Din n vt l Ninh Hi

1
L THUYT GII TON IN XOAY CHIU BNG S PHC
1. S tng quan gia in xoay chiu v s phc
- Xt on mch R, L, C mc ni tip, u = U
o
cos(t + )(V ) .

Ta c gin vect nh sau:
+ Trc honh biu din R
U
L
+ Phn dng ca trc tung biu din L

+ Phn m ca trc tung biu din C








U
C


U
U
L
U
c
U
R

+Vect u c ln l U
0
v to vi trc honh mt gc l U
C
- Xt mt s phc bt k: x = a + bi.

S phc ny c ghi di dng lng gic l

V c biu din nh hnh bn:

+Trc honh biu din phn thc (s a)
+Trc tung biu din phn o (s b)

x = X
o
Z
X
0

b
b
x
+Vect x c ln l X
o
v to vi trc honh mt gc l
a

- Nh vy ta c th xem R nh l mt s phc ch c phn thc a (v nm trn trc honh)
L v C l s phc ch c phn o b (v nm trn trc tung). Nhng chng khc nhau l L nm
phn dng nn c biu din l bi. C nm phn m nn c biu din l bi.
u hoc i c xem nh l mt s phc x v c vit di dng lng gic

VD:
X
o
Z .

Cc i lng trong in
xoay chiu
Biu din di
dng s phc
R=50
50
ZL=100
100i
ZC=150
-150i
u = 100 cos(100tt +
t
)(V )

6
100Z
t

6
i = 2
2
cos(100tt
t
)( A)

4
2 2Z(
t
)

4


2. Cng thc tnh ton c bn:
Khi gii cc bi tp in xoay chiu bng s phc, cc bn xem on mch ny nh l on
mch mt chiu vi cc phn t R, L, C mc ni tip.
Chng ta ch s dng mt nh lut duy nht gii. l nh lut Ohm trong mch in
mt chiu. nh lut ny chng ta hc nm lp 9, qu quen thuc ng khng no:

I =
U
R

hay U = I.R hay R =
U
I
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

2
Trong R khng ch ring mi in tr, m ch chung tt c nhng vt c tr khng (nhng
ci c n v l ^^. VD: R, Z
L
, Z
C
...).
Trong chng trnh hc Ph thng, chng ta ch hc on mch xoay chiu mc ni tip,
cho nn trong on mch mt chiu gm R
1
, R
2
,..., R
n
ni tip ta c:
R = R
1
+ R
2
+ ... +R
n

U = U
1
+ U
2
+ ... + U
n

I = I
1
= I
2
= ... =I
n

3. Thao tc trn my:
a) Nhng thao tc c bn
thc hin tnh ton s phc trn my, chng ta phi vo mode CMPLX bng cch n
[Mode] [2]. Trn mn hnh hin CMPLX.


Trong mode CMPLX, nhp k hiu i ta nhn phm ENG
nhp k hiu ngn cch Z , ta nhn [SHIFT] [(-)]










Nh ta bit, s phc c hai cch ghi, l i s v lng gic.
- Khi my tnh hin th dng i s (a+bi), th chng ta s bit c phn thc v phn o
ca s phc.

Din n vt l Ninh Hi

3
- Khi my tnh hin th dng lng gic ( X
o
Z ), th chng ta s bit c di (modul)
v gc (argumen) ca s phc.

Mc nh, my tnh s hin th kt qu di dng i s. chuyn sang dng lng gic, ta
nhn: [SHIFT] [2], mn hnh hin th nh sau:

chn [3], nhn [=]. Kt qu s c chuyn sang dng lng gic

b) Nhng li thng gp
- Khi ci t my ch n v o gc no th phi nhp n v o gc y.
Trong mode (mn hnh hin ch D), cc bn phi nhp n v l . VD: 45
0
, 60
0

Trong mode rad (mn hnh hin ch R), cc bn phi nhp n v l radian. VD:
Cch ci t my: Nhn [SHIFT] [Mode]
t
,
t

4 3

Nhn [3] ci t my n v l .
Nhn [4] ci t my n v l radian.
- Trn my Fx 570 ES, bm nhanh, cc bn thng n du chia thay cho du phn s.
Chnh v vy trong qu trnh bm my thng xut hin nhng li nh sau:
1
Z
t

2 4
1
Z
t

2 4
Khc 1 2Z
t

4
Khc
1
Zt 4

2
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

4

3 2i Khc 3 (2i)
Cch khc phc: s dng du ngoc
II. CC DNG BI TP:
(nhn [Mode] [2] chuyn sang mode s phc, ci t my n v gc radian)
1. Tm biu thc hiu in th, cng dng in :
Bi 1: Mt on mch in gm in tr R = 50O mc ni tip vi cun thun cm L = 0,5/t
(H). t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = 100 2 sin(100tt - t/4) (V).
Biu thc ca cng dng in qua on mch l:
A. i = 2sin(100tt - t/2) (A). B. i = 2 2 sin(100tt - t/4) (A).
C. i = 2 2 sin100tt (A). D. i = 2sin100tt (A).
Gii:
Gi :

U

Ta dng nh lut Ohm I = gii.
R

Cch lm:

- Ta c: R=50O
Z
L
=50O.

- Suy ra I =
U
.

R + Z
L


- Nhn [SHIFT] [2] [3] chuyn sang dng lng gic:












p n : A
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

5
Bi 2: Khi t hiu in th khng i 30V vo hai u on mch gm in trthun mc ni
tip vi cun cm thun c t cm
1

4t

(H) th dng in trong mch l dng in 1 chiu c

cng 1A. Nu t vo hai u on mch ny in p
cng dng in trong mch l:
A. i = 5 2 cos(120tt
t
) (A)

4
C. i = 5 2 cos(120tt +
t
) (A)

4
u = 150 2 cos120tt (V) th biu thc


B. i = 5 cos(120tt +
t
) (A)

4
D. i = 5 cos(120tt
t
) (A)

4




Gi :


Gii:

(Trch thi tuyn sinh i hc 2009)

U

Tnh R, sau dng cng thc I = tnh.
R

Cch lm:

- Khi t hiu in th khng i (hiu in th 1 chiu) th on mch ch cn c R.

- R =
U
I
=
30
= 30O

1
- Ta c R=30O.

Z
L
=30O.

- Suy ra I =
U
.

R + Z
L


- Chuyn sang dng lng gic:
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

6

p n : D
Bi 3: Hiu in th xoay chiu t vo hai u on mch R, L, C ni tip c biu thc:

u = 220 2 cos(100tt

th gia hai bn t l:
t
)(V ) . Bit R = 100, L = 0,318H v C = 15,9 F. Biu thc hiu in

12
A. u = 440 cos(100tt
t
) V

3
B. u = 400 cos(100tt
t
) V

4
C. u = 440 cos(100tt +
t
) V

6


Gi :

Tnh I sau dng cng thc U
C
= I . Z
C


Cch lm:

- Ta c: R=100O
Z
L
=100O.
Z
C
=200O.
U





Gii:

D. u = 440 cos(100tt +
t
) V

12
- I = .
R + Z
L
+ Z
C
Nhp vo my:


Nhn [=] :
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

7




- C I ri, ta suy ra U
C
bng cng thc: U
C
= I . Z
C













- Chuyn sang dng lng gic:












p n : A
2. Tm cc thnh phn (Bi ton hp en)
Ta chia R, L, C thnh 2 nhm:

+ Nhm 1: in tr (R).
+ Nhm 2: Cun cm v t in (L v C).
Ly u chia i, hin th di dng i s th kt qu s ri vo nhng dng nh sau:
- a + bi : on mch c c nhm 1 v nhm 2 ( Trong a l gi tr ca in tr, b l
tng tr ca nhm 2. Nu nhm 2 ch c 1 phn t th b l tr khng ca phn t
)
- a : on mch ch c in tr.
- bi : on mch ch c nhm 2.
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

8
Bi 1: t hiu in th xoay chiu u = 120 2 cos(100tt +
t
)(V ) vo hai u ca mt cun dy khng

6

thun cm thy dng in trong mch c biu thc i = 2 cos(100tt

bng:
t
)( A) . in tr thun r c gi tr

12
A. 60 B. 85 C. 100 D. 120
Gii:
- Chuyn u, i sang s phc:
u :120 2Z
t

6
i : 2Z
t

12
- Ly u chia i:

- Suy ra r = 60.
p n : A


Bi 2: in p gia hai u cun dy v cng dng in qua cun dy l:
u = 80 cos(100tt +
t
)(V ) ; i =

8
2 cos(100tt
t
)( A) . in tr thun R v t cm L ca cun dy

8
l:


A. 40 v 0,368 H B. 40 v 0,127 H

C. 40 2 v 0,127 H D. 40 2 v 0,048 H
Gii:
- Chuyn u, i sang s phc:
u : 80Z
t

8
i : 2Z
t

8
- Ly u chia i:
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

9

0

- Suy ra R = 40.
Z
L
= 40
- C Z
L
= 40 , suy ra L = 0,127H.












p n : B


Bi 3: Cho on mch xoay chiu nh hnh v.

R
0
, L


Cho R = 50 , C =
2
.10
4
F ,

t

u
AM
C

= 80 cos(100tt )(V ) ;
R

A
M
B


u
MB
= 200 2 cos(100tt +
t
)(V ) . Gi tr ca R

2

v L l:





Gi :
A. 250 v 0,8 H B. 250 v 0,56 H
C. 176,8 v 0,56 H D. 176,8 v 0, 8 H
Gii:

Tnh I, sau ly U
MB
chia cho I.

Cch lm:

- Ta c: R = 50O
Z
C
= 50O.
- Chuyn u
AM
, u
MB
sang s phc:
u
AM
: 80


u
MB

: 200 2Z
t

2
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

10

3
\ . \ .
\
|
U

- Tnh I : I =
AM
=
R + Z
C
80
50 50i


- Ly U
MB
chia I:
U
MB

I
200 2Z
t

=
2

4
+
4
i

5 5

- Suy ra R
0
= 176,8.
Z
L
= 176,8 => L = 0,56 H

p n : C


3. Cng cc u
Nh ta bit, trong on mch mt chiu, mun bit hiu in th on mch th ta ch cn
cng cc hiu in th thnh phn c trong mch li vi nhau.

Bi 1: on mch AC c in tr thun, cun dy thun cm v t in mc ni tip. B l mt im trn
t

AC vi u
AB
= sin100tt (V) v u
BC
= 3sin(100tt -
2
) (V). Tm biu thc hiu in th u
AC
.


A. u
AC
= 2 2 sin(100tt) V

B. u
AC
= 2 sin
|
100tt +
t |
V

.
| t |

| t |

C. u
AC
= 2 sin

100tt +
3
|
V



Gi :

Cng cc hiu in th thnh phn li vi nhau.

Cch lm:
D. u
AC
= 2 sin

100tt
3
|
V

Gii:
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

11
- Chuyn u
AB
, u
BC
sang s phc:
u
AB
:1


u
BC

: 3Z
t

2
- Tnh U
AC
:

u = u + u


= 1 +

3Z
t

AC AB BC
2


- Chuyn sang dng lng gic:


- Suy ra

p n : D

u
AC
= 2 sin(100tt
t
)(V )

3


(Bi ny cng c th gii nhanh bng phng php gin vect)


III. BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho on mch nh hnh v: R = 100, L = 0,138H v C = 15,9 F

u
MB
= 220 cos(100tt
t
)(V ) . Biu thc cng

3
A


L
C
R
M
B

dng in trong mch l:

A. i = 2 cos(100tt
t
) (A)

6
B. i = 2 cos(100tt +
t
) (A)

6
C. i = 2 cos(100tt
t
) (A)

2

D. i = 2 cos(100tt +
t
) (A)

2
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

12

3
\ . \ .
\
|

Bi 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu gm mt cun dy c in tr thun

10
3

r =
20
O , t cm

3
L =
1
( H )

5t

v t in c in dung C =

( F )

4t

mc ni tip. Bit biu thc in p hai u
cun dy l u
d
= 100 2 cos100tt (V). in p hai u mch l:
A. u =100 2 cos(100tt
2t
) (V)

3
C. u =100 cos(100tt + t) (V)
B. u =100 cos(100tt +
2t
) (V)

3
D. u =100 cos(100tt t) (V)

Bi 3: Mt on mch xoay chiu gm R mc ni tip vi mt trong hai phn t C hoc cun
dy thun cm L. in p gia hai u mch in v cng dng in qua mch c biu thc:
u = 100 2 cos(100tt )(V ) , i = 2 cos(100tt
t
)( A) . on mch gm

4
A. R v C c R = 30, Z
C
= 30 B. R v L c R = 40, Z
L
= 30
C. R v C c R = 50, Z
C
= 50 D. R v L c R = 50, Z
L
= 50
Bi 4: on mch AC c in tr thun, cun dy thun cm v t in mc ni tip. B l mt
t

im trn AC vi u
AB
= sin100tt (V) v u
BC
= 3sin(100tt -
2
) (V). Tm biu thc hiu in th

u
AC
.

A. u
AC
= 2 2 sin(100tt) V

B. u
AC
= 2 sin
|
100tt +
t |
V

.
| t |

| t |

C. u
AC
= 2 sin

100tt +
3
|
V

D. u
AC
= 2 sin

100tt
3
|
V


Bi 5: t mt hiu in th u = 200 2 .sin(100 tt + t/6) (V) vo hai u ca mt cun dy
thun cm c t cm L = 2/t (H). Biu thc ca cng dng in chy trong cun dy l
A. i = 2 sin (100tt + 2t/3 ) (A). B. i = 2 sin ( 100tt + t/3 ) (A).

C. i = 2 sin (100tt - t/3 ) (A). D. i = 2 sin (100tt - 2t/3 ) (A).
Bi 6: Cho mt on mch in xoay chiu gm in tr thun R v t in c in dung C mc
ni tip. in p t vo hai u on mch l u = 100 2 cos100tt (V ) , b qua in tr dy ni. Bit

cng dng in trong mch c gi tr hiu dng l 3 A v lch pha

Gi tr ca R v C l:
t

so vi in p hai u mch.
3
A. R =
50
O v C =

3
10
4

F
t
B. R =
50
O v C =

3
10
3

F
5t

C. R = 50 3O v C =
10
4

F
t

D. R = 50 3O v C =
10
3

F
5t
Din n vt l Ninh Hi

13
Bi 7: Cho mt on mch in xoay chiu gm hai trong trong phn t: in tr thun R, cun
dy thun cm L, t C mc ni tip. Hiu in th gia hai u mch v cng dng in
trong mch c biu thc:
u = 220 2 sin (100tt - t/3 ) (V)

i = 2 2 sin (100tt + t/6) (A)
Hai phn t l hai phn t no?
A. R v L. B. R v C
C. L v C. D. R v L hoc L v C.
Bi 8 : t mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = 60sin100tt (V) vo hai u on mch gm cun
thun cm L = 1/t H v t C = 50/t F mc ni tip. Biu thc ng ca cng dng in
chy trong mch l
A. i = 0,2sin(100tt + t/2) (A). B. i = 0,2sin(100tt - t/2) (A).
C. i = 0,6sin(100t + /2) (A). D. i = 0,6sin(100tt - t/2) (A).
Bi 9 : Cho on mch nh hnh v, R=50, L=1/(H), C=2.10
-4
/(F), bit
u
MB

= 100 2 sin(100t 3)(V ) . Tm biu thc hiu in th uAB?
A. 100

C. 100
2 sin(100t
2 sin(100t +
6)(V )

4)(V )
B. 100

D. 100
2 sin(100t +
2 sin(100t +
6)(V )

3)(V )
Bi 10: Mch in ni tip R, L, C trong cun dy thun cm (Z
L
< Z
C
). t vo hai u on
mch mt in p xoay chiu u = 200 2 cos(100tt +
t
)V . Khi R = 50 cng sut mch t gi

4
tr cc i. Biu thc dng in qua mch lc :
A. i = 4 cos(100tt +
t
) (A)

2
C. i = 4 2 cos(100tt +
t
) (A)

4


B. i = 4 cos(100tt +
t
) (A)

4

D. i = 4 2 cos(100tt) (A)
Gi :
Khi R = 50 cng sut mch t gi tr cc i, suy ra
Cc dng ton cc tr trong dng in xoay chiu).
Mt khc Z
C
> Z
L
nn trong s phc ta c: Z
L
+ Z
C
= -50i
200 2Z
t


Z
L
Z
C



= R = 50


(Xem thm chuyn
Suy ra: i =
u

=
4
= 4Z
t

R + Z
L
+ Z
C

50 50i 2