THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN

THNG TIN: Khi nim v thng tin: Khi nim thng tin (Information) c s dng thng ngy. Con ngi c nhu cu c bo, nghe i, xem phim, i tham quan, du lch, tham kho kin ngi khc,... nhn c thm thng tin mi. Thng tin mang li cho con ngi s hiu bit, nhn thc tt hn v nhng i tng trong i sng x hi, trong thin nhin,... gip cho h thc hin hp l cng vic cn lm t ti mc ch mt cch tt nht. D liu (data) l s biu din ca thng tin v c th hin bng cc tn hiu vt l. Thng tin cha ng ngha cn d liu l cc s kin khng c cu trc v khng c ngha nu chng khng c t chc v x l. Mt h thng thng tin (information system) l mt tin trnh ghi nhn d liu, x l n v cung cp to nn d liu mi c ngha thng tin, lin quan mt phn n mt t chc, tr gip cc hot ng lin quan n t chc. n v o thng D liu X l Thng tin tin

n v dng o H thng thng tin thng tin gi l bit. Mt bit tng ng vi mt ch th hoc mt thng bo no v s kin c 1 trong 2 trng thi c s o kh nng xut hin ng thi l Tt (Off) / M (On) hay ng (True) / Sai (False). V d: Mt mch n c 2 trng thi l: - Tt (Off) khi mch in qua cng tc l h - M (On) khi mch in qua cng tc l ng S hc nh phn s dng hai s hng 0 v 1 biu din cc s. V kh nng s dng hai s 0 v 1 l nh nhau nn mt ch th ch gm mt ch s nh phn c th xem nh l n v cha thng tin nh nht. Bit l ch vit tt ca BInary digiT. Trong tin hc, ngi ta thng s dng cc n v o thng tin ln hn nh sau: Tn gi Byte KiloByte MegaByte GigaByte TetraByte K hiu B KB MB GB TB Gi tr 8 bit 210 B = 1024 Byte 220 B 230 B 240 B

Nhp

Xut

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN S tng qut ca mt qu trnh x l thng tin Mi qu trnh x l thng tin bng my tnh hay bng con ngi u c thc hin theo mt qui trnh sau: D liu (data) c nhp u vo (Input). My tnh hay con ngi s thc hin qu trnh x l no nhn c thng tin u ra (Output). Qu trnh nhp d liu, x l v xut thng tin u c th c lu tr. NHP D LIU (INPUT) X L (PROCESSING) LU TR (STORAGE) M hnh tng qut qu trnh x l thng tin XUT D LIU (OUTPUT)

X l thng bng my tnh in t

tin

Thng tin l kt qu bao gm nhiu qu trnh x l cc d liu v thng tin c th tr thnh d liu mi theo mt qu trnh x l d liu khc to ra thng tin mi hn theo ca con ngi. Con ngi c nhiu cch c d liu v thng tin. Ngi ta c th lu tr thng tin qua tranh v, giy, sch bo, hnh nh trong phim, bng t,... Trong thi i hin nay, khi lng thng tin n vi chng ta cng lc cng nhiu th con ngi c th dng mt cng c h tr cho vic lu tr, chn lc v x l li thng tin gi l my tnh in t (Computer). My tnh in t gip con ngi tit kim rt nhiu thi gian, cng sc v tng chnh xc cao trong vic t ng ha mt phn hay ton phn ca qu trnh x l d liu hay thng tin. BIU DIN THNG TIN TRONG MY TNH IN T: Biu din s trong cc h m H m l tp hp cc k hiu v qui tc s dng tp k hiu biu din v xc nh cc gi tr cc s. Mi h m c mt s k s (digits) hu hn. Tng s k s ca mi h m c gi l c s (base hay radix), k hiu l b. H m c s b (b 2, b l s nguyn dng) mang tnh cht sau : C b k s th hin gi tr s. K s nh nht l 0 v ln nht l b-1. Gi tr v tr th n trong mt s ca h m bng c s b ly tha n: bn S N(b) trong h m c s (b) th hin: N ( b ) = a n a n 1 a n 2 ... a 1 a 0 a 1 a 2 ... a m trong , s N(b) c n+1 k s chn phn nguyn v m k s l, s c gi tr l :
N ( b ) = a n .b n + a n 1 .b n 1 + a n 2 .b n 2 + ... + a 1 .b 1 + a 0 .b 0 + a 1 .b 1 + a 2 .b 2 + ... + a m .b m

hay
N ( b) =

i = m

a . b
i

Trong ngnh ton - tin hc hin nay ph bin 4 h m l h thp phn, h nh phn, h bt phn v h thp lc phn.

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN H m thp phn (Decimal system, b=10) H m thp phn hay h m c s 10 l mt trong cc pht minh ca ngi rp c, bao gm 10 k s theo k hiu sau: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Qui tc tnh gi tr ca h m ny l mi n v mt hng bt k c gi tr bng 10 n v ca hng k cn bn phi. y b=10. Bt k s nguyn dng trong h thp phn c th th hin nh l mt tng cc chui cc k s thp phn nhn cho 10 ly tha, trong s m ly tha c tng thm 1 n v k t s m ly tha pha bn phi n. S m ly tha ca hng n v trong h thp phn l 0. V d: S 5246 c th c th hin nh sau: 5246 = 5 x 103 + 2 x 102 + 4 x 101 + 6 x 100 = 5 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 6 x 1 Th hin nh trn gi l k hiu m rng ca s nguyn. V 5246 = 5000 + 200 + 40 + 6 Nh vy, trong s 5246 : k s 6 trong s nguyn i din cho gi tr 6 n v (1s), k s 4 i din cho gi tr 4 chc (10s), k s 2 i din cho gi tr 2 trm (100s) v k s 5 i din cho gi tr 5 ngn (1000s). Ngha l, s ly tha ca 10 tng dn 1 n v t tri sang phi tng ng vi v tr k hiu s, 100 = 1 101 = 10 102 = 100 103 = 1000 104 = 10000 ... Mi k s th t khc nhau trong s s c gi tr khc nhau, ta gi l gi tr v tr (place value). Phn phn s trong h thp phn sau du chm phn cch (theo qui c ca M) th hin trong k hiu m rng bi 10 ly tha m tnh t phi sang tri k t du chm phn cch:
10
1

1 10

10

1 100

10

1 1000 8

...

V d: 254.68

= 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 4 x 100 + 6 x 10-1 + 8 x 10-2 = 200 +50 + 4 +

6 10 + 100

H m nh phn (Binary system, b=2) Vi b=2, chng ta c h m nh phn. y l h m n gin nht vi 2 ch s l 0 v 1. Mi ch s nh phn gi l BIT (vit tt t ch BInary digiT). V h nh phn ch c 2 tr s l 0 v 1, nn khi mun din t mt s ln hn, hoc cc k t phc tp hn th cn kt hp nhiu bit vi nhau. Ta c th chuyn i h nh phn theo h thp phn quen thuc. V d: S 11101.11(2) s tng ng vi gi tr thp phn l : v tr du chm cch S nh phn : 1
S v tr :

1 3 23 8

1 2 22 4

0 1 21 2

1 0 20 1

1 -1 2-1 0.5

1 -2 2-2 0.25 3

4 24 16

Tr v tr : H 10 l :

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN nh vy: 11101.11(2) = 1x16 + 1x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 + 1x0.5 + 1x0.25 = 29.75 (10) tng t s 10101 (h 2) sang h thp phn s l: 10101(2) = 1x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 = 8 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13(10) H m bt phn (Octal system, b=8) Nu dng 1 tp hp 3 bit th c th biu din 8 tr khc nhau : 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111. Cc tr ny tng ng vi 8 tr trong h thp phn l 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Tp hp cc ch s ny gi l h bt phn, l h m vi b = 8 = 2 3. Trong h bt phn, tr v tr l ly tha ca 8. V d: 235 . 64(8) = 2x82 + 3x81 + 5x80 + 6x8-1 + 4x8-2 = 157. 8125(10) H m thp lc phn (Hexa-decimal system, b=16) H m thp lc phn l h c s b=16 = 24, tng ng vi tp hp 4 ch s nh phn (4 bit). Khi th hin dng hexa-decimal, ta c 16 k t gm 10 ch s t 0 n 9, v 6 ch in A, B, C, D, E, F biu din cc gi tr s tng ng l 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Vi h thp lc phn, tr v tr l ly tha ca 16. V d: 34F5C(16) = 3x164 + 4x163 + 15x162 + 5x161 + 12x160 = 216294(10) Ghi ch: Mt s chng trnh qui nh vit s hexa phi c ch H cui ch s. V d: S 15 vit l FH. Bng qui i tng ng 16 ch s u tin ca 4 h m H 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 H 2 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 H 8 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 H 16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

a) i mt s nguyn t h thp phn sang h b Tng qut: Ly s nguyn thp phn N(10) ln lt chia cho b cho n khi thng s bng 0. Kt qu s chuyn i N(b) l cc d s trong php chia vit ra theo th t ngc li.

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN V d: S 12(10) = ?(2). Dng php chia 2 lin tip, ta c mt lot cc s d nh sau: 12 0 s d (remainders) Kt qu: 12(10) = 1100(2) 2 6 0 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 0

i phn thp phn t h thp phn sang h c s b Tng qut: Ly s nguyn thp phn N(10) ln lt nhn cho b cho n khi phn thp phn ca tch s bng 0. Kt qu s chuyn i N(b) l cc s phn nguyn trong php nhn vit ra theo th t tnh ton. V d 3.11: 0. 6875 (10) = ?(2) 0. 6875 0. 3750 0. 75 0. 5 Kt qu: Mnh logic: Mnh logic l mnh ch nhn mt trong 2 gi tr : ng (TRUE) hoc Sai (FALSE), tng ng vi TRUE = 1 v FALSE = 0. Qui tc: v TRUE = NOT FALSE FALSE = NOT TRUE x 2 = 1 . 375 x 2 = 0 . 75 x2 =1.5 x2 =1.0 phn nguyn ca tch phn thp phn ca tch

0.6875(10) = 1011(2)

Php ton logic p dng cho 2 gi tr TRUE v FALSE ng vi t hp AND (v) v OR (hoc) nh sau: x TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE y TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE AND(x, y) TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE OR(x, y) TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE

b) Biu din thng tin trong my tnh in t D liu s trong my tnh gm c s nguyn v s thc. Biu din s nguyn: S nguyn gm s nguyn khng du v s nguyn c du. S nguyn khng du l s khng c bit du nh 1 byte = 8 bit, c th biu din 2 8 = 256 s nguyn dng, cho gi tr t 0 (0000 0000) n 255 (1111 1111). 5

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN S nguyn c du th hin trong my tnh dng nh phn l s dng 1 bit lm bt du, ngi ta qui c dng bit hng u tin bn tri lm bit du (S): 0 l s dng v 1 cho s m. n v chiu di cha thay i t 2 n 4 bytes. Biu din k t:

c th biu din cc k t nh ch ci in v thng, cc ch s, cc k hiu... trn my tnh v cc phng tin trao i thng tin khc, ngi ta phi lp ra cc b m (code system) qui c khc nhau da vo vic chn tp hp bao nhiu bit din t 1 k t tng ng, v d cc h m ph bin : H thp phn m nh phn BCD (Binary Coded Decima) dng 6 bit. H thp phn m nh phn m rng EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) dng 8 bit tng ng 1 byte biu din 1 k t. H chuyn i thng tin theo m chun ca M ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) l h m thng dng nht hin nay trong k thut tin hc. H m ASCII dng nhm 7 bit hoc 8 bit biu din ti a 128 hoc 256 k t khc nhau v m ha theo k t lin tc theo c s 16. H m ASCII 7 bit, m ho 128 k t lin tc nh sau: 0 1 - 31 32 - 47 48 - 57 58 - 64 65 - 90 91 - 96 97 - 122 123 - 127 : : : : : : : : : NUL (k t rng) 31 k t iu khin cc du trng SP (space) ! # $ % & ( ) * + , - . / k s t 0 n 9 cc du : ; < = > ? @ cc ch in hoa t A n Z cc du [ \ ] _ ` cc ch thng t a n z cc du { | } ~ DEL (xa)

H m ASCII 8 bit (ASCII m rng) c thm 128 k t khc ngoi cc k t nu trn gm cc ch ci c du, cc hnh v, cc ng k khung n v khung i v mt s k hiu c bit (Xem chi tit trong bng ph lc 1.1 v 1.2). TIN HC: Cc lnh vc nghin cu ca tin hc Tin hc (Informatics) c nh ngha l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu cc phng php, cng ngh v k thut x l thng tin t ng. Cng c ch yu ca tin hc l my tnh in t v cc thit b truyn tin khc. Vic nghin cu chnh ca tin hc nhm vo hai k thut pht trin song song: K thut phn cng (hardware engineering): nghin cu ch to cc thit b, linh kin in t, cng ngh vt liu mi... h tr cho my tnh v mng my tnh, y mnh kh nng x l ton hc v truyn thng thng tin. K thut phn mm (software engineering): nghin cu pht trin cc h iu hnh, ngn ng lp trnh cho cc bi ton khoa hc k thut, m phng, iu khin t ng, t chc d liu v qun l h thng thng tin.

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN ng dng ca tin hc: Tin hc hin ang c ng dng rng ri trong tt c cc ngnh ngh khc nhau ca x hi t khoa hc k thut, y hc, kinh t, cng ngh sn xut n khoa hc x hi, ngh thut,... nh: T ng ha cng tc vn phng, Thng k, Cng ngh thit k, Gio dc, Qun tr kinh doanh, An ninh quc phng, My tnh in t v lch s pht trin: Do nhu cu cn tng chnh xc v gim thi gian tnh ton, con ngi quan tm ch to cc cng c tnh ton t xa: bn tnh tay ca ngi Trung Quc, my cng c hc ca nh ton hc Php Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662), my tnh c hc c th cng, tr, nhn, chia ca nh ton hc c Gottfried Wilhelmvon Leibniz (1646 - 1716), my sai phn tnh cc a thc ton hc ... Tuy nhin, my tnh in t thc s bt u hnh thnh vo thp nin 1950 v n nay tri qua 5 th h v c phn loi theo s tin b v cng ngh in t v vi in t cng nh cc ci tin v nguyn l, tnh nng v loi hnh ca n. Th h 1 (1950 - 1958): my tnh s dng cc bng n in t chn khng, mch ring r, vo s liu bng phiu c l, iu khin bng tay. My c kch thc rt ln, tiu th nng lng nhiu, tc tnh chm khong 300 - 3.000 php tnh/s. Loi my tnh in hnh th h 1 nh EDVAC (M) hay BESM (Lin X c),... Th h 2 (1958 - 1964): my tnh dng b x l bng n bn dn, mch in. My tnh c chng trnh dch nh Cobol, Fortran v h iu hnh n gin. Kch thc my cn ln, tc tnh khong 10.000 -100.000 php tnh/s. in hnh nh loi IBM-1070 (M) hay MINSK (Lin X c),... Th h 3 (1965 - 1974): my tnh c gn cc b vi x l bng vi mch in t c nh c th c c tc tnh khong 100.000 - 1 triu php tnh/s. My c cc h iu hnh a chng trnh, nhiu ngi ng thi hoc theo kiu phn chia thi gian. Kt qu t my tnh c th in ra trc tip my in. in hnh nh loi IBM-360 (M) hay EC (Lin X c),... Th h 4 (1974 - nay): my tnh bt u c cc vi mch a x l c tc tnh hng chc triu n hng t php tnh/s. Giai on ny hnh thnh 2 loi my tnh chnh: my tnh c nhn bn (Personal Computer - PC) hoc xch tay (Laptop hoc Notebook computer) v cc loi my tnh chuyn nghip thc hin a chng trnh, a x l,... hnh thnh cc h thng mng my tnh (Computer Networks), v cc ng dng phong ph a phng tin. Th h 5 (1990 - nay): bt u cc nghin cu to ra cc my tnh m phng cc hot ng ca no b v hnh vi con ngi, c tr khn nhn to vi kh nng t suy din pht trin cc tnh hung nhn c v h qun l kin thc c bn gii quyt cc bi ton a dng.

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN PH LC: BNG M ASCII vi 128 k t u tin Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0 NUL 0 SOH 1 STX 2 3 4 5 6 BEL 7 BS 8 HT 9 LF 10 VT 11 FF 12 CR 13 SO 14 SI 15 1 DLE 16 DC1 17 DC2 18 DC3 19 DC4 20 NAK 21 SYN 22 ETB 23 CAN 24 EM 25 SUB 26 ESC 27 FS 28 GS 29 RS 30 US 31 2 SP 32 ! 33 34 # 35 $ 36 % 37 & 38 39 ( 40 ) 41 * 42 + 43 , 44 45 . 46 / 47 3 0 48 1 49 2 50 3 51 4 52 5 53 6 54 7 55 8 56 9 57 : 58 ; 59 < 60 = 61 > 62 ? 63 4 @ 64 A 65 B 66 C 67 D 68 E 69 F 70 G 71 H 72 I 73 J 74 K 75 L 76 M 77 N 78 O 79 5 P 80 Q 81 R 82 S 83 T 84 U 85 V 86 W 87 X 88 Y 89 Z 90 [ 91 \ 92 ] l k 107 | j 106 { 123 I 105 z 122 h 104 y 121 g 103 x 120 f 102 w 119 e 101 v 118 d 100 u 117 c 99 t 116 b 98 s 115 a 97 r 114 ` 96 q 113 6 p 112 7

108 124 m } 93 109 125 ^ n ~ 94 110 126 _ o DEL 95 111 127

MN TIN HC CN BN

THNG TIN V X L THNG TIN PH LC: BNG M ASCII vi k t s 128 - s 255 Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 8 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 159 158 175 157 174 191 156 173 190 207 155 172 189 206 223 154 171 188 205 222 239 255 153 170 187 204 221 238 152 169 186 203 220 237 254 151 168 185 202 219 236 253 150 167 184 201 218 235 252 149 166 183 200 217 234 251 148 165 182 199 216 233 250 147 164 181 198 215 232 249 146 163 180 197 214 231 248 145 162 179 196 213 230 247 144 161 178 195 212 229 246 9 160 177 194 211 228 245 A 176 193 210 227 244 B 192 209 226 243 C 208 225 242 D 224 241 E 240 F

MN TIN HC CN BN

CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN T

CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN T

Mi loi my tnh c th c hnh dng hoc cu trc khc nhau, ty theo mc ch s dng nhng, mt cch tng qut, my tnh in t l mt h x l thng tin t ng gm 2 phn chnh: phn cng v phn mm.

PHN CNG (HARDWARE):

Phn cng c th c hiu n gin l tt c cc phn trong mt h my tnh m chng ta c th thy hoc s c. Phn cng bao gm 3 phn chnh: - B nh (Memory). - n v x l trung ng (CPU - Central Processing Unit). - Khi nhp xut (Input/Output). B x l trung ng CPU (Central Processing Unit) Khi lm tnh Khi iu khin ALU (Arithmetic CU (Control Logic Unit) Unit) Cc thanh ghi (Registers)

Thit b Nhp (Input)

Thit b Xut (Output)

B nh trong (ROM + RAM) B nh ngoi (a cng, a mm, a CD)

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc phn cng my tnh B nh: B nh l thit b lu tr thng tin trong qu trnh my tnh x l. B nh bao gm b nh trong v b nh ngoi. B nh trong: gm ROM v RAM : - ROM (Read Only Memory) l B nh ch c thng tin, dng lu tr cc chng trnh h thng, chng trnh iu khin vic nhp xut c s (ROM-BIOS : ROMBasic Input/Output System). Thng tin c gi trn ROM thng xuyn ngay c khi mt in. - RAM (Random Access Memory) l B nh truy xut ngu nhin, c dng lu tr d kin v chng trnh trong qu trnh thao tc v tnh ton. RAM c c im l ni dung thng tin cha trong n s mt i khi mt in hoc tt my. Dung lng b nh cho cc my tnh hin nay thng thng vo khong 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB v c th hn na. B nh ngoi: lu tr thng tin v c th chuyn cc thng tin t my tnh ny qua my tnh khc, ngi ta s dng cc a, bng t nh l cc b nh ngoi. Cc b nh ny c dung lng cha ln, khng b mt i khi khng c ngun in. Trn cc my tnh ph bin hin nay c cc loi sau:

MN TIN HC CN BN

CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN T - a cng (hard disk) : ph bin l a cng c dung lng 20 GB, 30 GB, 40 GB, 60 GB, v ln hn na. - a mm (Floppy disk) : l loi a ng knh 3.5 inch dung lng 1.44 MB. - a quang (Compact disk): loi 4.72 inch, l thit b ph bin dng lu tr cc phn mm mang nhiu thng tin, hnh nh, m thanh v thng c s dng trong cc phng tin a truyn thng (multimedia). C hai loi ph bin l: a CD (dung lng khong 700 MB) v DVD (dung lng khong 4.7 GB). - Cc loi b nh ngoi khc nh th nh (Memory Stick, Compact Flash Card), USB Flash Drive c dung lng ph bin l 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, ...

Floppy disk

Compact disk

Compact Flash Card

USB Flash Drive

Hnh 2.2: Mt s loi b nh ngoi B x l trung ng (CPU): B x l trung ng ch huy cc hot ng ca my tnh theo lnh v thc hin cc php tnh. CPU c 3 b phn chnh: khi iu khin, khi tnh ton s hc v logic, v mt s thanh ghi. - Khi iu khin (CU: Control Unit): L trung tm iu hnh my tnh. N c nhim v gii m cc lnh, to ra cc tn hiu iu khin cng vic ca cc b phn khc ca my tnh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng hoc theo chng trnh ci t. - Khi tnh ton s hc v logic (ALU: Arithmetic-Logic Unit): Bao gm cc thit b thc hin cc php tnh s hc (cng, tr, nhn, chia, ...), cc php tnh logic (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) v cc php tnh quan h (so snh ln hn, nh hn, bng nhau, ...) - Cc thanh ghi (Registers): c gn cht vo CPU bng cc mch in t lm nhim v b nh trung gian. Cc thanh ghi mang cc chc nng chuyn dng gip tng tc trao i thng tin trong my tnh. Ngoi ra, CPU cn c gn vi mt ng h (clock) hay cn gi l b to xung nhp. Tn s ng h cng cao th tc x l thng tin cng nhanh. Thng th ng h c gn tng xng vi cu hnh my v c cc tn s dao ng (cho cc my Pentium 4 tr ln) l 1 GHz, 1.4 GHz, ... hoc cao hn. Cc thit b xut/ nhp: - Chut (Mouse): l thit b cn thit ph bin hin nay, nht l cc my tnh chy trong mi trng Windows. Con chut c kch thc va nm tay di chuyn trn mt tm phng (mouse pad) theo hng no th du nhy hoc mi tn trn mn hnh s di chuyn theo hng tng ng vi v tr ca ca vin bi hoc tia sng (optical mouse) nm di bng ca n. Mt s my tnh c con chut c gn trn bn phm. MN TIN HC CN BN 8

CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN T - Bn phm (Keyboard): l thit b nhp d liu v cu lnh, bn phm my vi tnh ph bin hin nay l mt bng cha 104 phm c cc tc dng khc nhau. C th chia lm 3 nhm phm chnh: + Nhm phm nh my: gm cc phm ch, phm s v phm cc k t c bit (~, !, @, #, $, %, ^,&, ?, ...). + Nhm phm chc nng (function keypad): gm cc phm t F1 n F12 v cc phm nh (phm di chuyn tng im), phm PgUp (ln trang mn hnh), PgDn (xung trang mn hnh), Insert (chn), Delete (xa), Home (v u), End (v cui) + Nhm phm s (numeric keypad) nh NumLock (cho cc k t s), CapsLock (to cc ch in), ScrollLock (ch cun mn hnh) th hin cc n ch th. - My qut hnh (Scanner): l thit b dng nhp vn bn hay hnh v, hnh chp vo my tnh. Thng tin nguyn thy trn giy s c qut thnh cc tn hiu s to thnh cc tp tin nh (image file). - Mn hnh (Screen hay Monitor): l thit b xut chun, dng th hin thng tin cho ngi s dng xem. Thng tin c th hin ra mn hnh bng phng php nh x b nh (memory mapping), vi cch ny mn hnh ch vic c lin tc b nh v hin th (display) bt k thng tin no hin c trong vng nh ra mn hnh. Mn hnh ph bin hin nay trn th trng l mn hnh mu SVGA 15,17, 19 vi phn gii c th t 1280 X 1024 pixel. - My in (Printer): l thit b xut a thng tin ra giy. My in ph bin hin nay l loi my in ma trn im (dot matrix) loi 24 kim, my in phun mc, my in laser trng en hoc mu.

m Mn hnh (Monitor/Screen) K my tnh (Computer case) a (Drive) Con chut (Mouse) Bn phm (Keyboard)

Bn phm (Keyboard) Chut (Mouse)

My qut (Scanner)

My in (Printer)

Cc b phn ca mt my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi

MN TIN HC CN BN

CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN T Luyn nh my: Cch t tay trn bn phm: g nhanh v chnh xc, trc ht bn phi t tay ng sao cho thun tin nht khi s dng bn phm. Mi ngn tay c mt phm chnh ca n. Phm chnh ca mi ngn c xc nh trn hng gia ca bn phm (A, S, D, F, G, ). Bn tay tri: phm chnh ca ngn tr l F (km thm phm G), ngn gia l D, ngn p t l S v ngn t l A. Bn tay phi: phm chnh ca ngn tr l J (km thm phm H), ngn gia l K, ngn p t l L v ngn t l ; T cch t phm chnh cho mi ngn hng gia, bn cng p dng theo quy tc tong t nh vy cho cc hng phm khc. Dng mt trong hai ngn ci g phm trng (Space bar), ngn t g phm Shift, ngn t phi cho phm Enter. Ch : khi g bn khng nn nhn vo bn phm, hy tp lm quen vi v tr ca cc phm, khi bn s g nhanh v chnh xc hn. V tr ngi (khong cch t mt n mn hnh), v tr bn phm, hng nhn cng nh hng n vic s dng my v sc kho ca bn. Course: g tng phm/ tng t. Sentence Drills: tp g theo tng cu. Free Drills: chn t/ cu bt k tp g. Paragraph Drills: tp g theo tng on. Game: tp g nhanh v chnh xc. Sentence Drills: tp g theo tng cu

PHN MM (SOFTWARE):
Khi nim phn mm: Phn mm l mt b chng trnh cc ch th in t ra lnh cho my tnh thc hin mt iu no theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Chng ta khng th thy hoc s c phn mm, mc du ta c th hin th c chng trnh trn mn hnh hoc my in. Phn mm c th c v nh phn hn ca my tnh m phn cng ca n c xem nh phn xc. Phn loi phn mm: C 2 loi phn mm c bn: - Phn mm h thng (Operating System Software): L mt b cc cu lnh ch dn phn cng my tnh v cc phn mm ng dng lm vic vi nhau. Phn mm h thng ph bin hin nay Vit nam l MS-DOS, LINUX v Windows. i vi mng my tnh ta cng c cc phn mm h iu hnh mng (Network Operating System) nh Novell Netware, Unix, Windows NT/ 2000/ 2003, ... - Phn mm ng dng (Application Software): Phn mm ng dng rt phong ph v a dng, bao gm nhng chng trnh c vit ra cho mt hay nhiu mc ch ng dng c th nh son tho vn bn, tnh ton, phn tch s liu, t chc h thng, bo mt thng tin, ha, chi games. MN TIN HC CN BN 10

CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN T

MN TIN HC CN BN

11

H IU HNH

H IU HNH
KHI NIM V H IU HNH
H iu hnh (Operating System) l tp hp cc chng trnh to s lin h gia ngi s dng my tnh v my tnh thng qua cc lnh iu khin. Khng c h iu hnh th my tnh khng th hot ng c. Chc nng chnh ca h iu hnh l: - Thc hin cc lnh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng my, - Qun l, phn phi v thu hi b nh , - iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi nh a, my in, bn phm, mn hnh,... - Qun l tp tin,... Hin nay c nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau nh MS-DOS, UNIX, LINUX, Windows 95, Windows 98 , Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003,...

CC I TNG DO H IU HNH QUN L:

Tp tin (File) Tp tin l ni lu tr thng tin bao gm chng trnh, d liu, vn bn,... Mi tp tin c lu ln a vi mt tn ring phn bit. Tn tp tin thng c 2 phn: phn tn (name) v phn m rng (extension). Phn tn l phn bt buc phi c ca mt tp tin, cn phn m rng th c th c hoc khng. - Phn tn: Bao gm cc k t ch t A n Z, cc ch s t 0 n 9, cc k t khc nh #, $, %, ~, ^, @, (, ), !, _, khong trng. - Phn m rng: thng dng 3 k t trong cc k t nu trn. Thng thng phn m rng do chng trnh ng dng t t vo. - Gia phn tn v phn m rng c mt du chm (.) ngn cch. V d: CONGVAN.TXT phn tn QBASIC.EXE AUTOEXEC.BAT TEST

phn m rng

- Tn tp tin c di ln n 255 k t. Ta c th cn c vo phn m rng xc nh kiu ca file: COM, EXE, BAT: Cc file kh thi v lnh batch chy trc tip c trn h iu hnh TXT, DOC, ... PAS, BAS, ... WK1, XLS, ... DBF, DAT, ... : Cc file vn bn : Cc file chng trnh PASCAL, DELPHI, BASIC, ... : Cc file chng trnh bng tnh LOTUS, EXCEL ... : Cc file d liu

K hiu i din (Wildcard) ch mt nhm cc tp tin, ta c th s dng hai k hiu i din: Du ? dng i din cho mt k t bt k trong tn tp tin ti v tr n xut hin. Du * dng i din cho mt chui k t bt k trong tn tp tin t v tr n xut hin. MN TIN HC CN BN 15

H IU HNH

V d:

Bai?.doc Bai*.doc BaiTap.*

Bai1.doc, Bai6.doc, Baiq.doc, Bai.doc, Bai6.doc, Bai12.doc, Bai Tap.doc, BaiTap.doc, BaiTap.xls, BaiTap.ppt, BaiTap.dbf,

Th mc (Folder/ Directory) Th mc l ni lu gi cc tp tin theo mt ch no theo ngi s dng. y l bin php gip ta qun l c tp tin, d dng tm kim chng khi cn truy xut. Cc tp tin c lin quan vi nhau c th c xp trong cng mt th mc. Trn mi a c mt th mc chung gi l th mc gc. Th mc gc khng c tn ring v c k hiu l \ (du x phi: backslash). Di mi th mc gc c cc tp tin trc thuc v cc th mc con. Trong cc th mc con cng c cc tp tin trc thuc v th mc con ca n. Th mc cha th mc con gi l th mc cha. Th mc ang lm vic gi l th mc hin hnh. Tn ca th mc tun th theo cch t tn ca tp tin. a (Drive) a l ni thng tin c c v lu tr, cc a thng dng l: - a mm (Floppy disk): thng c tn l a A:, dng cho vic c v ghi thng tin ln a mm. - a cng: (Hard disk) c t tn l C:,D:,... c tc truy xut d liu nhanh hn a mm nhiu ln. Mt my tnh c th c mt hoc nhiu a cng. - a CD (Compact disk ): c cc loi nh: loi ch c th c cn gi l a CDROM, loi khc cn c th ghi d liu ra a CD hay cn gi l CD-RW, ngoi ra cn c th gn thm a DVD. ng dn (Path) Khi s dng th mc nhiu cp (cy th mc) th ta cn ch r th mc cn truy xut. ng dn dng ch ng i n th mc cn truy xut (th mc sau cng). ng dn l mt dy cc th mc lin tip nhau v c phn cch bi k hiu \ (du x phi: backslash). V d: Gi s trn a S c cy th mc: D:\ Ly Thuyet Phan I Phan II Thuc Hanh Windows Word Can Ban Nang Cao MN TIN HC CN BN 16 Ly Thuyet, Thuc Hanh l 2 th mc cng cp v l th mc con ca th mc gc D:\ Phan I, Phan II l 2 th mc cng cp v l th mc con ca th mc Ly Thuyet. Ly Thuyet l th mc cha ca Phan I, Phan II ng dn ca th mc Phan I: D:\Ly Thuyet\ Phan I ng dn ca th mc Nang Cao: D:\Thuc Hanh\ Word\ Namg Cao

H IU HNH

GII THIU H IU HNH WINDOWS

S lc v s pht trin ca Windows Windows l mt b chng trnh do hng Microsoft sn xut. Windows 95: vo cui nm 1995, Vit nam xut hin mt phin bn mi ca Windows m chng ta quen gi l Windows 95. Nhng ci tin mi ca Windows 95 c lit k tm tt nh sau: - Giao din vi ngi s dng c thit k li hon ton nn vic khi ng cc chng trnh ng dng cng cc cng vic nh m v lu ct cc t liu, t chc cc ti nguyn trn a v ni kt vi cc h phc v trn mng - tt c u tr nn n gin v d dng hn. - Cho php t tn cho cc tp tin di n 255 k t. iu ny rt quan trng v nhng tn di s gip ta gi nh n ni dung ca tp tin. - H tr Plug and Play, cho php t ng nhn din cc thit b ngoi vi nn vic ci t v qun l chng tr nn n gin hn. - H tr tt hn cho cc ng dng Multimedia. Vi s tch hp Audio v Video ca Windows 95, my tnh c nhn tr thnh phng tin gii tr khng th thiu c. - Windows 95 l h iu hnh 32 bit, v vy n tng cng sc mnh v kh nng vn hnh ln rt nhiu. - Trong Windows 95 c cc cng c c ci tin nhm chun ha, ti u ha v iu chnh cc s c. iu ny gip bn yn tm hn khi lm vic vi my vi tnh trong mi trng ca Windows 95. Tm li, vi nhng tnh nng mi u vit v tch hp cao, Windows 95 tr thnh mi trng lm vic c ngi s dng a chung v tin dng. Windows 98, Windows Me: l nhng phin bn tip theo ca Windows 95, nhng phin bn ny tip tc pht huy v hon thin nhng tnh nng u vit ca Windows 95 v tch hp thm nhng tnh nng mi v Internet v Multimedia. Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 2003: l nhng h iu hnh c pht trin cao hn, c dng cho cc c quan v doanh nghip. Giao din ca nhng h iu hnh ny tng t nh Windows 98/ Windows Me. im khc bit l nhng h iu hnh ny c tnh nng bo mt cao, v vy n c s dng cho mi trng c nhiu ngi dng. Gio trnh ny s trnh by da vo h iu hnh Windows XP. Khi ng v thot khi Windows XP Khi ng Windows XP Windows XP c t ng khi ng sau khi bt my. Nu my c ni mng s c thng bo yu cu nhp vo ti khon (User name) v mt khu (Password) ca ngi dng. Thao tc ny gi l ng nhp (logging on). (Ngy xa c th c thm ty chn khi ng t DOS, sau t du nhc DOS, bn phi nh cu lnh Win ri nhn enter mi vo h iu hnh windows). Mi ngi s dng, s c mt tp hp thng tin v cc la chn t thit lp cho mnh (nh dng v mn hnh, cc chng trnh t ng chy khi khi ng my, ti nguyn/ chng trnh c php s dng, v.v...) gi l user profile v c Windows XP lu gi li s dng cho nhng ln sau. MN TIN HC CN BN 17

H IU HNH ng Windows XP: Khi mun thot khi Windows XP, bn phi ng tt c cc ca s ang m. Tip theo bn nhn t hp phm Alt + F4 hoc chn menu Start (nu khng nhn thy nt Start pha di bn gc tri mn hnh th bn nhn t hp phm Ctrl + Esc) v chn Turn Off Computer. Sau thao tc ny mt hp thoi s xut hin nh bn di. Nu bn chn Turn Off, ng dng ang chy s c ng li v my s t ng tt. Nu v mt l do no m my tnh khng sn sng ng (cha lu d liu cho mt ng dng hoc s trao i thng tin gia hai my ni mng ang tip din v.v..) th s c thng bo x l. Ch : nu khng lm nhng thao tc ng Windows nh va ni trn m tt my ngay th c th s xy ra vic tht lc mt phn ca ni dung cc tp tin dn n trc trc khi khi ng li ln s dng tip theo. Mt vi thut ng thng s dng Cc biu tng (icon) Biu tng l cc hnh v nh c trng cho mt i tng no ca Windows hoc ca cc ng dng chy trong mi trng Windows. Pha di biu tng l tn biu tng. Tn ny mang mt ngha nht nh, thng thng n din gii cho chc nng c gn cho biu tng My Computer (v d n mang tn ca 1 trnh ng dng). S dng chut trong Windows Chut l thit b khng th thiu khi lm vic trong mi trng Windows XP. Con tr chut (mouse pointer) cho bit v tr tc ng ca chut trn mn hnh. Hnh dng ca con tr chut trn mn hnh thay i theo chc nng v ch lm vic ca ng dng. Khi lm vic vi thit b chut bn thng s dng cc thao tc c bn sau : nhn nt no c. Point: tr chut trn mt phng m khng

ng Windows XP

Click: nhn nhanh v th nt chut tri. Dng la chn thng s, i tng hoc cu lnh. Double Click (D_Click ): nhn nhanh nt chut tri hai ln lin tip. Dng khi ng mt chng trnh ng dng hoc m th mc/ tp tin. Drag (ko th): nhn v gi nt chut tri khi di chuyn n ni khc v bung ra. Dng chn mt khi vn bn, di chuyn mt i tng trn mn hnh hoc m rng kch thc ca ca s... Right Click (R_Click): nhn nhanh v th nt chut phi. Dng m menu tng ng vi i tng chn cc lnh thao tc trn i tng . Ch : trong Windows cc thao tc c thc hin vi nt chut tri, vy trnh lp li, khi ni Click (nhn chut) hoc D_Click (nhn p chut) th c ngm hiu l nt chut tri. Khi no cn thao tc vi nt chut phi s m t r rng. MN TIN HC CN BN 18

H IU HNH Gii thiu mn hnh nn (Desktop) ca Windows XP Mn hnh nn (Desktop)

cui mn thanh vic

Biu tng

Nm hnh l lm

Li tt

Menu Start

Thanh lm vic

Mn hnh nn (Desk top) ca Windows XP (Taskbar). Bn tri mn hnh l biu tng My Documents, My Computer, My Network Places, Recycle Bin, ... Cc biu tng c mi tn mu en nh ( gc di bn tri) gi l li tt (shortcut). Nhng biu tng trn mn hnh nn My Computer: Biu tng ny cho php duyt nhanh ti nguyn trn my tnh. Khi m My Computer (bng thao tc D_Click hoc R_Click/ Open trn biu tng ca n), ca s xut hin nh hnh 3.3. Ca s bn tri: - System Tasks: cho php chn thc hin mt s cng vic h thng ca my. - Other Places: cho php chn cc thnh phn khc trong my. Ca s bn phi: Theo ngm nh ca s ny cha biu tng ca tt c cc a mm, a cng cc b, a CD, ... Khi D_Click trn cc biu Ca s My Computer tng trong ca s ny s c cc ca s cp nh hn c m. Do , bng cch m dn cc ca s t ngoi vo trong bn c th duyt tt c ti nguyn cha trong my tnh. MN TIN HC CN BN 19

H IU HNH My Network Places: Nu m ca s My Network Places bn s thy tn v cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh trong mng my tnh cc b (LAN) ca bn. T y bn c th truy cp cc ti nguyn c chia s m bn c cp quyn s dng. Recycle Bin : Recycle Bin l ni lu tr tm thi cc tp tin v cc i tng b xo. Nhng i tng ny ch tht s b xa khi bn nhn phm Delete hoc R_Click vo biu tng Recycle Bin ri chn Empty Recycle Bin. Nu mun phc hi cc tp tin hoc cc i tng b xa, bn chn i tng cn phc hi, sau R_Click/ Restore. Folder: Folder c gi l tp h s hay biu tng nhm hay th mc. Folder l ni qun l cc Folder khc (cp thp hn) v cc tp tin. Menu Start: Khi Click ln nt Start trn thanh Taskbar, thc n Start s c m v sn sng thi hnh cc chng trnh ng dng. Ngoi ra trn thc n ny bn cn c th thc hin cc thao tc tm kim v nh cu hnh cho my tnh. Cc li tt (biu tng chng trnh - Shortcuts): Cc li tt gip bn truy nhp nhanh mt i tng no , v d mt chng trnh, mt a cng, mt th mc v.v... m 1 i tng, bn D_Click trn Shortcut ca n hoc R_Click/Open. Menu i tng: Trong Windows XP khi bn R_Click trn mt biu tng ca mt i tng, mt menu tng ng vi i tng s c m ra bn chn cc lnh trn i tng . Trong cc phn tip theo, nhng menu nh vy s c gi l menu i tng. Khi nim v ca s Ca s v cc thnh phn ca ca s Control Box Title bar Menu bar Thu nh ca s Phng to ca s Minimize Maximize/Restore

Close

Toolbar Status bar

Vertical scroll bar Horizontal scroll bar

Ca s v cc thnh phn ca ca s MN TIN HC CN BN 20

H IU HNH Cc thao tc trn mt ca s - Di chuyn ca s: Drag thanh tiu ca s (Title bar) n v tr mi. - Thay i kch thc ca ca s: Di chuyn con tr chut n cnh hoc gc ca s, khi con tr chut bin thnh hnh mi tn hai chiu th Drag cho n khi t c kch thc mong mun. - Phng to ca s ra ton mn hnh: Click ln nt Maximize . . . - Phc hi kch thc trc ca ca s: Click ln nt Restore

- Thu nh ca s thnh biu tng trn Taskbar: Click ln nt Minimize

- Chuyn i gia cc ca s ca cc ng dng ang m: chuyn i gia cc ng dng nhn t hp phm Alt + Tab hoc chn ng dng tng ng trn thanh Taskbar. - ng ca s: Click ln nt Close Hp hi thoi (Dialogue box): Trong khi lm vic vi Windows v cc chng tnh ng dng chy di mi trng Windows bn thng gp nhng hp hi thoi. Cc hp thoi ny xut hin khi n cn thm nhng thng s thc hin lnh theo yu cu ca bn. Cc thnh phn ca hp hi thoi Tn hp thoi Cc lp Hp vn bn (Text box) Hp lit k th (Drop down list box) Nt ng (Close) ca ca s hoc nhn t hp phm Alt + F4.

Tr gip (Help)

Hp lit k (List box)

Khung hin th (Preview)

Hp kim tra (Check box) Nt lnh (Command) Cc thnh phn ca hp hi thoi

Hp vn bn (Text box): dng nhp thng tin. Hp lit k (List box): lit k cc chn la, nu s mc trong danh sch nhiu khng th lit k ht th s xut hin thanh trt cun danh sch. Hp lit k th (Drop down list box/ Combo box): khi nhp chut vo nt th th s bung xung mt danh sch, trong lit k cc mc v cho chn. MN TIN HC CN BN 21

H IU HNH Hp kim tra (Check box): cho php chn mt hoc nhiu mc sao cho khng loi tr ln nhau. Nt tu chn (Option button): bt buc phi chn mt trong s cc mc. Nt lnh (Command button): dng xc nhn lnh cn thc thi. Cc nt lnh thng dng: o OK: thc hin lnh theo thng s chn. o Close: gi li cc thng s chn v ng hp thoi. o Cancel (hay nhn ESC): khng thc hin lnh v ng hp thoi. o Apply: p dng cc thng s chn. o Default: t mc nh theo cc thng s chn. Sao chp d liu trong Windows Trong Windows vic sao chp d liu trong mt ng dng hoc gia cc ng dng c thc hin thng qua b nh m (Clipboard). Ti mt thi im, b nh m ch cha mt thng tin mi nht. Khi mt thng tin khc c a vo b nh m th thng tin trc s b xo. Khi thot khi Windows th ni dung trong b nh m cng b xo. Khi mun sao chp d liu t mt v tr no dn vo mt v tr khc, cn thc hin bn thao tc theo trnh t sau y: - Xc nh i tng cn sao chp. - Thc hin lnh sao chp Edit/ Copy hoc nhn Ctrl + C chp i tng vo b nh m. - Xc nh v tr cn chp ti. - Thc hin lnh dn Edit/ Paste hoc Ctrl + V dn d liu t b nh m vo v tr cn chp. Cch khi ng v thot khi cc chng trnh Khi ng chng trnh ng dng C nhiu cch khi ng mt chng trnh ng dng trong Windows: Khi ng t Menu Start Chn Start/ Programs[/ Nhm chng trnh]/ Tn chng trnh ng dng Khi ng bng lnh Run : Click vo nt Start trn thanh Taskbar, chn lnh Run s xut hin hp thoi Run nh hnh bn. - Nhp y ng dn v tn tp tin chng trnh vo mc Open hoc Click chn bt Brown chn chng trnh cn khi ng. - Chn OK khi ng chng trnh. MN TIN HC CN BN Hp thoi lnh Start/ Run 22 Cc ty chn

H IU HNH Dng Shortcut khi ng cc chng trnh: D_Click hoc R_Click/ Open vo Shortcut ca cc ng dng m bn mun khi ng. Cc Shortcut c th c t trong mt Folder hoc ngay trn mn hnh nn. Shortcut thc cht l mt con tr n i tng (hoc c th coi l mt ng dn), v th bn c th xo n m khng nh hng n chng trnh ng dng. Khi ng t cc Folder: Khi tn ca mt chng trnh ng dng khng hin ra trn menu Start th cch tin li nht bn khi ng n l m t cc Folder, D_Click hoc R_Click/ Open trn biu tng ca chng trnh ng dng cn m hoc trn biu tng ca mt tp tin tng ng. Thot khi chng trnh ng dng: thot khi mt ng dng ta c th dng 1 trong cc cch sau y: - Nhn t hp phm Alt + F4 - Click vo nt Close ( gc trn bn phi ca thanh tiu ). - Chn menu File/ Exit. - D_Click ln nt Control Box ( gc trn bn tri ca thanh tiu ). - Click ln nt Control Box. Click chn Close. Khi ng 1 ng dng, nu d liu ca ng dng ang lm vic cha c lu li th n s hin th hp thoi nhc nh vic xc nhn lu d liu. Thng thng c 3 chn la:

Thng bo nhc nh lu d liu Yes: lu d liu v thot khi chng trnh ng dng. No: thot khi chng trnh ng dng m khng lu d liu. Cancel: hy b lnh, tr v chng trnh ng dng. T ng chy mt ng dng khi khi ng Windows Trn thc t c 1 s chng trnh bn mun n khi ng ngay khi bt u phin lm vic vi Windows. Gi s bn thng xuyn phi son tho vn bn trong mi trng Windows XP v v th bn mun chng trnh g ting Vit Vietkey phi c t ng m ngay khi va khi ng Windows. Mun vy bn phi to shortcut cho tp tin Vietkey.exe v t n trong biu tng nhm Startup. Menu Documents Trong qu trnh thc hin, Windows XP ghi nhn li cc tp tin va mi dng gn nht v lu tn cc tp tin ny trong mt menu con (Documents) ca menu Start. m mt tp tin va mi dng bn chn lnh Start/ Documents v Click vo tn ca tp tin cn m. xo ni dung trong menu Documents ta thc hin: Start/ Settings/ Taskbar/ Start Menu Programs/ Clear

MN TIN HC CN BN

23

H IU HNH Tm kim d liu Chc nng ny cho php tm kim cc tp tin, cc th mc v c tn ca cc my tnh trn mng LAN. Sau khi tm thy i tng, bn c th lm vic trc tip vi kt qu tm kim trong ca s Search Results. Tm kim tp tin v th mc: Chn lnh Start/ Search/ For Files or Folders, s xut hin ca s Search Results, bn Click chn All files and folders.

Ca s Search Results All or part of the file name: nhp tn th mc hay tp tin cn tm, c th s dng k t i din * v ? A word or pharse in the file: nhp t/ cm t trong ni dung tp tin cn tm. Look in: ni tm kim, bn c th nhp vo tn ca a, ng dn m t vic tm kim s c thc hin. Theo ngm nh, Windows tm kim c trong a hoc trong th mc ch nh trong khung Look in cng vi mi th mc con ca n. Ngoi ra ta c th thay i cc la chn c th tm nhanh v chnh xc hn vi cc thuc tnh nh sau: When was it modified? Cho php tm kim cc tp tin v th mc da theo ngy sa i. Trong mc ny cc ty chn p dng cho nhng tp tin v th mc c to ra hoc c sa i trong mt khong thi gian no . Chn khai bo thi gian theo mt trong cc la chn vi ngha: Dont remember: khng xc nh thi gian (tm tt c). 24

MN TIN HC CN BN

H IU HNH Within the last week: tm cc tp tin trong vng 1 tun gn y nht. Past month: tm cc tp tin trong vng 1 thng gn y nht. Within the past year: tm cc tp tin trong vng 1 nm gn y nht. Specify dates: tm cc tp tin trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. C th chn theo ngy to (Created Date), ngy cp nht (Modified Date), hay ngy truy cp (Accessed Date). What size is it?

Tm theo thi gian

Cho php tm kim cc tp tin v th mc da theo kch thc tp tin. Trong mc ny cc ty chn p dng tm nhng tp tin v th mc c kch thc c xc nh trong mt khong no . Chn khai bo kch thc theo mt trong cc la chn vi ngha: Dont remember: khng xc nh kch thc (tm tt c). Small (less than 100 KB): tm cc tp tin c kch thc nh (di 100 KB). Midium (less than 1 MB): tm cc tp tin c kch thc va phi (di 1 MB). Large (more than 1 MB): tm cc tp tin c kch thc ln (trn 1 MB). Tm theo kch thc Specify size (in KB): tm cc tp tin c kch thc ti thiu (at least) hay ti a (at most) trong mt gii hn no . More advanced options? Cho php thay i mt s tu chn nng cao khc. Type of file: kiu tp tin cn tm (tp tin vn bn, hnh nh, bng tnh, th mc, ..). Search system folders: tm/ khng tm trong th mc h thng. Search hidden files and folders: tm/ khng tm tp tin/ th mc n. Search subfolders: khng tm trong th mc con. tm/ Cc tu chn khc

Case Sensitive: phn bit/ khng phn bit ch hoa/ thng. Search tape backup: tm/ khng tm trong a d phng.

Sau khi khai bo xong cc d liu tm kim, Click nt Search, chng trnh s tin hnh tm v thng bo kt qu. MN TIN HC CN BN 25

H IU HNH Lm vic vi cc kt qu tm kim Sau khi tm kim, chng trnh a ra kt qu tm kim pha bn phi ca hp thoi Search Results. Bn c th lm vic vi ca s kt qu nh vi mt ca s tp h s thng thng (nh thay i th t sp xp hoc dng cc lnh ca menu View hin th cc kiu th hin khc nhau, kim tra tnh cht ca cc i tng trong danh sch kt qu v.v...). Bn cng c th khi ng mt i tng va tm thy bng cch D_Click trn tn ca i tng .

THAY I CU HNH MY TNH

Windows XP cho php bn thay i cu hnh cho ph hp vi cng vic hoc s thch ca bn thng qua bng iu khin Control Panel (vo menu Start, chn menu Settings/ Control Panel). T bng iu khin Control Panel bn c th thit lp cu hnh cho h thng, thay i ngy gi, ci t thm Font ch, thit b phn cng, phn mm mi hoc loi b chng i khi khng cn s dng na. Ci t v loi b Font ch Font ch l s th hin cc dng khc nhau ca k t. Ngoi cc Font ch c sn ta c th ci t thm nhng Font ch khc hoc loi b cc Font ch khng s dng. Mun ci t hay loi b cc Font ch, ta chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Control Panel/ Fonts, xut hin ca s Fonts nh hnh 3.13. Xo b font ch - Chn nhng Font cn xa b. - Chn File/ Delete (hoc nhn phm Delete). Thm font ch mi T ca s Fonts, chn lnh File/Install New Font, xut hin hp thoi Add Fonts. Trong hp thoi ny, ta ch ra ni cha cc Font ngun mun ci thm bng cch chn tn a v Folders cha cc tp tin Font ch, sau chn cc tn Font v Click OK. Thay i thuc tnh ca mn hnh Chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Control Panel/ Display hoc R_Click trn mn hnh nn (Desktop), chn Properties. Xut hin ca s Display Properties (Hnh 3.14) vi cc thnh phn nh sau:

Ca s Fonts

Desktop
Chn nh nn cho Desktop bng cch Click chn cc nh nn c sn hoc Click vo nt Browse chn tp tin nh khng c trong danh sch nhng nh c sn.

Screen Saver
Thit lp ch bo v mn hnh, cho php chn cc chng trnh Screen Saver c ci sn trong my v cho php thit lp mt khu thot khi ch Screen Saver. Ch khi no bn nhp ng mt khu th chng trnh Screen Saver mi cho php bn tr v ch lm vic bnh thng.

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H IU HNH

Appearance:
Thay i mu sc, Font ch v c ch ca cc Menu, Shortcut, Title bar.

Ca s Display Properties

Settings:
Thay i ch mu v phn gii ca mn hnh. - Ch mu cng cao th hnh nh cng p v r nt. Cc ch mu ph bin l 256 mu, 64.000 mu (16 bits) , 16 triu mu (24 bits). Ch mu trn mi my tnh c th khc nhau ty thuc vo dung lng b nh ca card mn hnh. - phn gii cng ln th mn hnh cng hin th c nhiu thng tin nhng cc i tng trn mn hnh s thu nh li. Cc ch phn gii mn hnh thng dng l 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768. Tu theo loi mn hnh m Windows c th hin th cc ch phn gii khc nhau. Ci t v loi b chng trnh ci t cc chng trnh mi hoc loi b cc chng trnh khng cn s dng bn nhn p chut vo biu tng Add or Remove Programs trong ca s Control Panel, xut hin hp thoi nh hnh di y: Nhm Change or Remove Programs: cho php cp nht hay loi b chng trnh ng dng c sn. - Chn chng trnh mun cp nht/ loi b. - Chn Change cp nht chng trnh hay Remove loi b khi khng cn s dng na.

Nhm Change or Remove Programs

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H IU HNH Nhm Add new Programs: Cho php ci t thm chng trnh ng dng hoc cp nht li Windows (trc tip qua Internet). - Chn CD or Floppy ci t chng trnh ng dng mi, khi Windows s yu cu bn ch ra ni cha chng trnh m bn mun ci t, thng cc tp tin ny s c tn l Setup.exe hoc Install.exe. Bn c th nhp tn v ng dn ca tp tin ny vo hp vn bn Open hoc nhn chut vo nt Browse ch ra tp tin (Hnh 3.16).

Chn tp tin ci t

- Chn Windows Update cp nht li h iu hnh Windows (thm, cp nht cc chc nng mi). Nhm Add/ Remove Windows components: cho php ci t/ loi b cc thnh phn trong h iu hnh Windows (thng qua d liu trong a CD/ a cng).

Ci t/ loi b cc thnh phn trong Windows Cu hnh ngy, gi cho h thng (my phi khng trng thi ng bng mi chnh c) Bn c th thay i ngy gi ca h thng bng cch D_Click ln biu tng ng h trn thanh Taskbar hoc chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Control Panel, chn nhm Date/Time - Date & Time: thay i ngy, thng, nm, gi, pht, giy. - Time Zone: thay i mi gi, cho php chnh li cc gi tr mi gi theo khu vc hoc tn cc thnh ph ln. - Internet Time: cho php ng b ho theo gi ca my ch Internet. nh ngy gi

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H IU HNH Thay i thuc tnh ca bn phm v chut

Thay i thuc tnh ca bn phm:

Lnh Start/ Settings/ Control Panel/ KeyBoard cho php thay i tc bn phm. Repeat delay: thay i thi gian tr cho ln lp li u tin khi nhn v gi phm. Repeat rate: thay i tc lp li khi nhn v gi mt phm. Cursor blink rate: thay i tc ca du nhy.

Thay i thuc tnh ca bn phm Thay i thuc tnh ca thit b chut: Lnh Start/ Settings/ Control Panel/ Mouse cho php thay i thuc tnh ca thit b chut nh tc , hnh dng con tr chut... Lp Buttons: thay i chc nng gia chut tri v chut phi (thun tay tri hay phi) v tc nhp p chut. Lp Pointers: cho php chn hnh dng tr chut trong cc trng thi lm vic. Lp Pointer Options: cho php thay i tc v hnh dng tr chut khi r hoc ko chut.

Thay i thuc tnh ca thit b chut

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H IU HNH Thay i thuc tnh vng (Regional Settings) Bn c th thay i cc thuc tnh nh nh dng tin t, n v o lng... bng cch chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Control Panel/ Regional and Language Options Lp Regional Options: Thay i thuc tnh vng (M, Php,...), vic chn mt vng no s ko theo s thay i cc thuc tnh ca Windows. Click chn Customize, ca s Customize Regional Options xut hin cho php thay i quy c v s, tin t, thi gian, ngy thng. Number: Thay i nh dng s, cho php nh dng vic hin th gi tr s: - Decimal symbol: Thay i k hiu phn cch hng thp phn. - No. of digits after decimal: Thay i s cc s l phn thp phn. - Digit grouping symbol: Thay i k hiu phn nhm hng ngn. - Negative sign symbol: Thay i k hiu ca s m. - Negative number format: Thay i dng th hin ca s m. - Display leading zeroes: Hin th s 0 trong cc s l: 0.7 hay .7. - Measurement system: Chn h thng o lng nh cm, inch, - List separator: Chn du phn cch gia cc mc trong mt danh sch. Currency: Thay i nh dng tin t ($,VND,...) Time: Thay i nh dng thi gian, cho php bn nh dng th hin gi trong ngy theo ch 12 gi hay 24 gi Date: Thay i nh dng ngy thng (Date), cho php bn chn cch th hin d liu ngy theo 1 tiu chun no . Short date format: cho php chn quy c nhp d liu ngy thng. V d: ngy/thng/nm (d/m/yy) hoc thng/ngy/nm (m/d/yy) Quy c: dd/ D (date): dng ch ngy mm/ M (month): dng ch thng yyyy/ Y (year): dng ch nm Thay i nh dng ngy thng Thay i nh dng s

- Digit grouping: Thay i s k s trong mt nhm (mc nhin l 3).

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H IU HNH

MY IN:
Trong phn ny s gii thiu mt s thao tc c bn trn my in nh ci t my in mi, nh cu hnh cho my in, qun l vic in n. Ci t thm my in Trc khi ci t my in, bn phi bo m l my in c kt ni vi my tnh ang s dng. Vi mt s my in thng dng Windows tch hp sn chng trinh iu khin (driver) ca cc my in, tuy nhin cng c nhng my in m trong Windows khng c sn driver, trong trng hp ny ta cn phi c a driver i km vi my in. Cc bc ci t my in: - Chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Printers and Faxes - Click chn Add a Printer, xut hin hp thoi Add Printer Wizard - Lm theo cc bc hng dn ca trnh Wizard. Loi b my in ci t - Chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Printers and Faxes - Click chut chn my in mun loi b - Nhn phm Delete, sau chn Yes b, ngc li th chn No. Ca s hng i in (Print Queue) Nhn p chut ln biu tng my in trong ca s Printers and Faxes hoc biu tng my in thanh Taskbar. Khi xut hin hp thoi lit k hng i cc ti liu ang in nh hnh 3.23:

Ca s hng i in

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H IU HNH Mun loi b mt ti liu trong hng i in th nhn chut chn ti liu v nhn phm Delete.

TASKBAR AND START MENU :

Chn lnh Start/ Settings/ Taskbar and Start Menu Lp Taskbar - Lock the Taskbar: kho thanh Taskbar. - Auto hide: cho t ng n thanh Taskbar khi khng s dng. - Keep the Taskbar on top of other windows: cho thanh Taskbar hin ln pha trc cc ca s. - Group similar taskbar buttons: cho hin cc chng trnh cng loi theo nhm. - Show Quick Launch: cho hin th cc biu tng trong Start menu vi kch thc nh. - Show the Clock: cho hin th ng h trn thanh Taskbar - Hide inactive icons: cho n biu tng cc chng trnh khng c kch hot. Lp Start Menu Cho php chn hin th Menu Start theo dng c (Classic Start Menu) hay dng mi (Start Menu). Click chn lnh Customize, ca s Customize xut hin nh hnh 3.26 cho php thc hin mt s thay i cho Menu Start. Nt Add: thm mt biu tng chng trnh (Shortcut) vo menu Start. Nt Remove: xa b cc biu tng nhm (Folder) v cc biu tng chng trnh trong menu Start. Documents trong menu Start. Nt Clear: xa cc tn tp tin trong nhm Lp Taskbar

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H IU HNH

Lp Start Menu

Ca s Customize

Nt Advanced: thm, xa, sa, to cc biu tng nhm (Folder) v cc biu tng chng trnh (Shortcut) trong menu Start Khi Click vo nt Advanced, xut hin ca s Start Menu cho php to, xo, i tn th mc/ li tt trong menu Start. To Shortcut/ Folder trn menu Start

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H IU HNH - Click chn Folder cha. - Nu to Folder, chn File hoc R_Click, chn New/ Folder. - Nu to Shortcut, chn File hoc R_Click, chn New/ Shortcut. - Sau t tn cho Folder/ Shortcut. Xa Folder/ Shortcut khi menu Start Chn Folder/ Shortcut cn xa v nhn phm Delete. i tn Folder/ Shortcut R_Click vo Folder/ Shortcut cn i tn, chn Rename, nhp tn mi.

Ca s Start Menu

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QUN L D LIU BNG WINDOWS EXPLORER

QUN L D LIU BNG WINDOWS EXPLORER

GII THIU:
Windows Explorer l mt chng trnh cho php ngi s dng thao tc vi cc ti nguyn c trong my tnh nh tp tin, th mc, a v nhng ti nguyn khc c trong my ca bn cng nh cc my tnh trong h thng mng (nu my tnh ca bn c ni mng). Vi Windows Explorer, cc thao tc nh sao chp, xa, i tn th mc v tp tin,... c thc hin mt cch thun tin v d dng. Khi ng chng trnh Windows Explorer: bn c th thc hin mt trong nhng cch sau: - Chn lnh Start/ Programs/ Accessories/ Windows Explorer - R_Click ln Start, sau chn Explorer - R_Click ln biu tng My Computer, sau chn Explorer Ca s lm vic ca Windows Explorer: -

Ca s Windows Explorer Ca s tri (Folder) l cu trc cy th mc. N trnh by cu trc th mc ca cc a cng v cc ti nguyn km theo my tnh, bao gm a mm, a cng, a CD... Nhng i tng c du cng (+) pha trc cho bit i tng cn cha nhng i tng khc trong n nhng khng c hin th. Nu Click vo du + th Windows Explorer s hin th cc i tng cha trong i tng . Khi , du + s i thnh du -, v nu Click vo du - th i tng s c thu gn tr li. - Ca s phi lit k ni dung ca i tng c chn tng ng bn ca s tri. MN TIN HC CN BN 35

QUN L D LIU BNG WINDOWS EXPLORER Thanh a ch (Address): Cho php nhp ng dn th mc/ tp tin cn ti hoc xc nh ng dn hin hnh. Cc nt cng c trn thanh Toolbar: - Back: Chuyn v th mc trc . - Up: Chuyn ln th mc cha. - Forward: Chuyn ti th mc va quay v (Back). - Search: Tm kim tp tin/ th mc. - Folder: Cho php n/ hin ca s Folder bn tri.

- Views: Cc ch hin th cc i tng (tp tin/ th mc/ a)

Ni dung trong ca s c th c sp xp th hin theo th t. i vi kiu th hin Details, bn c th thc hin bng cch lun phin nhn chut ln ct tng ng (Name, Size, Type, Date Modified). Trong cc kiu th hin khc bn c th thc hin bng lnh View/ Arrange Icons By v la chn tip mt trong cc kha sp xp (theo tn, kch c tp tin, kiu tp tin, hoc ngy thng cp nht). Trong kiu th hin bng cc biu tng ln v biu tng nh bn c th Windows sp xp t ng bng lnh View/ Arrange Icons By / Auto Arrange. Tu chn Auto Arrange ch p dng cho ca s ca th mc hin hnh.

THAO TC VI CC TH MC V TP TIN
M tp tin/ th mc: C ba cch thc hin : Cch 1: D_Click ln biu tng ca tp tin/ th mc. Cch 2: R_Click ln biu tng ca tp tin/ th mc v chn mc Open. Cch 3: Chn tp tin/ th mc v nhn phm Enter. Nu tp tin thuc loi tp tin vn bn th chng trnh ng dng kt hp s c khi ng v ti liu s c np vo. Trong trng hp chng trnh ng dng khng c ci t trong my tnh th Windows s m hp thoi Open With v cho chn chng trnh kt hp. Nu tp tin thuc dng chng trnh ng dng th chng trnh tng ng s c khi ng.

Chn lnh m tp tin

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QUN L D LIU BNG WINDOWS EXPLORER Chn tp tin/ th mc: - Chn mt tp tin/ th mc: Click ln biu tng tp tin/ th mc. - Chn mt nhm tp tin/ th mc: c th thc hin theo 2 cch: Cc i tng cn chn l mt danh sch gm cc i tng nm cnh nhau: Click ln i tng u danh sch chn, sau nhn gi phm Shift v Click ln i tng cui danh sch. Cc i tng cn chn nm ri rc nhau: nhn gi phm Ctrl v Click chn cc i tng tng ng. To th mc - Chn ni cha th mc cn to (th mc/ a ca s bn tri). - Chn menu File/ New/ Folder hoc R_Click/ New/ Folder. - Nhp tn th mc mi, sau g Enter kt thc. Sao chp th mc v tp tin Chn cc th mc v tp tin cn sao chp. Sau c th thc hin theo mt trong hai cch sau: Cch 1: Nhn gi phm Ctrl v Drag i tng chn n ni cn chp. Cch 2: Nhn t hp phm Ctrl + C (hoc Edit/ Copy hoc R_Click v chn Copy) chp vo Clipboard, sau chn ni cn chp n v nhn t hp phm Ctrl + V (hoc Edit/ Paste hoc R_Click v chn Paste). Di chuyn th mc v tp tin Chn cc th mc v tp tin cn di chuyn. Sau c th thc hin theo mt trong hai cch sau: Cch 1: Drag i tng chn n ni cn di chuyn. Cch 2: Nhn t hp phm Ctrl + X (hoc Edit/ Cut hoc R_Click v chn Cut) chp vo Clipboard, sau chn ni cn di chuyn n v nhn t hp phm Ctrl + V (hoc Edit/ Paste hoc R_Click v chn Paste). Xo th mc v tp tin - Chn cc th mc v tp tin cn xa. - Chn File/ Delete hoc: Nhn phm Delete hoc: R_Click v chn mc Delete. - Xc nhn c thc s mun xo hay khng (Yes/ No) Phc hi th mc v tp tin Cc i tng b xa s c a vo Recycle Bin. Nu mun phc hi cc i tng xa, bn thc hin cc thao tc sau y: - D_Click ln biu tng Recycle Bin - Chn tn i tng cn phc hi. - Thc hin lnh File/ Restore hoc R_Click v chn mc Restore.

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QUN L D LIU BNG WINDOWS EXPLORER Ghi ch: Nu mun xa hn cc i tng, ta thc hin thao tc xa mt ln na i vi cc i tng trong Recycle Bin. Nu mun xo hn tt c cc i tng trong Recycle Bin, R_Click ln mc Recycle Bin v chn mc Empty Recycle Bin. i tn th mc v tp tin - Chn i tng mun i tn - Thc hin lnh File/ Rename hoc nhn phm F2 hoc R_Click trn i tng v chn mc Rename - Nhp tn mi, sau g Enter kt thc. Ghi ch: vi tp tin ang s dng th cc thao tc di chuyn, xo, i tn khng th thc hin c. Thay i thuc tnh tp tin v th mc: - Nhn chut phi ln i tng mun thay i thuc tnh v chn mc Properties - Thay i cc thuc tnh. - Chn Apply xc nhn thay i, ngc li th nhn Cancel.

THAO TC VI CC LI TT (SHORTCUTS)
To li tt trn mn hnh nn R_Click ln mn hnh nn, chn New/ Shortcut. Trong mc Type the location of the item, nhp ng dn ca i tng cn to li tt ( a/ th mc/ tp tin, ) hoc Click ln nt Brown chn ng dn cho i tng. Click Next qua bc k tip. Nhp tn cho li tt cn to. Click Finish hon thnh . Cc thao tc vi li tt i tn cho li tt. Xo b li tt chn Delete. (Yes/ No). Thay i thuc tnh cho li tt R_Click ln li tt, chn Properties. c (Read-only), hay n (Hidden). MN TIN HC CN BN Lp General: cho php chn thuc tnh ch Chn li tt cn xo. Nhn phm Delete hoc R_Click ln li tt, Xc nhn c thc s mun xo hay khng R_Click ln li tt, chn Rename. Nhp tn mi cho li tt. Nhn Enter. To li tt

38

QUN L D LIU BNG WINDOWS EXPLORER s la chn sau: Lp Shortcut: cho php chn thay i mt

Shortcut key: gn phm nng cho li tt. V d: nhn phm A (nu mun t phm nng cho li tt l Ctrl_Alt_A, mc nhin phi c Ctrl_Alt). Khi mun m i tng ta ch cn nhn t hp phm va gn. Run: chn ch hin th mn hnh khi m (bnh thng/ thu nh/ phng to). Change Icon: thay i biu tng ca li tt.

THAO TC VI A
Sao chp a mm: Bn thc hin cc thao tc nh sau: - a a ngun vo a mm. - R_Click vo biu tng a mm, chn mc Copy Disk, sau chn Start. - Khi xut hin hp thng bo Copy disk, th bn ly a ngun ra v a a ch vo, nhp OK. Ch : ton b d liu trong a ch s b xo v khng th phc hi c. nh dng a - R_Click vo tn ca a (c th a mm hoc a cng) cn nh dng, sau chn mc Format. - Nu mun t tn cho a th nhp vo mc Volume label, mun nh dng nhanh (ch xo d liu) th chn mc Quick Format, mun dng lm a khi ng th chn mc Create an MS-DOS startup disk. - Nhp chn Start tin hnh nh dng. Ch : d liu trong a s b xo hon ton, khng th phc hi c. nh dng a Hin th thng tin ca a R_Click vo tn ca a cn hin th thng tin, sau chn mc Properties. - Lp General: cho bit dung lng a (Capacity), s dng bao nhiu (Used space), ccn li bao nhiu (Free space). - Lp Tools: cung cp mt s cng c kim tra a (Error-checking), to a d phng (Backup), chng phn mnh a (Defragment). - Lp Sharing: cho php t cch thc chia s ti nguyn c trn a (vi my tnh c ni mng).

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S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS

--- oOo ---

GII THIU CC CHNG TRNH H TR TING VIT

Vn ting Vit trong Windows Hu ht cc phin bn ca h iu hnh Windows m chng ta ang s dng l phin bn khng h tr ting Vit, v vy s dng c ting Vit trong Windows th cn phi ci t thm cc font ch ting Vit v phn mm g ting Vit. Cc phn mm g ting Vit thng dng trong Windows nh ABC, Vietware, Vietkey, Unikey trong phn mm Vietkey v Unikey rt c a chung v c nhiu u im hn so vi cc phn mm khc. Font ch v Bng m Mi font ch s i km vi mt bng m tng ng, do khi son tho ting Vit, bn phi chn bng m ph hp vi font ch m bn ang s dng, nu chn khng ng th cc t bn nhp vo s khng c hin th nh mun. Cc b font ch thng dng hin nay l: B Font VNI: y l b font ch kh p, cung cp rt nhiu font ch, tn font ch bt u bng ch VNI. B Font Vietware: b font ch Vietware c hai h: cc font ch c tn bt u bng ch SVN l h font ch 1 byte, cc font ch c tn bt u bng ch VN l h font 2 byte. B Font TCVN3: b font ch ny thng i km vi phn mm g ting Vit ABC, y l b font chun ca quc gia, tn font ch bt u bng k t "." (du chm). B Font Unicode: v mi quc gia u c ngn ng ring nn vic s dng 1 loi font ch m c th hin th c tt c cc ngn ng l iu mong mun ca cc chuyn gia v cng ngh thng tin v n thun tin cho vic x l thng tin. S ra i ca b font Unicode cho php tch hp tt c cc k t ca cc ngn ng trong 1 font ch duy nht. Hin ti, y l font ch chun ca nc ta cng nh nhiu nc khc trn th gii. B Font ch VNI Vietware_X (2 byte) Vietware_F (1 byte) TCVN3 Unicode Bng m VNI Windows Vietware Vietware TCVN3 Unicode Font ch thng dng VNI-Times VNtimes new roman SVNtimes new roman .VnTime Times New Roman, Arial, Tahoma

5.1.1. Cc kiu g ting Vit C rt nhiu kiu g ting Vit trong Windows. V bn phm chng ta ang dng khng c sn cc k t ting Vit nn g c cc k t ting Vit nh , , .. th chng ta phi s dng cc t hp phm. Mi kiu g ting Vit u c nhng u im v nhc im nht nh, hai kiu g thng dng nht l kiu g Telex v VNI. MN TIN HC CN BN 40

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS Qui tc g cc t hp phm cho kiu g Telex v VNI : K t Kiu Telex Kiu VNI Du Kiu Telex Kiu VNI V d: mun g ch cn th Kiu Telex: caanf thow hoc caafn thow Kiu VNI : ca6n2 tho7 hoc ca62n tho7 Ghi ch: Bn c th b du lin sau nguyn m hoc b du sau khi nhp xong mt t, nu b du sai th ch cn b du li ch khng cn phi xa t mi nhp. aa a6 ee e6 sc s 1 oo o6 huyn f 2 Ow; [ o7 hi r 3 uw; w; ] u7 ng x 4 aw a8 nng j 5 dd d9

S DNG VIETKEY
Khi ng Vietkey Thng thng Vietkey c ci ch khi ng t ng, bn c th tm thy biu tng ca Vietkey thanh Taskbar nh khi Vietkey ang ch bt ting Vit hoc khi ch tt ting Vit. Ngoi ra bn cng c th khi ng Vietkey nh cc ng dng khc bng cch D_Click vo li tt ca Vietkey hnh nn hoc t menu Start chn Programs/ Vietkey/ Vietkey Cc thao tc c bn Bt/ tt ting Vit Click vo biu tng ca Vietkey ( thanh Taskbar) bt/tt ch g ting Vit. Nu biu tng l th ch g ting Vit ang bt, l th ch g ting Vit ang tt. Bn cng c th s dng t hp phm ALT-Z bt/ tt ch g ting Vit. Hin th ca s Vietkey

Chn thao tc vi Vietkey Chng trnh Vietkey MN TIN HC CN BN 41

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS R_Click vo biu tng Vietkey xut hin menu i tng (hnh 5.1) ri chn Hin ca s Vietkey (nu ngn ng hin th l ting Vit) hoc chn Vietkey Panel, khi hp thoi xut hin nh hnh 5.2. Click vo nt Taskbar (hnh 5.2) thu nh ca s Vietkey thnh biu tng thanh Taskbar. Thay i ngn ng hin th Bn c th thay i ngn ng hin th ca Vietkey t ting Anh sang ting Vit hoc ngc li. Trong ca s Vietkey, Click vo mc Ty chn (hoc Options) hp thoi xut hin nh hnh 5.2. Chn Hin th ting Vit chuyn sang ting Vit hoc b chn mc Vietnamese Interface chuyn sang ting Anh. Thay i bng m - Chn mc Bng m (hoc Char sets) trong ca s Vietkey, hp thoi xut hin nh hnh bn. - Chn bng m cn i trong hp ty chn. - Ngoi ra bn c th chn cc bng m thng hay s dng trong menu i tng ca Vietkey bng cch R_Click vo biu tng ca Vietkey trn thanh Taskbar. Bng m hin hnh c nh du bng k hiu (xem hnh 5.1)

Thay i kiu g - Chn mc Kiu g (hoc Input methods) trong ca s Vietkey ri chn kiu Telex hoc VNI - i vi kiu g Telex, khi mun g t ting Anh (hoc khng phi l ting Vit) th bn phi g lp du hoc lp nguyn m, khi Vietkey s t nhn bit t bn mun g vo l t ting Anh, hoc bn cng c th nhn t hp phm Shift tri + Shift phi th Vietkey s tr li cho bn t m bn g vo. V d : nu bn mun g t Windows: - G wwindows - G ind ri nhn t hp phm Shift tri v Shift phi.

Hnh 5.3: Chn bng m

S DNG UNIKEY
Khi ng Unikey

Hnh 5.4: Chn kiu g

Thng thng Unikey c ci ch khi ng t ng. Bn c th tm thy biu tng ca Unikey thanh Taskbar nh khi Unikey ang ch bt ting Vit hoc khi ch tt ting Vit. Ngoi ra bn cng c th khi ng Unikey nh cc ng MN TIN HC CN BN 42

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS dng khc bng cch D_Click vo li tt ca Unikey hnh nn hoc t menu Start chn Programs/Unikey. Cc thao tc c bn Bt/ tt ting Vit Click vo biu tng ca Unikey ( thanh Taskbar) bt/ tt ch g ting Vit, nu biu tng l th ch g ting Vit ang bt, l th ch g ting Vit ang tt. Bn cng c th s dng t hp phm ALT + Z hoc Ctrl + Shift (xem bng iu khin ca Unikey) bt/ tt ch g ting Vit. S dng Bng iu khin ca Unikey: R_Click vo biu tng Unikey xut hin menu i tng (hnh 5.5) ri chn Configuration (nu ngn ng hin th l ting Anh) hoc chn Bng iu khin, khi hp thoi xut hin:

Chn thao tc vi Unikey

Chng trnh Unikey

Hp thoi ca Unikey c 2 ch : - Ch m rng: cho php t tt c thng s hot ng ca Unikey - Ch thu nh: ch t cc thng s thng s dng nht chuyn i gia 2 ch ny ta Click vo nt Thu nh hoc M rng Vietnamese interface/Giao dien tieng Viet: Chn ngn ng hin th l ting Anh hay ting Vit Bng m: Chn bng m ting Vit. Bn phi chn ng bng m tng ng vi Font ting Vit ang s dng Kiu g phm: Cho php chn kiu g ting Vit: Telex, VNI, ... Phm chuyn: Thit lp t hp phm nng dng bt tt ting Vit bng: CTRL + SHIFT hoc ALT + Z. MN TIN HC CN BN 43

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS

BO V D LIU V PHNG CHNG VIRUS

BO V D LIU:
Gii thiu: Vic bo v d liu l vn m tt c cc ngi s dng my tnh phi quan tm. D liu ca mi ngi dng c th khc nhau t cc tp tin vn bn n cc chng trnh my tnh hoc cc d liu rt quan trng nh ti khon trong ngn hng, b mt quc gia. Vic bo v d liu cng c nhng mc khc nhau ty vo tm quan trng ca d liu. Cc tc nhn c th gy hi n d liu nh sau: - Ha hon, thin tai, s c v phn cng, phn mm, virus my tnh. - S ph hoi ca gin ip, ca cc tin tc, s v ca ngi dng. Nguyn tc bo v: Ty thuc vo tm quan trng ca d liu m ta s p dng nhng cch bo v khc nhau, i vi nhng d liu thng thng th cch bo v hu hiu nht l to ra cc bn sao ca d liu, cc bn sao ny c th c lu trn a mm, a nn hoc a CDROM. i vi cc d liu quan trng th ngi ta thng t ra cc qui tc rt nghim ngt bt buc tt c cc ngi dng phi tun theo.

VIRUS MY TNH V CC BIN PHP PHNG CHNG

Virus my tnh l g? Virus tin hc (hay cn gi virus my tnh) dng ch cc chng trnh n trong my tnh do con ngi to ra. Cc chng trnh ny c kh nng bm vo cc chng trnh khc nh mt vt th k sinh. Chng cng t nhn bn tn ti v ly lan. Do cch thc hot ng ca chng ging virus sinh hc nn ngi ta khng ngn ngi t cho chng ci tn "virus" y n tng ny. Khi my tnh b nhim Virus th n c th c nhng biu hin khng bnh thng nh khi ng lu hn, khng in c vn bn ra my in... nhng nhiu khi khng c biu hin khc thng no ht. Tnh cht v phn loi Virus Ngi ta chia virus thnh 2 loi chnh l B-virus, loi ly vo cc mu tin khi ng (Boot record) v F-virus ly vo cc tp tin thc thi (Executive file). Cch phn loi ny ch mang tnh tng i, bi v trn thc t c nhng loi virus lng tnh va ly trn boot record, va trn file thi hnh. Ngoi ra, ta cn phi k n h virus macro na. - B-virus: Nu boot my t mt a mm nhim B-virus, b nh ca my s b khng ch, k tip l boot record ca a cng b ly nhim. - F-virus: Nguyn tc ca F-virus l thm on m lnh vo file thi hnh (dng .COM v .EXE) mi ln file thc hin, on m ny s c kch hot, thng tr trong vng nh, khng ch cc tc v truy xut file, d tm cc file thi hnh cha b nhim virus khc t ly vo. - Macro virus: ly qua cc tp tin vn bn, email, chn ngn ng macro lm phng tin ly lan.

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S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS Cc phng php phng v dit virus phng F-virus: Nguyn tc chung l khng c chy cc chng trnh khng r ngun gc. Hy dng cc chng trnh dit virus kim tra cc chng trnh ny trc khi chp vo a cng ca my tnh. phng Macro virus: h virus ny ly trn vn bn v bng tnh ca Microsoft. V vy, khi nhn mt file DOC hay XL? no, bn hy nh kim tra chng trc khi m ra. Dit Virus: pht hin v dit virus, ngi ta vit ra nhng chng trnh chng virus, gi l anti-virus. Nu nghi ng my tnh ca mnh b virus, bn c th dng cc chng trnh ny kim tra cc a ca my. Mt iu cn lu l nn chy anti-virus trong tnh trng b nh tt (khi ng my t a mm sch) th vic qut virus mi hiu qu v an ton, khng gy lan trn virus trn a cng. C hai loi anti-virus, ngoi nhp v ni a: + Cc anti-virus ngoi ang c s dng ph bin l VirusScan ca McAfee, Norton Anti-virus ca Symantec, Toolkit, Dr. Solomon... chng dit virus ngoi rt hiu qu nhng khng dit c virus ni a. + Cc anti-virus ni thng dng l D2 v BKAV. y l cc phn mm min ph, cc anti-virus ni a chy rt nhanh do chng nh gn, tm-dit hiu qu cc virus ni a. Nhc im ca chng l kh nng nhn bit cc virus ngoi km. Chng trnh dit virus BKAV Chng trnh dit virus BKAV c pht trin t nm 1995 Khi ng BKAV: Chn Start/ Programs/ Bach khoa Antivirus/ Bkav hoc D_Click vo li tt ca BKAV trn mn hnh nn. Giao din ca chng trnh BKAV nh hnh di:

Chng trnh dit Virus BKAV Tu chn (Options): - Chn a: cho php chn v tr ( a/ th mc) cn qut.

Lp

- Chn kiu File: cho php chn kiu tp tin cn qut virus. Thng thng th ch c cc tp tin chng trnh v tp tin vn bn mi cn phi qut virus, cc tp tin loi khc t khi b virus ly nhim. MN TIN HC CN BN 45

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS - La chn khc: cho php chn cc tu chn khi qut v khi ng chng trnh. Lp Nht k (History): Trong khi qut: lit k cc tp tin c qut virus. Trc/ sau khi qut: lit k thng tin v cc tp tin b ly nhim virus v tnh trng ca tp tin sau khi qut virus: dit thnh cng, khng dit c Lit k danh sch cc virus. Lnh Qut (Scan): tin hnh qut/ ngng qut virus theo ng dn c ch ra mc Chn a. trnh. Lnh Thot (Exit): thot khi chng trnh. Lnh Tr gip (Help): hng dn s dng chng Lp Lch qut (Schedule): Lp Virus list: Cho php t lch qut virus t ng (hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng, )

Chng trnh dit virus ca McAfee Chng trnh ny do hng McAfee sn xut, n dit cc virus ngoi rt hiu qu, tin cy cao. Chng trnh ny c rt nhiu phin bn chy trn cc h iu hnh khc nhau. Khi ng Virus Scan - Chn Start/ Programs/ McAfee/ VirusScan Professional Edition hoc D_Click ln li tt chong trnh. - Click chn Scan for viruses now. Mn hnh ca VirusScan xut hin Thc hin qut virus: qut ton b my tnh). khi qut. chn. Chn a/ th mc cn qut (mc nhin Scan settings: cho php t li cc thng s Scan: tin hnh qut virus theo cc thng s

Ch : ta cn c th khi ng VirusScan t menu i tng ca Windows Explorer bng cch R_Click vo mt tp tin hoc a no ri chn Scan with McAfee VirusScan. Tm li: Vic bo v d liu v phng chng virus l vn chng ta phi lun quan tm. bo v d liu ca bn c hiu qu bn cn phi lun ghi nh nhng iu sau y: - Lun to ra cc bn sao i vi cc d liu quan trng, v bn sao ny phi c ct gi ni an ton. - Lun lun qut virus trn cc a mm l trc khi m cc tp tin hoc chy chng trnh trn a . Cc a CD cng c th cha cc chng trnh nhim virus. - Thng xuyn cp nht cc chng trnh dit virus v virus mi c th pht sinh mi ngy, chng trnh dit virus c khng th dit c virus mi. MN TIN HC CN BN 46

S DNG TING VIT TRONG WINDOWS

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CHNG TRNH V PAINT

CHNG TRNH V PAINT

GII THIU
Chc nng ca chng trnh Paint Paint l chng trnh ng dng i km theo Windows c b tr vo nhm Accessories nhm gip bn to mi v hiu chnh cc nh ha c di dng tp tin hnh nh bitmap. Ngoi cc nt v, Paint cn cho php vit thm ch ting Vit ln tranh, sau c th dn tranh vo bt k ti liu no c to bng cc chng trnh khc. Khi ng Paint Chn Start/ Programs/ Accessories/ Paint. Mn hnh Paint nh sau: Cc thnh phn ca Paint Hp mu: Hp cng c Gm c 2 thnh phn l mu v (Foreground) v mu nn(Background). Khi mi khi ng, mu v l mu en v mu nn l mu trng. Mun thay i mu v/ mu nn, bn ch cn nhn chut tri/ chut phi ln mu mong mun trong hp mu cui mn hnh. Mun bt hoc tt hp mu: chn lnh View / Color Box. Hp cng c : Hp mu hp cng c v c 16 biu tng gi l cc nt cng c v, tc dng ca chng th hin qua dng v ca hnh v trn nt . Mi khi bn a con tr chut n mt nt no , sau vi giy tn ca nt s hin ra gip bn thy r tc dng ca nt.

Chng trnh Paint Cc lnh v ch c tc dng sau khi bn nhn chut trn nt tng ng vi lnh. Di y gii thiu hnh dng v tc dng ca cc nt trong hp dng c v: Free Form Select Eraser/ Color Eraser Pick Color Pencil Airbrush Line Rectangle Ellipse Select Fill With Color Magnifier Brush Text Curve Polygon Rounded Rectangle

CHNG TRNH V PAINT ngha v chc nng ca cc nt cng c nh sau: Free Form Select: chn mt vng bt k trn mn hnh Select: chn mt vng hnh ch nht Eraser/ Color Eraser: xa mt phn trn mn hnh v thay bng mu nn Fill With Color: t mu cc hnh khp kn Pick Color: chn mu nn v mu v t cc mu trong cc hnh v khc. Magnifier: Phng i phn hnh v c chn c th lm vic vi cc chi tit nh hn. Pencil: v ng t do nt mnh Brush: v ng t do bng "chi sn" Air brush: to hiu ng sn xt Text: vit ch trn hnh v, khi bn chn mc ny, paint s hin thanh cng c Text bn chn font ch, c ch, v kiu ch cho vn bn. Line: v ng thng Curve: v ng cong. u tin v mt ng thng, sau tr chut trn ng ny v ng cong. Rectangle: v hnh ch nht v hnh vung. Bn r chut t mt gc ca hnh ch nht n gc i din v. Polygon: v a gic. u tin v mt ng thng, sau ko chut n v tr mi, kch chut v on th hai v c th tip tc cho n khi c hnh a gic khp kn. Ellipse: V hnh lip v hnh trn. Rounded rectangle: v hnh ch nht v hnh vung c gc c un trn.

CC THAO TC C BN
Cc bc c bn to mt hnh v - Chn cng c v bng cch nhn chut trn nt tng ng trong hp cng c v. - Chn rng nt v. Ty theo cng c no c chn bn s thy c cc kch c tng ng hin ra trong khung nm ngay pha di hp dng c. - Chn mu cho nt v bng cch nhn chut tri trn mu tng ng. - Chn mu nn cho hnh v bng cch nhn chut phi trn mu tng ng. - V hnh Hiu chnh hnh v: Hiu chnh: C th hiu chnh bng nhiu cch: - Cng c xa (Eraser): dng xa mt phn hnh v v thay bng mu nn. - Lnh Undo v Repeat Nu bn va thc hin mt li trn hnh v, hoc ngay sau khi va v xong mt ha tit bn li mun g b n, bn hy thc hin lnh Edit/ Undo. hy b tc dng ca hnh ng trc na, bn thc hin lnh Edit/ Undo thm mt ln

CHNG TRNH V PAINT na. Nhng cng c th sau khi thc hin lnh Edit/ Undo bn li thay i nh trc , trong trng hp ny bn ch cn thc hin lnh Edit/ Repeat. Lnh View/ Zoom Trong nhiu trng hp, hiu chnh ha tit bn nn phng to n. Bn c th dng cng c phng to tng phn hoc s dng lnh View/ Zoom, sau chn tip: - Large Size nu bn mun c phng i 400%. - Customize vi phng i thay i t 100% n 800%. T phng i 400% tr ln bn c th cho hin th li vung tin hiu chnh bng cch thc hin lnh View/ Zoom/ Grid. Ct hoc sao chp mt mu ct: - Xc nh vng cn ct bng cch cng c Select ( chn khi hnh ch nht) hoc Free-Form Select ( chn khi hnh t do). - Chn menu Edit/ Cut hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl-X hoc nhn chut vo nt cng c cut, phn hnh v chn la s b ct b. Phn hnh v ny s c a vo b nh m ca Windows (clipboard) dn phn hnh c ct, chn menu Edit/Paste hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl-V hoc nhn chut vo nt cng c dn, phn hnh v s c dn vo gc trn bn tri ca ca s, khi bn dng chut ko n n v tr mi v sau nhn chut im bt k nm ngoi mu ct c nh n vi hnh v ti v tr mi. Bn cng c th dng lnh Edit/ Copy chp phn hnh v chn la vo b nh m, sau dng thao tc dn nh trnh by trn. di chuyn cc mu ct, bn dng chut r n n v tr mi v nh chut. B sung ch vit trn hnh v b sung ch trn hnh v bn nhn nt c ch A ca hp dng c, sau nhn chut ti v tr ni bn mun xut hin ch vit. Khi xut hin hp thoi Font v mt khung nh vi con tr nhp nhy. Bn hy nhp ch vo khung ri chn kiu ch v c ch cho n. kt thc bn hy nhn chut ti v tr khc trn hnh v. Lu v m cc hnh v Paint Lu cc hnh v Paint Sau khi son tho mt hnh v bn nu mun lu ct chng trong mt tp h s no sau ny dng li. lu ct t liu Paint ln u tin, bn dng lnh File/Save hoc lnh File/ Save As, Windows s hin th hp thoi Save As nh trn hnh sau; Save in: cho php chn a v th mc s lu tp tin. File name: dng nhp tn tp tin. Save: lu tp tin vi tn trong mc File name Lu hnh v Paint

CHNG TRNH V PAINT Save as Type: cho php chn loi nh dng ca tp tin hnh nh. Cc tp tin hnh nh do Paint to ra thuc loi Bitmap v c ui ngm nh l .bmp. Tu theo yu cu v mu sc, bn c th chn mt trong cc dng thc: - en trng (Monochrome Bimap). - t hn 16 mu ( 16 Color Bimap) . - 256 mu (256 Color Bitmap). - nh cht lng mu cao (24-bit Bitmap). im khc bit gia lnh File/ Save v File / Save As l lnh File/ Save As cho php bn lu tp tin hnh nh hin hnh vi tn v nh dng mi m khng lm thay i tp tin hin hnh. M cc hnh v Paint m tp tin hnh nh c sn trn a bn chn File/ Open hoc nt cng c Open trn thanh cng c, hp thoi Open s hin ra nh trn hnh sau: Look in: chn tn a v th mc ni cha tp tin cn m. File name: nhp tn tp tin cn m. Files of type: chn kiu tp tin hnh nh mun m. Open: m tp tin hnh nh. Cancel: Hu b lnh v ng hp thoi. In nh Paint Trc khi in nh bn nn t li cc thng s cho trang in bng cch thc hin lnh File/ Page Setup, xut hin hp thoi nh hnh sau: Chn giy in: trong khung Paper, chn: Size : chn kh giy Source : chn cch thc tip giy Chn hng in: Orientation, chn: trong khung M hnh v Paint

Potrait: in theo chiu dc Landscape: in theo chiu ngang nh l cho cc trang in: trong khung Margins, chn canh l trn (Top), di (Bottom), tri (Left), v phi (Right) cho trang in. nh dng trang in hnh v Paint

Cui cng nhn OK lu cc thng s chn. Nu mun hy b th nhn nt Cancel. Chn my in: nhn nt Printer m hp thoi Printer chn my in v tham s cho my in.

CHNG TRNH V PAINT In hnh: File /Print tin hnh in, hp thoi Print xut hin nh trn hnh sau: Select Printer: chn my in. Page range: chn trang cn in All: in tt c. Selection: chn trang in. Curent Page: in trang hin hnh Pages: cho php chn cc trang mun in Number of copies: cho php chn s bn in. OK: tin hnh in Cancel: hu b v ng hp thoi. Cc lnh to hiu ng hnh nh: Xoay hnh: chn mc Image/ Flip-Rotate: Flip Horizontal: Xoay hnh theo chiu ngang Flip Vertical : Xoay hnh theo chiu dc Rotate by angle: Xoay hnh theo gc 900, 1800, v 2700 Gin v nghing hnh: chn mc Image/ Stretch and Skew: Stretch Vertical Skew Vertical : gin hnh theo chiu: : gin theo chiu dc : nghing hnh theo chiu: : nghing theo chiu dc Gin v nghing hnh v Paint nh thuc tnh bn v: chn mc Image / Attributes : Width: nh chiu rng bn v Height: nh chiu cao bn v Units: chn n v s dng Colors: ch nh hnh mu. Black and white: ch nh hnh trng en nh thuc tnh bn v Paint Horizontal : gin theo chiu ngang In hnh v Paint
Chn

Xoay hnh v Paint

Horizontal :nghing theo chiu ngang