Phng trnh Schrdinger

Phng trnh Schrdinger c nhiu dng khc nhau, ty thuc vo cc iu kin khc nhau ca h vt l. Mc ny nhm mc ch gii thiu phng trnh Schrdinger cho trng hp tng qut v cho cc trng hp n gin hn thng gp.

H lng t tng qut

i vi mt h lng t tng qut:

trong

i l n v o l hm sng, bin xc sut cho cc cu hnh khc nhau

ca h l hng s Planck thu gn (thng c chun ha v n v trong cc h n v t nhin) l ton t Hamilton.

Trng hp mt ht trong khng gian ba chiu

i vi mt h gm mt ht trong ba chiu:

trong

l ta ca ht trong khng gian ba chiu,

l hm sng, bin xc sut ht c mt ta xc nh r mt thi im xc nh bt k t. m l khi lng ca ht.

l th nng khng ph thuc thi gian ca ht ta r. l ton t Laplace.

Xy dng phng trnh

Cc gi thit

(1)Nng lng ton phn E ca mt ht

y l biu thc c in cho mt ht c khi lng m trong nng lng ton phn E l tng ca ng nng, , v th nng V. Xung lng ca ht l p, hay tch ca khi lng v vn tc. Th nng l mt hm bin i theo v tr v cng c th bin i c theo thi gian. Ch rng nng lng E v xung lng p xut hin trong cc h thc sau: (2) Gi thuyt v lng t nh sng ca Einstein nm 1905, khng nh rng nng lng ca mt photon t l vi tn s ca sng in t tung ng:

trong tn s f v nng lng E ca lng t nh sng (photon) c lin h bi hng s Planck h, v l tn s gc ca sng. (3) Gi thuyt de Broglie nm 1924, pht biu rng bt k mt ht no cng c th lin quan n mt sng, c biu din mt cch ton hc bi hm sng , v xung lng p ca ht c lin h vi bc sng ca sng lin kt bi h thc:

trong l bc sng v l hng s sng hay s sng gc. Biu din p and k nh l nhng vector, chng ta c (4) Gi thit rng phng trnh sng phi l tuyn tnh. Ba gi thuyt trn cho php chng ta c th xy dng c phng trnh cho cc sng phng. kt lun rng phong trnh cng ng cho mt trng hp tng qut bt k i hi hm sng phi tun theo nguyn l chng cht trng thi. [sa] Phng trnh cho sng phng n sc Schrdinger c mt cch nhn su sc, vo cui nm 1925, l phi biu din pha ca mt sng phng nh l mt tha s pha phc:

v nhn ra rng v

nn

v tung t v

chng ta tm ra:

do , i vi sng phng, ta c:

V bng cch th nhng biu thc cho nng lng v xung lng ny vo cng thc c in chng ta thu c phung trnh ni ting ca Schrdinger cho trng hp mt ht trong khng gian ba chiu vi s c mt ca mt trng th nng V:

Phng trnh ny c tng qut ha thnh mt tin ca c hc lng t, ngha l coi n l ng cho mi trng hp m khng th chng minh c bng l thuyt m ch c th kim chng bng thc nghim. Phng trnh Schrdinger a ra c nhiu tin on ph hp vi thc t v c kim nh l ng cho v s trng hp khc nhau.