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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

TI 8 THIT K B NP C QUY T NG N DNG V N P


bi:
Thit k ngun np c quy . B ngun phi m bo hai ch np: np n nh dng in v np n in p . Khi c quy y phi ngt ngun np : Um = 24 -50 V Im = 60 A Imin = 40 A .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng LI NI U

Nc ta hin nay ang trn con ng Cng nghip ha - Hin i ha. Bi vy t ng ha ang pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y.T ng ho iu khin cc qu trnh sn xut i su vo tng ng ngch, vo trong tt c cc qu trnh to ra sn phm. Ngy nay hu nh tt c cc my mc thit b trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng u phi s dng in nng , c th l dng hon ton ngun nng lng in nng hoc mt phn nng lng in nng kt hp vi nng lng khc. Trn thc t c nhng lc rt cn nng lng in m ta khng th ly nng lng in t li in c. Do ta phi ly cc ngun in d tr nh c quy. Nh vy c th s dng c cc ngun cquy ta phi np in cho cquy. Bi b chnh lu np cquy t ng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu trng hp c th l rt quan trng , nu thiu n s khng c ngun in vn hnh , d tr cho cc my mc thit b m c th khng p ng c ch tiu kinh t k thut.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng CHNG I GII THIU CHUNG V ACQUI

I. Tng qut chung cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca acqui: Acqui l ngun ho hot ng trn c s hai in cc c in th khc nhau, n cung cp dng in mt chiu cho cc thit b in trong cng nghip cng nh trong dn dng. Khi acqui phng ht dung lng ta tin hnh np in cho n v sau acqui li tip tc phng in c. Acqui c th thc hin nhiu chu k phng np nn ta c th s dng c lu di. Trong thc t k thut c nhiu loi acqui nhng ph bin v thng dng nht l hai loi acqui: acqui axit (acqui ch) v acqui kim. Tuy nhin trong thc t thng dng nht t trc ti nay vn l acqui axit v so vi acqui kim th acqui axt c mt vi tnh nng tt hn nh: + Sc in ng cao (vi cqui axit l 2V, cqui kim l 1,2V). + Trong qu trnh phng, s st p ca acqui axit nh hn so vi acqui kim. + Gi thnh ca acqui axit r hn so vi acqui kim. + in tr trong ca acqui axit nh hn so vi cqui kim. V vy trong n ny chng em chn loi acqui axit nghin cu cng ngh v thit k ngun np acqui t ng. 1. Cu to ca bnh acqui axit ( acqui ch ): Bnh acqui axit thng thng gm v bnh cc bn cc, cc tm ngn v dung dch in phn. 1.1. V bnh: V bnh acqui axit hin nay c ch to bng nha bnit hoc anphantpc hay cao su nha cng. tng bn v kh nng chu axit cho bnh, khi ch to ngi ta p vo bn trong bnh mt lp lt chu axit l

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

polyclovinyl lp lt ny dy khong 0,6 mm. Nh lp lt ny m tui th ca bnh acqui tng ln t 2 3 ln. Pha trong v bnh tu theo in p danh nh ca acqui m chia thnh cc ngn ring bit v cc vch ngn ny c ngn cch bi cc ngn kn v chc. Mi ngn c gi l mt ngn acqui n, trong n ny, nhim v nghin cu l acqui ch vi in p danh nh l 12V nn ta c su ngn acqui n. y cc ngn c cc sng khi bn cc to thnh khong trng gia y bnh v mt di ca khi bn cc, nh m trnh c hin tng chp mch gia cc bn cc do cht tc dng bong ra ri xung y gy ln. Bn ngoi v bnh c c hnh dng gn chu lc tng bn c v c th c gn cc quai xch vic di chuyn c d dng hn. 1.2. Bn cc, phn khi bn cc v khi bn cc: Bn cc gm ct hnh li v cht tc dng. Ct c bng hp kim ch (Pb) - antimon (Sb) vi t l (87 95)% Pb - (5 13)% Sb. Ph gia antimon thm vo c tc dng tng cng, gim han g v ci thin tnh c cho ct. Ct gia cht tc dng v phn khi dng in khp b mt bn cc. iu ny c ngha rt quan trng i vi cc bn cc dng v in tr ca cht tc dng (xit ch PbO2) ln hn rt nhiu so vi in tr ca ch nguyn cht, do cng tng chiu dy ca ct th in tr trong ca acqui s cng nh. Ct c dng khung bao quanh, c vu hn ni cc bn cc thnh phn khi bn cc v c hai chn t ln cc sng y bnh acqui. V in ct ca bn cc m khng phi l yu t quyt nh v li chng cng t b han g nn ngi ta thng lm mng hn bn cc dng. c bit l hai tm bn ca phn khi bn cc m li cng mng v chng ch lm vic c mt pha vi cc bn cc dng. Cht tc dng c ch to t bt ch, axit sunfuric c v khong 3% cc mui ca axit hu c i vi bn cc m, cn i vi cc bn cc dng th cht tc dng c ch to t cc xit ch Pb3O4, PbO v dung dch axit

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

sunfuric c. Ph gia mui ca axit hu c trong bn cc m c tc dng tng xp, bn ca cht tc dng, nh m ci thin c thm su ca dung dch in phn vo trong lng bn cc ng thi in tch thc t tham gia phn ng ho hc cng c tng ln. Cc bn sau khi c trt y cht tc dng c p li, sy kh v thc hin qu trnh to cc, tc l chng c ngm vo dung dch axit sunfuric long v np vi dng in mt chiu vi tr s nh. Sau qu trnh nh vy cht tc dng cc bn cc dng hon ton tr thnh PbO2 (mu gch sm). Sau cc bn cc dng c em ra, sy kh v lp rp. Nhng phn khi bn cc cng tn trong mt acqui c hn vi nhau to thnh cc khi bn cc v c hn ni ra cc vu cc lm bng ch hnh cn ni ra ti tiu th. Vi ch rng, nu ta mun tng dung lng ca cqui th ta phi tng s tm bn cc mc song song trong mt acqui n. Thng ngi ta ly t 5 8 tm. Cn mun tng in p danh nh ca acqui th ta phi tng s tm bn cc mc ni tip. 1.3. Tm ngn: Cc bn cc m v dng c lp xen k vi nhau v cch in vi nhau bi cc tm ngn v m bo cch in tt nht cc tm ngn c lm rng hn so vi cc bn cc. Cc tm ngn c tc dng chng chp mch gia cc bn cc m v dng, ng thi cc tm bn cc khi b bong ri ra khi s dng acqui. Cc tm ngn y phi l cht cch in tt, bn, do, chu c axit v c xp thch hp d khng ngn cn cht in phn thm n cc bn cc. Cc tm ngn hin nay c ch to t vt liu polyvinyl xp, mn, dy khong t 0,8 1,2 mm v c dng mt phng hng v pha bn cc m cn mt mt c hnh sng hoc g hng v pha bn cc dng nhm to iu kn cho dung dch in phn d lun chuyn hn n cc bn cc dng v dung dch lu thng tt hn.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS 1.4. Dung dch in phn:

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Dung dch in phn trong bnh acqui l loi dung dch axit sunfuric (H2SO4) c pha ch t axit nguyn cht vi nc ct theo nng qui nh tu thuc vo iu kin kh hu ma v vt liu lm tm ngn. Nng dung dch axit sunfuric = (1,1 1,3) g/cm3. Nng dung dch in phn c nh hng ln n sc in ng ca acqui. Hnh di trnh by nh hng ca dung dch in phn ti in tr v sc in ng ca acqui: V/ngn /cm3 5
Eaq

2.5

4 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 3 2 1 0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
in tr dung dch in phn

Nhit mi trng c nh hng ln n nng dung dch in phn vi cc nc trong vng xch o nng dung dch in phn quy nh khng qu 1,1 g/cm3. Vi cc nc lnh (vng cc), nng dung dch in phn cho php ti 1,3 g/cm3. Trong iu kin kh hu nc ta th ma h nn chn nng dung dch khong (1,25 1,26) g/cm3, ma ng ta nn chn nng khong 1,27 g/cm3. Cn nh rng: nng qu cao s lm chng hng tm ngn, chng hng bn cc, d b sunfat ho trong cc bn cc nn tui th ca acqui cng gim i rt nhanh. Nng qu thp th in dung v in p

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

nh mc ca acqui gim v cc nc x lnh th dung dch vo ma ng d b ng bng. * Nhng ch khi pha ch dung dch in phn cho cqui: - Khng c dng axit c thnh phn tp cht cao nh loi axit k thut thng thng v nc khng phi l nc ct v dung dch nh vy s lm tng cng qu trnh t phng n ca acqui. - Cc dng c pha ch phi lm bng thu tinh, s hoc cht do chu axit. Chng phi sch, khng cha cc mui khong, du m hoc cht bn - m bo an ton trong khi pha ch, tuyt i khng c nc vo axt c m phi t t axit vo nc v dng que thu tinh khuy u. 1.5. Np, nt v cu ni: Np lm bng nha bnit hoc bng baklit. Np c hai loi: - Tng np ring cho mi ngn - Np chung cho c bnh - loi ny kt cu phc tp nhng kn tt. Trn np c l dung dch in phn vo cc ngn v kim tra mc dung dich in phn, nhit d v nng dung dch trong acqui. L c y kn bng nt c ren gi cho dung dch in phn trong bnh khi b bn v snh ra ngoi. nt c l nh thng kh t trong bnh ra ngoi lc np acqui. Np mt s loi acqui c l thng kh ring nm st l , kt cu nh vy rt thun tin cho vic iu chnh mc dung dch trong bnh acqui. Trong trng hp ny, nt khng c l thng kh na. Cu ni thng lm bng ch, dng ni cc ngn acquy n vi nhau. 2. Qu trnh bin i ho hc trong acqui axit: Trong acqui thng xy ra hai qu trnh ho hc thun nghch m c trng l qu trnh np v phng in. Khi np in, nh ngun in np m mch ngoi cc in t "e" chuyn ng t cc bn cc dng n cc bn cc m - l dng in np In. SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 7

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Khi phng in, di tc dng ca sut in ng ring cu ca acqui, cc in t "e" s chuyn ng theo hng ngc li v to thnh dng in phng Ip. Khi acqui np no, cht tc dng cc bn cc dng l PbO2 cn ti cc bn cc m l ch xp Pb. Khi phng in, cc cht tc dng hai bn cc u tr thnh sunfat ch PbSO4 c dng tinh th nh. Khi np in cho acqui s xy ra phn ng: - cc dng: PbSO4 2e + 2H2O = PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H+ - cc m: PbSO4 + 2e + 2H+ = Pb + H2SO4 -Ton b qu trnh xy ra trong acqui khi np in l: 2PbSO4 + 2H2O = Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 (2.3) Kt qu l to thnh mt in cc Pb v mt in cc PbO2. S phng in ca acqui xy ra khi ni hai in cc Pb v PbO2 va thu c vi ti, lc ny ho nng c d tr trong acqui s chuyn thnh in nng. cc in cc s xy ra cc phn ng ngc ca (2.1) v (2.2), ngha l trong acqui s xy ra phn ng ngc ca (2.3). Acqui s cung cp dng in cho n khi c hai in cc li tr thnh PbSO4 nh ban u. Sau , nu mun dng tip ngi ta li np in cho acqui v c th qu trnh tip din. 3. Cc c tnh ca acqui axit : Mi ngn ca bnh acqui l mt acqui n c y cc tnh cht c trng cho c bnh. S d ngi ta ni tip nhiu ngn li thnh bnh acqui l tng in p nh mc ca bnh acqui. Do khi ngin cu c tnh ca bnh acqui ta ch cn kho st mt bnh acqui n l . 3.1. Sc in ng ca acqui axit: (2.2) ( 2.1)

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

* Sc in ng ca acqui axit ph thuc ch yu vo in th trn cc cc, tc l ph thuc vo c tnh l ho ca vt liu lm cc bn cc v dung dch in phn m khng ph thuc vo kch thc ca cc bn cc. Sc in ng ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch in phn v c th xc nh c mt cch kh chnh xc bng cng thc thc nghim sau: E0 = 0,85 + Trong : E0: Sc in ng tnh ca acqui n, tnh bng vol.
: nng dung dch in phn khng ly theo n v g/cm m
3

(V).

tnh bng vol quy v +150C. Ngoi ra sc in ng cn ph thuc vo nhit ca dung dch in phn na. * Trong qu trnh phng in, sc in ng ca acqui c tnh theo cng thc: Ep = Up + Ip. raq Trong : Ip : Dng in phng (A) Up: in p o trn cc cc ca acqui khi phng in (A) raq: in tr trong ca acqui khi phng in. Khi phng in hon ton th raq = 0,02 . * Trong qu trnh np in, sc in ng En ca acqui c tnh theo cng thc: En = Un In.raq (V). Trong : In : Dng in np (A). Un: in p o trn cc cc ca cqui khi np in (V). raq : in tr trong ca acqui khi np in. Khi np no th raq = (0,0015 0,001) .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS 3.2.Dung lng ca acqui:

Thit k b np c quy t ng

* Dung lng phng ca phng ca acqui l i lng nh gi kh nng cung cp nng lng ca acqui cho ph ti v c tnh theo cng thc : Cp = Ip.tp Trong : Cp: L dung lng thu c trong qu trnh phng in (Ah). Ip: Dng dn phng n nh (A) trong thi gian phng in tp(h). * Dung lng np ca acqui l i lng nh gi kh nng tch tr nng lng ca acqui v c tnh theo cng thc: Cn = In.tn (Ah). Trong : Cn: L dung lng thu c trong qu trnh phng in (Ah). In: Dng in np n nh trong qu trnh np in (A). 3.3. c tnh phng ca acqui axit: c tnh phng ca acqui l th biu din mi quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p acqui v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian phng khi dng in phng khng thay i. I (A) 2,0 10 1,5 1,0 0,5 Cp=Ip.tp tgh tp (h) 2,11 Eaq 1,27 5 Eo U p E Ip.raq 1,11 U,E (V) Khong ngh 1,95 1,75 (g/cm3) (Ah).

Vng phng cho php

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

T th ta c cc nhn xt sau: Trong khong thi gian phng t tp =0 cho ti thi im tp = tgh, sc in ng, in p v nng dung dch in phn gim dn, tuy nhin trong khong thi gian ny dc ca cc th l khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh hay thi gian phng in cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng in (dng in phng) ca acqui. T thi im tgh tr i, dc ca th thay i t ngt nu ta tip tc cho acqui phng in sau tgh th sc in ng, in p ca acqui s gim rt nhanh, mt khc cc tinh th sunfat ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong phn ng s c dng th, rn, kh ho tan (bin i ho hc) trong qu trnh np in tr li cho acqui sau ny. Thi im tgh gi l gii hn phng in cho php ca acqui, cc gi tr Ep, Up, ti tgh gi l cc gi tr gii hn phng in cho php ca acqui. Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian, cc gi tr sc in ng, in p ca acqui, nng ca dung dch in phn li tng ln, ta gi l thi gian hi phc hay khong ngh ca acqui. thi gian phc hi ny ph thuc vo ch phng in ca cqui (dng in phng v thi gian phng ). nh gi kh nng cung cp in ca cc acqui c cng in p danh ngha, ngi ta quy nh so snh dung lng phng in thu c ca cc acqui khi tin hnh th nghim ch phng in cho php l 20h (10h). Dung lng phng trong trng hp ny c k hiu l C20 (C10). 3.4. c tnh np ca acqui: c tnh np ca cqui l th biu din quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p cqui v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np khi tr s dng in np khng thay i.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

I (A)

U,E (V)

Bt u si 2,4V

2,7V 2,11V

2,0 1,95 Eaq Eo Un In.raq E 1,5 10 5 1,0 0,5 Cn=In.tn 0 T th c tnh np ta c nhn xt sau: dung dch in phn tng dn ln. - Ti thi im tn = ts trn b mt cc bn cc xut hin cc bt kh do dng in in phn nc thnh xy v hyr (cn gi l hin tng si ), lc ny trn in th gia cc cc ca acqui n tng ti gi tr 2,4 V. Nu ta vn tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7 V v gi nguyn. Thi gian np ny gi l thi gian np no, c tc dng lm cho cc phn cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i hon ton, nh s lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca acqui. Trong s dng, thi gian np no cho acqui thng ko di t 23 gi, trong sut thi gian , hiu in th trn cc cc ca acqui v nng dung dch in phn l khng thay i. Nh vy dung lng thu c khi acqui phng in lun nh hn dung lng cn thit np no acqui. Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng ca acqui, nng dung dch in phn gim xung v n nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l khong ngh ca acqui sau khi np. ts 1,11 (g/cm3) 1,27 Vng np no Khong ngh (23)h tn (h)

Vng np hiu dng

- Trong khong thi gian np t tn = 0 n tn = ts, sc in ng, in p, nng

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th ca acqui. Dng in np nh mc i vi acqui qui nh bng 0,05.C20 (0,01.C10). II. Cc phng php np in cho acqui: 1. Phng php np acqui vi dng np khng i : Phng php np in vi dng np khng i cho php chon dng in np thch hp i vi tng loi acqui, m bo cho acqui c np no. y l phng php s dng trong cc xng bo dng, sa cha np in cho cc acqui mi hoc np in cho cc acqui b sunfat ho. Vi phng php np ny cc acqui c mc ni tip vi nhau v phi tho mn iu kin: Un 2,7 Naq. Trong : Un: in p np (V). Naq: S ngn acqui n mc trong mch np . Trong qu trnh np, sc in ng ca acqui tng dn, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R. Tr s gii hn ca bin tr c xc nh theo cng thc:
R= Un 2,0 Naq . In

Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng np khng i l thi gian np ko di v yu cu cc acqui a vo np phi c cng c dung lng nh mc. khc phc nhc im thi gian np ko di ngi ta s dng phng php np vi dng in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng hp np hai nc th dng n np nc th nht chn bng (0,3 0,5).C20, v kt thc np nc mt khi acqui bt u si. Dng in np nc th hai bng 0,05.C20. 2. Phng php np acqui vi in p np khng thay i:

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Phng php np acqui vi in p np khng thay i yu cu cc acqui c mc song song vi ngun np. Hiu in th ca ngun np khng thay i v c tnh bng t 2,3 2,5 V cho mt ngn acqui n. Hiu in th ca ngun np phi c gi n nh vi chnh xc n 3% v c theo di bng vol k. Dng np In = gim i kh nhanh. Phng php np vi in p np khng thay i c thi gian np ngn, dng in np t ng gim dn theo thi gian. Tuy nhin dng phng php ny acqui khng c np no, v vy phng php np vi in p khng i ch l phng php np b xung cho acqui trong qu trnh s dng. khc phc nhng nhc im v tn dng c ht nhng u in ca cc phng php np trn, ta kt hp hai phng php np li thnh phng php dng - p. y cng chnh l phng php np m chng ta chn thit k mch iu khin cho ngun np acqui t ng trong n ny. 3. Phng php np dng - p: Ban u ta np acqui vi dng np khng i vi tr s qui nh l In = 0,05.C20. Ti khi thy acqui "si" - ng vi thi im hiu in th gia cc cc ca ca cqui n tng ti gi tr 2,4V - tip tc np th gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti gi tr l 2,7 V. n y ta chuyn sang ch np n p vi gi tr in p np khng i l Un = 2,7V. Giai on np n p ko di t 2 n 3 gi, hoc khi dng np tin ti khng (In = 0) th kt thc qu trnh np. Kt lun: Qua phn tch k nhng c tnh ca acqui, c bit l c tnh np, ta chn phng php np dng - p np cho acqui. Nh vy b ngun np acqui t ng m ta thit k cn phi p ng nhng yu cu sau: - Ban u t ng np n dng vi dng np t trc In = 0,05 .C20/1ngn cqui n. SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 14
Un Eaq lc u s rt ln sau khi Eaq tng dn ln th In Raq

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

- Khi pht hin thy hiu in th trn cc cc ca acqui n tng ti 2,7 V th t ng chuyn t np n dng sang ch np n p vi in p np t trc Un = 2,7V/ 1 ngn acqui n. - Np n p cho ti khi dng in np tin v khng.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng CHNG II PHNG N CHNH LU

I. Nhn xt chung: B chnh lu l thit b dng bin i ngun in xoay chiu thnh ngun in mt chiu nhm cung cp cho ph ti in mt chiu. Trong k thut c nhiu phng n chnh lu nh: chnh lu khng iu khin (chnh lu it); chnh lu iu khin (chnh lu tiristor); chnh lu mt pha; ba pha; su pha. Tu thuc vo yu cu c th m ta la chn phng n chnh lu thch hp nht nhm p ng c cc ch tiu v mt k thut v kinh t. II.Yu cu c th : Trong n ny ,vi yu cu c th l: thit k b ngun np c quy c th np cho c quy 24-50V v dng np 40- 60A. - V yu cu ca dng chnh lu iu khin nn ta chn phng n chnh lu tiristor. - V ti yu cu cng sut v cht lng in p iu chnh khng cao nn ta chn phng n chnh lu mt pha nhm lm gim gi thnh u t thit b v n gin ho vic thit k tnh ton. T nhng nhn xt trn ta cn phn tch cc s chnh lu iu khin mt pha tm ra phng n thch hp nht. III.Cc phng n thit k mch chnh lu : 1. Chnh lu mt pha 2 na chu k c iu khin: Trong s ny ,my bin p fi c hai cun dy th cp vi thng s ging ht nhau , mi na chu k khi c xung ti iu khin m tiristo c mt van dn cho dng in chy qua . in p p mch trong c hai na chu k vi tn s p mch bng hai ln tn s in p xoay chiu . Hnh dng cc ng cong in p v dng in ti (Ud,Id ) cho trn hnh v .

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Trong na chu k u , khi U2>E th in p anot T1 dng, in p Katot T1 m, T1 sn sng dn.Nu cp xung iu khin cho T1 vo lc ny th T1 s dn.Dng s chy qua T1-R-E, vi ngun l U2

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Trong na chu k sau, khi U '2 > E th in p anot T2 dng, in p Katot ca T2 m, T2 sn sng dn.Nu cp xung iu khin cho T2 vo lc ny th T2 s dn.Dng s chy qua T2-R-E, vi ngun l U '2 Ch : Nu ta cp xung vo thi im U<E th van khng dn ,mch iu khin phi iu khin sao cho xung pht ra khng ri vo thi im ny T th ta c: - Tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti: Ud=
2U 2 [cos cos( )] +

2 .U 2. sin d +

( + ) =

( + )

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua ti : Id =


Ud E 2.U 2 E = [cos cos( )] + [( + ) ] .R .R R

- Tr s dng hiu dng qua van :


1 2

I2=I '2 =Ihdv=

2U 2 sin E 2 ) d R

- Tr s dng hiu dng qua ti: Ihd =


1

I hd 2

2U 2 sin E 2 ) d R

Ta thy Ihdv=

- in p ngc t ln van: U ngcvan =2 2 U2 * Nhn xt : trong s ny , dng in chy qua van khng qu ln . Khi van dn ,in p ri trn van nh.Vic iu khin cc van bn dn y tng i n gin .Tuy vy ,vic ch to bin p c hai cun dy th cp ging nhau , m mi cun ch lm vic trong na chu k ,lm cho vic ch to my bin p phc tp hn v hiu sut s dng bin p xu hn , mt khc in p ngc SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 18

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

ca cc van bn dn fi chu c tr s rt ln.Thch hp vi mch chnh lu in p thp nhng dng ln khng cn cht lng in p cao. 2. Chnh lu cu mt pha c iu khin i xng:
T1 T3 R U2 E T4 T2

Trong na chu k u , lc U2 > E in p anod ca tiristo T1 dng lc catod ca T2 m , nu c xung iu khin c hai van T1 ,T2 ng thi ,th cc van ny s c m thng t in p li ln ti , T1 , T2 s dn n khi U2 < E. Trong na chu k sau , khi U2 > E , in p anod ca tiristo T3 dng lc catod ca T4 m , nu c xung iu khin c hai van T3 ,T4 ng thi ,th cc van ny s c m thng t in p li ln ti. (vi iu kin 1 < < 2 ) in p trung bnh t ln ti:

Ud=

2U 2 sin( )d ( ) +

( + 1 )

Ihd=

2U 2 sin( ) E 2 ) d ( ) R

Dng trung bnh chy qua tiristo : Itb = Id/2

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 19

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng
I hd 2

Dng hiu dng chy qua van :IhdV=

in p ngc ln nht t ln van : Un max = U 2 2 * Nhn xt : So vi s trn , s ny in p ngc ln nht t ln van ch bng mt na,bin p d ch to v c hiu sut cao hn . Tuy nhin , s ny nhiu khi gp kh khn trong vic m cc van iu khin, nht l khi cng sut xung khng ln . 3 . Chnh lu cu mt pha c iu khin khng i xng(thng hng) :

T1

D2 E

U2 T2 D1 R

- na chu k dng ca u2 khi hay m cho xung iu khin m T1 th T1v c D1 u khng m c do trong mch c sc in ng E lm cho th UAK ca tiristor m. Khi < < , ta cho xung iu khin m T1 th D1 cng m cho dng chy qua ti theo ng: A - T1 - (R + E) D1 - O Nh vy, na chu k dng ca u2, nu gc m nm trong khong ( ; ) th T1 v D1 m cho dng chy qua ti. - na chu k m ca u2, tng t nh trn khi + < < 2 , ta cho xung iu khin m T2 th D2 cng m ngay cho dng chy qua ti theo ng: O- D2 - (R+E) - T2 - A Nh vy, na chu k m ca u2, nu gc m nm trong khong ( + ; 2 ) th T2 v D2 m cho dng chy qua ti.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 20

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Gc dn dng ca it v ca tiristor trong s ny bng nhau v:


D = T = 2

V nguyn tc, c th thay i c trong khong (0;) nhng do s c mt ca sc in ng E ca ti nn gc m c khng ch trong khong ( ; ). - Tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti: Ud =
1

2 .U 2. sin d +

( + ) =

2U 2

[cos cos( )] +

( + )

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua ti : Id =


Ud E 2.U 2 E = [cos cos( )] + [( + ) ] .R .R R

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua tiristor v it:


1 IT = I D = 2

I .d
d

Id [ ( + )] 2

- Tr hiu dng dng qua van v dit: Ihdv=


I hd 2

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 21

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

T cc phn tch v cc s trn , ta chn s chnh lu cu khng i xng v so vi s cu i xng mc d di iu chnh v cht lng in p chnh lu l nh nhau , nhng cu mt pha khng i xng ch s dng mt na s van l tiristor, na cn li l it. T m gim c gi thnh thit b bin i bi v it r hn rt nhiu so vi tiristor v s iu khin cng tr nn n gin hn do cn t knh iu khin. V vy ta chn mch cu khng i xng np cho c quy. Kt lun: S la chn l : S ''Chnh lu cu mt pha khng i xng''. SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 22

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng CHNG III THIT K V TNH TON MCH LC

I.S mch lc :

220V 50Hz

AT

T2 R C D2 Rf

T1 R C D1

Rs

AQ

II.Cc phn t trn s mch lc : 1. Van lc: chn van ta phi da vo ch lm vic nng n nht m van phi chu. Ch tiu in p : SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 23

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

- Van phi chu in p nng n khi cc acqui c np no: Mi ngn acqui c in p l 2V. c acqui 50V ta cn
50 =25 ngn. 2

np no th cn in p np cho mi ngn l 2,7V. Khi :


U d =2,7
50 =67,5 (V) 2

in p ngc ln nht trn van :


U ng max = 2 .U2

vi U 2 = U d k sd cho s chnh lu cu mt pha ks = 0,9 thay vo ta c: Ungmax = 2 .


67,5 =106,1 V 0,9

Do thc t in p li khng n nh v c php dao ng ,mt khc c nhiu yu t nh hng ngu nhin trn mng in nn van c chn vi mt h s d tr in p nht nh:
U v > K u .U ng max

vi Ku l h s d tr cho van. Ta chn : Ku =1,7


U ng max = 106,1.1,7 = 180,4(V).

Ch tiu dng in : - Tnh dng in ca van Dng in trung bnh thc t qua van:
I tbv = I d 60 = = 30 A 2 2

Thc t phi chn van chu c h s qu dng KI = 1,2:


I V = K I .I tbv = 30.1,2 = 36 A

Trong s ny, ch lm vic ca tiristor v it l ging nhau nn iu kin chn van ging nhau. V ti c cng sut nh nn ta chn iu kin lm mt cho van l lm mt t nhin, dng cnh tn nhit chun vi i lu khng kh. Vy iu kin chn van: SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 24

n TCS
U ng max 180,4V

Thit k b np c quy t ng

I V 36 A

La chn van : Diode : Loi C40-020R Imax= 40A Ungmax= 200V U =1,1V TCP= 2000C Thyristor : Loi T10-40 do Lin X ch to I cp =40A
U ng max =200V

I dk =150mA U dk =4V

U=1,75V du/dt=100(V/s) di/dt=40(A/ s) 2.Cc thit b bo v: a) Bo v ngn mch, qu ti: S dng Aptmat (AT) ng ct mch lc, bo v khi qu ti v ngn mch tiristor, ngn mch u ra ca b bin i, ngn mch th cp my bin p. b) Bo v qu p,tc tng in p cho van : Bo v qu in p do qu trnh ng ct cc tiristor c thc hin bng cch mc R C song song vi thyristor. Khi c s chuyn mch, cc in tch t trong cc lp bn dn phng ra ngoi to dng in ngc trong khong thi gian ngn. S bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm lm cho qu in p gia ant v katt ca thyristor. Khi c mch R C mc song song vi thyristor n to ra vng

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 25

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

phng in trong qu trnh chuyn mch nn bo v c thyristor khng b qu in p. Nu tc bin thin in p vt qu du/dt cho php ca van th van s dn m khng cn dng iu khin.Do ta phi mc thm R-C song song vi thyristor , n s lm gim tc tng in p trn thyristor.Ta phi b tr sao cho Thyristor phi nm st C. in tr R c tc dng hn dng phng ca t khi van dn. Theo tnh ton kinh nghim ta chn C=0,3 F , R=70 . c) Hn ch tc tng dng : V vi ti l c quy khng c tnh cm nn tc tng dng c th rt ln c th gy hin tng t nng cc b trong van v vy ta phi c bin php hn ch n. Bin php n gin nht l mc ni tip vi ti mt cun cm. Tuy nhin v ta s dng ngun bin p cho chnh lu nn in cm trong cun dy my bin p cng m bo iu kin trn. 3. Cc thit b ch th : Ampe k o dng np: chn loi ampe k 100 A. Vol k o in p np: chn loi vol k 100 V. 4. in tr ly tn hiu: Rs: ly tn hiu phn hi dng v mch iu khin. Tn hiu phn hi p ta ni trc tip vo hai u ca c quy.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 26

n TCS 5.Tnh ton my bin p :

Thit k b np c quy t ng

U1 ,I1

BA U 2 , I2

Ud,Id

a) Tnh cc thng s c bn : 1. in p chnh lu khng ti : Udo = Ud + UV + Uba + Udn Trong : Ud= 67,5 V - in p chnh lu
UV = 1,1 +1,75 =2,85 V - St p trn cc van
Uba =10% Ud = 6,75 V -St p bn trong my bin p khi c ti . Udn 0 -St p trn dy dn (coi rt nh).

Vy : Udo = 67,5+2,85+6,75 =77,1 V. 2. Cng sut ti ti a: Pdmax = Udo. Id = 77,1.60 = 4626 W 3. Cng sut my bin p : Sba = kP. Pdmax = 1,23.4626 = 5690 W Vi s cu mt pha : kP =1,23. b) Tnh s b mch t(xc nh kch thc bn mch t): Tit din s b tr :

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 27

n TCS QFe = kQ. trong


Sba m. f

Thit k b np c quy t ng

kQ l h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt Vi my bin p du ta ly kQ = 5 m:s pha ca my bin p : m =1 f: l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( y tn s l f =50Hz). T chng ta c : QFe =5.
5690 = 53,34 cm2. 1.50

c) Tnh ton dy qun: - in p cun dy s cp : U1 =220 V - in p cun dy th cp : U2 =


Udo 77,1 = =85,67 V ku 0,9

vi s cu mt pha : ku = 0,9 - H s my bin p : kba =


220 U1 = = 2,57 U 2 85,67

S vng dy mi pha my bin p : Ta c cng thc : W=


U vng. 4,44. f .Q Fe .B

trong W -S vng dy ca cun dy cn tnh. U - in p ca cun dy cn tnh (V). B - T cm (thng chn trong khong t 1 1,8 Tesla). QFe- Tit din li thp(m2). Ta chn thp lm my bin p l loi c m hiu l 330 dy 0,5mm t ta c B=1,1T. S vng dy cun s cp my bin p. W1 =170 vng. S vng dy cun th cp my bin p. W2 = 66 vng. SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 28

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng Dng in cc cun dy :

Dng th cp : I2 = k2 . Id = 1,11 . 60 = 66,6 A Dng s cp : I1 = I2 / kba = 25,9 A Tit din dy dn : Chn s b mt dng in trong my bin p: Vi my bin p du v dy dn bng ng, chn J1 = J2 = 3(A/mm2) Tit din dy qun s cp my bin p :
S1 =

I1 25,9 2 = = 8,633 mm . J1 3
I2 66,6 = = 22,2 mm2. J2 3

Tit din dy qun th cp ca my bin p : S2 =

ng knh dy dn : Do dy dn c tit din nh nn y chng ta chn dy dn trn. ng knh ca dy dn th cp l : d2 =


4.S

4.22,2 = 5,3 mm. 3,14

ng knh ca dy dn s cp l : d1 =
4.S

4.8,633 = 3,3 mm. 3,14

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 29

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

CHNG IV MCH IU KHIN I. Yu cu chung v cu trc mch iu khin : 1. Mc ch v yu cu chung vi mch iu khin: * Mch iu khin l khu rt quan trng trong b bin i tiristor, n c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng, tin cy ca b bin i. Mch iu khin rt a dng nhng vi h thng mch lc c th ca mch np cn c mt h iu khin thch ng. Vi mch ny, h iu khin s pht xung m hai tiristor T1,T2. Cc tiristor s m khi tho mn ng thi hai iu kin: - Mt in p dng ln t ln hai cc ca tiristor theo hng t ant n katt. - Xung in p dng a vo cc iu khin ln v bin , rng. lm thay i in p ra ti ch cn thay i thi im pht xung iu khin, tc l thay i gc m ca cc van. u im ca tiristor l ch cn dng v p iu khin nh nhng c th chu c p v dng rt ln chy qua. * Mch iu khin phi thc hin cc nhim v chnh sau: + Pht xung iu khin (xung m van) n cc van lc theo ng phng php iu khin cn thit. + m bo phm vi iu chnh gc iu khin min- max tng ng vi phm vi thay i in p ra ca mch lc. + C i xng iu khin tt , khng vt qu 10-30 in ,tc l gc iu khin vi mi van khng c qua lch gi tr trn . + m bo mch hot ng n nh v tin cy khi li in xoay chiu dao ng c v gi tr in p v tn s.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 30

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

+ Cho php b chnh lu lm vic bnh thng vi cc ch khc nhau do ti yu cu nh ch khi ng ,ch nghch lu , ch dng in lin tc hay gin on , ch hm hay o chiu + C kh nng chng nhiu cn nghip tt . + tc ng ca mch iu khin nhanh ,di 1ms. +m bo xung iu khin pht ti cc van ph hp m chc ch n cc van ,c ngha l phi tho mn cc yu cu : cng sut (v in p v dng iu khin ). C sn dc ng m van chinh xc vo thi im quy nh ,thng tc tng p iu khin phi t 10V/us ,tc tng dng iu khin t 0,1A/us . rng xung iu khin cho dng qua van vt tr s dng in duy tr Idt ca n , khi ngt xung van vn gi c trng thi dn . C dng ph hp vi s chnh lu v tnh cht ti. + Ngoi ra h thng iu khin phi c nhim v n nh dng in ra ti v bo v h thng khi xy ra s c qu dng hay ngn mch ti. 2. Cu trc mch iu khin: Cc h iu khin chnh lu: + H ng b : trong h ny gc iu khin m van lun c xc nh xut pht t mt thi im c nh ca in p lc .V vy trong mch iu khin phi c mt khu thc hin nhim v ny gi l khu ng pha m bo mch iu khin hot ng theo nhp ca in p lc . + H khng ng b : trong h ny gc iu khin m van khng c xc nh theo in p lc m c tnh da vo trng thi ca ti chnh lu v vo gc iu khin ca ln pht xung m van ngay trc y .Do , mch iu khin ny khng cn khu ng pha ,tuy nhin b chnh lu hot ng C hai h iu khin c bn l h ng b v h khng ng b .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 31

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

bnh thng bt buc phi thc hin iu khin theo mch vng kn , khng th thc hin vi mch h. Nguyn tc iu khin: iu chnh gc m ca cc tiristor trong na chu k in p dng ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin: thng ng tuyn tnh v thng ng arccos. a) Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh: us Usm Ucm

Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p : - in p ng b (us), ng b vi in p dt trn cc A - K ca tiristor, thng t vo u o ca khu so snh. - in p iu khin (ucm) - in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin , thng t vo u khng o ca khu so snh . By gi hiu in th u vo ca khu so snh l: Ud= ucm - us Mi khi ucm=us th khu so snh lt trng thi, ta nhn c "sn xung" ca in p u ra ca khu so snh. "Sn xung" ny thng qua a hi mt trng thi n nh to ra mt xung iu khin. Nh vy, bng cch lm bin i ucm ngi ta c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra, tc l iu chnh c gc m ca tiristor. Gia v ucm c quan h: SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 32

n TCS
=
ucm Usm

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Ngi ta ly Ucmmax=Usm b) Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng "arccos": Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p : - in p ng b (us),vt trc uAK=Um.sin t ca tiristor mt gc l us= Um.cos t - in p iu khin (ucm) - in p mt chiu c th iu chnh c bin (theo hai chiu dng v m) Nu t us vo cng o v ucm vo cng khng o ca khu so snh th khi us=ucm ta s nhn c mt xung rt mnh u ra ca khu so snh khi khu ny lt trng thi:

Ucm 0 us uAK 2
t

Um.cos = ucm . Do :
= arccos
ucm . Um

Khi ucm = Um th = 0. Khi ucm = 0 th =

Khi ucm = - Um th = .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 33

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Nh vy, khi iu chnh ucm t tr ucm = +Um n tr ucm = -U m, ta c th iu chnh c gc m t 0 n . Nguyn tc iu khin ny c s dng trong cc thit b chnh lu i hi cht lng cao. II. S khi v chc nng: Da vo nguyn tc iu khin v yu cu ca cng ngh ta thit lp c s khi ca b iu khin:

Ung

Uta

SS Uk BK Ud

DX

KK

Uph

Trong : Ung: in p ngun Uk: in p iu khin 1. Khu ng pha ( F ): C nhim v to in p trng pha vi in p th cp bin p mch lc. Khu ny c chc nng xc nh im gc tnh gc iu khin . V vy n c gc pha lin h cht ch vi in p mch lc. Thng thng khu ng pha cn lm nhim v cch ly gia mch lc in p cao vi mch iu khin in p thp. 2. Khu to in p ta (Uta): To in p c dng c nh ( tam gic, rng ca, cosin ) c chu k lm vic theo nhp ca in p ng pha.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 34

n TCS 3. Khu so snh( SS ):

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Nhn tn hiu in p ta(Uta)v in p iu khin(Uk)v tin hnh so snh gia in p ta Uta v in p iu khin Uk, tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau ( Uk = Uta) pht xung iu khin tc l xc nh gc m . 4. Khu dng xung ( DX): Nhm to ra cc xung c dng ph hp m chc chn van chnh lu. mi ch lm vic cc xung ny c khi ng nh mch so snh, thng c s dng xung chm. 5. Khu khch i xung (KX): Tin hnh khch i xung t mch dng xung a ln sao cho c cng sut ( U, I ) m chc chn tiristor. Khu ny cng thng lm nhim v cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch lc. Trong trng hp mch lc chy in p thp th chng ta c th b cch ly. 6. B iu khin ( BK ): Khu ny c nhim v nhn cc tn hiu t cng ngh a ti v cc tn hiu phn hi ly t ti v x l theo nhng qui lut iu khin nht nh quyt nh a ra Uk tc ng n gc iu khin khng ch ngun nng lng ra ti cho ph hp nht. Trong n ny p ng nhng yu cu iu khin, ta s dng "l thuyt iu khin theo lch" n nh dng in v n p trong tng giai on np ca qu trnh np acqui t ng. n nh dng in ta phi phn hi m dng in; n nh in p ta phi phn hi m in p. Trong qu trnh np acqui t ng s n dng v n p c thc hin theo s sau: In - Uph - Uk - - U
d

- In .

Un - Uph - Uk - - Ud - Un .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 35

n TCS III.Xy dng mch iu khin : 1. Khu ng pha : a) S v nguyn l : u2 '


Uv
GND
D2 D1

Thit k b np c quy t ng

R1 + R2 OA1

Udp

VR1

R3

+E

GND

in p ng pha c so snh vi in p trn bin tr VR1. Ti thi im UA=UVR1 th i du ca in p ra khuch i thut ton. in p ti ca m:
u = E * R2 R3 + VR1

in p ra ca dng bng uA . in p ra bng: Ura=K0*(u+-u-)=K0*(uA-u-) Khi uA> u- th in p ra Ura=Ubh Khi uA< u- th in p ra Ura=-Ubh Kt qu ta c chui xung ch nht khng i xng.

UA

Uref

UB

1 Trang 36

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

b)Tnh ton : in p sau khi t u ra ca bin p ng pha qua it 1,2 c dng in p mt chiu na hnh sin . chn in p xoay chiu ng pha UA=9(V) in tr R2,R1 c dng hn ch dng vo KTT. Thng chn R2,R1 sao cho dng vo KTT nh hn 1(mA) do : R2> Chn R2=R1=10(K ) Chn gc duy tr v kho nng lng l 5o th in p t vo ca dng ca b so snh l: Ud= 2 Usin5o= 2 *12*sin5o=1.48(V) Ta c :
E R = 1.48 VR + R 2 3 UA 9 = 3 = 9000() I v 10

Do ta c: VR+R1=90(K ) Chn R1=10(K ) , VR=100(K ) Chn Khuch i thut ton l loi TL084 c: Ngun cung cp Vcc= 12V Nhit lm vic : t=-25 850C Cng sut tiu th: P=680 mW Tng tr u vo : Rin=106 M Dng in ra : Ira=30pA

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 37

n TCS 2. Khu to in p rng ca: a) S v nguyn l :


DZ

Thit k b np c quy t ng

C1

D3

R4 + -

Urc OA2

VR2

R5

in p ca b pht xung ch nht c a vo ca o ca khu to in p rng ca. Khi Udp<0 (Udp=-Ubh) khi 3 dn t C1 np in ,in p trn t C1 bng in p u ra OA2. in p trn t C1 c np tng tuyn tnh. Khi in p ny t tr s ngng ca it n p DZ1 th n thng v gi in p ra tr s ny. na chu k sau khi Udb>0 th 3 kho nn dng qua 3 bng 0 lc ny dng qua t C1 bng dng qua in tr R4 , dng ny ngc chiu vi dng qua t C1 na trc ngha l t C1 phng in do in p trn t C1 cng nh in p ra gim tuyn tnh. Khi in p gim n khng ri m th t DZ1 dn theo ch nh it bnh thng gi cho in p gi tr 0. b) Tnh ton : Khi Udp<0 (Udp=-Ubh) th 3 dn t C c np in .in p trn t C bng in p u ra ca OPAM. Thng thng thit k vi R4<<R5 do iR4>>iR5, n gin c th b qua iR5 do iR4=iC Ura= UC =UC(0)+
U bh IC 1 ic dt = C .t = R4 C t C

(v UC(0)=0)

it n p c nhim v khng cho in p trn t C np qu Udz .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 38

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Chn loi it n p l KC162A c in p n p l : UOA=6.2(V), dng ti a I =22(mA) Vi tn s cng nghip f=50Hz th mi na chu k T=10(ms), ta phi chn R4 v C sao cho thi gian np in m ti u ra t 0 6.2(V) trong 0.5(ms) Ta c : UC =
IC t suy ra C

IC UC 6.2 = = = 12400 C t 0.5 * 10 3

Vy IC=12400*C Chn C=0.22( F) ta c :IC=0.22*10-6*12400=2.728*10-3(A) hay IC=2.728(mA) R5=


U bh 6.2 = = 2272.72() IC 2.728 * 10 3

Chn R5=3(K ) Khi Udp>0 (Udp=+Ubh) th 3 kho , t C phng in Dng phng in : Ip=
E R 4 + VR

in p trn t C gim dn theo thi gian: uc(t)=UC(0)+


I R4 1 E ic dt = U OA C t = U OA (R4 + VR )C t C

gi tp l thi gian phng ca t in . Ta chn tp=9(ms) Chn R4 , VR sao cho t phng v 0 V trong 9 (ms)

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 39

n TCS ta c : 0 = UOAE t (R4 + VR )C p

Thit k b np c quy t ng

tp =

(R4 + VR )CU OA (R4 + VR )0.22 * 10 6 * 6.2


E = 12

= 9 * 10 3

suy ra

R4+VR=88000( ) hay R4+VR=88(K )

Chn R4=10(K ) , VR=100 (K ). 3. Khu so snh: a) S v nguyn l: y l khu dng xc nh thi im m tiristor. Ta so snh in p ta v in p iu khin im cn bng ca hai in p ny l thi im m tiristor. so snh hai tn hiu tng t ngi ta c th dng KTT hoc dng transistor nhng trong thc t ngi ta thng dng KTT do cc u im sau : - Tng tr vo ca Opam rt ln nn khng gy nh hng n in p a vo so snh , n c th tch bit hon ton chng khng gy tc ng sang nhau . - Tng vo ca Opam thng l loi khuych i vi sai , mt khc c nhiu tng nn h s khuych i rt ln. V th chnh xc so snh rt cao , tr khng qu vi micro giy. - Sn xung dc ng nu so vi tn s 50 Hz. Thc t khi chnh lch gia Urcv Udk ch khong vi milivn th in p u ra ca n thay i hon ton t trng thi bo ho m sang trng thi bo ho dng v ngc li. Vi nhng u im ta dng KTT so snh, ta dng khu so snh kiu hai ca, s nh hnh v:
R6 R7 + OA3

Urc Udk

Uss

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Khi Udk>Urc th in p ra ca khu so snh l Ura=+Ubh Khi Udk<Urc th in p ra ca khu so snh l Ura=-Ubh Kt qu ta c xung dng ch nht nh hnh di.

b) Tnh ton : R6,R7 c gi tr ln dng vo OPAM l rt nh. Chn KTT l loi TL084. Nu ngun nui c Vcc= 12(V) th in p vo OPAM xp x 12(V). Dng vo c hn ch Ilv<1 (mA) do ta chn : R6=R7=R v tho mn iu kin Ilv<1(mA) suy ra R6=R7=R>
Uv 12 = 3 = 12000 ( ) I v 10

Chn R6=R7=15(K ) 4. Khu dng xung , khu tch xung v khu khuch i xung : a) S v nguyn l :

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Khu dng xung : y l khu nhm to ra dng xung ph hp tha mn yu cu hot ng ca mch lc . Ta s dng to xung n bng mch vi phn RC . Khi Uss = -Ubh : t C c np bng ngun m theo ng : 0RCUss
.

Khi Uss = +Ubh : s xut hin xung in p trn R c gi tr bng in p c sn trn t cng vi in p u ra ca So snh. Do tng s l 2Ubh. Sau t C bt u qu trnh np o cui cng li n tr s Ubh nhng ngc du ban u . in p trn t :
u c (t ) = U bh .(1 2.e ) ,vi = R.C
t

in p u ra mch vi phn chnh l in p trn in tr R:


u = u ss u c = U bh U bh .(1 2.e ) = 2.U bh .e
t t

suy ra dng in c quy lut :


2.U bh i (t ) = ..e R
t

Nh vy in p suy gim theo hm m vi hng s thi gian ,do sau thi gian khong 3 th c th cho rng in p ra v khng.Vy rng xung n to ra theo phng php ny l : tx=3 SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 42

n TCS Khu khuch i xung :

Thit k b np c quy t ng

y l khu khuch i cng sut xung t khu dng xung a n m chc van , cch ly mch lc v mch iu khin . Ta s dng KX dng bin p xung. Khu tch xung : Sau khu to dng xung ta nhn c 2 xung iu khin do trong mt chu k in p xoay chiu mi van s nhn c 2 xung iu khin c hai na chu k. Vic pht xung iu khin cho van khi in p trn van m l c th c ,song khng mong mun. Ta s s dng Khu tch xung xc nh c chu k dng (m) s pht xung cho Thyristor no.Lc van lc nhn xung iu khin ch giai on in p trn n l dng. in p U'2 c ly t khu ng pha: khi U'2 > 0 qua KTT cho in p ra dng v chn cng AND vi logic 1 , kt hp vi Udx c a vo chn kia ca cng AND s cho xung ch c khi in p trn thyristor dng .Sau chn ra cng AND a vo khu Khuch i xung.

b) Tnh ton : Khu khuch i xung : Thyristor c : IG = 0,15 A v UG = 4V. My bin p xung c t s cc cun dy l k=2. in p v dng in cun s cp : U1 = UG . k = 8V I1 = Ic = IG/k = 0,075 A Chn E = 12 V

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

C hai van T1 v T2 u chn theo iu kin in p nh nhau l chi c tr s ngun Ecs. V dng in , bng T2 chn theo dng in qua cun s cp ca bin p xung: IT2=I1=0,075 A Vy chn bng T2 loi BD135 C tham s UCE=45V; ICmax=1,5A; min=40 Dng qua colector ca T1 chnh l dng qua baz T2 IT1=1,5/40=0,0375A Chn T1 loi BC107 c UCE=45V; ICmax=0,1A;min=110
R11

1 2 .E CS
s.I 1max

40.110.12 29,3k 1,2.1,5

chn R11=30 k Sau khi chn c cc phn t ca mch khuch i xung c th tnh ton cc phn t ca mch to xung vi s liu cn thit nh sau : rng xung tx=2.tm=2.45=90 s Khu dng xung : Dng qua t : i(t ) =
2.U bh ..e R
t

Dng xung nhn vi gi tr nh : Imax = 2Ubh/R Chn gi tr nh khng qu 8 mA .in p bo ha : Ubh = E-1,5 = 10,5 V Vy ta c : R10 > 2U/Imax =2,6k ; ta chn R10 = 3k. Chn to xung kim vi tx = 90.10-6 s nn R10.C =tx/3 = 30.10-6 s Suy ra ta chn C = 10nF Khu tch xung: Chn KTT l loi TL084, cng AND l loi IC 4081 c 4 cng AND trong mt v v c cc thng s: Ngun nui: Vcc=3 15 (V) .Chn Vcc=12(V) Nhit lm vic :-40 80 oC SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 44

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

in p ng vi mc logic cao :2 4.5(V) ,dng 1 (mA) Cng sut tiu th :P=2.5 (nW\1cng) 5. Tnh ton bin p xung : * Bin p xung thng phi lm vic vi tn s cao nn li thp cho tn s li in 50Hz khng p ng c , Chn vt liu lm li l st Ferit HM. Li c dng hnh xuyn, lm vic trn mt phn ca c tnh t ho c: B = 0,3 (T), H = 30 ( A/m ) khng c khe h khng kh. * Tnh th tch li thp cn c :
V = Q.l =

tb . 0 .t x .s x .U .I 2
B 2

Trong : tb - t thm trung bnh tb=


B 0 .H

o = 1,25 . 10-6 (H/m); Q - tit din li st; l - chiu di trung bnh ng sc t; tx- rng mt xung ,(s) sx- st p xung cho php , thng ly bng 0,10,2 vi tx= 90 s + T s bin p xung : thng m = 23, chn m= 2 + in p cun th cp my bin p xung: U2 = Udk =5V + in p t ln cun s cp my bin p xung: U1 = m. U2 = 2.4 = 8 (V) + Dng in th cp bin p xung: I2 = Idk =0,15 (A) + Dng in s cp bin p xung: SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48 Trang 45

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

I1 = I2 /m =0,15/2=0,075(A) + t thm trung bnh tng i ca li st: tb =B/0 . H = trong : 0=1,25.10-6 (H/ m) l t thm ca khng kh Th tch ca li thp ca li thp cn c: V= Q.l = (tb . 0 . tx . sx . Ul . Il )/ B2 Thay s V=
8.10 3.1,25.10 6.90.10 6.0,1.8.0,075 = 0,6.10 6 m 3 = 0,6cm 3 0,3 2
3

0,3 = 8.10 3 (H/m) 6 1,25.10 .30

Chn li hnh tr k hiu 1811 c V=1,12 cm tch ta c kch thc mch t nh sau:

, ng knh ngoI

18mm , ng knh trong 11 mm, tit din li tng ng 0,443 cm 2 ,vi th

a = 3,5 mm Q = 0,443 cm2 = 44,3 mm2 d = 11 mm D = 18 mm + S vng qun dy s cp bin p xung:

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 46

n TCS w1 = U1 tx / B.Q =

Thit k b np c quy t ng
8.90.10 6 = 54 ( vng ) 0,3.0,443.10 4

+ S vng dy th cp : w2 = w1 / m = 54/2 = 27 (vng ) Chn mt dng in : j1 =6 ( A/mm2 ) , j2 = 4 (A/mm2) + Tit din dy qun th cp: s1 = I1 /J1 = 0,075 /6 = 0,0125 (mm2 ). + ng knh dy qun s cp : d1 =
4s1

= 0,13 (mm)

+ Tit din dy qun th cp: s2 = I2 / J2 = 0,15/4 = 0,0375 (mm2 ). + ng knh dy qun th cp: d2 =
4s 2

= 0,22(mm).

6.Ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin : Mch iu khin trn i hi ngun cung cp l in p mt chiu , tr s n p v n nh tu thuc vo tng khu trong mch .Cn thit k cc loi ngun sau : - Ngun khng i hi n nh cao s dng mch chnh lu ch lc bng t in v khng cn n p cung cp cho khu ng pha , khu khuch i cng sut . - Ngun mt chiu n p dng IC n p cp ngun cho cc vi mch nh khuch i thut ton , IC logic . a) Ngun nui n p dng IC n p 7812 ,IC7912: Hu ht cc thit b u dng ngun mt chiu. Ngun mt chiu ny c to ra bng cch bn i in p li 220V xoay chiu sau n nh in p mt chiu ny v cung cp cho cc thit b in t .

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Ngun n p l ngun lun n nh in p ra khi thay i in p vo hoc thay i ti . S khi ca b ngun mt chiu n p:

H p cch ly

Chnh lu

Mch lc

UV

Mch n nh in

Ur

Cc phn t thc hin khi chc nng: - Khi h p v cch ly dng my bin p thc hin. - Khi chnh lu dng it ( hoc cu chnh lu ) thc hin. - Mch lc dng t in ( t ho ) c in dung ln thc hin . - Mch n nh in p dng IC chuyn dng thc hin. IC n p chuyn dng c gi thnh r v tham s tt nn phn ln ngun n p dng cho mch iu khin dng IC n p ch to sn, trong IC n p 78xx l thng dng nht hin nay. IC ny c ch to cng nghip vi cc cp in p ra chun v c th hin bng hai s xx. Dng ti cho php IC ny l 1A( khi c tn nhit tt). S n p dng IC n p

Tnh chn cc phn t trn s : - UA 7812 c in p u vo : 7 35V Trang 48

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng Dng in u ra :0 1A in p ra E=12V

UA 7912 c in p u vo : 7 35V Dng in u ra : 0 1A in p ra E=-12V - Chn t lc phng C3=C5=1000F, C3=C5=100 F Chn t lc nhiu C4=C6=0,1F . - Chn cc cu chnh lu c I=1A; U=50V(khng c tn nhit) b) Tnh chn my bin p cp cho ngun nui n p v cc linh kin in t trong mch iu khin: Chn my bin p mt pha c mt cun s cp v nhiu cun th cp + Hai cun chung 0V-6V-12V to in p ng pha . + Hai cun th cp ring dng cho ngun nui n p . Hai chnh lu cu mt pha to in p ngun nui i xng cho IC . in p u vo ca IC n p chn 20V. in p th cp cc cun dy ny l 20/ 2 =14,18V Chn in p ca hai cun th cp ny l 14V + Mt cun th cp to ngun nui cho bin p xung ,cp xung iu khin cho cc tiristor(+12V). Mi khi pht xung iu khin cng sut xung ng k , nn cn ch to cun dy ny ring r vi cun dy cp ngun IC , trnh gy st p ngun nui IC in p pha th cp cun dy ngun nui bin p xung l 12/ 2 =8,485V chn 9V * Tnh ton my bin p:

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n TCS + in p li: U1 =220V. + Cng sut cun dy ng pha:

Thit k b np c quy t ng

- in p ly ra mi cun ng pha l 9V - Dng in chy qua cc cun dy ng pha l 1A cng sut Pp=2.9.1=18 (W) + Cng sut tiu th 8 IC TL084 v 2 cng AND l PIC=8.0,68 +2.2,5.10-9=5,44 (W) + Cng sut bin p xung cung cp cho cc iu khin Tiristor PT= 2.Udk.Idk=2.4.0,15=1,2(W) + Cng sut s dng cho vic to ngun nui PN=Pdp + PIC + PT =18+5,44 +1,2 = 24,64(W) - H s cng sut my bin p = 0,7, ta c cng sut my bin p l: Sba = PN/ . Sba = 24,64/ 0,7 = 35,2 (VA). - Chn my bin p mt pha mt tr c li st lm bng tn silic dp hnh ch E,I dy 0,35 mm ghp li. Khi tit din li st c tnh bi: S = 1,2. Sba = 1,2. 35,2 = 7,12 (cm2), ta chn S = 8(cm2). - H s dy qun: N0 = (40 60)/ S = (40 60)/8 = (5 7,5) (vng/ vol) Ta chn N0 = 6 ( vng / vol). S vng dy qun s cp: W1 = 6.220 = 1320 (vng ) S vng dy qun th cp: W2 = N0.U2 2 cun cho ngun : Wmn = 6.14 = 84(vng) 2 cun uv,rs : Wuv = Wrs = 4.10 = 40 (vng). Cun 0V 9V 18V: Wa = Wa' = 6.9 = 54 (vng)

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

- Dng in trong cun dy s cp my bin p: I1=Sba/U1=35,2/220=0,16(A) - Tit din dy: Ta chn mt dng in J =3 A/ mm2, ta s c tit din cun dy: S cp: S1 = I1/ J = 0,16/ 3 = 0.053 (mm2) . - ng knh dy qun s cp: d1 =
4 s1

4.0,053 = 0,26 (mm). 3,14

ng knh cc cun th cp ta chn bng 0,26 mm . S nguyn l: A Tr.t

m 7.Khu phn hi:

GND a'

a) S nguyn l:

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

b) Nguyn tc hot ng: Cc tn hiu phn hi dng UphI v p UphU c ly t mch lc ri a v cc khu phn hi to ra Uk iu khin gc m nhm n nh cc gi tr dng hoc p t trc theo nguyn tc: I I Un Un UphI UphI UphU UphU Uk Uk Uk Uk Ucl Ucl Ucl Ucl I I . Un Un .

c) Tnh chn cc phn t trn s : Cc b khuch i thut ton ta s dng IC LM348. S ni cc chn nh hnh v. - Khu phn hi dng in: Theo nh trnh by trn, dng in phn hi c ly trn Rsun , ta chn Rsun loi 50A/60mV. in p ri trn Rsun ng vi gi tr dng Id = 60A l : UphI = 60.
60 = 72 mV = 0.072 V. 50

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Ta cho tn hiu ny so snh vi in p trn trit p VR6, n c s dng iu chnh dng np. R15=32K ,VR6=1K, R15=1K. Tn hiu ra b so snh U1 ch c 3 trng thi l (+Ubh, 0, -Ubh) Ta cho tn hiu ny qua it D11,D12 v R16,C8 nh hnh v. Chn D11 v D12 c in p thun 1,5V, khi dng qua c it ny cn phi c in p ti thiu t ln it l 1,5V. Khi U1=Ubh th C8 c np,in p tng dn. Khi U1=U-bh th C8 c np , in p gim dn Khi U1=0 th t C8 khng c np nhng chng cng khng b phng v c D11 v D12 cn.(ta thit k in p ln nht trn C8 l 1V nn khng th dn qua it c d l phn cc thun) Ta c : UC8=Ubh.(1- e
t R16 C8
t R16 C8

) + UC8(0)

Ubh=10V, gi s ban u UC8(0)=0V


1 e

1 = 0,1 10

t = 0,105 R16C8

tc p ng mt cch hp l th ta chn thi gian t=10s R16.C8=


10 100 0,105

Chn C8=1000 F R16=100K Tip theo l b khuch i o: U2=-(


U C 8 U VR 2 + ).R17 R19 R18

Ta nhn thy vi mch lc nh trn v ti l ngun E nn van m chc lc cm ti vo (I=0) th Udk=-10V Udk=U2=-UVR2.
R17 =-10V R18

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 53

n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Chnh UVR2=1V, R17=20K ; R18=2K R19 = R18 =2K; iu chnh chit p VR6 ta s iu chnh c dng vo ti. - Khu phn hi in p: Ta ly UphU hai u ra ca mch chnh lu V mch in ta thit k dng np cho c quy t 24 n 50V nn trc khi phn hi ti mch iu khin ta cn gim p . Ta ly VR3 in p a vo mch n p. Ta chn R12=90K; c th thay i c in p np ta chnh trit p VR3 Vi chit p ny ta c th thay i in p vo b khuch i o , thay i c rng ta chn h s khuych i ca b khuch i o l 2. Chn R20 = R21 = R22 = 10K; R23 = 20K VR3 chn loi 10K -> Udk=-2UphU Thay i v tr ca chit p ta thay i in p np. - Khu chuyn mch: Ban u acqui c mc vo mch np th dng np tng v in p acqui tng dn ln, tc l dng phn hi v p phn hi tng dn ln. Lc ny do p phn hi nh hn UVR1 nn u ra ca thp, do chuyn mch CM2 ngt cc ng phn hi p ra khi mch. ng thi do c cng NO nn chuyn mch CM1 ng ng phn hi dng vi mch thc hin qu trnh n nh dng. Khi p phn hi UphU bng UVR1 th U3 o du do CM2 ng cn CM1 ngt nn mch thc hin qu trnh n p. Chn: VR1 =100K. Ta gn VR1 v VR3 cng 1 trc iu chnh, khi ta ch cn vn 1 nm iu chnh in p np th trc ny cng chnh lun gi tr in p chuyn mch tng ng vi in p np.

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng CC TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu in t cng sut in t cng sut Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng sut Phn tch v gii mch in t cng sut K thut mch in t Cc ti liu v c quy .

Tc gi V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi Trn Trng Minh Nguyn Bnh Phm Quc Hi Trn Vn Thnh Phm Quc Hi, Dng Vn Nghi Phm Minh H

H Ni , ngy

, thng

, nm

Sinh vin thc hin

Khoa Tun

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

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n TCS

Thit k b np c quy t ng

Mc lc
Chng I : Gii thiu chung v c quy Chng II : Phng n chnh lu Chng III : Thit k v tnh ton mch lc Chng IV : Mch iu khin 3 - 14 15 - 21 22 - 28 29 - 53

SV thc hin : Khoa Tun - TH1_K48

Trang 57

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