e

hy

po

te
n

us

opposite

adjacent

PythagoreanTheorem : x2 y 2=r 2
The six trigonometric functions SohCahToa
y opp
1
r hyp
1
sin= =
=
csc = =
=
r hyp csc
y opp sin
x adj
1
r hyp
1
cos= =
=
sec = =
=
r hyp sec
x adj cos
y opp sin
1
x adj cos
1
tan= =
=
=
cot= =
=
=
x adj cos cot
y opp sin tan

Each Trigonometric Function in terms of the other five

sin
sin

cos
1cos 2

sin

cos 1sin 2
tan

sin

1sin 2

csc

1
sin

1sin
1sin
cot

cos

csc

tan

1
csc

1tan
2

1tan
2

1cos

tan

cos

sec

csc 1
2

sec

tan

1tan

1cos
2

1
cos

csc

tan

1tan2

cos

sin
1cos 2

1
tan

csc

csc 1
2

csc 2 1

sec

sec

cot

1cot
2

1
cot

sec 2 1

1
1

sec
1cot 2

1
sec

csc

csc 2 1

sec

cot

Pythagorean Identities

1cot2

sin 2 cos 2 =1
tan2 1=sec 2
2
2
cot 1=csc

1cot

sec
1

sec

cot

Degree Radians
180
1=rad

1rad =1
180
1' 1' '
1 = =
60 60
1
1''=
3600

cot

Shifts and Periodicity

Shift by

sin =cos
2
cos 2 =sin
tan 2 =cot
csc 2 =sec
sec 2 =csc
cot 2 =tan

Shift by
Period: tan & cot

Shift by 2
Period: sin, cos, csc & sec

sin =sin

sin 2=sin

cos =cos

cos 2=cos

tan =tan

tan 2= tan

csc =csc

csc 2=csc

sec =sec

sec 2= sec

cot =cot

cot 2=cot

Law of Sines
sin sin sin
=
=
a
b
c
a
b
c
=
=
sin sin sin
Arc length and Angular/Linear speeds
arc length

Angular speed =

central angle
time

= r
s=r
s
r
t= t
=

v=r

Symmetry

Reflected in = 0

Reflected in = 4

Reflected in = 2

sin =sin

sin =cos

sin =sin

cos =cos
tan =tan
csc =csc
sec =sec
cot =cot

(co-function identities)

2
cos 2 =sin
tan 2 =cot
csc 2 =sec
sec 2 =csc
cot 2 =tan

cos =cos
tan =tan
csc =csc
sec =sec

Harmonic Motion
Distance d = a sin t or a cos t
a and = and 0
Motions amplitude is a
Period = 2
Frequency = 2

cot =cot

1cos 2
2
3sin sin 3
sin 3 =
4
3 4cos 2 cos 4
4
sin =
8
10sin 5sin 3 sin5
5
sin =
16

1cos 2
2
coscos 3
cos3 =
4
3 4cos 2 cos 4
4
cos =
8
10cos 5cos 3cos 5
5
cos =
16
cos2 =

a =b c 2bc cos
2

b =a c 2ac cos
c =a b 2ab cos
2
2
2
b c a
cos =
2bc
2
2
2
a c b
cos =
2ac
2
2
2
a b c
cos =
2ab

Law of Tangents
ab
=
ab

bc
=
bc

Power reduction formula

sin 2 =

Law of Cosines

Angle = radius
Arc length s=r
length
Linear speed v= arctime
= st

1cos 4
8
3sin 2 sin 6
sin3 cos3 =
32
34cos 4 cos 8
4
4
sin cos =
128
10sin 2 5sin 6 sin 10
5
5
sin cos =
512
sin2 cos 2 =

ac
=
ac

tan
tan
tan
tan
tan
tan

1

2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1

2
1

Larsen, J. U of U Math dept

Inverse Trig Functions

Angle sum and difference

sin =sin cos cos sin
cos=coscos sin sin
tan tan
tan =
1 tan tan

Product-to-sum
cos cos
2
cos cos
sin sin =
2
sin sin
sin cos =
2
sin sin
cos sin =
2
cos cos =

arcsin arcsin =arcsin 12 1 2

arccosarccos=arccos 1 2 1 2

arctan arctan =arctan

1

where =

sin1

cos

cos

cot

2 =csc cot cot 2 =csc cot

1cos
1cos
sin
=
1cos
1cos
=
sin

2 = 1cos
2

2 = 1cos
2

1cos
1cos
sin
=
1cos
1cos
=
sin

sin
cos
sin 2 =2sin cos cos 2=cos 2 sin 2
2tan
=
= 2cos2 1
1tan 2
=12sin 2

a sin bxc d and a tanbxcd

Amplitude: a
Period: 2 for sin and cos and for tan
2

p=
or p= so b=
and b=
b
b
p
p
c
Phase Shift (P.S.):
b
Respectively sin P.S. will be where the graph first equals:
y=0 on the x-axis
And cos P.S. will be where the graph first intersects
y=1 while traveling along the x-axis

Complex Numbers in Trig

Double angle formula

Amplitude, Shifts and Periodicity

tan

tan

sin

Half angle
sin

if 0
0

if 0
For an arbitary phase shift asin x b sin x =c sin x
where c= a 2b 22ab cos
b sin
0
if ab cos 0
=tan1

abcos
if ab cos 0
or =tan1

, if x0
, if x 0

n1
n
sin
2
2
sin sinsin 2 sin n =

sin
2
n1
n
sin
cos
2
2
coscoscos2 cosn =

sin
2
For any a and b :
acos x bsin x= a 2 b2 cos xa tan2 b , a
1
where atan2 y , x is the generalization of tan which covers the entire circular range
x
tan x sec x = tan
2 4
sin

if 0

22

Other sum of trig functions

if 0

sin [cos1 x]= 1 x2=cos [sin 1 x]

x
1
1
sin [tan x]=
=cos[tan x ]
1 x2
x
1
1
tan [sin x ]=
=cot[cos x ]
1 x2
1x 2 =cot [sin 1 x ]
tan [cos1 x ]=
x

Linear combinations

tan1 x tan 1 1x =

cos
2
2

coscos=2cos
cos
2
2

coscos=2sin
sin
2
2
sin sin =2sin

sin x cos x = 22 sin x

2

sin1 x cos1 x = 2
tan1 x cot1 x = 2

Sum-to-product identities

cos x sin
if f x=
sin xcos
cos x sin
and g x =
sin xcos
cos x sin
then f g x =g f x=
sin x cos
also f f = f

Sums of Inverse Trig Functions

Compositions of trig/inverse trig functions

Linear faction transformations

sin

sin = x =sin1 x
cos= x =cos1 x
tan = x =tan1 x
arcsin
arccos
arctan
domain [1,1] domain [1,1] domain ,

range [
range [0,]
range
2 , 2]
2 ,2

tan

tan 2 =

2tan
1tan 2

cot

cot 2 =

cot 21
2cot

z 1 =r cosirsin=r cos isin

z 1 n=n cosisinn =n cosnisinn
z 1z2 =[cos 1 2 isin 1 2 ]
z1
= [cos 12 isin 1 2 ]
z2

1 2 k
2k
isin 1
n
n
k=0,1,2. ..,n1
z 1 1/ n=1/ n cos

1tan 2
1tan 2

Triple angle
sin

tan
3
3tan tan
sin 3=3cos sin sin cos3 =cos 3sin cos tan 3=
2
13tan
3
3
=3sin 4sin
=4cos 3cos
2

cos

cot
3
3cot cot
cot3 =
2
13cot
Larsen, J. U of U Math dept