI TP P DNG
Bi 1: Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v 1,
200cos100 ( )
AB
u t V = , t c in dung
) (
. 2
10
4
F C

=
,
cun dy thun cm c t cm
) (
10
8
H L

=
, R bin i
c t 0 n 200O.
1. Tm cng thc tnh R cng sut tiu th P ca mch cc i. Tnh cng sut cc i .
2. Tnh R cng sut tiu th P =
Max
P
5
3
. Vit biu thc cng dng in khi .
S:1)
L C max
R Z Z 120 , P 83.3W = = O =
2) R 40 , i 1.58cos(100 t 1.25)(A) = O = t +

Bi 2:Cho mch in nh hnh v , cun dy thun
cm. t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th c gi
tr hiu dng khng i, c dng:
u U 2 cos100 t(V) = t .
1. Khi bin tr R = 30 O th hiu in th hiu dng
U
AN
= 75V; U
MB
= 100V. Bit cc hiu in th u
AN
v u
MB
lch pha nhau gc 90
0
. Tnh cc
gi tr L v C.
2. Khi bin tr R = R
1
th cng sut tiu th ca mch in l cc i. Xc nh R
1
v gi tr cc i
ca cng sut. Vit biu thc ca cng dng in khi .
S: 1) L ~0,127H, C ~141,5 F
2)R
1
= 17,5O,P
Max
=138W
Bi 3: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Cc vn k c
in tr v cng ln. t vo hai u AB mt hiu in th
xoay chiu:
AB
u 240 2 cos100 t(V) = t .
1. Cho R = R
1
= 80 O, dng in hiu dng ca mch I
= 3 A, Vn k V
2
ch 80 3 V, hiu in th gia
hai u cc vn k lch pha nhau gc t/2. Tnh L, C.
2. Gi L, C, U
AB
khng i. Thay i R n gi tr R
2

cng sut trn on AN t cc i. Tm R
2
v gi tr
cc i ca cng sut. Tm s ch ca vn k V
1
khi .
S: 1) L ~ 0,37H, C~= 69 F ;
Bi 4: Cho mch in RLC ni tip, cun dy thun cm c t cm
1
L H =
t
, t c in dung
C=15,9 F v in tr R thay i c. t vo hai u A,B mt hiu in th
AB
u 200cos100 t(V) = t .
1. Chn R = 100 3 O. Vit biu thc dng in qua mch.
2. Cho cng sut ca mch l P = 80W. Tnh R? Mun cng sut ca mch ny t cc i th
phi chn R l bao nhiu? Tnh P
Max
khi .
3. Tnh R cho u
AN
v u
MB
lch pha nhau mt gc t/2.
S:1) i 1cos(100 t )A
6
t
= t + ;
C L
B
M
C R L
N

Hnh 1
B R A
B
A
V1
N
C
R

L,r M
V2


11
2)
1 2 MAX
R 200 , R 50 , R 100 P 100W = O = O = O = 3) R 100 2 = O

TRC NGHIM:
Bi 1: on mch xoay chiu mc ni tip gm t in
4
10
C

=
t
F , cun dy thun cm L=
t 2
1
H v
in tr thun c R thay i. t vo hai u on mch hiu in th xoay chiu c gi tr hiu
dng U = 80V v tn s f = 50 Hz. Khi thay i R th cng sut tiu th trn mch t gi tr cc i
l:
A. P
max
= 64W B. P
max
=100W C. P
max
=128W D. P
max
=150W
=> CHN A
Bi 2: Cho mch in RLC ni tip, trong cun L thun cm, R l bin tr .Hiu in th hiu
dng U=200V, f=50Hz, bit Z
L
= 2Z
C
,iu chnh R cng sut ca h t gi tr ln nht th dng
in trong mch c gi tr l I= . Gi tr ca C, L l:
A.
1
10
m

F v
2
H

C.
3
10
mF v
4
H

B.
1
10
F v
2
mH

D.
1
10
mF v
4
H

Bi gii: P UI = hay
2 2
2 2
( )
L C
U U
P
Z
R Z Z
= =
+

Vy P max khi v ch khi:
L C
R Z Z = hay ( 2 )
C L C
R Z doZ Z = =
Khi , tng tr ca mch l 100 2( )
U
Z
I
= = O
Hay
2 2
( ) 100 2
L C
R Z Z + =
1 1
100
10
C
C
Z C mF
Z
= O = =
2
2 200
L
L C
Z
Z Z L H

= = O = = CHN
A
Bi 3: Mt on mch gm bin tr R mc ni tip vi mt t in C. hiu in th gia 2 u on
mch c biu thc
0
cos ( ) u U t V = . Hi phi cn iu chnh R n gi tr no cng sut to nhit
trn bin tr t cc i ? Tnh cng sut cc i .
A)
2
max
;
2
CU P
C
R

= = B)
2
max
2 ;
1
CU P
C
R

= =
C)
2
max
5 , 0 ;
2
CU P
C
R

= = D.)
2
max
1
; 0, 5 R P CU
C

= =
Bi 4: Cho mch in nh hnh v :
V
A R L,r C B
=>CHN D


12
Von k c in tr v cng ln.
AB
u = 200 2cos100t (V) .
L = 1/2 (H), r = 20 ( O), C = 31,8.10
-6
(F) .
cng sut ca mch cc i th R bng
A. 30 ( O); B. 40 ( O); C. 50 ( O); D. 60 ( O).
CHN A
Bi 5: Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v.C = 318F ; R l bin tr ;ly
1
0.318 ~
t
. Hiu in
th
Hai u on mch AB :u
AB
= 100 2 cos 100 tt (V)
a. Xc nh gi tr R
0
ca bin tr cng sut cc i. Tnh P
max

b. Gi R
1
, R
2
l 2 gi tr khc nhau ca bin tr sao cho cng sut ca mch l nh nhau. Tm mi
lin h gia hai i lng ny.
A. R
0
= 10O; P
max
= 500 W; R
1
. R
2
= R
2
0
.
B. R
0
= 100O; P
max
= 50 W; R
1
. R
2
= R
2
0
.
C. R
0
= 100O; P
max
= 50 W; R
1
. R
2
= R
2
0
.
D. R
0
= 10O; P
max
= 500 W; R
1
. R
2
= 2R
2
0
.
CHN A
Bi 6: Mt mch R, L, C mc ni tip (cun dy thun cm) L v C khng i R thay i c. t
vo hai u mch mt ngun in xoay chiu c hiu in th hiu dng v tn s khng i, ri
iu chnh R n khi cng sut ca mch t cc i, lc lch pha gia u v i l
A. t/4 B. t/6 C. t/3 D. t/2
CHN A
Bi 7: Mt cun dy c in tr thun r = 15O, t cm L =
t 5
1
H v mt bin tr thun c
mc nh hnh v, 100 2 cos100 ( )
AB
u t V = A R L,r B
Khi dch chuyn con chy ca bin tr. Cng
sut to nhit trn bin tr c th t gi tr cc i l.
A. 130 W. B. 125 W. C. 132 W. D. 150 W
CHN
B
Bi 8: Mt on mch gm bin tr R mc ni tip vi cun dy c t cm L = 0,08H v in
tr thun r = 32O. t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th dao ng iu ho n nh c tn
s gc 300 rad/s. cng sut to nhit trn bin tr t gi tr ln nht th in tr ca bin tr
phi c gi tr bng bao nhiu?
A. 56O. B. 24O. C. 32O. D. 40O.
CHN
D
Dng bi tp L,C i:
T LUN:
A B
C R


13
Bi 1:Cho on mch xoay chiu sau:

R 100 = O(in tr thun)
C 31.8 = F
4
10

~
t
F
L: t cm thay i c ca mt cun thun cm
Hiu in th gia hai u AB ca on mch c biu thc:
u 200cos314t(V) 200cos100 t(V) = ~ t
a)Tnh L h s cng sut ca on mch t cc i.Tnh cng sut tiu th ca on mch lc
.
b)Tnh L cng sut tiu th ca on mch cc i.V pht ha dng th ca cng sut tiu
th P ca on mch theo L.
Bi gii:
a)Tnh L trong trng hp 1:
-H s cng sut ca on mch l:
2 2
L C
R R
cos
Z
R (Z Z )
= =
+

Khi L bin thin, cos s c gi tr ln nht nu c:
2
L C
Z Z 0 LC 1 = e =
Do :
4 2
2
1 1 1
L 0.318H
10 C
(100 )

= = = ~
e t
t
t

Z R = Cng sut tiu th bi on mch l:
2
2
2
2
200
U U
2
P I R R 200W
Z R 100
| |
|
| |
\ .
= = = = =
|
\ .

b)Tnh L trong trng hp 2:
- Cng sut tiu th bi on mch c biu thc:
2
2
2
2 2
L C
U RU
P I R R
Z R (Z Z )
| |
= = =
|
+
\ .

Khi L bin thin, P ln nht nu c:
2
L C
Z Z 0 LC 1 = e =
2
1
L 0.318H
C
= =
e
2
max
U
P 200W
R
= =
- S bin thin ca P theo L:
-
2
L 0 2 2
C
RU
L 0 Z L 0 P 100W
R Z
= = e= = =
+

-
L
L Z P 0

=
L C max
L 0.318H Z Z 0 P 200W = = =
Bi 2: Cho mch in RLC mc ni tip, vi L thay i c. Hiu in th hai u mch
l 120 2 cos(100 ) u t = (V), 30 R = O,
4
10
( ) C F

= . Hy tnh L :
1. Cng sut tiu th ca mch l
L B R A C


14
2. Cng sut tiu th ca mch l cc i. Tnh
3. l cc i v tnh
Bi gii
1.


Mt khc
suy ra (c hai gi tr ca )



2. (1)
khi (c cng hng in).
Suy ra
Tnh . T (1) suy ra

3. (2)
Bin i y ta c

(3)
Mun cc i th y phi cc tiu . T (3) ta thy :


15

Thay vo (2) :
Khi
Suy ra


16
Bi 3: Cho mch in RLC mc ni tip vi C thay i c. Hiu in th hai u on mch l
120 2 cos(100 ) u t = , 30 R = O,
1
( ) L H

= . Hy tnh C :
1. Cng sut tiu th ca mch l ,
2. Cng sut tiu th ca mch l cc i. Tnh ,
3. l cc i v tnh .
Bi gii
1) = = = = =
Mt khc = + =
vi = = =
Vy = = =
C 2 gi tr ca
= = = = =
v = = = = =
2) = = (1)
Ta thy khi = 0 = (c cng hng in)
Suy ra = = =
Tnh . T (1) suy ra
= =
3) = = = =
vi y l biu thc trong du cn. Bin i biu thc ta c
- 2 = - =
Mun cc i th y phi cc tiu
y l hm bc hai ca x nn = - = - = (3)
khi = = =


17
suy ra = =
Thay (3) vo (2) ta c = =


18

Dng 3: Bi ton hp en

Phng php gii
gii mt bi ton v hp kn ta thng s dng hai phng php sau:

a. Phng php i s
B
1
: Cn c u vo ca bai ton t ra cc gi thit c th xy ra.
B
2
: Cn c u ra ca bi ton loi b cc gi thit khng ph hp.
B
3
: Gi thit c chn l gi thit ph hp vi tt c cc d kin u vo v u ra ca bi
ton.

b. Phng php s dng gin vc t trt.
B
1
: V gin vc t (trt) cho phn bit ca on mch.
B
2
: Cn c vo d kin bi ton v phn cn li ca gin .
B
3
: Da vo gin vc t tnh cc i lng cha bit, t lm sng to hp kn.
* Trong mt s ti liu c vit v cc bi ton hp kn thng s dng phng php i s,
nhng theo xu hng chung th phng php gin vc t (trt) cho li gii ngn gn hn, logic
hn, d hiu hn.



19
UC0
UR0
UM N
UAM
N
A
B
UAB
M
i
1. Bi ton trong mch in c cha mt hp kn.
V d 1: Cho mch in nh hnh v:
U
AB
= 200cos100tt(V)
Z
C
= 100O ; Z
L
= 200O
I = 2 ) A ( 2 ; cos = 1; X l on mch gm hai trong ba phn t (R
0
, L
0
(thun), C
0
) mc
ni tip. Hi X cha nhng linh kin g ? Xc nh gi tr ca cc linh kin .
Gii
Cch 1: Dng phng php gin vc t trt.
Hng dn Li gii
B
1
: V gin vc t cho on mch
bit
+ Chn trc cng dng in lm
trc gc, A l im gc.
+ Biu din cc hiu in th u
AB
;
u
AM
; u
MN
bng cc vc t tng ng.

* Theo bi ra cos = 1 u
AB
v i cng pha.
U
AM
= U
C
= 200 2 (V)
U
MN
= U
L
= 400 2 (V)
U
AB
= 100 2 (V)
Gin vc t trt


V U
AB
cng pha so vi i nn trn NB (hp X) phi cha
in tr R
o
v t in C
o
.
B2: Cn c vo d kin ca bi ton

NB
U xin gc v tr pha so vi
i nn X phi cha R
o
v C
o

B3: Da vo gin U
Ro
v U
Co
t
+ U
Ro
= U
AB
IR
o
= 100 2
R
o
= ) ( 50
2 2
2 100
O =
+ U
Co
= U
L
- U
C

A
C
B N M
X


20
tnh R
o
; C
o

I . Z
Co
= 200 2
Z
Co
= ) ( 100
2 2
2 200
O =
C
o
= ) F (
10
100 . 100
1
4
t
=
t


Cch 2: Dng phng php i s
Hng dn Li gii
B1: Cn c u vo ca bi ton
t cc gi thit c th xy ra.
Trong X c cha R
o
&L
o
hoc R
o

v C
o

B2: Cn c u ra loi b cc
gi thit khng ph hp v Z
L
> Z
C

nn X phi cha C
o
.
B3: Ta thy X cha R
o
v C
o
ph hp
vi gi thit t ra.
* Theo bi Z
AB
= ) ( 50
2 2
2 100
O =
1
Z
R
cos = =
V trn AN ch c C v L nn NB (trong X) phi cha R
o
,
mt khc: R
o
=Z Z
L
(tng) = Z
C
(tng) nn Z
L
= Z
C
+Z
Co

Vy X c cha R
o
v C
o

O = = =
O = =
) ( 100 100 200 Z Z Z
) ( 50 Z R
C L C
AB 0
o

C
o
= ) F (
10
4
t

Nhn xt: Trn y l mt bi tp cn kh n gin v hp kn, trong bi ny cho bit
v I, chnh v vy m gii theo phng php i s c phn d dng. i vi nhng bi ton v hp
kn cha bit v I th gii theo phng php i s s gp kh khn, nu gii theo phng php
gin vc t trt s thun li hn rt nhiu. V d 2 sau y l mt bi ton in hnh.

V d 2: Cho mch in nh hnh v
U
AB
= 120(V); Z
C
= ) ( 3 10 O
R = 10(O); u
AN
= 60 6 cos100 ( ) t v
U
AB
= 60(v)
a. Vit biu thc u
AB
(t)
b. Xc nh X. Bit X l on mch gm hai trong ba phn t (R
o
, L
o
(thun), C
o
) mc ni
tip
A
C
B N M
X
R


21
Gii:
a. V gin vc t cho on mch bit A
Phn cn li cha bit hp kn cha g v vy ta gi s n l mt vc t bt k tin theo chiu
dng in sao cho: NB = 60V, AB = 120V, AN = 60 V 3
+ Xt tham gic ANB, ta nhn thy
AB
2
= AN
2
+ NB
2
, vy l tam gic vung
ti N
tgo =
3
1
3 60
60
AN
NB
= =


6
t
= o U
AB
sm pha so vi U
AN
1 gc
6
t

Biu thc u
AB
(t): u
AB
= 120 2 cos 100
6
t

| |
+
|
\ .
(V)
b. Xc nh X
T gin ta nhn thy NB cho ln m trong X ch cha 2 trong 3 phn t nn X phi cha
R
o
v L
o
. Do ta v thm c
0 0
L R
U v U nh hnh v.
+ Xt tam gic vung AMN:
6 3
1
Z
R
U
U
tg
C C
R
t
= | = = = |
+ Xt tam gic vung NDB

) V ( 30
2
1
. 60 si n U U
) V ( 3 30
2
3
. 60 cos U U
NB L
NB R
O
O
= = | =
= = | =

Mt khc: U
R
= U
AN
sin| = 60 ) v ( 3 30
2
1
. 3 =

t
=
t
= O = = =
O = = =

= =
) H (
3
1 , 0
3 100
10
L ) (
3
10
3 3
30
I
U
Z
) ( 10
3 3
3 30
I
U
R
) A ( 3 3
10
3 30
I
O
L
L
R
O
O
O
O

U
A
B
UC
UR
A
M
N
B
i
U
A
N
U
N
B
UR0
Ul 0
D


22
A
C
B N M
X
R
* Nhn xt: y l bi ton cha bit trc pha v cng dng in nn gii theo phng
php i s s gp rt nhiu kh khn (phi xt nhiu trng hp, s lng phng trnh ln gii
rt phc tp). Nhng khi s dng gin vc t trt s cho kt qu nhanh chng, ngn gn, ... Tuy
nhin ci kh ca hc sinh l ch rt kh nhn bit c tnh cht
2
NB
2
AN
2
AB
U U U + = . c s
nhn bit tt, hc sinh phi rn luyn nhiu bi tp c k nng gii.
V d 3: Cho mch in nh hnh v:
U
AB
= cost; u
AN
= 180 2 cos 100 ( )
2
t V

| |

|
\ .

Z
C
= 90(O); R = 90(O); u
AB
= 60 2 cos100 ( ) t V
a. Vit biu thc u
AB
(t)
b. Xc nh X. Bit X l on mch gm hai trong ba phn t (R
O
, L
o
(thun), C
O
) mc ni
tip.
Phn tch bi ton: Trong v d 3 ny ta cha bit cng dng in cng nh lch pha
ca cc hiu in th so vi cng dng in nn gii theo phng php i s s gp nhiu kh
khn. V d 3 ny cng khc v d 2 ch cha bit trc U
AB
c ngha l tnh cht c bit trong
v d 2 khng s dng c. Tuy nhin ta li bit lch pha gia u
AN
v u
NB,
c th ni y l mu
cht gii ton.
Gii
a. V gin vc t cho on mch bit AN. Phn cn li cha bit hp kn cha g, v
vy ta gi s n l mt vc t bt k tin theo chiu dng in sao cho u
NB
sm pha
2
t
so vi u
AN

+ Xt tam gic vung ANB
* tgo =
3
1
180
60
U
U
AN
NB
AN
NB
= = =
o ~ 80
0
= 0,1t(rad)
u
AB
sm pha so vi u
AN
mt gc 0,1t
*
2
NB
2
AN
2
AB
U U U + = = 180
2
+ 60
2
~ 190
0
U
Ab
= 190(V)

A
C
B N M
X
R
U
A
B
UC
UR
A
M
N
B
i
U
A
N
U
N
B
UR0
Uc 0
D


23
biu thc u
AB
(t): u
AB
= 190 2 cos 100 0,1
2
t


| |
+
|
\ .

= ( ) 190 2 cos 100 0, 4 ( ) t V
b. T gin ta nhn thy NB cho ln m trong X ch cha hai trong 3 phn t trn X phi
cha R
O
v L
O
. Do ta v thm c
O O
L R
U v U nh hnh v.
+ Xt tam gic vung AMN: 1
90
90
Z
R
U
U
tg
C C
R
= = = = |
| = 45
0

U
C
= U
AN
.cos| = 180. ) A ( 2
90
2 90
Z
U
I 2 90
2
2
C
C
= = = =
+ Xt tam gic vung NDB
) ( 30
2
2 30
R ) V ( 2 30
2
2
. 60 cos U U
0 NB R
O
O = = = = | =
| = 45
0
U
Lo
= U
Ro
= 30 2 (V) Z
Lo
= 30(O)
) H (
3 , 0
100
30
L
O
t
=
t
=
Nhn xt: Qua ba th d trn ta hiu c phn no v phng php gii bi ton hp kn
bng gin vc t trt, cng nh nhn ra c u th ca phng php ny. Cc bi tp tip theo
ti s cp n bi ton c cha 2 hoc 3 hp kn, ta s thy r hn na u th vt tri ca
phng php ny.
2. Bi ton trong mch in c cha hai hp kn
V d 1: Mt mch in xoay chiu c s nh hnh v.
Trong hp X v Y ch c mt linh kin
hoc in tr, hoc cun cm, hoc l t in.
Ampe k nhit (a) ch 1A; U
AM
= U
MB
= 10V

U
AB
= 10 V 3 . Cng sut tiu th ca on mch AB l P = 5 6 W. Hy xc nh linh kin
trong X v Y v ln ca cc i lng c trng cho cc linh kin . Cho bit tn s dng in
xoay chiu l f = 50Hz.
* Phn tch bi ton: Trong bi ton ny ta c th bit c gc lch (Bit U, I, P )
nhng on mch ch cha hai hp kn. Do nu ta gii theo phng php i s th phi xt rt
nhiu trng hp, mt trng hp phi gii vi s lng rt nhiu cc phng trnh, ni chung l
A B M
Y
a
X


24
vic gii gp kh khn. Nhng nu gii theo phng php gin vc t trt s trnh c nhng
kh khn . Bi ton ny mt ln na li s dng tnh cht c bit ca tam gic l: U = U
MB
;
U
AB
= 10
AM
U 3 V 3 = tam gic AMB l A cn c 1 gc bng 30
0
.
Gii:
H s cng sut:
UI
P
cos =

4 2
2
3 10 . 1
6 5
cos
t
= = =
* Trng hp 1: u
AB
sm pha
4
t
so vi i
gin vc t
V:

=
=
AM AB
MB AM
U 3 U
U U

AAMB l A cn v U
AB
= 2U
AM
coso coso =
10 . 2
3 10
U 2
U
AM
AB
=
coso =
0
30
2
3
= o
a. u
AB
sm pha hn u
AM
mt gc 30
0

U
AM
sm pha hn so vi i 1 gc
X
= 45
0
- 30
0
= 15
0

X phi l 1 cun cm c tng tr Z
X
gm in tr thun R
X
v t cm L
X

Ta c: ) ( 10
1
10
I
U
Z
AM
X
O = = =
Xt tam gic AHM:
+
0
X X
0
X R
15 cos Z R 15 cos U U
X
= =
R
X
= 10.cos15
0
= 9,66(O)
+ ) ( 59 , 2 15 si n 10 15 si n Z Z 15 si n U U
0 0
X L
0
X L
X X
O = = = =
) mH ( 24 , 8
100
59 , 2
L
X
=
t
=
Xt tam gic vung MKB: MBK = 15
0
(v i xng)
i
M
URX
ULX
K
U
A
B
U
Y
URY
ULY
A
H
B
4
5
0
3
0
0
1
5
0
U


25
U
MB
sm pha so vi i mt gc
Y
= 90
0
- 15
0
= 75
0

Y l mt cun cm c in tr R
Y
v t cm L
Y

+ R
Y
=
X
L
Z (v U
AM
= U
MB
) R
Y
= 2,59(O)
+
X L
R Z
Y
= = 9,66(O) L
Y
= 30,7m(H)
b. u
AB
tr pha hn u
AM
mt gc 30
0

Tng t ta c:
+ X l cun cm c tng tr
Z
X
= ) ( 10
1
10
I
U
AM
O = =
Cun cm X c in tr thun R
X
v t cm L
X
vi R
X
= 2,59(O); R
Y
=9,66(O)
* Trng hp 2: u
AB
tr pha
4
t
so vi i, khi
u
AM
v u
MB
cng tr pha hn i (gc 15
0
v 75
0
).
Nh vy mi hp phi cha t in c tng tr Z
X
,
Z
X
gm in tr thun R
X
, R
Y
v dung khng C
X
,
C
Y
. Trng hp ny khng th tho mn v t in
khng c in tr

.
Nhn xt: n bi ton ny hc sinh bt u cm thy kh khn v n i hi hc sinh
phi c c phn on tt, c kin thc tng hp v mch in xoay chiu kh su sc. khc phc
kh khn, hc sinh phi n tp l thuyt tht k v c k nng tt trong b mn hnh hc.

Khi mc hai im A, B vo hai cc ca mt ngun in xoay chiu tn s 50Hz th I
a
= 1(A), U
v1
=
60v; U
V2
= 80V,U
AM
lch pha so vi U
MB
mt gc 120
0
, xc nh X, Y v cc gi tr ca chng.
V d 2: Cho hai hp kn X, Y ch cha 2
trong ba phn t: R, L (thun), C mc ni tip. Khi
mc hai im A, M vo hai cc ca mt ngun in
mt chiu th I
a
= 2(A), U
V1
= 60(V).

i
B
K
M
H
A
U
A
B
URY
U
X
ULY
URX
U
L
X
3
0
0
4
5
0
U
Y
45
0
30
0
A
M
M
B
i
A B
M
Y
a
X
v1 v2


26
* Phn tch bi ton: y l mt bi ton c s dng n tnh cht ca dng in 1 chiu i
vi cun cm v t in. Khi gii phi lu n vi dng in 1 chiu th e = 0 Z
L
= 0 v
=
e
=
C
1
Z
C
. Cng ging nh phn tch trong v d 1 bi ton ny phi gii theo phng php
gin vc t (trt).
Gii
* V X cho dng in mt chiu i qua nn X khng cha t in. Theo bi th X cha 2
trong ba phn t nn X phi cha in tr thun (R
X
) v cun dy thun cm (L
X
). Cun dy thun
cm khng c tc dng vi dng in mt chiu nn: R
X
= ) ( 30
2
60
I
U
1
V
O = =
* Khi mc A, B vo ngun in xoay chiu Z
AM
=
2
L
2
X
V
X
1
Z R ) ( 60
1
60
I
U
+ = O = =
) ( 3 30 Z 30 . 3 30 60 Z
X X
L
2 2 2
L
O = = = tg
AM
=
0
AM
X
L
60 3
R
Z
X
= =

* V gin vc t cho on AM. on mch
MB tuy cha bit nhng chc chn trn gin n
l mt vct tin theo chiu dng in, c di =
2
V
U = 80V v hp vi vc t AB

mt gc 120
0

ta v c gin vc t cho ton mch.


T gin vc t ta thy MB buc phi
cho xung th mi tin theo chiu dng in, do
Y phi cha in tr thun (R
Y
) v t in C
Y
.
+ Xt tam gic vung MDB

) V ( 40
2
1
. 80 30 si n U U
0
MB R
Y
= = =
) ( 40
1
40
I
U
R
Y
R
Y
O = = =
i
U
A
M
Ul x
Ur x
A
M
AM
60
0
i
A
Ur y
U
AB
Ur x
Uc y
U
A
M
M
D
U
M
B Ul x
3
0
0
B
30
0
3
0
0
1
2
0
0


27

) H (
3 4 , 0
100
3 40
L
) ( 3 40 Z ) V ( 3 40
2
3
. 80 30 cos U U
Y
L
0
MB L
Y Y
t
=
t
=
O = = = =

3. Bi ton ny trong mch in c cha ba hp kn
V d: Cho mch in cha ba linh kin
ghp ni tip:

R, L (thun) v C. Mi linh kin cha trong mt hp kn X, Y, Z t vo hai u A, B ca
mch in mt hiu in th xoay chiu 8 2 cos2 ( ) u ft V =
Khi f = 50Hz, dng mt vn k o ln lt c U
AM
= U
MN
= 5V
U
NB
= 4V; U
MB
= 3V. Dng ot k o cng sut mch c P = 1,6W
Khi f = 50Hz th s ch ca ampe k gim. Bit R
A
~ O; R
V
~
a. Mi hp kn X, Y, Z cha linh kin g ?
b. Tm gi tr ca cc linh kin.
* Phn tch bi ton: Bi ton ny s dng ti ba hp kn, cha bit I v nn khng th
gii theo phng php i s, phng php gin vc t trt l ti u cho bi ny. Bn cnh
hc sinh phi pht hin ra khi f = 50Hz c hin tng cng hng in v mt ln na bi ton li
s dng n tnh cht a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
trong mt tam gic vung.
Gii
Theo u bi: ) V ( 8
2
2 8
U
AB
= =
Khi f = 50Hz
U
AM
= U
MN
= 5V; U
NB
= 4V; U
MB
= 3V
Nhn thy:
+ U
AB
= U
AM
+ U
MB
(8 = 5 + 3) ba im A, M v B thng hng
+
2
M B
2
NB
2
M N
U U U + = (5
2
= 4
2
+ 3
2
) Ba im M, N, B to thnh tam gic vung ti B.
Gin vc t ca on mch c dng nh hnh v.
Trong on mch in khng phn
nhnh RLC ta c
C R C
U v U U
mun pha hn
R
U
AM
U biu din

A
B
M
Y
a
X Z
*
N
*
U
M
N
UM N
UM B UAM
A M B
N
M N


28
hiu in th hai u in tr R (X cha R) v
NB
U biu din hiu in th hai u t in (Z cha
C). Mt khc
MN
U sm pha so vi
AM
U mt gc
MN
<
2
t
chng t cun cm L c in tr thun
r,
MB
U biu din
r
U v Y cha cun cm c t cm L v in tr thun r.
b. f = 50Hz th s ch ca (a) gim khi f = 50Hz th trong mch c cng hng in.

= = =
= = = =
) A ( 2 , 0
8
6 , 1
I Z Z
U
P
I U . I P 1 cos 1 cos
C L
AB
AB


) ( 15
2 , 0
3
I
U
I
U
r
) F (
2
10
100 . 20
1
C
) H (
2 , 0
100
20
L
) ( 15
2 , 0
3
I
U
Z Z
) ( 25
2 , 0
5
I
U
R
MB r
3
NB
C L
A
O = = = = +

t
=
t
=
t
=
t
=
O = = = = +
O = = = +

Nhn xt: Qua su v d trnh by qua ba dng bi tp trnh by trn ta thy y l loi bi
tp i hi kin thc tng hp, a dng trong cch gii nhng c th ni phng php gin vc
t trt l cch gii ti u cho loi bi tp ny. Phng php ny c th gii c t bi tp d (c
th gii bng phng php i s) cho n nhng bi tp kh ch gii c bng phng php gin
vc t. Ngay c khi gii bng phng php gin vc t th v theo gin vc t trt cng
s cho gin n gin v da vo gin vc t bin lun bi ton c d dng hn.



29

Bi tp p dng:
Bi 1: Nhiu hp khi ging nhau, ngi ta ni mt on mch gm mt trong cc hp khi mc
ni tip vi in tr R = 60O khi on mch c t vo hiu in th xoay chiu tn s 50Hz th
hiu in th sm pha
0
58 so vi dng in trong mch.
1. Hp kn cha t in hay cun cm.Tnh in dung ca t hoc t cm ca cun cm
2. Tnh tng tr ca mch.
Li gii
1) Tm phn t trong trong hp en
on mch gm X v R mc ni tip
V hiu in th sm pha hn cng dng in trong mch nn mch in c tnh cht cm
khng.
Vy trong hp cha cun cm.
* Tm L: Ta c: tg =
R
Z
L
= tg58 ~ 1,6
Z
L
= 1,6.R = 1,6.60 = 96O L =
50 . 2
96 Z
L
t
=
e
~306.10
-3
(H) L = 306 mH
2) Tng tr ca mch Z =
2 2 2 2
60 96
L
R Z + ~ + ~ 113 (O)

Bi 2: Mt on mch xoay chiu AB gm hai
phn t X, Y mc nh trn.
Cng dao ng trong mch nhanh pha t/6 so vi hiu in th gia hai u on mch.
a) Hai phn t trn l 2 phn t no trong s R, L, C?
b) Bit cc bin ca hiu in th v cng dng in ln lt l U
0
= 40V v I
0
= 8,0
A, tn s dao ng l f = 50Hz. Tnh gi tr mi phn t.
Li gii
a)Gi s trong on mch trn c khng c phn t R. Nh vy th X
1
X
2
l hai phn t L, C.
Gi l gc hp vi I U

; tg =
R
Z Z
c L

= = tg
2
t
v l
Theo u bi U tr pha vi e 1 gc t/6
vy mch in chc chn c R (gi s X l R) Y l L hoc C
h) e = 2tf = 2t.50 = 100t (Rad/s)
tg = -
3
1
)
6
( tg
R
Z
C
=
t
= 3 Z
C
= R (1)
A B


30
Mt khc: Z = 5
8
40
I
U
Z R
0
0 2
C
2
= = = + R
2
+ Z
2
C
= 25 (2)
Thay (1) vo (3) 3Z
C
2
+ Z
2
C
= 25 Z
C
= 2,5 (O) R = 2,5 3 (O)
Vy R = 2,5 3 (O) C =
t
=
t
=
e
3
C
10 . 4
100 . 5 , 2
1
Z
1
(F)

Bi 3: Cho mch in nh hnh v

X l hp en cha 2 trong 3 phn t L
1
, R
1
,C
1
ni tip
U
AN
= 100cos100tt (V) U
MB
= 200cos (100tt - t/3) e = 100t(Rad/s) =
LC
1

1) Vit biu thc U
x
theo thi gian t
2) Cho I = 0,5 2 A. Tnh P
x
, tm cu to X.
Li gii
* Z
L
= eL ; Z
c
=
C
1
e
Z
L
= Z
C

LC
1
= e e
2
LC= 1
* 0 U U C L = +
* X L AL U U U + = * X 0 M B U U U + = Vi U
MP
= 2Y
AN
= 100 2
* Ly trc s A, biu din vec t * MB AL U ; U
Xt AOHK ; HK = 2U
2
= 2U
C
HK= 6 50
3
cos . 100 . 50 . 2 ) 2 100 ( ) 2 50 (
2 2
=
t
+ U
L
= U
C
= 25 6 (V)



* nh lut h s sin
o
= =
o
=
t
si n
2 100
2
3
6 50
si n
CK
3
si n
HK

o = 90
0

vect L U (A)
N
C
B A
M
Lr#0
0
AN U
H
t/3
L U
E
C U
6
t

MB U
X U
o
(A)


31
L U AN U
AN U cng pha vi
X U hp vi AN U mt gc
X

tg
X
=
2
2
2 50
6 25
OH
HE
= =
X
~ 41
0

U
x
= 14 25 2 . 50 6 . 25 HE OH
2 2 2 2
= + = + (V)
U
X
= U
x 2cos(100tt -

x
) = 25 28 cos (100t -
150
4t
) (V)
2) Ta c G sau:
AN U cng pha vi I AM cha L, U
An
# 0
X cha R
1

V tri : X cha 2 trong 3 phn t R
1
, L
1

C
1
X cha C
1

sao cho Z
L
= Z
C1
Tm li X cha R
1
, C
L

AN U = L U + 1 R 1 C 1 R U U U = +
Cng sut tiu th trn X
P
X
= U
x
I cos
X

= 25
14 . 25
2 . 50
. 2 . 5 , 0 . 14 25
U
U
. 2 . 5 , 0 . 14

AN
= = 50W
ln R
1
: R
1
=
2 2 , 0
2 50
I
U
I
U
AN 1 R
= = = 100O
Z
C1
= Z
L
=
2 5 , 0
6 25
I
U
L
= = 50 3
Tm li: Mch in c dng c th sau
Bi 4: Cho mch in nh hnh v hiu in th gia hai u AB l
U = 100 2 cos (100tt) T in C = F
10
t

Hp kn X ch cha 1
Phn t (Rhoc L). Dng in trong mch sm pha hn t/3 so vi hiu in th gia A - B.
1) Hi hp X cha in tr hay cun cm. Tnh gi tr ca n.
0
AN U
L U
C U
MB U
X U
I

N
C
B A
M
Lr#0 C

R
A B
C


32
2) Vit biu thc ca dng in tc thi trong mch.
3) Mc thm vo mch in AB mt in tr thun th thy cng sut tiu th trn mch t cc
i. Hi phi mc in tr nh th no. Tnh in tr
Li gii
1) V tr dao ng trong mch sm pha hn t/3 so vi hiu in th nn mch c tnh cht
dung khng.
Mch cha C v X (R hoc L). Vy X l in tr thun R
Biu din trn gin vect: C U ; L U ; U (trc gc e )
Theo gi thit tan
R

U 3 U 3
U
U
3
= = =
t
R =
3
100
Z .
1
.
2
1
C
=
e
(O)
2) Vit biu thc dao ng trong mch i = I
0
cos (100tt + )
Tng tr ca mch Z =
3
200
100
3
100
Z R
2
2
2
C
2
= + = + (O)
Cng dng in hiu dung: I =
3
200
100
= 0,3 3 (4) I
0
= I 6 5 , 0 2 = (A)
pha i - pha U = 100tt + - 100tt = = t/3
Vy biu thc cdd l i = 0,5 6 cos (100tt + t/3) (A)
3) Cng thc tnh cng sut: P = UIcos
AB
= U.
y
U
Z
R . U
Z
R
.
Z
U
2 2
= =
y =
*
2
C *
*
2
C
2 *
R
Z
R
R
Z ) R (
+ =
+

P
max
u
min

Li c R
*
.
*
2
C
R
Z
= Z
2
C
= cost y
min
khi R
*
=
*
2
C
R
Z
R
*
= Z
C
= 100 (O)
R = 100 3 (O)
Vy in tr theo 2 phi mc ni tip R
*
= R

+ R
'
R
'
- R
*
= 100 -
3
100
~ 42,3 (O)
Bi 5: Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v cha 2
trong 3 phn t R
1
L
1
mc ni tip.
B qua in tr ca mape k vo u ni. t vo 2 u on mch mt hiu in th xoay
chiu c biu thc U = 200 2 cos100tt (V) th ch 0,8A v h s cng sut ca dng in trong
mch l 0,6.
R<R
*
A
A B
M
A
C
0


33
+TH2: X gm R v Z
C

Tng t Z
C
= 30 44
C =
t
~
t
=
e
3
C
10
. 56 , 0
44 30 . 100
1
Z
1

Xc nh cc phn t cha trong on mch X v ln ca chng bit C
0
=
t

2
10
3
(F)
Li gii
* Tnh Z
c0
: Z
C0
= ) ( 20
2
10
. 100
1
C
1
3
0
=
t
t
=
e


Theo u bi : U = 200V
I = 0,8A Z
2
AB
= 200
2
= Z
2
C0
+ Z
2
x
Z
x
= 30 69 (O)
Li c K = cos =
AB
Z
R
= 0,6 R = 250.0,6 = 150 (O)
- Nh vy, on mch X gm R v L hoc R
v C
+ TH1: X gm R v L
Z
1
X
= R+2 + Z
2
L
Z
L
= 30 44
L =
t
~
t
=
e
2
100
44 30 Z
L
(H)


BI TP THAM KHO
Bi 1: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v
u
AB
= u = 200 2 cos100tt(V) .L
O
l mt cun dy thun cm c cm khng O = 30 Z
O
L
;
C
O
l t in c dung khng
O
C
Z = 50O.
X l on mch c cha hai trong ba phn t R, L (thun), C mc ni tip nhau. Ampe k
nhit ch I = 0,8(A); h s cng sut ca on mch AB l K = 0,6.
a. Xc nh cc phn t ca X v ln ca chng.
b. Vit biu thc ca U
NB
= U
X

p s: a.TH1:X cha R,L: R = 150(O); L = ) H (
2 , 2
t
TH2:X cha R,C: R = 150(O); C =
) F (
18
10
3
t

b.TH1:U
X
= ( ) 213 2 cos 100 0, 045)( ) t V + TH2: U
X
= ( ) 187 2 cos 100 0, 051)( ) t V +
A
C0
B
M
X
N
L0
a
A
B
X
L,r
M
K
Z
AB
= ) ( 250
8 , 0
200
=


34
Bi 2: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v: u
AB
= 100 2 cos100 ( ) t V
1. Khi K ng: I = 2(A), U
AB
lch pha so vi i l
6
t
. Xc nh L, r
2. a) Khi K m: I = 1(A), u
AM
lch pha so vi u
MB
l
2
t
. Xc nh cng sut to nhit trn
hp kn X
b. Bit X gm hai trong ba phn t (R, L (thun), C) mc ni tip. Xc nh X v tr s ca
chng.
p s: 1. r = ) H (
4
1
L ); ( 3 25
t
= O 2. a) P
X
= ) W ( 3 25
b) X gm R ni tip C: R = ) ( 3 25 O C = ) F (
5 , 7
10
3
t

Bi 3: Cho on mch AB nh hnh v.
X v Y l hai hp, mi hp ch cha hai trong ba
phn t: R, L (thun) v C mc ni tip.

Cc vn k V
1
, V
2
v ampe k o c c dng xoay chiu v mt chiu. in tr cc vn k rt
ln, in tr ampe k khng ng k.
Khi mc vo hai im A v M vo hai cc ca ngun in mt chiu, ampe k ch 2(A), V
1
ch
60(V)
Khi mc A v B vo ngun in xoay chiu hnh sin, tn s 50(Hz) th ampe k ch 1(A), cc vn
k ch cng gi tr 60(V) nhng U
AM
v U
MB
lch pha nhau
2
t
.
Hp X v Y cha nhng phn t no ? Tnh gi tr ca chng (p s dng thp phn). (
thi tuyn sinh i hc GTVT - 2000) p s: X cha R
X
v L
X
: R
X
= 30(O);
L
X
= 0,165(H)
Y cha R
Y
v C
Y
: R
Y
= 30 3 (O); C
Y
=
106(MF)
A
B
X
v2
X
v2
a


35
M C LC

Tm t t l thuyt chuyn :

I. CNG SUT...........................................................................................................1
II. C S L THUYT GII BI TON HP EN........................................2
1. Cc cng thc
2. Gin vc t
3. Cch v gin vc t trt
Bi t p in xoay chiu:
Dng 1: Tnh cng sut tiu th bi on mch in xoay chiu...............
1. T lun .. .............................................................................3
2. Trc nghim....................................................................................5
Dng 2: nh iu kin R,L,C cng sut t cc tr
L thuyt:Cc gi tr thay i cng sut cc i.............................. 6
1. Dng bi tp R i
T lun...................................................................................7
Trc nghim........................................................................ 10
2. Dng bi tp L,C i.................................................................... 12
Dng 3: Bi ton hp en
Phng php gii ton hp en.............................................................. 15
1. Bi ton trong mch in c cha mt hp kn. ................................................. 16
Cch 1: Dng phng php gin vc t trt
Cch 2: Dng phng php i s
2. Bi ton trong mch in c cha hai hp kn ................................................... 20
3. Bi ton ny trong mch in c cha ba hp kn ............................................. 23
Bi tp p dng ........................................................................................ 25