Chien Banh Phong Tom

Tiu lun truyn nhit GVHD: Phm Vn Bn
Phn mt:
GII THIU CHUNG V NGUYN LIU V QUY TRNH SN XUT
I. GI I THIU
II. NGUYN LIU:
1. TM:
a. Con Tm :
Tm l mt sn phm thy sn cha lng protein ng vt c gi tr
dinh dng cao, lng cc axit amin cao.
VN c khong 70 loi tm c phn b cc vng bin xa b, gn
b v trong cc thy vc ni a. Trong c mt s i tng quan trng sau:
H tm he( panaeidae)
y l h tm thng dng sn xut bnh phng tm. H ny bao
gm cc loi sau:
Tm s ( Pananu monodon )
Cn gi l tm c, l loi tm c kch thc ln, khi cn
ti, v du, ngc c vn ngang ( tm bin vn trng nu
hoc xanh xen k ; m a nc l tm c vn mu en).
Tm s phn b rng t m a nc l ra vng bin su
khong 40m, tp trung nc su 10 25 m. Tm c
quanh nm nhng mu v chnh t thng 2 -4 v thng 7 10. Tm c chiu di khai
thc 150 250 mm, vi khi lng t 50 150g.
Tm s l loi tm ngon, tht chc thm, c gi tr kinh t cao.
Tm he ma ( Paracus meguicnuis)
Cn gi l tm bc, phn b khp ni nhng tp trung nhiu Nam
B, Rch Gi, vnh Thi Lan. Tm he mnh trong dp, u c rng ca, ui di, c
gai mu vng nht pht xanh, c nhiu m en, thn mu vng xanh. Tm bin
i theo dn ln, ma kh tm vo sng gn b vo ma ma th ra bin su. Ma v
t thng 11 n thng 2 nm sau v t thng 5 9. Tm c chiu di khai thc 140
200 mm v khi lng 25 80g.
Tm th ( Paracus semisulcutus)
Cn gi l tm s vn. Tm c mu c bit trng xanh thm, vn
ngang bng, ru c khong vng nht. Tm phn b t nng ra su n 60m
nhng tp trung nhiu su 20 40m. Tm c nhiu ni Trung B, tp trung
nhiu vng bin Ph Khnh, Ngha Bnh. Ma v t thng 2 4 v thng 7 -9. Tm
c chiu di khai thc khong 120 150 mm vi khi lng t 40 145g.
Tm ro ( Metapennacus ensis) cn gi l tm ch.
Tm ro c mu vng nht, thn c nhiu chm nu m, hnh dng
gn ging tm bc nhng mnh trn, sn chc v dy v. C khi tm c mu trng
xanh, hay mnh xm. Tm ro sng nc l, lc ln i ra xa b. Tm c nhiu
vng bin Nam Trung B. Ma v t thng 12 n thng 2 nm sau v t thng 6 8.
Tm ro c kch thc trung bnh, chiu di khai thc t 100 -180 mm vi khi lng
20 50g.
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QT Trang 1
Tm he Teraroi ( Paracus teraroi).
L loi tm c khi lng kh ln. Trong ma kh chiu di ca tm
khai thc t 150 240mm ( trung bnh 210mm) v khi lng 30 80g ( trung bnh
68g).
H tm v (Saf Uariac)
H tm v c 4 loi trong loi c gi tr kinh t ln nht l Ibacus
ciliatus v Thenus oricntalis.
H tm hm ( Homaridae) v tm rng ( Palinuridac)
Tm hm sao ( Panulirus ornatus)
Tm hm ( Panulirus longgipes)
Tm hm si ( Panulirus homorus)
Tm hm Thopsoni ( Nephrops Thompsoni)
H tm cng ( Palacmonidae)
H tm cng nc ta c bn ging Palacmon, Macrobrachium,
Leptocarpus, Leandritcs. Trong d tm cng xanh
( Macrobrachium rosengergoi) thuc ging Macrobrachium l
ging c gi tr kinh t ln nht.
b. Thnh phn ha hc:
- Thnh phn ha hc ca nguyn liu tm c nc, protein, lipit,
gluxit, mui v c, vitamin, men, hoocmon. Nhng thnh phn tng i nhiu l
nc, protein, lipit, mui v c, lng gluxit trong tm thng rt t v thuc dng
glucogen.
- Thnh phn ho hc trong cc loi tm khc nhau thng khc nhau
ty theo hon cnh sinh sng. Thnh phn ha hc cn ph thuc vo cc trnh thi
sinh l, c, ci, ma v, thi tit.
- Thnh phn ho hc trong c tht tm s vi c ni chung l nc
nhiu v protit t hn, lng m phn ln di 2% v t thay i theo thi tit.
Bng thnh phn ho hc ca tm
Thnh Phn Khi Lng ( g/100g tm ti)
Protit 19 33
Lipit 0,3 0,4
Nc 76 79
Tro 1,3 1,87
Gluxit Khng ng k
Canxi 29 50
Photpho ( 33 67,6 ).10
-3
St ( 1,2 5,1 ).10
-3
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QT Trang 2
Natri ( 11 127 ).10
-3
Kali ( 127 -565 ).10
-3
Hm lng Vitamin trong tm he
A ( UI/g) B
1
( mg % ) B
2
( mg % ) PP ( mg % )
360 0,01 0,11 1,7
c. Phn Tch Mt S Thnh Phn Chnh Ca Tm
Protit .
L thnh phn ch yu, chim 70 80% t l cht kh ca tm.
Protit trong c th ng vt thy sn thng lin kt vi cc hp cht hu c khc
nh lipit, axit nucleic, glycogen. Protit khi in kt vi cc hp cht khc s to
thnh cc hp cht phc tp v nhng tnh cht sinh hc c trng khc nhau.
Cu trc tht ca tm:
Protein ca tm gm nhiu b s c, xen gia cc b ny l cc
mng m lin kt v cc t bo m m.
Cu to s c: Mi s c l mt t bo c ng knh khong 10
100 m gm:
Mng c :
Cu to ging nh mng ca t bo khc, cng l mng bn thm,
mng t bo ng vai tr quan trng pht sinh v dn truyn cc hng phn vo
cc c..
Do protein hnh si cu thnh ch yu l colagen ( c vai tr cht
keo ), elastin ( cht n hi ), keticulin ( cht li ), ngoi ra cn c lipoprotein,
muxin.
C tng: L cht cha bn trong si c. C tng l dng
dch dnh v nht, gm hai phn: dch c tng v t c.
Dch c tng l cht lng gm nc v cc cht ho tan nh
protein tan ( mioglobin ), cc hp cht nit phi protein ( NH
3
, axit amin, axit
nucleic, cc mui ), ngoi ra cn c nhn t bo, glycogen. y l cc cht c
th trch ly t si c.
T c : l thnh phn quan trng v ngn trong dch c tng.
Trong mi si c c hng ngn t c. T c c ng knh rt b v t c gm
mt b x c mng, v x c dy mm ngan nhau. X c mng cu to t cutin
c ng knh 50 A
0
. Trong thnh phn ca n cn c hai loi protein na l
troponin v tropomyozin c vai tr iu khin trong qu trnh co v dui c. X c
dy cu to bng myozin, ng knh 100A
0
.
Lui c tng : l tn gi ca mt h thng gm cc thnh
phn kt hp vi nhau mt cch phc tp di dng cc ng nm ngang ni lin
cc mng t bo v cc ti di, cc ng dc nm gia cc s c nm song song
nhau, cc ng dc ni cc ng ngang vi nhau.
im khc bit ca t chc c tht tm vi c tht ca ng vt trn cn
o Hm lng m lin kt trong t chc c tht tm thp hn.
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QT Trang 3
o Nhit , gelatin ho ca colagen tm thp hn ca tht ng vt
trn cn hng chc .
o S c ca tm ngn hn v t chc thnh lp mng.
o Myozin chim 40% protein tng s v rt kh thc ra khi actin.
Protein ny rt nhy vi bin tnh nhit v d b th phn bi
proteaza hn.
o Hin tng cng v chn ca tht tm din ra nhanh hn so vi
ng vt mu nng.
Lipit:
Thnh phn ho hc axit bo ca tm ( ng vt thy sn ) khc
ng vt trn cn, axit bo ca tm thuc loi mch thng c mt gc cacboxin,
chui cacbon trong cht bo di t 12 86 C. Lipit tm ch yu l axit bo khng
no, loi C
14
C
16
rt t loi C
18
C
20
khng bo ho rt nhiu, c bit l loi C
18
khng bo ho, loi C
20
C
26
khng bo ho cao cng kh nhiu.
Thnh phn axit bo trong tm c tm tc nh sau:
o Axit bo bo ho C
n
H
2n
O
2
hoc C
n
H
2n+1
COOH
o Axit bo khng bo ho:
Thuc dy axit oleic C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
( 1 ni i )
Thuc dy axit linoleic C
n
H
2n-4
O
2
( 2 ni i )
Thuc dy axit linolenic C
n
H
2n-6
O
2
( 3 ni i )
o Axit bo khng bo ho cao c s carbon C
18
C
20
thuc cc
dy C
n
H
2n-8
O
2
, C
n
H
2n-12
O
2
Sc t:
Trong thnh phn ho hc ca tm cn c mt thnh phn quan
trong l sc t c th hin r rng nht l di lp v. Sau khi gia nhit tm
nh luc, nu, hoc dng axit v c, ru ngm th v ca chng chuyn sang
mu vng, hoc tm , sc t l astacin.
Astacin l mt cht thuc loi astaxathin. Astaxathin l loi caroten
c tnh axit, v c th tc dng vi ru mui, nhng loi mui khc nhau rt
khng n nh, trong khng kh n rt d b oxy ho thnh astacin. Ngi ta cho
rng astaxathin l dng dn xut ca caroten.
C hai dng ca astaxathin:
o Ataxathin 3,3 dioxy 4,4 diaceto caroten: mu xanh l.
o Astaxathin 3,3 4,4 tetreceto caroten: mu xanh l
Trc kia ngi ta ch bit astacin v protit kt hp nhau tn ti
trong mt loi gip xc, khi dung nng hoc cho axit vo th astacin b tch ra.
d. Mt S Loi Tm S Dng Trong Sn Xut
Bnh Phng Tm:
Tm s ( Penacus monodon ). Cn gi l tm c, l loi tm c kch
thc ln, khi cn ti v, u ngc tm c vn ngang ( tm bin vn trng nu
hay trng xanh xen k, m a nc l tm c vn mu xanh en ). Tm chiu di
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QT Trang 4
khai thc l 150 250 mm vi khi lng t 50 150g. Tm s l loi c tht ngon,
thn, chc, c gi tr kinh t cao.
Tm he ma ( Peracus merguionsis ). Cn gi l tm bc, mnh dt c
nhiu m en , thn mu vng xanh. Tm c chiu di khai thc 140 200mm
vi khi lng 25 80g.
Tm th ( Peracus seminelcatus ) Cn gi l tm s vn. Tm c mu
c trng xanh thm, vn ngang bng, ru c khoang nht. Tm c chiu di
khai thc 120 150mm vi khi lng 40 - 145g.
Cc loi tm trn thuc h tm he, c nui trng nhiu vng ng
bng sng Cu Long.
e. Bo Qun Tm.
i vi nguyn liu tm ti:
C nhiu phng php bo qun tm, nhng thng dng v c
hiu qu nht l phng php bo qun lnh.
Nguyn tc: H nhit ca nguyn liu xung tng thi gain
bo qun da vo s gim hot tnh ca enzym cng nh kh nng c ch hot
ng ca cc vi sinh vt khi nhit gim. Ty thi gian bo qun m ngi ta c
th p dng phng php lnh ng bo qun trong thi gian di, hay dng
phng php bo qun lnh trong thi gian ngn.
Tuy nhin trong iu kin phn xng x nghip nh khng c kh
nng xy dng h thng bo qun lnh ng v cng l khng cn thit. Nn
bo qun nguyn liu tm cho sn xut ca nh my nn chn phng php bo
qun lnh tm thi. y l phng php d thc hin v hiu qu tng i tt.
n gin nht l dng nc bo qun. Tc v hiu qu lm lnh ph
thuc vo lng cho vo, hnh dng, kch thc nc v nhit xung
quanh. Khi nc tan ra s lm cho nhit h xung. Bo qun bng nc
vi nhit 0 -2
0
C c th gi ti c t 3 5 ngy.
tng kh nng lm lnh ca nc c th dng hn hp nc
v mui n bo qun. Thng thng ngi ta dng lng mui khong 15
20% lng nc v lng nc khong 100 128 % lng tm.
i vi nguyn liu tm ng lnh.
bo qun tm ng lnh trong thi gian di bng cch bo qun
tm trong cc t nhit di -18
0
C. Nu c vy th c th bo qun tm trong
6 thng.
Tuy nhin nu phn xng khng c iu kin xy dng kho
lnh bo qun, nn ch c th p dng bin php bo qun tm thi nh ter6n
bo qun tm trong khong 2 3 ngy. Do lng tm nhp v ch nn gii
hn mc dng 2 3 ngy.
f. Yu Cu Ca Tm Nguyn Liu
o Khng c mi n thi, d l n nh.
o Tm khng c im en no trn thn hoc khng c qu 3 im
en khng n su vo trong tht.
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QT Trang 5
o V tm c mu t nhin, sng bng. V b st mnh tm
o Tm khng b bnh.
2. TINH BT
a. Gii thiu v cy la
Vit Nam cng nh nhng quc gia nng nghip, cy la l cy
lng thc chnh. Vit Nam, cy la c trng khp c nc
nhng ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng Hng l hai
va la ln nht c nc. Hin nay, Vit Nam l mt trong
nhng quc gia xut khu la hng u khu vc.
b. Thnh phn ha hc ca cy la
Thnh phn ho hc ca ht la gm ch yu l tinh bt, protein, cellulose ngoi
ra trong ht la cn cha 1 s cht khc vi hm lng t hn so vi 3 cht k trn
nh ng, tro, cht bo, vitamin.
Thnh phn ho hc ca ht la ph thuc vo ging, t trng, kh hu, ln
ca bn thn ht la. Cng chung iu kin trng trt v sinh trng nhng thnh
phn ca go v ngoi khc so vi go trng, thng thng hm lng cht bo v
protein trong go v ngoi hi cao hn i cht, cng mt ging la nhng trng
cc a phng khc nhau th cng khng ging nhau.
Thnh phn ho hc trung bnh ca mt s loi ng cc:
Loi ht Nc Glucid Protein Cht bo Cellulose Tro
Thc 13 63 6.7 2.1 8.8 5.4
La m 14 68.7 12 1.7 2 1.6
Ng 14 67.9 10 4.6 2.2 1.3
u vng 10 26 36 17.5 4.5 5.5
Vng 9.3 10 18.7 50.7 7 5
Thnh phn ho hc ca ht la:
Thnh phn ho
hc
Hm lng cc cht (tnh theo % cht kh)
Nh nht Ln nht Trung bnh
Protein 6.66 10.43 8.75
Tinh bt 47.70 68 56.20
Cellulose 8.74 12.22 9.41
Tro 4.68 6.9 5.8
ng 0.1 4.5 3.2
Cht bo 1.6 2.5 1.2
Dextrin 0.8 3.2 1.3
Thnh phn ho hc trung bnh ca go v go trng (% cht kh)
Ging Protein Glucid Cht bo Cellulose Tro
Go trng 6.2-7.8 76-78.2 1.4-1.6 1.2-1.6 1.6-1.9
Go 6.2-9.2 75-77.6 1.6-2.2 1.2-1.6 1.2-1.5
Thnh phn ho hc v c tnh ca mt s loi go :
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QT Trang 6
Cc ch s
Loi go
Tm thm Chim canh Mc tuyn Np ci
Nc (% theocht kh) 12 11.5 12.2 11.8
Nit (% theo cht kh) 1.13 1.34 1.25 1.29
Nit ho tan (% theo cht kh) 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.08
ng chung (% cht kh) 0.71 0.92 0.87 0.71
ng kh (% theo cht kh) 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.21
Tinh bt (% theo cht kh) 85 83 82.4 84.8
Dextrin (% theo cht kh) 0.7 0.95 0.72 2.2
Cellulose (% theo cht kh) 0.46 0.53 0.45 0.49
Tro (% theo cht kh) 0.72 0.7 0.72 0.61
Vitamin B1 mg% - 0.05 0.068 -
Vitamin B2 mg% - 0.012 0.024 -
Thi gian nu ,pht 27-30 30-33 27-30 27-30
H s n ca cm 3.76 4.62 4.11 3.8
Nc :
Nc c mt trong tt c cc giai on tn ti ca hot ng t lc phi
thai cho n khi thnh cy mi hnh thnh vo tt c cc phn ng trao i cht .
Nc cn c ngha to ln trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin ht.
Trong ht t th qu trnh h hp v cc qu trnh sinh hc khc c tng
cng. Do dn n tn tht cht kh v nhanh chng lm gim cht lng
ht go
Cn phn bit m v ht m ca ht m ca ht. m ca ht l
hm lng nc trong ht c biu din bng phn trm so vi trng lng
ton ht (tng s cht kh v nuc). Hm m ca ht l hm lng nc trong
ht c bi din bng phn trm vi trng lng cht kh trong ht .
S khc nhau v cc dng cu trc ca nc v gi tr nng lng lin
kt ca cc dng vi cc m ca ht gy kh khn cho vic xc nh mt
cch chnh xc m ca ht. Do ngi ta xc nh m bng cch tch ra
mt lng nc c kin kt vt l trong cc iu kin tnh cht ca phng php
xc nh.
S phn b nc trong ht tun theo nh lut cn bng nng lng
phn b gia cc phn khc nhau ca ht l s cn bng ng hc ca n trong
cc phn . S cn bng ca nc trong ht ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc
ca cc loi m trong ht cng nh ph thuc vo p sut thy tnh v p sut
thm thu. S hot ng iu ho ca cc h thng men c ngha to ln i vi
s cn bng ny.
Trong thc t, nc trong ht c chia lm hai dng: dng t do v
dng lin kt. Nc t do c nng lng lin kt khng ln lm vi cc m ca
ht v d dng c tch ra. S c mt ca nc t do lm cho qu trnh h hp
ca ht c y mnh v cc qu trnh ho sinh khc trong ht c tng cng
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QT Trang 7
lm cho ht khng bn khi bo qun: cc tnh cht c l ca ht b gim v ht
rt chng b hng. Nc lin kt c nng lng lin kt kh ln vi cc m ca
ht do cc qu trnh xy ra trong ht u gim v ht tr nn bn khi bo
qun. So vi nc thng, nc lin kt c nhit ng bng kh thp (
-20
0
C, 1256 cm
2
.s
-2
/), p sut hi bo ha nh v nhit bay hi ln, kh
nng ha tan cc cht rn ht sc nh. Khng th tch hon ton nc lin kt
c bi v tch hon ton nc lin kt s km theo s ph hy cc m lin kt,
cc m ca ht .
Gi tr ca m m di gi tr th cc qu trnh trong ht xy ra
rt yu v trn gi tr th cc qu trnh trong ht xy ra mnh lit c gi l
m gii hn. m cn bng ca ht l m ng vi iu kin nht nh
ca m tng i v nhit ca khng kh. Khi m tng i v nhit
ca khng kh thay i th m cn bng ca ht cng thay i theo.
Glucid
Glucid l thnh phn ch yu v chim t l cao nht trong go cc
glucid ca go ngoi tinh bt l thnh phn ch yu cn c ng, dextrin,
cellulose, hemicellulose.
Tinh bt
Tinh bt la thuc loi tinh bt phc tp c kch thc nh, c th ni l
nh nht trong cc tinh bt lng thc (3-8 m) thnh phn tinh bt la t gm
khong 17% amylose v 83% amylopectin.
Thnh phn tinh bt la np hu nh khng c amylose v gm 100%
amylopectin, do khi nu chn go np do v dnh hn go t.
Hm lng amylose v amylopectin ca mt s loi tinh bt
Loi tinh bt Amylose Amylopectin
Bp 24 76
Bp np 0,8 99,2
Go 18,5 81,3
Go np 0,7 99,3
Khoai ty 20 80
Khoai m 17 83
La m 25 73
u xanh 54 46
C dong 47 53
Cu trc amylose:
Amylose l mt phn t mch thng d- glucopyranose lin kt vi nhau
bng -1,4 glucoside .
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QT Trang 8
Trong dung dch hay trng thi t nhin trng thi h tinh bt c nhiu
hng hnh dng khc nhau nhng bn vng v ph bin nht l dng xon 6
gc glucose trong d nhm OH ca gc glucose nm ngoi vng xon ,bn
trong l nhm C-H nhn dc theo trc xon ny ,phn t amylose c dng nh
ci ng ,lng ca cc ng ny va cho phn t iod chui vo to phc mu
xanh.
Phn t ca amylose t (1,4-1,6) 10-6 mc trng hp ca amylose
t 8700-9900 theo stepanenkoc th chia amylose thnh 2 nhm cc amylose c
mc trng hp khong 2000 s c enzym amylose phn r hon ton ,cn cc
amylose c mc trng hp 6000 v cao hn ch c enzym phn gii n 60%.
Nghin cu xu xa amylose ca tinh bt cc ht giu amylose ngi ta
thy cc amylose ny c mc trng hp khong 502-503 c enzym
amylaza phn gii ti 95%.
Amylose d ho tan trong nc m v to nn dung dch c nht
khng cao tuy nhin dung dch nc ca amylose khng bn nht l khi nhit
h thp cc dung dch im ca cemyla nhanh chng to nn dng gel v nh
hnh t nhiu cng rn hoc co gin , t lu sau s to nn cc gel tinh th v cc
kt ta khng thun nghch. Vn tc thi ho ph thuc vo pH,vo s c mt
cc ion vo nng ca amylose cng nh khi lng phn t ca amylose .
Cu trc phn t amylopectin:
Thnh phn th hai ca tinh bt l amylopectin chim khong 70-100%
trong tinh bt amylopectin l cao phn t c mch phn nhnh do cc gc -D
glucoside kt hp li vi nhau bng lin kt -1-4 glucoside cn im phn
nhnh th bng lin kt -1-6 glucoside mi nhnh bao gm 20-50 n v
glucoside v kt thc bng mt u khng nh mi nhnh .
Do cu trc phc tp nn amylopectin kh tan trong nc l ,m ch tan
trong nc un nng to thnh mt dung dch c nht cao v bn ,khng c
hoc c rt t khung hng gy thoi ho .
Khi thu phn bng enzym amylose ,amylopectin ch b phn gii n
50-60% ngha l lin kt - 1,6 glucoside khng thun li cho enzym .Nghin
cu cu to ca amylopectin bng phng php thu phn bng enzym ny
Mayer cho thy khong cch gia cc im phn nhnh bng 8-10 n v
glucose v mi nhnh t do cha 15-18 n v glucose cng c ti liu cho thy
trong phn t amylopectin c nhng khong cch gia hai im phn nhnh ch
gm 3,2 thm ch 1 n v glucose .Trng lng phnn t amylopectin l (2-
4,1)108 mc trng hp amylopectin l 1,2-2,5 m ,amylopectin hp th
nhiu nc nhi nu chn l thnh phn ch yu to nn s trng phng ca ht
tinh bt .Cc ht tinh bt giu amylopectin s d ho tan trong nc 950C hn
cc ht giu amylose.
Cellulose v hemicellulose:
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QT Trang 9
Ngoi tinh bt ,trong ht thc cn cha nhiu cellulose v hemicellulose
, y l nhng glucid khng tan trong nc v khng tiu ho c trong c th
con ngi chng c nhiu trong v tru ,mt phn trong lp aleurope
ng
ng t do trong thc v go np ch yu l saccarose,ngoi ra cn c
mt t glucose v fructose.
Protein
Trong go, Protein l thnh phn c hm lng cao th nh sau tinh bt
protein ca go ni chung v ca go np ni ring c 4 loi l albumin,globulin
prolamin glutelin .Trong ch yu l glutelin chim 75-80%.
Hm lng protein ch yu tp trung phi lp aleurone v gim dn
khi vo tm ni nh. Do go cng xt k th hm lng protein cng gim.
Protein go l nhng cht ho nc ,c th kt hp vi mt lng nc ln v
c th n trng ra to thnh th keo hoc cc gel protein .
Protein d dng bin tnh di tc dng ca cc tc ng khc nhau nh
acid, kim, nhit . Khi n mt tnh tan, tnh ho nc v gi tr dinh dng
cng nh gi tr sinh hc gim i r rt .
Thnh phn cc amino acid trong protein ca go xay xt :
Acid amin Hm lng % Acid amin Hm lng %
Tryptopan 1.08 Valine 6.95
Threonin 3.92 Arginin 5.76
Isoleucin 4.69 Histidine 1.68
Leucin 8.61 Alanine 3.56
Lysin 3.95 Acid aspartic 4.72
Methionine 1.8 Acid glutamic 13.69
Cystine 1.36 Glysin 6.81
Phenyl alanine 5.03 Prolin 4.84
Tyrosine 4.97 Serin 5.68
Lipid
Lipid trong ht la ch yu tp trung phi v lp aleuronr .Trong
thnh lipid ca la c 3 acid chnh l acid oleic ,acid linoleic ,acid palmitci
.Cc acid bo khc nh acid stearic, acid myristic ,acid arachic,acid linosteric c
vi hm lng rt nh .Ngoi ra trong cht bo ca la cn c mt lng
lizolixitin v photpho.
Theo mt s tc gi , cc ch s l ho ca du cm nh sau:
Khi lng ring : 0.9073 - 0.9278
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2
QT Trang 10
H s chit quang : 1.4681 - 1.4796
Ch s acid:15.34- 40.91
Ch s iod : 93.4 - 115.4
Ch s x phng : 85.3 194
Thnh phn ho hc ca cht bo c trong go, go np.
Acid bo
Hm lng (%)
Trong khong Trung bnh
Cha no
Oliec 41-45,6 42,3
Linoleic 27,6-36,7 30,6
No
Myristic 0,1-0,3 0,2
Palmitic 12,3-17,3 15,5
Stearic 1,8-2,6 2,1
Arachic 0,5-0,7 0,6
Linosteric 0,8-,09 0,7
Cht khng x 4,0-4,6 4,2
Vitamin :
Trong la c cha cc loi vitamin sau y B1, B2, B6, PP, D, B12..
Phn ln cc vitamin tp trung phi, v ht v lp aleurone. Trong ni
nh c cha vitamin vi t l thp do sau khi xay xt, go thng c hm
lng vitamin rt nh phn ln vitamin b tch ra theo cm, go, cng xt k
th lng vitamin trong tn tht nhiu nu khng v yu cu bo qun lu
khng b hng th khng nn xt go qu k .
Hm lng cc vitamin trong la go.
Vitamin Thc Go xt Cm
B1 (thiamin) 2-3,7 0,8 25-33
B2 (riboflavin) 0,67 0,25 2,68
B6 (pyridoxine) 6,6 1,3 31,4
B12 - - 0,031
PP (nicotiamide) 44,4-69,0 24 332,0
Acid Pantothimic 9 4 15-27
Acid Folic 26-40 - -
H(biotin) 0,4-1 - -
Cht khong :
Hm lng cht khong trong ht thc ph thuc rt nhiu vo t
trng, phn bn v tp trung ch yu lp v tru, ht, phi.
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2
QT Trang 11
Thnh phn tro ca go (% cht kh)
SiO2 P2O5 CaO MgO K2O Na2O SO2 Cl,Fe2O3,MnO2
Go lt 0,31 0,81 0,07 0,18 0,31 0,12 0,07 Vt
Go xt k 0,08 0,38 0,04 0,04 0,07 0,03 Vt Vt
Thnh phn tro ca v tru (% cht tro)
Thnh phn % Thnh Phn %
SiO
2
94,5 P
2
O
5
0,53
K
2
O 1,1 CaO 0,25
SO
2
1,13 MgO 0,23
Na
2
O 0,78 Cl,MnO
2
,Fe
2
O
3
Vt
Hm lng cc cht khong c trong go np
lai cht khong Hm lng trung bnh (mg/kg) cht kh
Go lt Go xt Cm
Al - 0,73-7,23 53,5-3669
Ca 400 80-270 1310
Cl 203-275 163-239 510-970
Fe 24 4,9-7,1 530
Mg 379-1170 239-371 8650-10750
Mn 13-42 9,9-13,6 110
P 2480-3500 1230-1920 14800
K 1240-2470 577-1190 13650
Si 280-1900 140-370 1700-4400
Na 31-69 22-50 230
Zn 15-22 12-21 80
Enzym
Trong go c mt s loi enzym nh amylase, lipase, catalase,
peroxidase. C loi enzym xc tc phn ng lm tng cht lng thc go,
nhng cng c loi enzymhot ng lm cho thc go b gim cht lng
nghim trng .V d nh enzym Phosphorilase xc tc phn ng tng hp nn
tht gip ht hon thin hn v mt cht lng trong qu chn sau thu hoch
.Ngc li enzym amylase, lipase .. s thu phn tinh bt, lipid ... thnh nhng
cht n gin d hon tan nui phi pht trin thnh mm, lm mt gi tr kinh t
ca thc go.
c. Mt s loi bt thng dng lm bnh phng
tm
Bt m:
Bt m gm c 2 loi: bt m trng v bt m en. Bt m trng sn xut
t ht la m trng. Bt m en sn xut t ht la m en. nc ta ch sn xut
v nhp bt m trng. Qu trnh ngin [hn loi c th thu c 4 loi bt m: bt
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2
QT Trang 12
thng hng, bt loi 1, bt loi 2 v loi 3. Trong sn xut bnh phng tm ch
yu s dng bt loi 1 v thng hng, bt loi 2 v loi 3 khng thun tin cho
snj xut v sn phm c mu sm, mt khc li cha nhiu cm v c gi tri
dinh dng km hn.
Thnh phn ho hc chnh:
Glucid : l thnh phn ch yu ca bt m, chim 71 -79% trng
lng cht kh. Bao gm : tinh bt ( 10 80% ), cellulose ( 0,1 2,3% ), ng
( 1,8 2,8% ), hemicellulose( 2 8% )
Protid: chim 12 15% trng lng cht kh. Gm 4 loi:
albumin, globulin, glutelin, prolemin. Trong glutelin v prolamin l 2 thnh
phn ch yu, chim 80% tng lng protid to gluten ca bt m c kh nng
ht nc mnh v khi ht nc to c dai v n hi cho bt nho.
Ngoi ra protid ca bt m cn c mt s loi axit amin khng thay
th nh tritophan, isoleucine, threonine, metionine
Lipid: chim 2 3% trng lng cht kh. Trong lipit bt m ngoi
cht bo trung tnh cn c phosphatid, sterine, sc t v cc vitamin ho tan
trong cht bo. Trong lipid c trng thi t do v trng thi kt ta vi
priotid v glucid. Nhng nhng hp cht ny c kh nng nh hng n tnh
cht ca gluten, lm cho gluten n hi hn.
Ngoi ra cn cha cc cht thnh phn khc nh vitamin, cht
khong, cc enzym.
Yu cu k thut ca bt m
STT Cc Ch Tiu Yu Cu
1.
Cm quan
Mu sc Trng hoc trng ng
Mi v
Khng c mi hi bc, v
chua, ng hoc v l
Tp cht
Khng c ct sn, khng
vn cc
Tp cht Fe ( mg/100g bt ) < 3
Su mt, mc Khng c
2 m ( % ) < 13,5
3 axit < 3,5
4 Hm lng gluten c( % ) 24 30
5 Hm lng gluten kh ( %) 8 10
Bt m c tinh xp, d b nn, d hp ph v l v c tnh ht m cao. Khi
ht m s chng b hng, do bt m c bo qun trong kho sch, thong,
kh ro, cch nhit tt.
Tinh bt sn.
Tinh bt sn c tnh ht m v hp thu mi, nn phi bo qun trong cc
kho thong mt, cch nhit, cch m tt, khng chung vi hng ho c mi.
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2
QT Trang 13
Yu cu k thut ca bt sn
STT Ch Tiu Yu Cu
1 Mu sc Trng sng
2 Mi v Khng c mi v l
3 m < 12%
4 Kch thc ht < 118mm
5 Hm lng tro < 0,4%
6 Hm lng x < 0,15%
7 Hm lng tinh bt > 85,5%
8 chua < 5
9 Tp cht st < 0,005%
10 Tp cht v c Khng c sn
11 Su mt Khng c
3. TIU
Thnh phn Hm lng
Nc 8,7 14,0
m tng 1,5 2,5
Dn xut ether bay hi 0,3 4,2
Dn xut ether khng bay hi 3,9 11,5
Dn xut gc ru 4,4 12,0
Tinh bt 28,0 49,0
X 8,7 18,0
Tinh du tiu 1,7 7,4
Tro 3,6 5,7
Acid v c 0,03 0,55
Mi v ca tiu: rt quan trng i vi sn phm bnh phng tm, ni chung
mi v v tiu l do peperine v tinh du tiu
- Peperine : tinh th mu vng, v cay hng
- Tinh du tiu: d bay hi, khong 80 hp cht ch yu l cc
monoterpene, sesquiterpene, miscellaneous, to nn v cay nng
4. TI
Thnh phn Hm lng
Nc 62,8
Protein 6,3
Cht bo 0,1
Khong v c 1,0
X 0,8
Hp cht hu c 29,0
Vai tr ca ti: to mi d chu bng cch kt hp vi cc mi khc thnh hn hp
mi d chu hoc to ra mi ln t cc mi tanh.
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2
QT Trang 14
5. GIA V V PH GIA
a. Gia v
Mui:
- L cht to v cho bnh.
- C tc ng tt n cu trc sn phm do hot tnh ht nc ca mui.
- C tnh st khun, c tc dng bo qun.
Bt ngt, tiu, ti: L cht to v cho sn phm.
b. Ph gia:
Bt ni:Tng kh nng phng ca bnh khi chin
Cc loi thng dng:
* Natrihidrocacbonat ( NaHCO3 ) kh nng to kh km lm tng
kim ca sn phm, c u im l khng gy mi khai cho
sn phm. Kh to ra do phn ng:
2 NaHCO
3

t0

Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
* Cacbonat anom (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
: kh nng to kh cao nhng s
li mi khai cho bnh.
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Thng thng ngi ta thng s dng kt hp 2 loi trn nhm
khc phc nhc im ca tng loi.
Phn hai:
M HNH SN XUT
I. QUY TRNH SN XUT BNH PHNG TM SAGIANG
(NG THP)
y l quy trnh sn xut bnh phng tm ca cng ty c phn XNK Sa Giang ( ng
Thp)
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2
QT Trang 15
Thuyt minh qui trnh:
1.Nghin hn hp:
a) Giai on nghin th:
P
2
QT Trang 16
Nc Tm tht Gia Vi
Nghin
Khuy Trn
Rt Bt
Gi Vi
Hp Bnh
Lm Ngui
Lm Lnh
Ct Bnh
Phi Sy
Phn Lai
Cn Hn
V Hp
Ghp Thng
Sn Phm
Bt
Tm v gia v chun b xong a ln my nghin th. Trong giai on
nghin ny cc cu trc t bo nguyn liu b ph v thnh khi bt nho
khng mn
b) Nghin tinh:
Sau giai on nghin th chuyn qua my nghin tinh. Khi nghin
tinh khi bt tht hn hp nhuyn mn thnh khi ng nht.
Thao tc k thut cho hai khu ny l cng nhn phi v sinh ch lm
vic sch s, khng ri vi, nguyn liu cc m phi ng bng thau
nha ring, cha lng nc ti thiu ra tri tht nm trong my khi
chm dt mt m nghin.
2. Khuy trn:
Cho bt vo ni khuy, na lng tht bt vo trc, bt u cho
cnh khuy hot ng va khuy va na lng bt tht cn li
khuy u. Cho nc vo t t v tin hnh v sinh thnh ni. Sau
cho lng nc cn li, khuy u.
Cng nhn trc ng theo di ni bt, khi thy bt mn va khng ni
bt l ngng my.
Khuy lm ng u thnh khi bt ng nht. Hai cng nhn trc
khuy chuyn bt sang khu rt, tip tc tin hnh m khc.
Ni khuy khi ly bt phi cha li phn dnh thnh ni v y ni.
3. Rt bt:
Bt cho vo my khuy lin tc. Bn cng nhn thc hin rt vo ti
PE. Ti PE c ng knh 4cm, di 50cm.
Vi rt bt cch y ti 3cm v bt u m val cho bt chy xung,
gi khong cch mt bt v ming vi nh trn cho n khi mt bt cn
cch ming ti PE 3cm th kha val li.
Khi buc ming ti phi tut bt xung cho thng cy bnh. Cy bnh
dng hnh tr, chuyn n khu gi vi, mi m c 60 cy.
4. Gi vi:
Cy bnh c gi vi thnh hai lp, 12 cng nhn thc hin khu
ny.
Tm vi c git sch, tri trn bn gi. t cy bnh gc, qun
cht ba vng, b gc khn. Khi b gc phi bp cht hai gc bnh, xp
vi vo trong, bng trn mt vng, tip tc b vng cn li, thao tc nh
vy cy bnh c hnh trn u n. Xong lp vi th nht. tip tc
thc hin lp vi th hai, thao tc ging nh trn.
Mc ch gi vi l bo v khng cho lp v bc PE khi gp nhit
m bo khng x b, mt khi lng v nh hng n hnh dng bnh.
5. Hp bnh:
P
2
QT Trang 17
Cy bnh c xp ln xe hp c hai ngn, khong cch mi ngn
cch u nhau 12cm, m bo hi nng tip xc cy bnh.
Ngn lm bng tre, mi ngn xp c 12 cy bnh ch xp c mt
lp ( mt xe xp 144 cy ).
Cng nhn phng hp phi kim tra xe, v, p sut hi. Khi a xe vo
l phi ghi r thi gian
Trn bng theo di, kim tra nhit phng hp.
Nhit hp: 120C
p sut hi: 1,3-1,4 at
Thi gian hp:1 gi- 1 gi 10 pht
Kim tra bnh: Ly mt cy bnh bt k trn xe em lm ngui bng
nc lnh trong h. Lt cy bnh v ct i xem bn trong.
Bnh chn hon ton th cho mt mu trng trong tt. Nu b sng th
cn lm c gia. Ty lm ln hay nh m thi gian hp thm lu hay
mau do kinh nghim ngi cng nhn.
Khi bnh chn m ca phng, kha val hi, y xe bnh ln khu lt.
6. Lm ngui:
Bnh ngui trn xe 5-10 pht v tin hnh lt khn vi v ti PE.
Khn chuyn n my git sau a v khu gi.
Bnh lt xong trn mm nhm ( mm 12 cy ) cho ngui v o
mt mi, chuyn sang m lm ngui n 25-27C, thi gian 10 gi-12
gi v chuyn sang lm lnh.
7. Lm lnh:
Lm lnh cy bnh t cng nht nh, thao tc d dng, ng
thi mt xt bnh c trn lng tng tnh cm quan. cy bnh
cng, iu kin lam lnh l:
Thi gian lm lnh:36-38 gi
Nhit lm lnh: 5-8C
Vn tc lu chuyn khng kh lnh: 1m/s
Nu lnh ca bnh thp hn hay thi gian ca bnh trong phng
lnh lu th d xt nhng nh hng n cht lng sn phm, bnh phi
kh b cong vnh, nt mt, khng n.
Cy bnh t phng iu ha chuyn vo phng lnh nhanh. Bnh xp
thnh tng hng, khng cn v v ko di cy bnh.
Bnh c xp hai n ba lp lnh, xp theo tng ca
ngy , ghi r thi gian vo kho, hng cng nhn xt ly bnh theo
trnh t, phi v sinh phng ngn v cho sch s.
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2
QT Trang 18
Khi bnh lnh th chuyn qua khu xt. Bnh ly ra khng qu
hai xe, gi cng ng yu cu. Nu ly nhiu, bnh b thiu lnh,
mm, kh xt.
Khi c s c, cy bnh c chuyn v phng lnh ngay.
8. Ct bnh:
Bnh chuyn t phng lnh sang my xt bng xe nhm, mi xe cha
150 cy, xt trong 15 pht. Mi ln a ln my xt 8 cy bnh. My
thc hin xt lin tc.
dy lt ct 1,5mm. Cng nhn xt phi kim tra li dao v lt
bnh. Phi qut dn, v sinh ch xt, khng lm ri rt bnh. Khi xt y
na r ( bng g, tre ) th chuyn vo khu phi sy. Nu bnh lu
bnh s b bin mu gy h hng.
9. Phi sy:
Phi sy l tch hm lng m trong sn phm n m bo qun.
Bnh c th phi hoc sy t c m bo qun.
Phi nng l tn dng nh nng mt tri tch m khi sn phm. Bnh
em ra sn phi lc 9 gi khi nh nng tt. Bnh c tri u trn m
cng nhn thng xuyn o trn bnh c kh u.
Phi nng mu bnh ti, sng, tt. Nng tt m t 11% m
bo qun. Nng thiu, m bnh khong 16% nn cn phi sy.
Sy bnh sn phi, dng l sy sy bnh. Sy bnh khi m
bnh cha t sau khi phi hoc sy khi bnh c xt vo ban m hay
vo ma ma.
Nhit sy khng ch ti a 60-65C.
Vn tc kh nng lun chuyn 1m/s.
Thi gian sy khong 5-6 gi, nu bnh qua phi th ch cn 2-3
gi.
Thi gian sy ng tc, khng kh m i lu t nhin. Ca l sy
m lng hi m thot ra nhanh. Sau thi gian ny, bnh ro mt
nhng lng m trong bnh cn cao phi dng ch sy cng bc.
Ca l ng li, dng qut gi ht khng kh m ra ngoi, lc ny p sut
trong l thp hn p sut bn ngoi. Hm lng m trong bnh c
thot ra t t. Bnh sy ng m bo qun 11%. Bnh sau c
chuyn qua khu phn loi.
10. Phn loi:
Bnh c a ln my sng phn loi theo bng sau:
Bng phn loi bnh phng tm Sa Giang
P
2
QT Trang 19
Loi Yu cu
A1 Trn, u, khng b m, khng chm en
A2 Bnh b cong vnh mt, chm en, b di
B Loi bnh b trn
C Cm vn ph phm
Tuy nhin my sng ch cho ng kch thc lt li. Nn bnh A1,
phi tin hnh la tay ng yu cu trn.
11. Cn hn:
Bnh phn loi xong chuyn loi A1 qua my cn t ng nh lin tc
mi ln 200gr nhng c sai s ln phi tin hnh cn tay. Bnh v ti PE
c a ln cn ng h c mc chnh xc cao, sai s 0,5gr.
P
2
QT Trang 20
Bnh v ti PE c a qua my hn ming bng in tr, ng
hn thng np, nu ng hn b li phi v ti khc v hn li.
12. V hp:
Hp bnh c hnh khi ch nht.Ti bnh c cho vo hp, gi kn.
Bnh v mi thng Carton l 50 hp. Xp thnh 3 lp, hoc 5 lp ty
theo yu cu ca khch hng.
13. Ghp thng:
Thng thng c lt giy cch m, ci np li v dn keo.
Nep dy PP 1 ngang 1 dc khi xp 1 thnh 5 lp.
Sau khi np xong thng Carton phi cng khng siu vo.
II. M HNH KHC SN XUT BNH PHNG TM
P
2
QT Trang 21
Thuyt minh quy trnh
P
2
QT Trang 22
Tm Bt nng Gia v
nh lng nh lng X l
Xay nhuyn
Nho trn To dung dch
p mng
Luc
Ct
Phn loi
Sy
Bao gi
Sn
phm
Sn phm ph
1.X l:
Nguyn liu tm ng lnh: phn r ng lnh
Nguyn liu tm ti: loi b tp cht, nhng phn khng cn thit hoc gy nh
hng xu n sn phm
Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu ng lnh:
Thng s lng n nh, cung cp cho sn xut quanh nm
Nguyn liu thng c bc v, ct u, rt ch lng
Do qu trnh ng lnh v x l r ng cht lng v dinh dng gim st
Nguyn liu tm ti:
Thng c em ch bin sau 3-4h nh bt
Cht lng protein rt tt
Thng s lng khng n nh
Thc hin:
Qu trnh r ng thng thc hin trong 3h nhit khng qu 20
0
C, d thc
hin chi ph thp.
i vi tm ti:
Ra tm: loi b cht bn cng nh rong ru bm ln mnh tm. Qu trnh
ra thc hin trong b ra bng xi mng trng gch men, vi nc ra pha chlorine
50ppm
X l: Loi b phn khng s dng v phn gy nh hng khng tt n
cht lng sn phm. Qu trnh ny thng c thc hin bng th cng: lt u,
bc v, rt ch lng.
2. Xay nhuyn
Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh trn, lm
protein bin gip hnh thnh cu trc gel cho qu trnh luc
Yu cu: tm nguyn liu sau qu trnh x l phi c say nhuyn, hn hp thu
c phi p ng c cc yu cu sau : day, st, nho, ng nht, ht mn, nhit
thp hn 25
0
C
3. nh lng, to dung dch, nho trn
Cn nguyn liu v gia v nho trn theo mt t l thch hp
To dung dch: ha tan gia v thnh dung dch dng nht
Nho trn: thm bt v gia v ph gia vo khi tm say nhuyn nho trn thnh
hn hp bt nho ng cht.
T l trn
Nguyn liu Khi lng (kg) % theo khi lng th
Tm 100 8.8
Bt 2.5 81.7
Tiu 2.5 0.8
Bt ngt 5.00 2.0
Mui 6.26 2.5
ng 7.54 3.0
Bt ni 0.01 0.2
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2
QT Trang 23
Ti 7.14 1.0
Sau nho trn hn hp t m 50%
4. p mng
To hnh s b cho sn phm, to iu kin n nh cu trc
Yu cu: dy ng nht, b mt mn, khng r trn b mt
6. Luc
Mc ch :
To cu trc gel cho tm bt, to khung cho ming bnh
Lm tng dai, n hi, to iu kin d dng ct thnh ming
Thc hin: trong ni gia nhit s dng nng lng in un si nc, dng
bng ti mang bnh n ni v tho bnh ra
Bin i trong qu trnh: tinh bt b h ha, to gel vi protein
nh hng: thi gian luc khng qu 1 pht, nu thi gian luc qu lu hoc qu
thp th cht lng bnh khng m bo
7. Ct ming
Mc ch : to hnh sn phm
Yu cu: sn phm sau khi ct phi ng u v dy, kch thc, b mt nhn;
gim thiu lng ph phm.
8, Phn loi:
Thc hin th cng, tch sn phm chnh to hnh v sn phm ph (cc si
bnh tha) v thi gian ch bin cho cc loi sn phm khc nhau.
9. Sy
Gim m n m cn thit
Thc hin trong bung sy nhit 40-450C khong 100C
Yu cu: Sau khi sy sn phm khng b cong vnh, khng bin mu, t m
cn thit.
10. Bao gi
Mc ch: tng kh nng bo qun v tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm
Thc hin: xp bnh vo bao, hn kn ming
III. TIU CH NH GI L QU TRNH X L T YU CU.
1/ X l nguyn liu chnh:
Tm ph liu c x l trong khong thi gain ti a l 30 iu kin nhit
lnh khong 0 5
0
C. Nu nhng iu kin v nhit v thi gian trn khng c
m bo th tm d b h hng do qu trnh phn hy ca vi sinh vt v enzym ,protein
b bin tnh to mi v v rt kh chiu cho sn phm.
Thng s nguyn liu

Thng S Gi Tr
m % 86 87
Protein th % 10,84
T l s dng % 41 43
P
2
QT Trang 24
2/ T l tm - bt.
Lng tm s dng cng cao th n hi bnh sau khi luc s tng nu dai
gimbnh sau luc s tng. Bnh cng dai th t l bnh nguyn cng cao, hiu sut thu
hi tng. ng thi mi v v tm ca bnh phng tm thnh phm sau chin cng
nhiu khi hm lng tm s dng tng.
Nhng s dng nhiu khng mang li hiu qu kinh t m cn to nhng tht tm
xay ln cn trn b mt bnh, lm mt bnh t nhn mn hn.
Ch tiu nh gi:
Mu sc
gin bnh sau luc
Mi v
Cu trc bnh thnh phm
3/ T l tinh bt khoai m tinh bt go.
Ch tiu dnh gi :
Thi gian luc bnh
Mu
Trng thi bnh luc
Cu trc bnh thnh phm
Cu trc bnh sau khi chin
Bnh thnh phm c b mt bnh lng bng, t hiu sut thu hi cao.
Bnh t c ch tiu v xp, cu trc bnh thnh phn sau khi chin.
4/ Phng thc nho trn
Ch tiu:
Cu truc bt nho : ng nht, mn ca bt
Lng bt nng chia nh v thm vo khi bt tng phn. Thu gian thm
ht bt nng khng vt qu 1/3 thi gian nho trn. Thi gian nho trn cn li tc
dng lm cho hr trong khi bt phn tn du v to cu t1uc mng tinh bt.
5/ Thi gian nho bt
Ch tiu:
n bnh ( theo din tch )
n bnh ( theo th tch )
Cu trc bnh sau khi chin : b mt bnh, l kh, xp.
Thi gian nho bt to khi bt c cu trc mng v phn b cc ht cch
ng iu:10. lu to cc sc t t do.
6/ Thi gian luc bnh:
Ch tiu:
n bnh ( theo din tch )
n bnh ( theo th tch )
Thi gain lut l qu trnh truyn nhit nhm to h ho bnh. Thi gian h
ho tng th n bnh tng. Thi gian luc tt nht l 60.
7/ Thi gian kh bnh
Ch tiu:
Cu trc bnh: bn ca bnh
P
2
QT Trang 25
n theo din tch
IV. QU TRNH CHIN
1. Bn cht cng ngh
C ch chung ca qu trnh chin (rn) ngp trong du:
Qu trnh ny c c im :
- Vt phm nhng ngp trong du
- Chin l qu trnh gia nhit m du m l cht ti nhit, thng c nhit
khng i.
- m t lp bn trong vt phm c nhn nhit (nh dn nhit) m bc
hi, thot ra t pha lp mt ngoi xung quanh vt phm v thot vo lp
du mt su nht nh tu thuc nhng ngp vt phm.
- Qu trnh ny c q
v

0
ay la mot phng phap che bien thc pham c ng
dung rong rai trong cong nghiep che bien thc an san
(ong hop hay khong ong hop ), trong cac nha hang,
khach san, bep an tap the va nhat la trong ba an gia
nh.
2.Mc ch ca qu trnh:
a) Muc ch che bien :
Qua trnh chien chu yeu nham thoa man yeu cau che
bien. No lam tang ham lng calorie cua san pham (do
lng chat kho tang va do san pham hap thu dau m ),
tang gia tr cam quan vi nhng ac tnh cua san pham nh
: gion, dai, v ngon ac trng, mui thm hap dan, mau sac loi
cuon o la ket qua cua s bien oi cac thanh phan
hoa hoc, cau truc vat ly, sinh hoc cua san pham.
Noi tom lai, chien la 1 bien phap che bien nham tao ra
san pham mi ap ng nhu cau s dung.
b.) Muc ch bao quan :
Do qua trnh c tien hanh nhiet o cao ( t 120-
180
o
C), hau het cac vi sinh vat co san trong nguyen lieu eu
b tieu diet, cac loai enzym eu b vo hoat. Mat khac, sau khi
chien, san pham b mat nc, hap thu dau m, tang ham
lng chat kho nen a tao ra moi trng khong cho phan
ln cac loai vi sinh vat mi xam nhap phat trien. V vay,
cac san pham chien bao gi cung co the bao quan lau
hn cac san pham cung loai nhng khng chin. ieu nay a
c ng dung e bao quan san pham trc khi a vao
mang li thng nghiep.
IV. Phng phap thc hien :
P
2
QT Trang 26
Chien la qua trnh trao oi nhiet gia moi
trng tai nhiet la dau m va san pham, ong
thi la qua trnh chuyen khoi : am t san pham
ra moi trng va dau t moi trng vao san
phm . ong lc cua nhng qua trnh nay la s
chenh lech nhiet o, ap suat noi tai va ham
lng am gia san pham va moi trng
(dau).Trong cong nghiep thc pham, qua trnh
chien hau nh ch c thc hien theo 1 phng
phap:
- au tien nang nhiet o len khoang 150-
180
o
C, mot mat e nc bay hi va kh mui
la trong dau, mat khac e tao s chenh lech
t
o
gia nguyen lieu va moi trng.
- Khi cho nguyen lieu vao chien, nhiet o
cua chung hau nh bang nhiet o moi trng
ben ngoai, tip xc vi du nng, c un nng dn ti
khong 100
0
C.Trong khong thi gian ny, nc nguyn liu
chuyn ng khuch tn ra du di dng lng v dng hi.
Chenh lech nhiet o gia nguyen lieu va
dau kha ln. Nh the, t
o
nguyen lieu tang
nhanh. en khi chenh lech t
o
gia nguyen lieu
va t
o
cua dau khong con, nhiet o cua
nguyen lieu khong tang na. Thi gian nay
nhiet lng t moi trng dau ch cung cap
cho qua trnh bay hi nc trong san pham. Luc
nay, s bay hi xay ra manh nhat.
- Neu qua trnh chien van tiep tuc th t
o
trong
san pham bat au tang len e at ti can
bang vi t
o
au. giai on ny, lng m bc hi cn
phi c p suat cao khc phc tr lc ca lp v b ngoi
kh ca nguyn liu. Do , nhit ca du chin cn phi cao
140-180
0
C. Thc te , qua trnh chien thng dng
lai cuoi thi k bay hi nc (t
o
= const ) hoac
au thi k tang nhiet (sau khi nc a boc hi
het ).
P
2
QT Trang 27
- Nc ca nguyn liu thot ra di dng lng v hi vo du
to thnh nh tng. Nh tng ny c xu hng chuyn ng
mnh t di ln trn do s chnh lch nhit : cc lp du gn
b mt un nng c nhit cao hn, nn cng c khi lng ring
nh hn lp mt thong.Mt khc, s bc hi ca nc ra mi
trng khng kh mt thong ca du cng lm gim nhit ca
lp du mt thong . Trong cng nghip, vn tc chuyn ng
ca du trong thit b rn thng l 1m/s. Ch s Re = 4500 -6000,
h s truyn nhit 250 400 Kcal/m
2

0
C
Trong sn xut hp, ch c thng c chin ng
hp. Ch c thng c chin trong du thc vt, nhit chin t 140-
180
0
tu theo tng loi nguyn liu, thi gian chin cng thay i theo
kch thc, lng m thot ra, nhit ca du m v b mt un nng
ring, thi gian chin ch c thng t 4-12 pht
Xac nh iem ket thuc :
e xac nh iem ket thuc cua qua trnh
chien cho moi loai san pham co the da vao 2
ch tieu khach quan sau :
* o chien bieu kien : la t le phan tram gia
hieu khoi lng luc au va cuoi so vi khoi lng
luc au cua nguyen lieu .

100
1
2 1
x
G
G G
b

Trong o : b% la o ran bieu kien

G
1
, G
2
la khoi lng au , cuoi cua san
pham
o chien(ran) bieu kien c dung e kiem tra
hay tnh toan cac ch tieu, nh mc kinh te ky
thuat, tnh nang suat cua thiet b
o chien(ran) bieu kien la s hao hut cua khoi
lng nguyen lieu trong qua trnh chien
* chin thc t: l t s phn trm gia lng m mt i so vi khi
lng ban u ca nguyn liu, khng k lng du thm vo sn phm.
N l tng gia chin biu kin vi phn trm du c trong lng sn
phm so vi khi lng ban u ca nguyn liu.
g = b + M
trong :
P
2
QT Trang 28
g: chin thc t
b: chin biu kin
100 . '
1
G
M
M
(M :lng du trong sn phm)
Ta c:
100
100 .
100
1
2 1
1 1
2 1
G
M G G
G
M
G
G G
g
+
+
Trong thc t thng rn sn phm n rn biu kin t 32% n 35%,

rn thc t t 47% n 70%. Lng du thm vo sn phm thng t
10% n 12%.
Ngoi ra, ta thng kt thc qu trnh da vo tnh cm quan i vi sn
phm nh khi sn phm t c vng m nht nh, t c
gin th c th ngng qu trnh.
Phn ba:
PHNG PHP TNH TON
I. Phng php tnh ton
Trong qu trnh chin bnh phng tm, s truyn nhit t du nng vo bnh
xem nh l s truyn nhit qua bn phng c in.
Trong qu trnh chin bnh phng tm, s truyn nhit t du nng vo bnh
xem nh l s truyn nhit qua bn phng c in.
Phng trnh vi phn c bn ca qu trnh truyn nhit nh sau:
iu kin:
T(x, ) f (x)
Gii :
Khi
0 0
( , )

T x T const
2
1
0
( , )
.cos( ). (4 )

n
Fo
e
n n
n
e
T x T x
A e a
T T R

Vi
2sin
sin cos
n
n
n n n
A

*
.
n n
x
R

n
tha phng trnh c trng siu vit :

n
n
cotg
Bi
P
2
QT Trang 29
-R O R x
-R O R x
[ ]
( , )
( , ) 0 (3)
s e
T R
T T R
x

2
2
T(x, ) T(x, )
a ; 0 ( R x R) (1)
x x

[ ]
( , )
( , ) 0 (2)
s e
T R
T T R
x

Vi
; 0 < <
R
Bi Bi
Phng php tnh ton trng nhit trong bn phng giai on phi iu tit
Trng nhit trong bn phng di v hn khi nung hay lm lnh:
2
1 0
( , )
( , ) .cos( ). (4 )

n
Fo
e
n n
n e
T x T x
x A e b
T T R

v
i T
0
=const; T
e
=const l nhit ban u ca tm v nhit mi
trng xung quanh
2 2
1
2 2
2
( 1) (5)
( )
+
+

+ +
n
n
n
n n
Bi Bi
A
Bi Bi

trong :
n
l nghim ca phng trnh c trng siu vit

(6)
n
n
Bi
tg
2
R

: na chiu dy ca tm phng
2
R
a
Fo

R
Bi

Gii phng trnh c trng siu vit (6) ta xc nh c:

*
1
* * *2 2
2
*2 2
( )
+
+
n
n n n
n
cos Bi
Bi

M
* 1 *
cos ( 1) cos
+

n
n n

Phng trnh (4) c vit li:
2
2 2
*
2 2
*2 2
1
2
( , ) . . (7)
( )
+ +
+
n n
n
Fo n
n
n
n
Bi Bi
x e
Bi Bi
Bi

thay
*
.
n n
x
R

ta c:
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1
( )
2
( , ) . (8)
9 ( 1)
+ + +
n
Fo
n
n
n n
R Bi
xBi e
x
R R Bi x Bi Bi

Ta tch tng trn thnh hai phn, phn u ch gm 1 s hng u tin ng vi n=1,
phn 2 gm cc s hng k t n2:
2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
R ( ) R ( )
( , ) 2 . 2 . (9)
( 1) ( 1)

+ +
+
' ;
+ + + + + +

n
Fo Fo
n
n
n n
Bi Bi x e e
x Bi Bi
R R Bi x Bi Bi R Bi x Bi Bi

Ta t phn sau (tng t cc s hng ng vi n2 l
k
th
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
R ( )
2 .
( 1)
+ + +
n
Fo
n
k
n
n n
Bi e
Bi
R Bi x Bi Bi

li tip tc t
P
2
QT Trang 30
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
R ( ) +
+
n
n
n
Bi
R Bi x
Khi phng trnh (9) tr thnh:

2
1
1 2
1
( , ) 2 . ( ). (10)
( 1)
1
+
1
+ +
1
]
Fo
k
x e
x Bi x
R Bi Bi
vi
2 2 2
1
1 2 2 2 2
1
R ( ) +
+
Bi
R Bi x
Thc t gi tr
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
R ( ) +
+
n
n
n
Bi
R Bi x
khi tham gia vo cng thc

k
bin i theo
n
v
x, c bit khi x = R (trn b mt ca vt ) th
( ) 1
n
x
vi bt k gi tr ca
n
, cn
khi x < R th
( ) 1 <
n
x
nhng khng xa gi tr 1.
Vy tnh gn ng (vi
5 20; sin 0.567 0.997
n
Bi
) ta ly
( ) 1
n
x
n y c th dung kt qu chng minh ca Luikov A.V l:
2
1.5 2
2
1.5
.
2 . ( . ) (11)
( 1)

+ +
n
Fo Fo
k i
n
n
e Bi e
Bi E Fo
Bi Bi

trong :
2
1.5 1 2 1.5 1.5
1
( ); ( 1); ( )
2
+ + + Bi Bi f Bi
2
1.5
1.5
Fo( +
( . )

u
i
e
E Fo du
u

gi l hm m ch th tra theo bng ph lc

Thay (11) vo (10) ta c:
2
1
1 1.5 2
1 1.5
.
( , ) 2 . ( ) . ( ) (12)
1
+ 1
+
1
]
Fo
Fo
i
x e Bi e
x Bi x E Fo
R

n y ta hon ton c th xc nh c trng nhit trong bn phng.
Ta hy tm mt cng thc n gin hn c th rt ngn thi gian tnh ton.
T cng thc (4) ta bin i thnh dng:
2
1
Fo
x 1 1
x
(x, ) .A .cos .e (13)
R

_

,
Trong h s nhn
x
gi l h s iu tit ha, ngha l n cho php thay th vic

tnh tng
n
bng cch tnh mt s hng u tin (n = 1) nh giai on u tit.
Thay cc gi tr
1 1
x
A v cos
R
_

,
vo (13), ta c:
P
2
QT Trang 31
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
Fo 1
x 1
2 2
2
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 2 2
Fo
1
x 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
Fo
x 1 2
1
Z.Bi. Bi x 1
(x, ) . . .e
R Bi Bi
x
Bi
R
R Bi
2x.Bi e
. .
R R Bi x Bi Bi 1
2x.Bi e x
. . (x). , (Z ) (14)
R Bi Bi 1 R
+

+ +
+
+

+ + +

+ +
Cn bng hai phng trnh (14) v (12) ta c:
( )
2
1
Fo
Fo x
1 i 1.5
1 1.5
1 e
2 (x). .e E Fo (15)

T ta c h s iu tit
x
l:
1
Fo
1 i 1.5
x
1.5 1
.e .E ( Fo)
1 (16)
2 . (x)

+

Vi:
2 2
1 1 1
Bi(Bi 1) + + +
t:
1
Fo
1 i 1.5
m
1.5
2 2
1 1
1
.e .E ( Fo)
2
(17)
1
v (z) z (1 z ) sin
(x)

Cng thc tnh
x
s tr thnh:
x m 1
1 . (z) (18) +
Thay (18) vo (14) th phng trnh (12) c dng:
[ ]
1
Fo
m 1 1 1
(x, ) 1 . (z) .A .cos( z).e (19)
+
b mt (x = R) th
1
(z) 1
; cn tm tm phng (x = 0) th
1 1
(z) sin
, ngha l
cc gi tr ca
1
(z)
dao ng trong khong t
1
sin
n 1
Cc trng hp c bit nh:
b mt: z = 1; [ ]
1
Fo
mat m 1 1
( ) 1 .A .cos( z).e (20)
+
tm z = 0 ;
1
Fo
tm m 1 1
( ) 1 sin .A .e (21)
1
+
]
Gi tr ca s
m
f (Bi, Fo)
c cho trong ph lc
m
gim nhanh theo Fo, khi gi tr Fo ln

(Fo 0.25)
th
m
0
ngha l khi y
x
1
, bt u giai on iu tit qu trnh dn nhit khng n nh.
P
2
QT Trang 32
c bit khi tch s
1.5
Fo 5
th c th tnh gn ng:
( )
1.5
Fo
i 1.5 1
1.5
e
E Fo F (22)
Fo

Khi :
( )
2 2
1.5 1
Fo
1 1
m
1.5 1.5
.F.e
(23)
2 Fo. .

Gi tr i lng F
1
bin i t 0.8516 0.9753 khi tch s 1.5
Fo
bin i t 5 n 40
tng ng.
Giai on iu tit
Ta c :
2
1 0
F e
1 1 1
e 0
T T(x, ) x
A cos e (24)
T T R

Vi
0
F 0, 2 0, 3 >
v
i
B 5 15
T hnh v :
1
0 1 2 2
2 1 2 1
ln
ln ln
tg(180 ) tg mconst (25)

Tc l :
e 1
e 2
2 1
T T
ln
T T (ln )
m const

c gi l nhp lm nng (hay lm lnh ),
dng tnh thi gian lm nng hay lm lnh bn phng :

e 0
e
T T 1
ln , (h) (26)
m T T( )

vy trong lng ca bn phng c lp
*
*
x
X
R
m giai on iu tit c t lc bt
u
*
0
0(F 0, X X , 1)
*
* e
1 1
e 0
T T(X , 0)
1 A cos( X ) (27)
T T
tc :
*
*
1 1
x 1 1
X arccos( ) (28)
R A

Mt khc , nhit trung bnh th tch ca tm phng v hn l :

2
n 0
F e v
n
n 1
e 0
T T
B e (29)
T T

vi
n n
n
n
A sin
B

Nh vy ta c th tm su
v
v
x
X
R
lun lun c nhit bng nhit

trung bnh ca tm :
P
2
QT Trang 33
Xt giai on iu tit :
2
1 0
F
v e e 0 1
T T (T T )B e (30)

2
1 0
F
v e e 0 1 1 v
T(X , ) T (T T )A cos X e (31)

Cho
v v
T T(X , ) , ta c ng thc :
1 1 1 v
B A cos X (32)
Vy :
1
v
1 1
B 1
X arccos (33)
A
So snh :
su lp iu tit :

*
1 1
1 1
X arccos( ) (34)
A
su lp trung bnh :

1
v
1 1
B 1
X arccos (35)
A
Vi gi tr Bi t
0,1
th gi tr B
1
tng ng t
0, 8 1, 0
( tc B
1
1)
Vy
1
1 1
B 1
A A
>
do
1
1 1
B 1
arccos arccos
A A
<
.Tc
*
v
X X <
v ph thuc vo Bi.
II. S khi ca qu trnh tnh ton
P
2
QT Trang 34
P
2
QT Trang 35
Bt u
T
0
,T
e,
Tra
, , ,
Tnh r
Tnh q
Tnh
Bt u
T
0
,T
e,
Tra
, , , ,N,
M thnh phn
Tnh ,
Tnh a
Bi
A
1
,B
1
,
1, 2
, Fo
m
,
T
i vi du
Phn bn:
TNH TON
I. Xc nh cc thng s lin quan:
1. Du n:
Cc thng s ly nhit si ca du T
e
= 180
0
C
f
= 56,346 (lb/ft
3
) = 56,346.16,02 = 902,66 kg/m
3
= 32.10
-3
N/m = 32.10
-4
kg/m
f
= 0,097 Btu.ft/hr.ft.
0
F = 0,097.4,88 = 0,47336 Kcal/m.h. = 0,53774 W/m.
c
f
= 0,567 Kcal/kg.
0
C
f
= 0,0406 cp = 0,0406.0,001= 0,0000406 kgs/m
2
Chn khi lng mol phn t ca du: M = 374 kg/kmol
* Ca hi du:
Xem cc thng s ca hi du gn ging hi nc T
e

h
= 5,145 kg/m
3

Nhit ha hi ca du:
Xem du nh l cht lng khng phn cc, p sut kh quyn, c th xc nh nhit
ha hi ca du theo cng thc ca Kitsiakovxki:
( )
[ ]
8, 75 4, 58lgT T
r (kcal / kg)
M
8, 75 4, 58lg(180 273) .(180 273)
374
25, 33kcal / kg
+
+ + +
* H s cp nhit ca du si:
1
1
0,75 0,7
30
3
3 h f f
7
0,43 0,37 f h 60
f f s
1 1
0,75 0,7
30 3
3
4 3 0,43 7/ 60 0,37
0,7
r .q
6, 9.10
.c .T
25, 33.5,145 902, 66 0, 47336 .q
6, 9.10
902, 66 5,145 32.10 (0, 0406.10 ) .0, 567 .453
2, 0817.q

_ _

,
,
_ _
, ,
Tnh q:
e
(T T)
q

Vi bnh phng tm 2cm 0.02m , nhit si ca du l

0
e
T 180 C
v nhit
du u l
0
T 30 C .
2 e
(T T) 0,47336 .(180 30)
q 3550Kcal/m .h
0, 02

H s cp nhit
0.7
2, 0817.3550 636,18 Kcal/m
2
h
2.Bnh phng tm:
Ta chon bnh phng tm l vt th dng bng phn c in c cht liu chnh l bt
v nc.
m ca bnh phng tm l : W = 11%
P
2
QT Trang 36
Hm lng cht kh: N = 89%.
H s dn nhit ca bt v nc tra bng:
b
= 0,0747
0
btu / ft.hr. F
= 0,0747.4,88 = 0,3645 kcal/mh.
w
= 0,531 kcal/m.
H s dn nhit ca bnh phng: tnh bng tng h s dn nhit ca bt v ca tm.
b w
.N .W +
(kcal/mh.)
0, 3645.0, 89 0, 531.0,11 0, 382815 +
kcal/mh.
Khi lng ring ca bnh phng tm :
3 3
3
2 2
m 2, 67.10 2, 67.10
4249kg / m
v .R .(0, 02)
0, 002
4 4

_ _

, ,
m, v, R : khi lng, th tch, bn knh ca 1 bnh phng tm trc khi chin
Nhit dung ring ca bnh phng tm:
c 0, 428
kcal/kg.
H s dn nhit :
4
0, 382815
a 2,105.10
c 0, 428.4249

m
2
/h = 5,847.10
-8
m
2
/s
II. Tnh Ton Truyn Nhit bnh phng tm:
Tiu chun nh gi bnh phng chn l khi nhit b mt bnh bng nhit
mi trng, nhit tm bnh khong 100
0
C
Thay vo phng trnh
H s Bi:
R 636,18.0, 001
Bi 1, 66185
0, 382815
Tra bng cc gi tr u tin ca phng trnh c trng, ta chn vi Bi = 2

Ta c:
A
1
= 1,1784
1
= 1,0769;
2
= 3,6436
B
1
= 0,9635
Trong giai on u (pha 1) h s Fourier c xc nh gn ng nh sau:
(1)
(0) 2
1 1 2 Bi
Fo ln 1
12 3Bi 3Bi 2
_
+ +

,
(1)
(0) 2
1 1 2 1, 66185
Fo ln 1 0,1379
12 3.1, 66185 3.1, 66185 2
_
+ +

,
Thi gian truyn nhit ca giai on u:
2 (1)
2
(0)
max 8
R Fo
0, 001 .0,1379
2, 4s
a 5, 847.10

Thay
(1)
(0)
Fo
vo tnh cc tham s
P
2
QT Trang 37
1.5 1 2
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
( ) (1, 0769 3, 6436) 2, 36025
2 2
( 1) 1, 66185.(1, 66185 1) 4, 4236
( ) 4, 4236 2, 36025 9, 99438
+ +
+ +
+ +
Bi Bi
f Bi

2 2 2
1 1 1
Bi(Bi 1) 1, 0769 4, 4236 5, 5833 + + + +

H s iu tit ha: vi Fo = 1,37, Bi = 1,66185 ta chn
m
0,13
T phng trnh (21)
[ ]
2
1
Fo -1,7069 .0,1379
mat m 1 1
( ) 1 .A .cos( z).e (1 0,13).1,1784.cos(1,7069).e 0, 53
+ +
[ ]
( )
2
1
Fo 1,0769 .0,1379
tm m 1 1
( ) 1 sin .A .e 1 0,13. sin1, 0769 .1,1784.e 0, 803

+ +
Theo phng trnh (4a)
0
0
( , )
( , ) .( )

e
e
e e
T x T
T T
T x T T T

Nhit ti mt v tm bnh trong giai on phi iu tit :
0
mat
0
tam
180 0, 53.(180 30) 100, 5 C
180 0, 803.(180 30) 59, 55 C

Trong giai on sau
Nhp lm nng:
e 1
e 2
2 1
T T
180 30
ln
ln
T T
180 59, 55
m 0, 0914
2, 4 0

Thi gian nng nhit tm ln T( ) = 100
0
C
e 0
e
T T 1 1 180 59, 55
ln ln 4, 4(s)
m T T( ) 0, 0914 180 100

Vy thi gian cn thit lm chn bnh phng tm:
= 2,4 + 4,4 = 6,8 (s)
Phn nm: THC NGHIM
Mu Chu vi (trc)
n v cm
Chu vi (sau)
n v cm
Thi gian n ht
n v giy
Thi gian vng
n v giy
Dy sau khi chin
n v cm
1 12,6 22,7 8,1 3,7 3
2 13 19,8 7,2 5,9 2,2
3 12,1 22 7,0 3,0 3,3
4 12,7 21,6 6,8 4,2 3
5 12,5 21,5 6,9 3,5 3
6 12,7 23,2 6,1 3,0 4
7 12,8 21,2 5,8 2,4 4
8 13,2 20,5 6,0 3,6 3,5
9 12,7 21,8 6,6 3,7 2,8
10 12,6 20,8 7,0 4,4 3,5
P
2
QT Trang 38
11 13,1 20,6 8,2 3,7 3,
12 12,6 20,2 7,7 2,9 3
13 13,1 22,2 7,4 4,1 3
14 11,9 23,8 7,2 3,1 3,8
15 12,5 21,2 9,8 5,4 3,5
16 13,1 22,3 10,1 2,5 3,2
17 12,4 21,5 7,6 3,4 4
18 12,4 22,4 8,4 5,6 3
19 12,4 20,8 7,6 3,7 3
20 13,1 21,5 7,9 2,7 3,5
21 13 21 8,9 3,6 3
22 12 21,4 9,3 5,4 3
23 12,6 22,2 7,7 3,8 3
24 12,1 20,7 8,2 3,2 3,6
25 13 19,5 7,9 3,3 3
26 11,5 22,8 6,9 2,9 3,5
27 12,7 22,2 8,3 4,0 3,5
28 12,7 20,2 8,0 5,3 2,8
29 11,9 20,5 9,3 2,2 3,5
30 12,8 23 8,6 2,1 3
31 13,2 21,7 7,5 3,3 2,5
Dy ban u =2mm
S ci bnh n=75 ci
Khi lng :300gram
Du ban u 100ml
Sau khi chin cn 65 ml
Phn su:
NHN XT NH GI
1. nh gi v so snh vi thc nghim:
Thi gian thc nghim khong t 9-11giy
Thi gian tnh ton l 6,8 giy
Nh vy c s chnh lch so vi thc t, nguyn nhn do lc tnh ton ch tnh n
bt ng nht cha k n hm lng tm. Mt khc mt s cng thc i hi s liu
phi chnh xc nhng tnh ton n gin ta ly gi tr gn ng.
Ta c
tngh th
tngh
11 6, 8
40%
11

2. n ca bnh:
V dy:
sau
truoc
3
D 1, 5
2
ln, tc l sau khi chin chiu dy tng 50%

V din tch:
P
2
QT Trang 39
2 2
sau sau
2 2
truoc truoc
S P 21
S 2, 73
S P 12, 7

Sau khi chin din tch ca bnh tng hn gp i
V th tch
sau
truoc
V
V S. D 2, 73.1, 5 4,1
V

Sau khi chin th tch bnh tng ln
3. u nhc im ca m hnh s dng:
Nh m hnh nn ta c th gim bt s phc tp ca bi ton t khi lng tnh
ton cng gim xung rt nhiu nh a ming bnh phng tm v dng trung gian
ca bn phng, xem bnh phng tm nh mt vt th ng nht v lin tc
Song trnh s phc tp ca bi ton th tnh chnh xc ca n cng mt i khi ta:
- S dng ngay kch thc tht ca bnh m khng a v kch thc tng ng.
- Bnh phng tm khng hon ton c dng bn phng v ng nht.
- Nhit u T
o
giai an sau khng phn b u v q
v
l hm ca m v nhit
Phn by:
XUT KIN
Trong sn xut bnh phng tm cn tn dng ngun ph phm ca cc ngnh ch bin
khc vo ngnh sn xut ny nhm h gi thnh sn phm
Trong thc nghim cho thy, khi chin bnh phng tm khng c la qu ln
nu khng du s b chy. Khi nhit ca du l rt ln, qu trnh chin khng
th kim sot c, bnh s b kht ngay sau vi giy cho vo cho. Nh vy ta thy
c mt iu l khi la to, nhit du rt ln, nhit ti rt ln nh vy b mt
bnh khng th truyn ht nhit cho tm ngay c. Trong khong thi gian ngn
ngi truyn nhit , phn bnh tip xc trc tip vi du rt nng s bin tnh ngay,
kt qu l bnh kht ngay sau khi cho vo du qu nng.
Phn tm :
PH LC
1. HM SAI S
2
x
-t
0
2
erf(x)= e dt
x erf (x) x erf (x) x erf (x)

0 0 0.35 0.3794 0.70 0.6778
0.05 0.05637 0.40 0.4284 0.75 0.71116
0.10 0.1125 0.45 0.4755 0.80 0.7421
0.15 0.1680 0.50 0.5205 0.85 0.7707
0.20 0.2227 0.55 0.5633 0.90 0.7969
0.25 0.2763 0.60 0.60885 0.95 0.82089
0.30 0.3286 0.65 0.6420 1.0 0.84270
P
2
QT Trang 40
2. HM SAI S B SUNG
2
t
0
2
erfc =1- e dt
erfc

erfc

erfc
0.00 1.0000 0.76 0.2825 1.52 0.03159

0.02 0.9774 0.78 0.2700 1.54 0.02941
0.04 0.9549 0.80 0.2579 1.56 0.02737
0.06 0.9324 0.82 0.2462 1.58 0.02545
0.08 0.9099 0.84 0.2349 1.60 0.02365
0.10 0.8875 0.86 0.2239 1.62 0.02196
0.12 0.8652 0.88 0.2133 1.64 0.02038
0.14 0.8431 0.90 0.2031 1.66 0.01890
0.16 0.8210 0.92 0.1932 1.68 0.01751
0.18 0.7991 0.94 0.1837 1.70 0.01621
0.20 0.7773 0.96 0.1746 1.72 0.01500
0.22 0.7557 0.98 0.1658 1.74 0.01387
0.24 0.7343 1.00 0.1573 1.76 0.01281
P
2
QT Trang 41
0.26 0.7131 1.02 0.1492 1.78 0.01183
0.28 0.6921 1.04 0.1413 1.80 0.01091
0.30 0.3714 1.06 0.1339 1.82 0.01006
0.32 0.6509 1.08 0.1267 1.84 0.00926
0.34 0.6306 1.10 0.1198 1.86 0.00853
0.36 0.6107 1.12 0.1132 1.88 0.00784
0.38 0.5910 1.14 0.1069 1.90 0.00721
0.40 0.5716 1.16 0.10090 1.92 0.00662
0.42 0.5525 1.18 0.09516 1.94 0.00608
0.44 0.5338 1.20 0.08969 1.96 0.00557
0.46 0.5153 1.22 0.08447 1.98 0.00511
0.48 0.4973 1.24 0.07950 2.00 0.00468
0.50 0.4795 1.26 0.07476 2.10 0.002980
0.52 0.4621 1.28 0.07027 2.20 0.001863
0.54 0.4451 1.30 0.06599 2.30 0.001143
0.56 0.4284 1.32 0.06194 2.40 0.000689
0.58 0.4121 1.34 0.05809 2.50 0.000407
0.60 0.3961 1.36 0.05444 2.60 0.000236
0.62 0.3806 1.38 0.05098 2.70 0.000236
0.64 0.3654 1.40 0.04772 2.80 0.000075
0.66 0.3506 1.42 0.04462 2.90 0.000041
0.68 0.3362 1.44 0.04170 3.00 0.000022
0.70 0.3222 1.46 0.03895 3.20 0.000006
0.72 0.3086 1.48 0.03635 3.40 0.000002
0.74 0.2953 1.50 0.03390 3.60 0.000000
vi ln,
2
3 2 5 3 7
1 1 1 1.3 1.3.5
erfc( ) e ...
2 2 2
1
+ +
1

]
3. H S IU TIT HA
P
2
QT Trang 42
\
4. BN TR S U TIN
n n n
; A ; B
CA PHNG TRNH C TRNG
n
n
Bi
tg
(CHO BN PHNG)
Bi i lng n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
0
n
A
n
B
n
0.0000
1.0000
1.0000
3.1416
-0.0000
0.0000
6.2832
0.0000
0.0000
9.4248
-0.0000
0.0000
P
2
QT Trang 43
0.01
n
A
n
B
n
0.0998
1.0020
-
3.2438
-0.0020
-
6.2348
0.0005
-
9.4258
-0.0002
-
0.1
n
A
n
B
n
0.3111
1.0159
1.0000
3.1731
-0.0197
0.0002
6.2991
0.0050
-
9.4354
-0.0022
-
1
n
An
Bn
0.8603
1.1192
0.9862
3.4256
-0.1517
0.0124
6.4373
0.0466
0.0011
9.5293
-0.0217
0.0002
2
n
An
Bn
1.0769
1.1784
0.9635
3.6436
-0.2367
0.0313
6.5788
0.0848
0.0037
9.6296
-0.0414
0.0009
4
n
A
n
B
n
1.2646
1.2287
0.9264
3.9352
-0.3215
0.0582
6.8140
0.1396
0.0104
9.8119
-0.0750
0.0029
6
n
A
n
B
n
1.3496
1.2478
0.9021
4.1116
-0.3604
0.0723
6.9924
0.1740
0.0162
9.9667
-0.0991
0.0051
8
n
A
n
B
n
1.3978
1.2569
0.8859
4.2264
-0.3812
0.0797
7.1263
0.1959
0.0205
10.0949
-0.1174
0.0072
10
n
A
n
B
n
1.4289
1.2612
0.8743
4.3058
-0.3934
0.0839
7.2281
0.2104
0.0236
10.2003
-0.1309
0.0090
15
n
A
n
B
n
1.4729
1.2677
0.8565
4.4255
-0.4084
0.0885
7.3959
0.2320
0.0279
10.3898
-0.1514
0.0120
20
n
A
n
B
n
1.4961
1.2699
-
4.4915
-0.4147
-
7.4954
0.2394
-
10.5117
-0.1621
-
40
n
A
n
B
n
1.5325
1.2723
-
4.5979
-0.4217
-
7.6647
0.2502
-
10.7334
-0.1759
-
60
n
A
n
B
n
1.5451
1.2728
-
4.6353
0.4232
-
7.7259
0.2526
-
10.8172
-0.1791
-
80
n
A
n
B
n
1.5514
1.2730
-
4.6543
-0.4237
-
7.7573
0.2535
-
10.8606
-0.1803
-
P
2
QT Trang 44
100
n
A
n
B
n
1.5552
1.2731
-
4.6658
-0.4237
-
7.7764
0.2539
-
10.8871
-0.1808
-
n
A
n
B
n
1.5708
1.2732
0.8106
4.7124
-0.4244
0.0901
7.8540
0.2546
0.0324
10.9956
-0.1819
0.0165
Phn chn: NGH
Trong qua trnh tnh ton, v tnh chng em pht hin trong sch Quyn 2 :
TRUYN NHIT KHNG N NH, cng thc 10.48 trang 35, dng th 3 t di
ln, c sai st .
Gii thch : t cng thc 10.44 th ta suy ra c khi z = 0 (ti tm) th
1 1
(z) sin
ch khng phi l
1 1
(z) sin
nh trong sch ghi.
Nh vy cng thc ng ca 10.48 l
1
Fo
tm m 1 1
( ) 1 sin .A .e (21)
1
+
]
Phn ny c chng em trnh bi trang 33.
P
2
QT Trang 45

Chien Banh Phong Tom

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Chien Banh Phong Tom

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Tiu lun truyn nhit GVHD: Phm Vn Bn

Trong o : b% la o ran bieu kien

Trong thc t thng rn sn phm n rn biu kin t 32% n 35%,

tha phng trnh c trng siu vit :

l nghim ca phng trnh c trng siu vit

Gii phng trnh c trng siu vit (6) ta xc nh c:

Khi phng trnh (9) tr thnh:

khi tham gia vo cng thc

gi l hm m ch th tra theo bng ph lc

gi l h s iu tit ha, ngha l n cho php thay th vic

gim nhanh theo Fo, khi gi tr Fo ln

Mt khc , nhit trung bnh th tch ca tm phng v hn l :

lun lun c nhit bng nhit

Vi bnh phng tm 2cm 0.02m , nhit si ca du l

Tra bng cc gi tr u tin ca phng trnh c trng, ta chn vi Bi = 2

ln, tc l sau khi chin chiu dy tng 50%

x erf (x) x erf (x) x erf (x)

0.00 1.0000 0.76 0.2825 1.52 0.03159

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