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Bin son: Trng Vn Thanh

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Chuyn
Dng phng php vect trt gii bi ton hp kn
trong mch in xoay chiu RLC khng phn nhnh
I. M u
Khi gii cc bi ton v hp kn trong mch in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh RLC, a
s hc sinh thng hay s dng phng php i s v rt ngi dng phng php gin
vect. phng php i s, hc sinh thng hay lng tng v phi xt nhiu trng hp
hn, bin lun nhiu kh nng v t dn n phi gii nhiu phng trnh hn iu
ny l khng hay khi lm bi thi trc nghim.
Phng php vect t ra rt hiu qu khi gii cc bi ton in xoay chiu. Trong
phng php ny ngi ta chia thnh hai phng php nh l: phng php vect buc v
phng php vect trt. Trong , phng php vect trt t ra chim u th vt tri
hn hn.
gii mt bi ton v hp kn ta thng s dng hai phng php l: phng php i
s v phng php gin vect. Trong mt s ti liu c vit v cc bi ton hp kn
thng s dng phng php i s. Trong bi vit ny ti s trnh by phng php gin
vect trt cho li gii ngn gn hn, logic, d hiu hn.
II. Ni dung
1. Phng php gin vect trt
*Chn ngang l trc dng in.
*Chn im u mch (A) lm gc.
*V ln lt cc vc-t biu din cc in p, ln lt t A sang B ni ui nhau theo
nguyn tc:
+ L - ln.
+ C xung.
+ R ngang.
di cc vc-t t l vi cc gi tr hiu dng tng
ng.
*Ni cc im trn gin c lin quan n d kin ca bi
ton.
*Biu din cc s liu ln gin .
*Da vo cc h thc lng trong tam gic tm cc in
p hoc gc cha bit

2.Cc bi tp v d

V d 1: Cho mch in xoay chiu AB gm hai on mch AN v NB mc ni tip nhau.
on mch AN gm t in c dung khng 100O mc ni tip vi cun cm thun c
cm khng O 200 . on mch NB l hp kn X cha hai trong ba phn t ( R
0
, L
0
thun,
C
0
) mc ni tip. Mc hai u on mch AB vo ngun in xoay chiu
t u . 100 cos 200 = (V) th cng dng in hiu dng o c trong mch l 2 2 (A). Bit
h s cng sut ton mch bng 1. Tng tr ca hp kn X c gi tr:
A. O 50 B. O 100 C. O 5 50 D. O 17 50
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UC0
UR0
UMN
UA M
N
A
B
UA B
M
i
Bi gii
V gin vect cho on mch bit:

Theo bi ra =1 cos U
AB
v i cng pha
) ( 2 100
) ( 2 400
) ( 2 200
V U
V U U
V U U
AB
L MN
C AM
=
= =
= =

V
NB
U

xin gc v tr pha so vi i nn X phi cha R

0
v
C
0
. Da vo gin ta c:
O = + = + =
O = = = =
O = = = =
5 50 100 50
100
2 2
2 200
2 200 .
50
2 2
2 100
2 100 .
2 2 2
0
2
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
C X
C C C L C
AB R
Z R Z
Z Z I U U U
R R I U U

* Nu gii bng phng php i s cho bi ny ta lm nh sau:
Theo bi Z
AB
= ) ( 50
2 2
2 100
O = ; 1
Z
R
cos = =
V trn AN ch c C v L nn NB (trong X) phi cha R
o
, mt khc: R
o
=Z Z
L
(tng) = Z
C
(tng) nn Z
L
=
Z
C
+Z
Co

Vy X c cha R
o
v C
o

O = = =
O = =
) ( 100 100 200 Z Z Z
) ( 50 Z R
C L C
AB 0
o

2 2 2 2
0 0
50 100 50 5
X C
Z R Z = + = + = O
V d 2: Cho on mch AB gm hai on mch AN v NB ghp ni tip nhau. on AN
gm t in c dung khng O 3 10 mc ni tip vi in tr thun O 10 . on NB l hp
kn X cha hai trong ba phn t ( R
0
, L
0
thun, C
0
) mc ni tip v c U
NB
= 60 (V). Bit
) ( 120 ); ( . 100 cos 6 60 V u V t u
AB AN
= = . Tng tr ca hp kn X c gi tr l:
A. O
3
20

B. O 20
C. O
3
10

D. O
3
10
10
Bi gii
V gin vc t cho on mch bit AN, phn cn
li cha bit hp kn cha g v vy ta gi s n l mt
vect bt k tin theo chiu dng in sao cho:
) ( 3 60 ); ( 120 ); ( 60 V U V U V U
AN AB NB
= = =




Nhn thy:
2 2 2
NB AN AB
U U U + = , t ta v c
NB
U

phi
A
C
B N M
X
A
C
B N M
X
R
U
A
B
UC
UR
A
M
N
B
i
U
A
N
U
N
B
UR0
Ul 0
D
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A
C
B N M
X
R
cho ln v tam gic ANB vung ti N.
V
NB
U

cho ln nn X phi cha R

0
v L
0
.
- Xt tam gic vung AMN c:
6
3
1
tan

= = = =
C C
R
Z
R
U
U

- Xt tam gic vung NDB c:
) ( 30
2
1
. 60 sin .
) ( 3 30
2
3
60 cos .
0
0
V U U
V U U
NB L
NB R
= = =
= = =

Mt khc: ) ( 3 3
10
3 30
) ( 3 30
2
1
. 3 60 sin . A
R
U
I V U U
R
AN R
= = = = = =
Do : ) (
3
20
3
10
10
) (
3
10
3 3
30
) ( 10
3 3
3 30
2
2 2
)
2
0
0
0
0
0
O = + = + =

O = = =
O = = =
L X
L
L
R
Z R Z
I
U
Z
I
U
R

*Nhn xt: Qua 2 v d trn ta thy: v d 1 l 1 bi tp kh n gin v hp kn, trong
bi ny ta bit v I nn c th gii theo phng php i s cng c. Nhng v
d 2 th ta cha bit r v I nn gii theo phng php i s s gp rt nhiu kh
khn( pha xt nhiu trng hp, s lng phng trnh ln). Nhng khi s dng gin
vct trt s cho kt qu nhanh chng, ngn gn. Tuy nhin ci kh ca hc sinh l
ch rt kh nhn bit c tnh cht:
2 2 2
NB AN AB
U U U + = . c s nhn bit tt hc sinh
phi rn luyn nhiu bi tp c k nng gii.
V d 3: Cho on mch AB gm hai on mch AN v NB ghp ni tip nhau. on
mch AN gm t in c dung khng O 90 ghp ni tip vi in tr thun O 90 . on
mch NB l hp kn X cha hai trong ba phn t ( R
0
, L
0
thun, C
0
) mc ni tip. Cho
bit: ) ( . 100 cos 2 60 ); )(
2
. 100 cos( 2 180 V t u V t u
NB AN

= = . Tng tr ca hp kn X c gi tr
l:
A. O 2 90 B. O 5 30 C. O 2 30 D. O 30
Bi gii
V gin vect cho on mch bit AN, phn cn li cha bit hp kn l g, ta gi s
n l mt vect bt k tin theo chiu dng in sao
cho U
NB
sm pha
2

so vi U
AN
.



T gin vect ta nhn thy
NB
U

cho ln nn X phi
cha R
0
v L
0

- Xt tam gic vung AMN:
U
A
B
UC
UR
A
M
N
B
i
U
A
N
U
N
B
UR0
Uc 0
D
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) ( 2
90
2 90
2 90
2
2
. 180 cos .
4
1
90
90
tan
A
Z
U
I
U U
Z
R
U
U
C
C
AN C
C C
R
= = =
= = = = = = = =

- Xt tam gic vung NDB:
) ( 2 30 30 30
30 ) ( 2 30 45 :
) ( 30
2
2 30
) ( 2 30
2
2
60 cos .
2 2 2
0
2
0
0 0 0
0
0
0 0
O = + = + =
O = = = =
O = = = = = =
L X
L R L
R
NB R
Z R Z
Z V U U V
I
U
R V U U

* Nhn xt: Trong v d 3 ny ta cng cha bit v I nn gii theo phng php i s
s gp nhiu kh khn. v d 3 cng khc v d 2 ch cha bit trc U
AB
c ngha l
tnh cht:
2 2 2
NB AN AB
U U U + = khng s dng c. Tuy nhin ta li bit c lch pha
gia U
AN
v U
NB
y l mu cht gii bi ton. Sau y ta s xt thm mt s v d
khc.
V d 4: Mt cun dy c in tr thun O = 3 100 R v t cm ) (
3
H L

= . Mc ni tip
cun dy vi mt on mch X c tng tr Z
X
ri mc vo hiu in th xoay chiu c
hiu in th hiu dng l 120 V, tn s 50 Hz th thy dng in qua mch sm pha 30
0

so vi hiu in th hai u on mch X v c gi tr hiu dng 0,3. Cng sut tiu th
trn on mch X l:
A. 30W B. 27W
C. W 3 9 D. W 3 18
Bi gii
V gin vect trt cho on mch ta c:
0
2 2
60 3 tan
3 60 . 3 200
= = =
O = = O = + =
d
L
d
d d L d
R
Z
Z I U Z R Z


Da vo gin vect ta thy tam gic AMB
vung ti M
W I U P
MB V U
X X X
X
27 30 cos . 3 , 0 . 3 60 cos . .
) ( 3 60 60 120
0
2 2
= = =
= = =

V d 5: Khi t vo hai u cun dy mt in p xoay chiu 120V 50Hz th thy dng
in chy qua cun dy c gi tr hiu dng l 2A v tr pha 60
0
so vi in p hai u
on mch. Khi mc ni tip cun dy trn vi mt mch in X ri t vo hai u on
mch hiu in th xoay chiu nh trn th thy dng in qua mch c gi tr hiu dng
1A v sm pha 30
0
so vi in p hai u mch X. Cng sut tiu th trn ton mch khi
ghp thm X l:
M
A B
60
0
30
0
60
0
30
0
120V
60V
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A. 120W B. 300W C. W 2 200 D. W 3 300
Bi gii
Ta c: O = = = 60
2
120
I
U
Z
d
.
- Khi mc ni tip vi X th:
) ( 60 60 . 1 . V Z I U
d d
= = =
Da vo gin vect ta thy: Tam gic AMB
vung ti M nn:
W I U I U P
I B A
AB
AM
120 . 0 cos . .
60
2
1
cos
0
= = =
= = =







V d 6: Cun dy c in tr thun R v t cm L mc vo in p xoay chiu
) ( . 100 cos 2 250 V t u = th thy dng in qua cun dy c gi tr hiu dng l 5A v lch
pha so vi in p hai u mch 30
0
. Mc ni tip cun dy vi on mch X th cng
hiu dng qua mch l 3A v in p hai u cun dy vung pha vi in p hai u X.
Cng sut tiu th trn on mch X l:
A. 200W B. 300W C. W 2 200 D. W 3 300
Bi gii
Ta c:
6
; 50
5
250
= O = = =
d d
I
U
Z
- Khi mc ni tip X: ) ( 150 50 . 3 . V Z I U
d d
= = =
Da vo gin vect ta thy:
) ( 300 cos . .
) ( 200 150 250
60 30 90
2 2 2
2 2 2
0 0 0
W I U P
V U U
U U U U U U
X X X
X X
X d
x U d U
X d
X
= =
= + =
+ = + =
= =

V d 7: t in p xoay chiu ) ( . 100 cos 2 200 V t u = vo hai u on mch AB gm
on mch AM ni tip vi on mch MB th cng hiu dng qua mch l 3A. in
p tc thi trn AM v MB lch pha nhau 90
0
. on mch AM gm cun cm thun c
cm khng O 3 20 ni tip vi in tr thun
O 20 v on mch MB l hp kn X. Hp kn X cha hai trong ba phn t hoc in tr
thun R
0
hoc cun cm thun c cm khng Z
L0
hoc t in c dung khng Z
C0
mc ni
tip. Hp X cha:
A. O = O = 2 , 54 ; 8 , 93
0 0 C
Z R B. O = O = 7 , 26 ; 2 , 46
0 0 C
Z R
C. O = O = 2 , 54 ; 120
0 0 C L
Z Z D. O = O = 120 ; 120
0 0 C L
Z Z
M
A
B
60
0
30
0

i
120V
U
X
U
d
M
A
B
30
0
60
0
i
120V
U
X
U
d
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Bi gii






Ta c:
) ( 120 ) 3 20 ( 20 3 . .
60 3 tan
2 2 2 2
0
V Z R I Z I U
R
Z
L
d d
d
l
d
= + = + = =
= = =

Da vo gin vect ta c:
- Xt tam gic vung AMB:
) ( 160 120 200
2 2 2 2
V AM AB MB = = =
- Xt tam gic vung MEB ta c:

O = = = =
O = = = =
= =
7 , 26 80 cos . 160
2 , 46 3 80 sin . 160
60
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
I
U
Z U
I
U
R U
C
C C
R
R
d

* ch : Qua cc v d trn ta hiu c phn no v phng php gii cc bi ton
hp kn bng phng php gin vector trt cng nh nhn ra c u th ca
phng php ny. Tuy nhin bi tp v hp kn l rt a dng v phc tp, vn dng
nhng k nng khi gii cc v d trn xin mi bn c hy tham gia gii cc bi tp
ngh sau.
Bi tp 1: Mt mch in xoay chiu c s nh hnh v.
Trong hp X v Y ch c mt linh
kin hoc in tr, hoc cun cm, hoc l
t in. Ampe k nhit (a) ch 1A; U
AM
=
U
MB
= 10V

U
AB
= 10 V 3 . Cng sut tiu th ca on mch AB l P = 5 6 W. Hy xc nh
linh kin trong X v Y v ln ca cc i lng c trng cho cc linh kin . Cho
bit tn s dng in xoay chiu l f = 50Hz.
Bi tp 2: Cho hai hp kn X, Y ch cha
2 trong ba phn t: R, L (thun), C mc ni tip.
Khi mc hai im A, M vo hai cc ca mt
ngun in mt chiu th I
a
= 2(A), U
V1
= 60(V).

A
U
L
U
R M U
R0
E

B
U
A M
U
MB
U
60
0
U
C0
A B M
Y
a
X
A B
M
Y
a
X
v1 v2
R
X
L
A
M
B
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Khi mc hai im A, B vo hai cc ca mt ngun in xoay chiu tn s 50Hz th I
a
=
1(A), U
v1
= 60v; U
V2
= 80V,U
AM
lch pha so vi U
MB
mt gc 120
0
, xc nh X, Y v cc
gi tr ca chng.
Bi tp 3: Cho mch in cha ba
linh kin ghp ni tip:

R, L (thun) v C. Mi linh kin cha trong mt hp kn X, Y, Z t vo hai u A,
B ca mch in mt hiu in th xoay chiu 8 2 cos 2 ( ) u ft V =
Khi f = 50Hz, dng mt vn k o ln lt c U
AM
= U
MN
= 5V
U
NB
= 4V; U
MB
= 3V. Dng ot k o cng sut mch c P = 1,6W
Khi f = 50Hz th s ch ca ampe k gim. Bit R
A
~ O; R
V
~
a. Mi hp kn X, Y, Z cha linh kin g ?
b. Tm gi tr ca cc linh kin.
Bi 4: Cho mch in nh hnh v

X l hp en cha 2 trong 3 phn t L
1
, R
1
,C
1
ni tip
U
AN
= 100cos100tt (V) U
MB
= 200cos (100tt - t/3) e = 100t(Rad/s) =
LC
1

1) Vit biu thc U
x
theo thi gian t
2) Cho I = 0,5 2 A. Tnh P
x
, tm cu to X.
Bi 5: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v: u
AB
=
100 2 cos100 ( ) t V
1. Khi K ng: I = 2(A), U
AB
lch pha so vi i l
6
t
. Xc nh L, r
2. a) Khi K m: I = 1(A), u
AM
lch pha so vi u
MB
l
2
t
. Xc nh cng sut to
nhit trn hp kn X
b. Bit X gm hai trong ba phn t (R, L (thun), C) mc ni tip. Xc nh X v tr
s ca chng.
p s: 1. r = ) H (
4
1
L ); ( 3 25
t
= O
2. a) P
X
= ) W ( 3 25 b) X gm R ni tip C: R = ) ( 3 25 O C = ) F (
5 , 7
10
3
t

A
B
M
Y
a
X Z
*
N
*
N
C
B A
M
Lr#0
A
B
X
L ,r
M
K
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Bi 6: Cho on mch AB nh hnh v. X v
Y l hai hp, mi hp ch cha hai trong ba
phn t: R, L (thun) v C mc ni tip.

Cc vn k V
1
, V
2
v ampe k o c c dng xoay chiu v mt chiu. in tr cc vn
k rt ln, in tr ampe k khng ng k.
Khi mc vo hai im A v M vo hai cc ca ngun in mt chiu, ampe k ch 2(A),
V
1
ch 60(V)
Khi mc A v B vo ngun in xoay chiu hnh sin, tn s 50(Hz) th ampe k ch 1(A),
cc vn k ch cng gi tr 60(V) nhng U
AM
v U
MB
lch pha nhau
2
t
.
Hp X v Y cha nhng phn t no ? Tnh gi tr ca chng (p s dng thp
phn). ( thi tuyn sinh i hc GTVT - 2000)
p s: X cha R
X
v L
X
: R
X
= 30(O); L
X
= 0,165(H)
Y cha R
Y
v C
Y
: R
Y
= 30 3 (O); C
Y
= 106(MF)




Ti liu tham kho:

1. Ng S nh, Chu Vn Bin: PHNG PHP VC-T TRT-MT PHNG PHP HIU QU
GII CC BI TON IN XOAY CHIU RLC KHNG PHN NHNH. Hi ngh Ging dy vt l ton
quc, H Ni, 09-11/11/2010

2. Trng Vn Thanh: Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Vt L 12, Nm hc 2010 - 2011
A
B
X
v2
X
v2
a
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Cc bi ging luyn thi mn Vt L 12. Bin son: Trng Vn Thanh
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