Tuong Tac Buc Xa Voi Vat Chat

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM THNH PH H CH MINH

WX

. /..

.. .. /.. ...
TS. V XUN N
..- .. //.- /..
L DUY NHT
HUNH NGUYN THANH TRC

Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, thng 05 nm 2010
Tiu lun: TC DNG CA TIA PHNG X I VI MI TRNG VT CHT
CHNG 1: TNH CHT VT L CA CC TIA BC X
Cc bc x c kho st bao gm cc ht tch in nh alpha v beta, cc tia
gamma v tia X. Trong qu trnh tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht, nng lng ca tia
bc x c truyn cho cc electron qu o hoc cho ht nhn nguyn t ty thuc
vo loi v nng lng ca bc x cng nh bn cht ca mi trng hp th. Cc
hiu ng chung khi tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht l kch thch v ion ha nguyn
t ca mi trng hp th.
1. TNG TC CA HT BETA VI VT CHT
Tia bta gp trng hp ht nhn khng n nh v tuy khng qu nng nhng
li c nhiu proton hay ntron. Khi c nhiu ntron, s bin i ntron thnh protron
pht sinh mt in t (-), tc cao, ht .
Khi c nhiu protron, s bin i ngc li v pht sinh mt in t (+) hay mt
positron hoc ht (+).

Nh vy, tia l chm in t, pht sinh ra t ht nhn nguyn t, c km theo
hin tng ht nhn trung ho (ntron) bin thnh ht mang in (protron) hoc ngc
li.
1.1. S ion ha
Do ht beta mang in tch nn c ch tng tc ca n vi vt cht l tng tc
tnh in vi cc electron qu o lm kch thch v ion ha cc nguyn t mi trng.
Trong trng hp nguyn t mi trng b ion ha, ht beta mt mt phn nng lng
t
E nh bt mt electron qu o ra ngoi. ng nng
k
E ca electron b bn ra
lin h vi nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t E v mt nng lng
t
E nh sau:
Trang: 1

k t
E E E = (1.1)
Trong nng lng ion ha E c xc nh theo cng thc:
1
1 E Rh Rh

= =

.
Trong nhiu trng hp electron bn ra c ng nng ln c th ion ha
nguyn t tip theo, l electron th cp (delta electron).
Do ht beta ch mt mt phn nng lng
t
E ion ha nguyn t, nn dc theo
ng i ca mnh, n c th gy ra thm mt s ln cp ion.
Nng lng trung bnh sinh mt cp ion thng gp 2 n 3 ln nng lng ion
ha. Bi v, ngoi qu trnh ion ha, ht beta cn mt nng lng do kch thch nguyn
t.
Do ht beta c khi lng bng khi lng electron qu o nn va chm gia
chng lm ht beta chuyn ng lch khi hng ban u. Do , ht beta chuyn
ng theo ng cong khc khuu sau nhiu ln va chm trong mi trng hp th v
cui cng s dng li khi mt ht nng lng.
1.2. ion ha ring
ion ha ring l s cp ion c to ra khi ht beta chuyn ng c mt
centimet trong mi trng hp th. ion ha ring kh cao i vi cc ht beta nng
lng thp, gim dn khi tng nng lng ht beta v t cc tiu nng lng
khong 1 MeV, ri sau tng chm (hnh 1.1).

Trang: 2
ion ha ring c xc nh qua tc mt nng lng tuyn tnh ca ht beta
do ion ha v kch thch, mt thng s quan trng dng thit k thit b o liu bc
x v tnh ton hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x. Tc mt nng lng tuyn tnh ca
ht beta tun theo cng thc:

2 4 9 4
2
2 6 2 2 2
2 (3.10 )
ln /
(1, 6.10 ) (1 )
m k
m
E E dE q NZ
MeV cm
dx E I

(1.1)
Trong : , in tch ca electron.
-19
q = l,6.10 C
l s nguyn t cht hp th trong 1 cm
3
. N
l s nguyn t ca cht hp th. Z
, s electron ca khng kh nhit 0
o
C v
p sut 76 cm thy ngn.
20 3
3, 88.10 / NZ cm =
0, 51
m
E MeV = , nng lng tnh ca electron.

k
E l ng nng ca ht beta.
/ v c = , trong l vn tc ca ht beta cn c = 3.10
10
cm/s. v

-5
8, 6.10 I MeV = i vi khng kh v (
-5
1, 36.10 ) I Z MeV = i
vi cc cht hp th khc, l nng lng ion ha v kch thch ca nguyn t cht hp
th.
Nu bit trc i lng w, l mt nng lng trung bnh sinh cp ion, th
ion ha ring s c tnh theo cng thc sau:

/ ( /
( / . )
dE dx eV cm
s
w eV c i
=
)
(1.2)
Trong l cp ion. . c i
1.3. H s truyn nng lng tuyn tnh
ion ha ring c dng xem xt mt nng lng do ion ha. Khi quan tm
n mi trng hp th, thng s dng tc hp th nng lng tuyn tnh ca mi
trng khi ht beta i qua n. i lng xc nh tc hp th nng lng ni trn l
h s truyn nng lng tuyn tnh.
H s truyn nng lng tuyn tnh LET (Linear Energy Transfer) c nh ngha
theo cng thc sau:
Trang: 3

dE

d
LET =

(1.3)
Trong l nng lng trung bnh m ht beta truyn cho mi trng hp th
khi i qua qung ng di d . n v o thng dng i vi LET l
dE
/ keV m .
1.4. Bc x hm
Khi ht beta n gn ht nhn, lc ht Coulomb mnh lm n thay i t ngt
hng bay ban u v mt nng lng di dng bc x in t, gi l bc x hm,
hay Bremsstrahlung. Nng lng bc x hm phn b lin tc t 0 n gi tr cc i
bng ng nng ca ht beta. Kh tnh ton dng ca phn b nng lng cc bc x
hm nn ngi ta thng s dng cc ng cong o t thc nghim.
nh gi mc nguy him ca bc x hm, ngi ta thng dng cng thc
gn ng sau y:
(1.4)
-4
max
f = 3,5.10 ZE
Trong f l phn nng lng tia beta chuyn thnh photon, l s nguyn t ca
cht hp th v (MeV) l nng lng cc i ca ht beta.
Z
max
E
1.5. Qung chy ca ht beta trong vt cht

Do ht beta mt nng lng dc theo ng i ca mnh nn n ch i c mt
qung ng hu hn. Nh vy, nu cho mt chm tia beta i qua bn vt cht, chm
tia ny b dng li sau mt khong ng i no . Khong ng i ny gi l
qung chy (range) ca ht beta, qung chy ca ht beta ph thuc vo nng lng tia
beta v mt vt cht ca mi trng hp th. Bit c qung chy ca ht beta vi
nng lng cho trc c th tnh c dy ca vt che chn lm t vt liu cho
trc. Mt i lng thng dng khi tnh ton thit k che chn l dy hp th
mt na (absorber half - thickness), tc l dy ca cht hp th lm gim s ht
beta ban u cn li 1/2 sau khi i qua bn hp th. o c thc nghim cho thy
dy hp th mt na vo khong 1/8 qung chy. Hnh 1.2 trnh by s ph thuc
qung chy cc i ca cc ht beta vo nng lng ca chng i vi mt s cht hp
th thng dng. Hnh 1.2 cho thy rng qung chy ca ht beta vi nng lng cho
trc gim khi tng mt cht hp th.
Trang: 4

Ngoi b dy tuyn tnh (linear thickness) tnh theo centimet ngi ta cn dng
b dy mt (density thickness) tnh theo mt din tch, n v g/cm
2
, c
xc nh nh sau:
d
m
d
(1.5)
2 3
( / ) ( / ). ( )
m
d g cm g cm d cm =
Trong : l mt khi ca cht hp th tnh theo g/cm
3
.
Vic s dng b dy mt lm d dng cho vic tnh ton v khi b dy khng
ph thuc vo vt liu c th.

Hnh 1.3 trnh by ng cong miu t s ph thuc qung chy ca ht beta tnh
theo n v b dy mt vo nng lng ca n. ng cong ny dng thay cho cc
ng cong trn hnh 1.2 khi tnh qung chy theo n v b dy mt .
Trang: 5
ng cong qung chy - nng lng trn hnh 1.3 c biu din bng cng thc
sau y:
i vi min nng lng beta 0, 01 2, 5 E MeV

1,265 0.0954ln
= 412.
E
R E

(1.6)
i vi min qung chy R < 1200.

1
2
ln 6, 63 3, 2376.(10, 2146 ln ) E R = (1.7)
i vi min nng lng beta E > 2,5 MeV v min qung chy R > 1200.
530 106 R E = (1.8)
Trong R l qung chy, tnh theo mg/cm
2
v E l nng lng cc i ca tia
beta, tnh theo n v MeV.
2. TNG TC CA HT ALPHA VI VT CHT
i vi mt nguyn t nng, ht nhn khng n nh v phng ra mt lc 2 proton
v 2 ntron, di dng ht nhn hli. Nh vy, ht alpha l ht nhn ca nguyn t
hli thot ra t mt nhn nguyn t nng trong qu trnh bin i ht nhn. Th d radi
bin thnh radon v pht ra cc ht alpha:
88 86 2
226 222 4
Ra Rn He +
Ht alpha mang in dng.

2.1. Truyn nng lng ca ht alpha
Cng ging nh ht beta, ht alpha khi i qua mi trng vt cht cng b mt nng
lng do ion ha v kch thch nguyn t ca mi trng hp th. Khi i qua phn
Trang: 6
khng kh ca t bo xp, ht alpha mt mt lng nng lng trung bnh 35 eV cho
mt cp ion. Do ht alpha c in tch ln hn ht beta hai ln v khi lng rt ln,
dn ti vn tc ca n tng i thp nn ion ha ring ca n rt cao, vo khong
hng nghn cp ion trn 1 cm trong khng kh (hnh 1.4).

Tc mt nng lng tuyn tnh ca tt c cc ht tch in nng hn ht
electron, trong c ht alpha, tun theo cng thc:

2 4 9 4 2 2 2
2 6 2 2
4 (3.10 ) 2
ln ln 1 /
.1, 6.10
dE z q NZ Mv v v
Mev cm
dx Mv I c c

=

(1.9)
Trong : z l s nguyn t ca ht gy ion ha, z = 2 i ht alpha.
, in tch ca electron.
-19
1, 6.10 q = C
g
s
zq l in tch ca ht gy ion ha.
M l khi lng tnh ca ht gy ion ha.
i vi ht alpha.
-24
6, 6.10 M =
l vn tc ca ht gy ion ha. v
l s nguyn t cht hp th trong 1 cm
3
. N
l s nguyn t ca cht hp th. Z
l s electron ca cht hp th trong 1 cm
3
. NZ
, l vn tc nh sng.
10
3.10 / c cm =

-5
8, 6.10 I MeV = i vi khng kh v (
-5
1, 36.10 ) I Z MeV = i
vi cc cht hp th khc, l nng lng ion ha v kch thch ca nguyn t cht hp
th.
Trang: 7
2.2. Qung chy ca ht alpha trong vt cht
Ht alpha c kh nng m xuyn thp nht trong s cc bc x ion ha. Trong
khng kh, ngay c ht alpha c nng lng cao nht do cc ngun phng x pht ra
cng ch i c mt vi centimet, cn trong m sinh hc qung chy ca n c kch
thc c micromet. C hai nh ngha v qung chy ca ht alpha, l qung chy
trung bnh v qung chy ngoi suy, c minh ha trn hnh 1.5.

Trn hnh 1.5, ng cong hp th ca ht alpha c dng phng v n l ht n
nng lng. cui qung chy, s m cc ht alpha gim nhanh khi tng b dy cht
hp th. Qung chy trung bnh c mt na chiu cao ng hp th cn qung
chy ngoi suy c xc nh khi ngoi suy ng hp th n gi tr 0.
3. TNG TC CA TIA X V TIA GAMMA VI VT CHT
3.1. S suy gim bc x gamma khi i qua mi trng
Tia X v tia gamma c cng bn cht sng in t, l cc photon nng lng
cao. Do s tng tc ca cc tia ny vi vt cht c tnh cht chung nn n gin ta
gi l tng tc ca tia gamma vi vt cht.
S suy gim bc x gamma khi i qua mi trng khc vi s suy gim ca cc
bc x alpha v beta. Bc x alpha v beta c tnh cht ht nn chng c qung chy
hu hn trong vt cht, ngha l chng c th b hp th hon ton, trong khi bc x
gamma ch b suy gim v cng chm tia khi tng b dy vt cht m khng b
hp th hon ton.
Ta xt mt chm tia hp gamma n nng vi cng ban u
o
I . S thay i
cng khi i qua mt lp mng vt liu dx bng:
Trang: 8
dI Idx = (1.10)
Trong l h s suy gim tuyn tnh (linear attenuation coeficient). i lng
ny c th nguyn ( dy)
-1
v thng tnh theo cm
-1
. T (1.10) c th vit phng
trnh:

dI
dx
I
=
Gii phng trnh ta c:

x
o
I I e

= (1.11)
H s suy gim tuyn tnh ph thuc vo nng lng ca bc x gamma v mt
vt liu mi trng ( , ) E = .
3.2. Cc c ch tng tc ca tia X v tia gamma vi vt cht
Do s tng tc ca cc tia X v tia gamma vi vt cht c tnh cht chung nn
n gin ta gi l tng tc ca tia gamma vi vt cht. Tng tc ca gamma khng
gy hin tng ion ha trc tip nh ht tch in. Tuy nhin, khi gamma tng tc
vi nguyn t, n lm bt electron qu o ra khi nguyn t hay sinh ra cc cp
electron - positron (l ht c khi lng bng electron nhng mang in tnh dng
+e). n lt mnh, cc electron ny gy ion ha v l c ch c bn m tia gamma
nng lng cao c th ghi o v cng nh chng c th gy nn hiu ng sinh hc
phng x. C ba dng tng tc c bn ca gamma vi nguyn t l hiu ng quang
in, tn x Compton v hiu ng to cp.
3.2.1. Hiu ng quang in
Khi gamma va chm vi electron qu o ca nguyn t, gamma bin mt v nng
lng gamma c truyn cho electron qu o n bay ra khi nguyn t. Electron
ny c gi l quang electron (photoelectron). Quang electron nhn c ng nng
E
e
bng hiu s gia nng lng gamma ti E v nng lng lin kt E
B
ca electron
trn lp v trc khi b bt ra. Hnh 1.6a
Trang: 9

e B
E E E = (1.12)
Theo cng thc (1.12) nng lng ca gamma ti t nht phi bng nng lng lin
kt ca electron th hiu ng quang in mi xy ra. Tng tc ny ra vi xc sut ln
nht khi nng lng gamma va vt qua nng lng lin kt, c bit l i vi cc
lp trong cng. Hnh 1.6b
Khi nng lng tng, xc sut tng tc gim dn theo hm
3
1
E
. Xc sut tng
cng ca hiu ng quang in i vi tt c cc electron qu o
k
E E trong E
k

l nng lng lin kt ca electron lp K, tun theo quy lut
7
2
1
E
cn khi E >> E
k
theo
quy lut
1
E
.
Do nng lng lin kt thay i theo s nguyn t Z nn tit din tng tc quang
in ph thuc vo Z, theo quy lut Z
5
. Nh vy tit din hiu ng quang in:
5
7 / 2 photo
Z
E
khi
k
E E v
5
photo
Z
E
khi E >> E
k.

Cc cng thc trn cho thy hiu ng quang in xy ra vi tit din rt ln i vi
cc nguyn t nng (chng hn ch) ngay c vng nng lng cao, cn i vi cc
nguyn t nh (chng hn c th sinh hc) hiu ng quang in ch xut hin ng k
vng nng lng thp.
Trang: 10
Khi electron c bt ra t mt lp v nguyn t, chng hn t lp v trong cng
K, th ti mt l trng c sinh ra. Sau l trng ny c mt electron t lp
v ngoi chuyn xung chim y. Qu trnh ny dn ti bc x ra cc tia X c trng.
3.2.2. Hiu ng Compton
Trong qu trnh Compton, gamma nng lng cao tn x n hi ln electron qu
o ngoi. Gamma thay i phng bay v b mt mt phn nng lng cn electron
c gii phng ra khi nguyn t (Hnh 1.7a). Qu trnh tn x Compton c th coi
nh qu trnh gamma tn x n hi ln electron t do (Hnh1.7b).

Trn c s tnh ton ng hc ca qu trnh tn x n hi ca ht gamma chuyn
ng vi nng lng E ln electron ng yn ta c cc cng thc sau y i vi nng
lng gamma E
v electron E
e
sau tn x ph thuc vo gc tn x gamma sau tn
x:

(1 cos )
1 (1 cos
e
E E
)

=
+
(1.13)

'
1
1 (1 cos
E E
)
=
+
(1.14)
Trong :
2
e
E
m c
= ; l khi lng electron v c = 3.10
8
m/s l
vn tc nh sng; .
31
9,1.10
e
m

=
0, 51MeV
kg
2
e
m c =
Gc tn x ca electron sau tn x lin h vi gc nh sau:
Trang: 11

'
1
cotg
2
1
tg
E
E
(1.15)
Theo (1.15) gc tn x ca gamma sau tn x cng ln th E cng b. Ngha l
gamma cng mt nhiu nng lng. Gamma chuyn phn nng lng ln nht cho
electron sau tn x bay ra mt gc 180
o
, tc l khi tn x git li. Gc tn x ca
gamma tn x c th thay i t 0
o
n 180
o
trong lc electron ch yu bay v pha
trc, ngha l gc tn x ca n thay i t 0
o
n 90
o
.
Tit din qu trnh tn x Compton t l thun vi in tch Z ca nguyn t v t l
nghch vi nng lng gamma.

Compt
Z
E

3.2.3. Hiu ng sinh cp electron-positron
Electron c khi lng bng
19
9,1.10
e
m kg
=
2
0, 51
hay nng lng tnh ca n, theo
cng thc Einstein, bng
m
E mc MeV = =
2
2 1,
e
m c M =
. Nu gamma vo c nng lng ln
hn hai ln nng lng tnh electron th khi i qua in trng ca
ht nhn n sinh ra mt cp electron - positron (positron c khi lng bng khi
lng electron nhng mang in tch dng +le). l hiu ng sinh cp electron -
positron (Hnh 1.8).
02 eV

Trang: 12
Trang: 13
S bin i nng lng thnh khi lng nh trn phi xy ra gn mt ht no
ht ny chuyn ng git li gip tng ng lng c bo ton. Qu trnh to cp
xy ra gn ht nhn, do ng nng chuyn ng git li ca ht nhn rt b nn phn
nng lng cn d bin thnh ng nng ca electron v positron. Qu trnh to cp
cng c th xy ra gn electron nhng xc sut rt b so vi qu trnh to cp gn ht
nhn.
Trang: 14
CHNG 2: TNH CHT SINH HC CA CC TIA BC
X
Hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x c pht hin t nhng ngy u tin s dng
bc x. Ngun thng tin chnh c c bng cch theo di s chiu x nhn vin bc
x, gm cc nh khoa hc, nhn vin y t, th m uranium, nhn vin v kim ng h
radium, nhn vin cc nh my in nguyn t v nhn vin trong cc c s cng
nghip c s dng bc x, cc bnh nhan b chiu x chn on v iu tr. Cc
nhm dn chng sng st sau hai trn nm bom nguyn t xung Nht Bn nm 1945
cng cung cp thng tin rt quan trng. l khong 270.000 ngi nhn cc dy liu
khc nhau t trn mc phng n mt vi Gy (vi trm rad), ph thuc vo v tr ca
h trong thi im nm bom. Mt nhm khc l nhng ngi b chiu x bi cc cht
ri lng t cc v th v kh ht nhn, cc v tai nn l phn ng ht nhn, chng hn
tai nn Windscade ti Anh nm 1956 v Chemobyl ti Ucraina nm 1986 (tai nn
Three Mine Island chiu x dn chng khng ng k), cng nh mt s ln cc tai
nn nghim trng ca cc ngun phng x kn, v cui cng l dn chng sng ti cc
vng c mc phng x t nhin cao. T cc s kin ny tch ly c thng tin kh
ln v d liu hiu ng liu cho php xc nh cc mc bc x mi trng v cc
bin php kim tra cng ngh sao cho cc ng dng y t khoa hc v cng nghip ca
k thut ht nhn c th pht trin cc mc ri ro khng ln hn v tn s thp hn
cc ri ro do cc ng dng khoa hc v cng ngh khc m x hi chp nhn v
phng din an ton. Vn quan trng khc m cc nh khoa hc tch ly c mt
cch h thng trong thi gian qua l nghin cu s tng tc gia bc x v vt cht
sng, c th l c ch ca hiu ng bc x ln cc mc phn t t bo v cc c quan
cua c th. Trn c s cc nghin cu c bn cng nh cc d liu thc t thu thp
c, ngy nay cc nh khoa hc c c s hiu bit mt cch h thng v cc hiu
ng bc x ln cc c quan trong c th ngi, thit lp c cc mc gii hn v liu
chiu v nng gii hn cc nhn phng x, xc nh c cc triu chng bnh
phng x v cc bin php cha tr, v.v
Trang: 15
1. C TH CON NGI
C th con ngi l i tng quan trng nht khi nghin cu cc hiu ng sinh
hc ca bc x. C hai cch chiu x ln c th ngi l chiu x ngoi (external
exposure) t bn ngoi c th v chiu x bn trong (internal exposure) t bn trong
c th.
Chiu x ngoi l s chiu x do ngun bc x bn ngoi ln c th.
Chiu x trong l s chiu x do ngun phng x h xm nhp vo trong c th. S
hiu bit v c th ngi cho php tr li hai vn c bn khi c th chu tc dng
ca bc x.
Th nht, cc hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x i vi cc c quan trong c th nh
th no.
Th hai, cc cht phng x xm nhp vo c th di chuyn trong v b thi ra
nh th no.
Vic hiu bit cu trc v chc nng cc c quan trong c th v s phn cc cht
phng x xm nhp vo c th gip ch trong vic xc nh liu bc x ca cc cht
phng x trong c th v tnh ton c gii hn an ton cc cht phng x c php
xm nhp vo c th.
C th con ngi da trn mt b xng. Bao ph bn ngoi l mt lp da lm
nhim v bo v, trao i nhit v cn bng th dch. Bn trong l nhng c quan chc
nng nh h hp, tiu ha, tun hon, tit niu, v.vCc c quan ny c nhim v thu
nhn khng kh, tha n, nc, vn chuyn vt cht v thi cht th ra ngoi. V
phng din an ton bc x, cc c quan cng l cc phng tin, nh cc nhn
phng x xm nhp vo c th, vn chuyn bn trong v cui cng l b thi ra
ngoi.
1.1. H thng tun hon

Cc cht phng x c th thm nhp vo c th qua cc vt thng h hoc qua
ng tiu ha, ng h hp v da ti h tun hon v i khp ni trong c th. Mc
tc ng ca cc cht phng x ln m, c quan ph thuc vo tnh cht ha hc
ca nhn phng x. V d, calcium, strontitun, baritum, radium b xung hp th
nhiu. Iodine tp trung tuyn gip trng vng c. Trn c s kh nng hp th c
th ca c quan b bnh, ngi ta ch to cc dc cht phng x thch hp iu tr
hay chun on y hc.
1.2. H thng h hp

Hnh 2.1. H tun hon
Hnh 2.2. H thng h hp

Trang: 16
V mt an ton bc x, h thng h hp l ng xm nhp vo c th ca cc cht
phng x th kh, m c bit l bi phng x. Cc ht bi c kch thc ln hn
10 m thng b ngn cn phn ngoi ng h hp nh cc lng mi dy c.
Nhng ht bi nh hn c th xm nhp su hn, nm li trong h thng h hp v ch
b y ra nh chuyn ng qut ca cc nhng mao lt thnh ph qun (kt hp hnh
ng ho) hoc bng ng ha hc (chng hn b ha tan) v sau l hnh ng
nut. Nh vy vt cht xm nhp vo qua ng h hp s i n h thng tiu ha.
Nhng ht bi ha tan c ph nang s xm nhp vo mu v i khp c th.
Nhng ht bi khng ha tan s b cc t bo lympho trong phi n v tiu dit. Bi
phng x qua ng h hp vo phi s gay nn s chiu x trong c th. Liu chiu
ph thuc vo cc tn cht ha l ca vt liu, m ni ring, ph thuc vo kch thc
ht bi v tnh cht ha tan ca n.
1.3. H thng tiu ha

H thng tiu ha cng l mt trong cc ca ng chnh b cc cht phng x xm
nhp vo c th cng vi thc phm v nc ung. Nu cht phng x ha tan c
th chng theo h tun hon i khp c th. Nu khng ha tan c, chng s b y
ra ngoi cng vi phn.
Hnh 2.3. H thng tiu ha
Trang: 17
1.4. Da

Da c chc nng bo v c th khi cc cht c hi nh vi trng v ha cht, bi
tit cc cht thi ca c th, sy m hoc lm lnh c th v iu chnh s lu thng
mu. Khi lp da b thng tn th y l ca ng cht phng x c th xut nhp vo
cc b phn khc trong c th.
1.5. H thng tit niu

H thng tit triu l con ng bi tit ch yu cc dch th d tha bao gm c
cc cht phng x dng ha tan t c th ra ngoi. Ngun nc thi t ng tit niu
l mt trong cc thnh phn dng nh gi lng cht phng x xm nhp vo c
Hnh 2.4. Cu trc da
Hnh 2.5. H tit niu
Trang: 18
Trang: 19
th. V vy ngun nc thi ny l i tng cn c x l v cha mt lng ln
cht thy phng x t c th ra.
1.6. H thng bch huyt
H thng bch huyt thc ra l mt b phn ca h thng tun hon, c chc nng
vn chuyn nguyn vt liu gia cc t bo vi h tun hon. N cn gi vai tr bo
v, ngn chn, tiu dit cc vi trng, d vt v c t xm nhp vo h thng tun
hon. Khi da b tn thng, cht phng x s xm nhp qua h bch huyt n cc
vng khc nhau ca c th.
1.7. Cc h thng khc
Ngoi cc h thng c lin quan trc tip n qu trnh xm nhp, vn chuyn v
bi tit cc cht phng x, trong c th cn cc h thng khc khng trc tip tham gia
cc qu trnh trn. l h thng thn kinh, h thng ni tit, h thng sinh sn, h
thng xng, h thng c bp, h thng th gic, h thng thnh gic, v.vDi tc
dng ca bc x cc h thng ny b tn thng v mc tn thng ph thuc vo
liu chiu cng nh cu trc ca chng. V d h thng xng cha nhiu calcium, do
cc ion ha tr hai radium, strontium v ch c th trao i vi calcium lm cho
xng tr thnh mt t chc d hp th cc nguyn t ny, k c khi chng l cc
ng v phng x. Chnh cc nhn phng x gy ra ung th xng, ch yu l cc t
bo trn b mt xng v cc t bo to mu trong ty xng.
2. CC HIU NG BC X MC PHN T
Cc bc x ion ha nh tia X, tia gamma, cc ht alpha, beta v neutron u tng
tc vi vt cht khi i qua mi trng. Cc c ch tng tc c trnh by trong
chng 1, ch yu gm hai hiu ng l kch thch v ion ha nguyn t vt cht.
Kch thch l qu trnh m nguyn t hoc phn t khi hp th nng lng t tia
bc x chuyn ln mt trng thi nng lng mi, khng bn vng gi l trng thi
kch thch. Nguyn t hoc phn t trng thi kch thch d dng v nhanh chng
pht nng lng hp th c di dng nhng photon, bc x nhit hay phn ng
ha hc tr v trng thi ban u trc khi tng tc vi tia bc x.
Ion ha l qu trnh m nng lng t tia bc x lm bt electron qu o ca
nguyn t hoc phn t ra ngoi. Nguyn t lc u trung ha v in nay tr thnh
Trang: 20
mt cp ion: ion m (hoc electron b bt ra) v ion dng (phn cn li ca nguyn t
hoc phn t). Mt ht tch din khi i qua vt cht ch mt mt phn nng lng ca
mnh do ion ha nguyn t hay phn t. Do dc theo ng i ca mnh qua vt
cht, ht tch in c nhiu ln va chm v c th to ra rt nhiu cp ion. V vy nng
lng ca ht tch in gim dn trn qu o. cui qu o, cc ht tch in khng
cn nng lng ln ion ha vt cht, s lin kt vi cc ion tri du thnh
nguyn t hay phn t trung ha v in hoc tn ti t do trng thi chuyn ng
nhit. Nh vy dc theo qu o ca ht tch in xut hin nhiu cp ion. Cc ion ny
khng tn ti lu m gy nn cc phn ng ha hc tip theo hoc kt hp vi nhau
thnh nhng phn t trung ha v in. biu din ln ca kh nng ion ha
ngi ta dng khi nim truyn nng lng tuyn tnh LET (Linear Energy
Transfer).
i vi tia X v tia gamma qu trnh tng tc khng gy ra s ion ha trc tip
nh trn. Trong cc hiu ng quang in v to cp, cc electron b bt ra s gy ion
ha mi trng, l qu trnh ion ha gin.
S kch thch v ion ha nguyn t hay phn t nu trn lm thay i tnh cht ha
hc hay sinh hc ca cc phn t sinh hc, hay ni khc i lm tn thng cc phn t
sinh hc.
Tn thng gy ra bi bc x l h qu ca cc tn thng nhiu mc lin tc
din ra trong c th sng t tn thng phn t, t bo, m n tn thng cc c quan
v cc h thng ca c th. Hu qu ca cc tn thng ny lm pht sinh nhng triu
chng lm sng, c th dn ti t vong. Din tin ca tn thng bc x lun i cng
vi qu trnh hi phc tn thng. S hi phc ny cng din ra t mc phn t, t
bo, m n hi phc cc c quan v cc h thng trong c th.
C th ngi, v mt tng th, khong 60 80% khi lng l nc v 20% - 40%
khi lng cn li l cc thnh phn hu c nh protein, carbohydrate, nucleic acid
hay lipid. Nc c mt c trong cc t bo ln bn ngoi cc t bo. Tc dng ca bc
x ln phn t c phn thnh hai loi, l tc dng trc tip v tc dng gin tip.
Tc dng trc tip xy ra khi bc x kch thch hay ion ha cc phn t hu c cn
tc dng gin tip xy ra khi bc x kch thch hay ion ha cc phn t nc sau
cc sn phm c hi ca cc phn t nc tc dng ln cc phn t hu c.
3. CC HIU NG BC X MC T BO
Cc b phn trong c th ngi c cu trc t nhng phn t cc nh gi l t
bo. Cc t bo vi cng mt chc nng tp hp vi nhau to thnh cc m. Cc m
khc nhau tp hp thnh cc c quan.
3.1. Cu trc ca t bo

Hnh 2.6. Cu trc t bo
3.2. S phn chia t bo

Khi bc x chiu vo t bo trong bt c giai on no ca chu trnh t bo th t
bo cng b tn thng. Tuy nhin giai on M t bo nhy cm nht, tc l d b
tn thng nht, cn giai on S, n t nhy cm nht i vi bc x. Mt trong cc
tc ng ca bc x l ko di chu trnh t bo, tc l lm chm qu trnh phn bo,
hay cn gi l c ch phn bo. Vi liu chiu thp th s phn bo c hi phc sau
khi b c ch, cn nu liu chiu x cao, t bo b cht sau mt s chu k t bo (cht
sinh sn hay cht phn bo).
Hnh 2.7. Cc giai on phn bo
Trang: 21
3.3. S tn thng t bo v vic sa cha
S tn thng t bo bi bc x, ch yu do cc hiu ng trn DNA v c th gm
3 hiu ng chnh nh sau:
T bo c th cht.
Cht liu di truyn ca t bo c th thay i v s thay i ny c truyn qua
cc t bo mi.
S thay i c th xy ra trong t bo v t bo c th dn ti s phn chia d
thng.
Cc t bo c c ch sa cha rt hu hiu v hi phc khi tn thng do cc tc
nhn bn ngoi gy ra, k c tc nhn bc x. Nu tc tn thng t bo kh chm
th kh nng hi phc cao. Vic chiu x vi liu nhn c trong thi gian di, hng
thng hay hng nm, c gi l chiu x trng din, th kh nng sa cha t bo
cao. i vi chiu x cp, ngha l mt liu ln nhn c trong mt vi gi hay ngn
hn, th kh nng sa cha t bo thp hn. Chnh v vy, khi iu tr bng bc x, liu
chiu cn c phn ra thnh mt s ln ch khng chiu mt ln cho cc t bo
khe mnh gn vi khi u c thi gian hi phc, trong lc cc t bo ung th c
nhy cm bc x cao c kh nng tn thng cao hn v kh hi phc.
3.4. Phn loi v nhy cm bc x cc t bo
Cc t bo c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau vi ng knh trung bnh
khong 10 m .
nhy cm bc x ca t bo ni ln mc mt kh nng ti sinh ca t bo
ngha l mc cht t bo sau chiu x. T bo ang phn chia nhy cm vi bc x
hn so vi t bo khng phn chia, t bo cha bit ha nhy cm hn t bo bit
ha, t bo sinh dc nhy cm hn t bo soma, t bo gc ty sinh mu nhy cm
hn t bo gc biu m. V vy t bo ty sinh mu, t bo biu m lt thnh ng tiu
ha v cc tuyn tit ni tit, tuyn sinh dc d b tn thng bc x hn nhng t bo
c, xng v thn kinh m trong qui phm an ton bc x quan tm. T bo ung th c
kh nng sinh sn rt nhanh nn chng cng rt nhy cm vi bc x so vi cc t bo
lnh xung quanh khi u.
nhy cm bc x ca cc m, cc loi sinh vt cng khc nhau. nhy cm
cao nht cc m to mu trong ty xng, m sinh dc. Tip theo l cc m nim
Trang: 22
Trang: 23
mc, da, thy tinh th ca mt. M lin kt nh sn xng, mch mu c nhy cm
tung bnh. Sau l cc t bo ca cc ph tng, m tuyn ni tit v cui cng l cc
m c xng thn kinh c nhy cm bc x thp nht. Chnh v vy tia bc x c
th gy cc tn thng khc nhau cc m khc nhau to r cc triu chng khc
nhau. iu ny c lu trong qui phm an ton bc x, trong quy nh cc mc
liu gii hn cho php khc nhau i vi cc h thng trong c th c cc mc nhy
cm khc nhau.
4. CC HIU NG BC X MC C TH
Cc t bo to nn cc m v cc c quan hot ng mt cch c h thng. Nu t
bo mt kh nng sinh si hoc cc chc nng ca t bo b hn ch th cc m v cc
c quan cng b thay i, gy nn cc bnh, nh bnh c thy tinh th, gim s bch
cu, bnh ban st , v.v Khi chc nng chng ca c th cng thay i, xut
hin cc triu chng nh nn ma, chy mu hay co git. Cc bnh ung th c th xut
hin nhiu nm sau .
4.1. Phn loi cc hiu ng bc x mc c th
4.1.1. Cc hiu ng soma v di truyn
Khi mt ngi b chiu x, hiu ng bc x c th xy ra vi bn thn ngi v
cng c th xy ra vi con chu h. Loi hiu ng th nht gi l hiu ng soma, khi
bc x tc dng ln cc t bo soma, vi cc bnh thng gp l bnh v h thng
to mu, ng rut, h thn kinh, da, sinh dc, cc bnh ung th, v.v Loi hiu ng
th hai gi l hiu ng di truyn, xy ra cc gene truyn li cho con chu, cc hiu
ng ch xut hin nhng ngi c kh nng sinh sn v ngi b t bin trong
cc tuyn sinh dc do chiu x. Hiu ng di truyn th hin cc bnh di truyn thng
thng vn gp.
4.1.2. Cc hiu ng sm v mun
Cc hiu ng soma c chia thnh cc hiu ng sm v cc hiu ng mun, ty
theo cc khong thi gian gia lc chiu x v lc th hin triu chng bnh. Cc hiu
ng sm xut hin trong vi tun sau khi chiu x. Cc hiu ng mun xut hin hn
vi thng n hng chc nm sau khi chiu x.
Trang: 24
Cc hiu ng cn ph thuc vo thi gian chiu bc x vo ngi. Chiu x vi
liu x ln trong mt thi gian ngn c gi l chiu x cp, cn chiu x trong mt
thi gian di hoc c chia lm nhiu ln c gi l chiu x trng din. Cc hiu
ng sm xut hin do s chiu x cp, ty thuc vo ln ca liu x, thng l cc
bnh v mt, h sinh dc, da, h thng sinh mu, ng tiu ha, h thng thn kinh
trung ng, v.v Cc hiu ng mun c th do c s chiu x cp ln do s chiu x
trng din, thng l bnh c thy tinh th ca mt, bnh ng th v bnh di truyn.
4.2. Cc hiu ng tt nhin v ngu nhin

Hiu ng di
truyn

Hiu ng soma

Hiu ng ngu nhin

Hiu ng tt nhin
Chiu x cp Chiu x trng din
Hiu ng sm Hiu ng mun
Cc bnh v h thng
to mu, ng rut,
h thn kinh,
c thy
tnh th
Bnh ung
th
Bnh di
truyn
Hnh. Phn loi cc hiu ng bc x
CHNG 3: NG DNG CA CC NGUN BC X
Cc ngun bc x c ng dng rt nhiu trong cng nghip, y t, a cht, nng
nghip, giao thng, xy dng, v.v y trnh by mt cch tm lc cc ng dng
trong y t, cng nghip v mt vi ngnh khc.
1. Cc ng dng ca ngun bc x trong y t
Trong y t thng dng cc my pht tia X, cc ngun phng x kn v h chn
on v iu tr bnh. Cc ng dng chnh nh x hnh chun on, x tr bng
chm tia, x tr bng ngun p st v dng dc cht phng x chn on v iu
tr.
1.1. X hnh chun on
Nguyn tc x hnh chun on da trn hiu ng hp th ca chm tia X v tia
gamma khi i qua c th. Chiu chm tia X hay tia gamma qua b phn c th v pha
i din t phim hoc mn hunh quang, hoc qua b phn tng hnh ra h ti vi v
dng video ghi li. Phng php chun on bng X quang c s dng rng ri
trong cc bnh vin cng nh cc phng khm X quang t nhn.

C hai phng php chn on l chp hnh v soi hnh.
Chp hnh: Chm tia c cng tng i mnh, chiu nhanh trong thi gian
ngn (tia X quang), to hnh trn phim m bn.
Trang: 25

Soi hnh: Chm tia tng i yu, chiu lin tc (my pht tia X, ngun phng x),
to hnh trn mn hunh quang hoc qua h tng hnh ra h tivi v video ghi li.

Cc ngun bc x thng dng l my pht tia X c cao th nh c 30 - 130 kVp
hoc ngun phng x I-125 c hot 4 - 20 GBq hay 100 - 500 mCi.
1.2. X tr bng chm tia

Chiu chm tia gamma hoc tia X tp trung vo khi u dit khi u. Phng php
ny lm khi u b dit, song cc m lnh cng b tn thng. gim thiu s tn
thng cc m lnh ngi dng k thut a chm tia, tc l nhiu chm tia hi t t
nhiu pha khc nhau vo khi u (Dao ct gamma).
Trang: 26
1.3. X tr bng ngun p st
Ngun phng x t trc tip vo b mt hoc bn trong khi u tiu dit khi u.
Phng php ny c s dng cha tr cc ung th trn da v cc m, hc m k
thut chm tia khng thch hp.
2. Cc ng dng ngun bc x trong cng nghip
2.1. X hnh cng nghip
X hnh cng nghip gm cc k thut chp nh phng x v chp nh X-quang.
Cc phng php ny u da trn nguyn tc hp th tia bc x khi i qua i tng
c kim tra. Chiu chm tia X hay tia gamma vo vt th. t sau vt th mt hp
kn ng phim nhy X - quang, phim ny c kp gia 2 tm ch mng c tc dng
tng m ca hnh nh. Phim sau khi chp c hin v c nh my o en.
T bit c cc khuyt tt hoc vt l trong vt th.

Phng php chp nh phng x hay tia X c ng dng rng ri trong vic kim
tra cht lng mi hn, cht lng vt c v cc sn phm kim loi. K thut ny cn
c dng chp nh cc cu kin b tng ct thp nhm xc nh kch thc v
mng phn b cc ct thp trong cu kin b tng.
2.2. My o dy sn phm
My o dy sn phm da vo hiu ng hp th phn x ca chm tia bc x i
qua vt th. Trong cc my ny, thay cho vic dng phim nhy X-quang, ngi ta
dng detector bc x t ngay sau vt th. Cc detector thng dng l cc bung ion
ho, detector Geiger-Muller hay detector nhp nhy. Khi c bc x i qua vng hot
ng ca detecctor th detector s cho ra tn hiu. Mt h in t x l cc tn hiu ny
v a vo my m hay my t ghi.
Trang: 27

2.3. My o mt vt cht v nng dung dch
Cc my o mt vt cht v nng cc cht trong dung dch cng da trn cc
nguyn tc hp th v tn x bc x khi i qua vt cht.

2.4. My o mc
My o mc ch yu da vo phng php truyn qua. Tia bc x b hp th mnh
khi b vt liu chn cn khng b hp th khi khng c vt liu. t ngun phng x
gamma mt pha v detector pha kia ca bn cha vt liu. Khi mc vt liu thp
hn mc ngun v detector th s m cao, cn khi mc vt liu trn mc ngun v
detector th detector cho s m thp. H thng in t phn bit ngng cc s m
c th xc nh c mc vt liu.

My o mc thng dng trong cc trng hp:
Trang: 28
Trang: 29
o mc cht lng trong cc chai hoc lon bia v nc gii kht cc nh my bia
v nc gii kht.
o mc vt liu trong cc bn cha vt liu nh my xi mng.
o mc vt liu trong nh my giy.
o mc cc dung dch ho cht trong cc nh my ha cht.
Mt dng c o mc n gin, cm tay, c th dng o mc cht lng CO
2

trong bnh cu ha.
2.5. My o dng ngun neutron
My o dng ngun neutron c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip
do c nhiu loi tng tc gia neutron vi vt cht.
Mt trong cc ng dng neutron nhanh nng lng t l00keV n 10MeV l xc
nh m. Neutron nhanh tng tc vi mi trng v b lm chm. Hydrogen, mt
thnh phn ca nc, c tc dng lm chm neutron mnh nht. Sau khi c lm
chm, neutron c nng lng trung bnh 0.025 eV, gi l neutron nhit. Cc neutron
nhit c ghi nhn bng detector BF
3
. Cng neutron t l vi hm lng nc
trong mi trng t xung quanh.
Phng php phn tch kch hot neutron l phng php phn tch ph gamma
ca cc ht nhn b kch thch do tng tc ca neutron. H thng phn tch gm
ngun neutron, mu th, detector bn dn germanium hay detector nhp nhy NaI(Tl)
v my phn tch bin nhiu knh. H my ny cho php phn tch thnh phn vt
cht trong qung m, chng hn nh lng nhm trong qung bauxite, hm lng
oxygen trong qung thic, v.v
3. Cc ng dng khc ca ngun bc x
Ngoi cc ng dng trong y t v cng nghip, ngun bc x cn c s dng
nhiu trong cc ngnh k thut khc.
3.1. ng dng trong a cht
Trong a cht, ngun phng x c s dng ph bin xc nh cc c trng
ch yu ca cc tng a cht trong ging khoan. Trong khi khoan thm d, ngi ta
th detector dc theo chiu su ca ging khoan o ph gamma ca cc ng v
phng x t nhin nh U-238, Th-232, K-40. Mi loi t c hm lng ring cc
Trang: 30
ng v ny, do bng phng php o ph gamma t nhin c th xc nh cu trc
ca cc tng t . Phng php phc tp hn l th ngun neutron hay gamma
xung ging khoan cng vi detector o neutron hay gamma tn x ngc t thnh
ging. Cng neutron tn x ngc ph thuc vo hm lng cc nguyn t nh,
c bit l hydrogen, do c th xc nh c hydrocacbon. Cn i vi gamma,
th cng gamma tn x ngc ph thuc vo thnh phn cc nguyn t nng, do
c th xc nh c cu trc a tng. Cc phng php ny ang c ng dng
trong vic thm d a cht ti cc lin on a cht v cc cng ty thm d v khai
thc du kh.
3.2. ng dng trong nng nghip
Trong nng nghip tp trung vo hai hng chnh l chiu x ging to t bin v
nghin cu ch dinh dng bng phng php nh du phng x. Trong phng
php t bin ngi ta dng ngun phng x Co-60 chiu ht ging, di tc dng cua
bc x gamma cc ht ny c s bin i gen lm cy trng xut hin cc tnh cht c
li. Bng cch chn lc v nhn ging, ngi ta to c cc ging mi c phm cht
cao hn ging c.
Trong phng php nh du, ngi ta dng P-32 hay N-15 nh du vo phn
ln hay phn m em bn cho cy trng v theo di qu trnh dinh dng ca cy
bng cch thu thp mu trong qu trnh pht trin ca cy v o hot cc ng v
phng x bn.
3.3. ng dng trong ngnh hi quan
Trong ngnh hi quan, ngi ta dng my pht tia X kim tra hnh l ti cc ca
khu sn bay v bn tu. Cc my kim tra hnh l ch yu da trn phng php
truyn qua ca tia X.

3.4. ng dng trong bo qun, kh trng v bin tnh vt liu
Cc ngun phng x gamma, cc my pht electron c s dng rng ri trong
vic bo qun thc phm, kh trng v ci bin vt liu. Di tc dng ca bc x
gamma vi liu chiu mt vi kGy vi sinh vt b cht hoc mt kh nng sinh trng,
do nu chiu x thc phm vi liu x nh vy c th bo qun c trong thi
gian lu khng b thi ra. Vi liu gamma c vi chc kGy th c th dit c vi
trng, do c th kh trng cc dng c y t v dc phm. Vi liu gamma cao hn
c th bin tnh vt liu, to ra cc vt liu mi c cht lng cao.

Trang: 31

Tuong Tac Buc Xa Voi Vat Chat

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tuong Tac Buc Xa Voi Vat Chat

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC S PHM THNH PH H CH MINH

1.5. Qung chy ca ht beta trong vt cht

You might also like